Two iconic dinosaurs - Tyrannosaurus rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. 



In new work, researchers at <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals.



The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form.



Researchers have debated and re-examined soft, stretchy tissues from these same specimens for nearly two decades. 



Teams have used high-resolution imaging, antibodies, and protein sequencing to argue that the materials are genuine remnants of dinosaur biology rather than modern contaminants. The latest study adds another tool - and another confirmation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-unlocks-dinosaur-chemistry">Light unlocks dinosaur chemistry</h2>



The team turned to <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/resonance-raman-spectroscopy" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy</a>. In this method, laser light is tuned to a molecule’s electronic transitions. This causes only that molecule to “sing” back with a strong signal.



“Raman spectroscopy essentially uses light waves to identify a molecule’s energetic ‘fingerprint,’” said physicist Hans Hallen, the study’s corresponding author. 



“Resonance Raman, which we use here, takes that process one step further by using light already tuned to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-the-origins-of-the-molecule-that-made-the-universe/">molecule</a> of interest - so only that type of molecule will resonate.”



That resonance dramatically boosts the signal from specific bonds - crucial when your targets are rare, damaged molecules embedded in a complex fossil matrix.



“This strong signal allows us to find the needle (hemoglobin remnants) in the haystack (messy fossil) to see how this molecule has changed from the functional living state, revealing the chemical changes molecules undergo in deep time,” Hallen added.



RR spectra from T. rex and Brachylophosaurus extracts showed signatures consistent with heme still bound to globin proteins. In addition, they indicated heme bound to goethite, an iron oxide mineral linked to oxidized iron.



The researchers cross-checked those signals against demineralized modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-a-cretaceous-ostrich-mexidracon-longimanus-with-extremely-long-arms/">ostrich</a> bone and human blood to anchor their interpretations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-molecules-traced-to-dinosaurs">Blood molecules traced to dinosaurs</h2>



Because Raman detects bonds rather than whole molecules, skeptics often point out that generic signals could arise from modern microbes or other contaminants. 



That’s where the extra selectivity of RR - and the structural information in the spectra - matters.



“RR identifies both bonds and structure," said paleobiologist Mary Schweitzer, a co-author on the work. 



"We know that heme is there and that it is still bound to hemoglobin protein - contaminants like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reusable-water-bottles-are-breeding-ground-for-strep-and-fecal-bacteria/">bacteria</a> don’t have those specific bonds, so we can say that the molecules are from the animal, or in this case, the dinosaur,”



The team also mapped how those spectral fingerprints shift as hemoglobin decays. After death, the protein breaks down, damaging the heme ring and oxidizing the iron inside it. 



RR data show that goethite forms on that iron, and the heme can bind to the mineral surface.



Tellingly, the researchers observed the early stages of the same degradation pathway in modern samples, suggesting that key steps happen relatively quickly and then stabilize.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-blood-survived-fossilization">Dinosaur blood survived fossilization</h2>



Beyond confirming what the molecules are, the spectral changes reveal a plausible route for how they survived. 



Goethite is a bio-related mineral - it often forms in association with biological activity - and the new data hint that it doesn’t just grow near proteins; it can latch onto and stabilize fragments. "We didn’t know that it could bind to and stabilize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/">protein</a> fragments,” Hallen said.



That matters because it shows a mechanism that locks delicate organics in place and protects them during fossilization. 



Researchers already know that heme persists in sediments far older than the age of dinosaurs, but the path from fresh blood to ancient rock has remained murky.



Pinning down the chemistry helps explain why hemoglobin, in particular, shows up as a survivor - and why some fossils preserve molecular vestiges while others do not.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-view-of-fossil-preservation">A new view of fossil preservation</h2>



The study reinforces a shift in paleontology: under the right conditions, original biochemistry can endure deep time, and modern tools can detect and interpret it. 



Instead of a binary “preserved or not,” researchers are piecing together degradation pathways, mineral partnerships, and microenvironments that favor survival.



For dinosaur biology, that means more than just curiosity. Hemoglobin and heme in blood play key roles in metabolism, oxygen transport, and overall physiology. 



Their presence, and the way they degrade, defines how tissues fossilize and what information we can still extract.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-bone_hemoglobin_preserved_NCSU_1s.webp" alt="Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Credit: NC State University" class="wp-image-1985867"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Vessels isolated from Tyrannosaurus cortical bone by demineralization in EDTA. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NC State University</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-chemistry-spans-eons">Blood chemistry spans eons</h2>



For dinosaur fossil science, mineral–organic interactions like heme–goethite may help preserve blood proteins and molecular fragments throughout Earth’s history.



“Heme has been identified in sediments that are much, much older than dinosaurs, so we know that it persists,” Schweitzer noted. 



“Understanding why <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-human-genetics-could-optimize-medical-care/">hemoglobin</a> preserves, and the role that heme plays in the process, is really important if we want to know how these ancient molecules survive through time.”



The upshot is both practical and provocative. Resonance Raman pinpoints specific ancient molecules within messy fossils, and the chemistry it reveals also serves as a preservation roadmap. 



That’s a powerful combination for anyone trying to read life’s oldest diaries written in stone.



The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.2025.0175" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences</a>.



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Hemoglobin and other blood molecules found preserved in dinosaur fossils

Two iconic dinosaurs - Tyrannosaurus rex and Brachylophosaurus canadensis - have yielded a fresh line of evidence that traces of their original biology can survive for tens of millions of years. In new work, researchers at North Carolina State University identified hemoglobin - the oxygen-carrying protein in blood - and its iron-bearing heme group in bone extracts from both animals. The finding strengthens a growing body of data showing that certain biomolecules can persist in exceptional fossils. It also clarifies how they change as fossils form. Researchers...

Why do large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolutionary-mystery-why-are-mammals-the-only-vertebrates-to-have-only-one-lower-jawbone/">mammals</a> tend to have much longer faces compared to smaller closely related species? A new study suggests that this phenomenon, known as Craniofacial Evolutionary Allometry (CREA), can be explained by feeding adaptations.



The research, led by Dr. Rex Mitchell from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a>, represents a major step in understanding the evolution of mammal skulls. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skull-shape-evolution-nbsp">Skull shape evolution&nbsp;</h2>



"The patterns behind the diversity of mammalian morphology have been a core interest of western science for centuries. Of particular interest for most of this venerable history has been the evolution of the mammalian cranium (the skull without the lower jaw), which reflects the diversity of mammals like no other part of the skeleton," wrote the researchers.



"Crania incorporate the brain and the majority of an animals' sensory apparatus, such as the eyes, nose, and ears. Perhaps more importantly, their role in the ingestion of food makes the functional adaptation of the cranium a matter of day-to-day survival, so that cranial morphology offers insights into a given mammal's feeding ecology and behavior."



"The patterns of mammalian cranial shape evolution have thus become a shorthand for understanding how mammalian diversity has evolved."&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mammalian-cranial-diversity">Mammalian cranial diversity</h2>



The researchers explained that recent advances in technology have revolutionized our capacity to characterize mammalian cranial diversity patterns.&nbsp;



In a comprehensive review of mammalian skull evolution, the team discovered that feeding adaptations are a key driver behind the varying face lengths observed in different mammal species.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crea-pattern-nbsp">The CREA pattern&nbsp;</h2>



"The CREA pattern is observed in a diverse range of mammals, from cats to mice, antelopes to baboons, and deer to kangaroos, yet its cause remained elusive until now," said Dr. Mitchell.



Study senior author Professor Vera Weisbecker noted the complexity of this pattern, citing exceptions among certain mammals.&nbsp;



"Confusingly, there are also many mammals where the rule does not hold up or is even reversed," said Professor Weisbecker. "Australian carnivorous marsupials are a great example. We found that their largest living member, the Tasmanian devil, has an exceptionally short face compared to other species."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naturally-strong-bite">Naturally strong bite</h2>



Dr. Emma Sherratt from The University of Adelaide said that the team went back to basic "lever mechanics" to explain both the rule of the long face and its exceptions.



The analysis revealed that larger mammals generally possess a naturally stronger bite due to their larger muscles. This strength reduces their reliance on short faces for effective feeding.&nbsp;



By contrast, smaller mammals benefit from shorter faces, which enable them to exert more bite force, crucial for consuming the same types of food as their larger counterparts.



"Closely related mammals tend to eat similar foods. For example, different kangaroos species all eat grass or leaves and different species of wolves and foxes all eat meat. However, bigger animals of a group have a naturally stronger bite because their skull, teeth and jaw muscles are simply bigger," explained Dr. Sherratt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drastic-dietary-shifts-nbsp">Drastic dietary shifts&nbsp;</h2>



However, the team also noticed significant deviations from this trend linked to diet changes. In cases where smaller mammals have longer faces than their larger relatives, a drastic shift in dietary habits is often observed.&nbsp;



"Our analyses of 22 mammal families show that there is almost always a radical change in diet when smaller mammals have longer faces than their larger relatives," said Professor Weisbecker.



"For example, Tasmanian devils are known to crush bones, and the short-snouted orcas feed on much larger prey than their fish-eating dolphin relatives. These behaviors need higher bite forces."



"But this also works the other way around. For example, the tiny honey possum has a much longer snout than would be expected for any possum, but it also mostly licks nectar from deep inside flowers and does not need to bite hard."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-the-main-exception">Humans are the main exception</h2>



The researchers agree that humans are probably an exception among exceptions when it comes to cranium evolution.



"Humans do not use their snouts as a primary means of obtaining food. They use their hands and tools to manipulate can soften their food through cooking," said Dr. Mitchel. "This means that the evolution of the human face is probably more influenced by other things than their ability to bite."



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.13032" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biological Reviews</a>.



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Skull evolution: Why some mammals have long faces

Why do large mammals tend to have much longer faces...

Christmas can be a dangerous time for cats, so experts at <a href="https://www.purina.co.uk/articles/cats/behaviour/understanding-cats/christmas-safety-for-cats" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purina</a> have published some safety guidelines to help cat owners prepare for a safe and stress-free holiday.&nbsp;



"Christmas is such an exciting time of year, but unfortunately all the twinkling lights and merriment can be hazardous for your cat," wrote the Purina team.&nbsp;



"From climbing the Christmas tree to the stress of visiting family members and hazardous treats that may turn out to be harmful, cats and Christmas can sometimes be a real recipe for disaster. But it doesn’t need to be! When managed with a bit of extra care, the holidays can be a time of fun and happiness for both you and your four-legged friend."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climbing-the-tree">Climbing the tree</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-better-at-expressing-emotions-than-cats-except-for-anger/">Cats</a> are natural climbers, and Christmas trees often become unintended challenges for them. The risk of your ambitious cat toppling the tree is real.&nbsp;



To prevent such mishaps, the experts recommend using a heavy base or tethering the tree to a wall or ceiling for stability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangling-dangers">Dangling dangers</h2>



Shiny, dangling Christmas decorations are irresistible to cats but can be dangerous.&nbsp;



Glass ornaments may break and harm your cat, while tinsel and angel hair pose choking hazards. Opt for cat-safe decorations that are securely attached and out of paw's reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beware-of-wires">Beware of wires</h2>



The allure of Christmas light wires can be dangerous for cats who might chew them. Covering wires and opting for battery-powered lights when you're not around to supervise can mitigate these risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxic-trees">Toxic trees</h2>



Fir trees can be mildly toxic to cats, causing mouth and stomach irritation. Fallen needles pose a risk of puncturing the gastrointestinal system. Consider a non-drop variety or an artificial tree to reduce these risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-dangers">Additional dangers</h2>



Live, potted Christmas trees may contain fertilizers that are harmful to cats. Changing the soil and covering it can prevent your cat from mistaking it for a litter tray.



Some snow globes contain toxic antifreeze, and broken pieces can be hazardous. Be cautious with festive plants like poinsettia, holly, and mistletoe, as they are poisonous to cats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-christmas-food">Christmas food</h2>



The experts say to be mindful of Christmas foods that are toxic to cats, such as onions, garlic, raisins, chocolate, and alcohol. Also, beware of meat strings from roasts, which can cause choking.



In addition, the kitchen itself can be hazardous to cats. "There’s always plenty of cooking going on during the festive period and this poses new threats to your pet. From cooking oil, hot stoves to clanging pots and pans, it’s a good idea to keep cats out of the kitchen at Christmas," wrote the Purina team.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-create-a-safe-space-nbsp">Create a safe space&nbsp;</h2>



Cats thrive on routine and familiarity. Christmas upheavals, like decoration changes and guest visits, can be stressful. Keep your cat's environment as unchanged as possible, offering them a safe, familiar space.



Create a safe space by using a stair gate to keep cats away from unfamiliar guests and hectic areas. Ensure your cat has access to their essentials in a quiet part of the house.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cleaning-products">Cleaning products</h2>



Excessive cleaning can disrupt the comforting scents in your home, causing anxiety in cats. Clean lightly, maintaining a scent environment that is familiar to your cat.



"While you are going to want to make sure your house looks its best if you are inviting family around, don't go too crazy with the cleaning, polishing and air fresheners," said the experts.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritize-cat-time">Prioritize cat time</h2>



"Most importantly, take an hour or two out of your festive celebrations just to have some ‘cat time’ - doing the things you know your cat enjoys."&nbsp;



"That might be playing with interactive hunting toys, it might be grooming, or it might just be spending quiet time together. This is the best present you can give your cat for Christmas." 



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How to keep cats safe this Christmas, from toxic trees to dangling dangers

Christmas can be a dangerous time for cats, so experts...

Reindeers,In,Natural,Environment,,Tromso,Region,,Northern,Norway.

In the world of animal behavior, reindeer have presented a fascinating new insight. Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Zurich</a>, led by neuroscientist Melanie Furrer, have discovered a unique aspect of reindeer's sleep and rumination patterns. 



The findings suggest that rumination, a process in which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reindeer-use-ultraviolet-vision-to-find-food-in-the-winter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a> re-chew partially digested food, serves as a mechanism for both rest and digestion, ensuring the reindeer efficiently utilize their sleep time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reindeer-rumination-linked-to-sleep">Reindeer rumination linked to sleep</h2>



The study highlights a significant finding. The more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/color-vision-rudolph-reindeer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a> ruminate, the less they require non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep. 



This conclusion was drawn from electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, which showed that brainwave patterns during rumination closely resemble those during non-REM sleep. This similarity suggests that rumination effectively provides rest, reducing the reindeer's need for additional sleep.



“The more reindeer ruminate, the less additional non-REM sleep they need,” says first author and neuroscientist Melanie Furrer. “We think it's very important that they are able to save time and cover their sleep and digestive needs at the same time, especially during the summer months.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reindeer-s-seasonal-sleep-patterns">Reindeer’s seasonal sleep patterns</h2>



The researchers' interest was in understanding how the unique Arctic light-dark cycles affect reindeer behavior, especially their sleep patterns. 



Studies show that in Arctic regions, where light-dark cycles are absent in winter and summer, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inbreeding-can-actually-be-beneficial-for-some-species-in-the-long-run/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a> do not display typical circadian rhythms. However, they are more active during daylight in the spring and autumn equinox.



To explore this further, the team studied Eurasian tundra reindeer in Tromsø, Norway, during different seasonal transitions throughout the year. These reindeer, all adult females from a captive herd at <a href="https://en.uit.no/startsida" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Arctic University of Norway</a>, were observed under controlled conditions. 



Remarkably, they slept approximately the same amount across seasons, despite increased activity in summer.



“The fact that reindeer sleep the same amount during winter and summer implies that they must have other strategies to cope with limited sleep time during the arctic summer,” says Furrer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rumination-as-a-reindeer-sleep-substitute">Rumination as a reindeer sleep substitute</h2>



One of these strategies is rumination, a process of re-chewing partially digested food. Similar to other ruminants, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reindeer-slowing-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a> appear to use this process as a restorative substitute for sleep. The EEG readings during rumination showed increased slow-wave activity and sleep spindles, typical of non-REM sleep. 



Reindeer, both sleeping and ruminating, exhibited similar behaviors, usually sitting or standing quietly during these states. They showed less reaction to disturbances like nearby reindeer moving.



Awake reindeer looked towards such movements 45% of the time, compared to 25% when ruminating, and only 5% during non-REM sleep.



The study also found that rumination could lower the reindeer's need for sleep. After sleep deprivation, reindeer showed increased slow-wave activity, indicating a greater need for deep sleep. However, this need diminished with more rumination.



“This suggests that rumination reduces sleep pressure, which could benefit the reindeer because it means they don’t have to compromise on sleep recovery when they spend more time ruminating,” says Furrer.



This is especially important during the summer, because the more they eat, the more time the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/real-reindeer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a> need to spend ruminating. “Rumination increases nutrient absorption, so it’s crucial for reindeer to spend enough time ruminating during the summer in order to gain weight in anticipation of winter,” says Furrer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-reindeer-sleep-research-needed">More reindeer sleep research needed</h2>



While the study provides novel insights, it also opens up avenues for further research. The team suggests comparing the effects of rumination during sleep and wakefulness and extending observations to more natural outdoor conditions. 



Furrer also proposes examining sleep patterns in younger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grazing-reindeer-tundra-healthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a>, given the higher sleep needs in younger mammals.



“Another thing we could add is to look at young reindeer,” says Furrer. “We know sleep need is much higher in young children and babies compared to adults, so it would be interesting to look at sleep in younger reindeer.”



In summary, this research enhances our understanding of reindeer biology and contributes to the broader knowledge of sleep and digestion interplay in animals. Understanding these unique patterns in reindeer can shed light on the adaptive mechanisms animals use to cope with extreme environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-reindeer">More about reindeer</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-arctic-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reindeer</a>, known for their remarkable adaptations to cold climates, have captivated people's imagination for centuries. These hardy creatures, thriving in the harshest Arctic environments, are a symbol of winter folklore, yet also play a crucial role in the ecosystems they inhabit.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-arctic-survival-features">Remarkable Arctic survival features</h3>



Reindeer boast a set of unique physical traits that make them well-suited for cold climates. They have thick, double-layered coats that provide insulation against freezing temperatures. 



Their fur traps air, which serves as an excellent insulator. Furthermore, their large, wide hooves act like natural snowshoes, helping them traverse snowy landscapes with ease. 



During winter, the edges of their hooves harden to cut into ice and snow, providing better grip.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-traits">Behavioral traits</h3>



Reindeer are renowned for their long migratory journeys, traveling up to 1,200 miles, which is one of the longest migrations of any land mammal. 



They move in large herds, a behavior that offers protection from predators and efficiency in finding food. Socially, reindeer display a hierarchical structure, with dominant individuals leading the herd.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-nutrition">Diet and nutrition</h3>



In the Arctic tundra, where vegetation is scarce, reindeer have adapted to survive on a limited diet. They primarily feed on lichens, known as reindeer moss, along with leaves, herbs, and grasses. 



Their unique digestive system allows them to extract nutrients effectively from these limited resources.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vital-contributors-to-ecosystems">Vital contributors to ecosystems</h3>



Reindeer play a vital role in their ecosystems. They act as seed dispersers, aiding in plant regeneration. Their grazing patterns also help to shape the landscape. Culturally, reindeer have been integral to indigenous peoples in the Arctic, providing a source of food, clothing, and transport.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-threats">Conservation and threats</h3>



Despite their adaptability, reindeer face threats from climate change and habitat loss. Warming temperatures and changing landscapes are impacting their traditional migratory routes and food sources. 



Conservation efforts focus on preserving their habitats and understanding the impacts of environmental changes on their populations.



Reindeer, with their unique adaptations and significant ecological roles, are more than just a symbol of the holiday season. They are a testament to the resilience of wildlife in the face of harsh environmental challenges.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Reindeer are able to sleep and eat at the same time

In the world of animal behavior, reindeer have presented a...

Scientists have unraveled the mystery behind millions of crater-like ocean pits, known as pockmarks, scattered across the ocean floor worldwide, particularly in the North Sea.



These formations were believed to be the result of fluid discharges such as methane or groundwater. The ocean pits have now been linked to the behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-waste-may-be-disrupting-the-sex-lives-of-marine-animals/">marine vertebrates</a> like porpoises and sand eels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-connection">Surprising connection </h2>



The study was led by Dr. Jens Schneider von Deimling of <a href="https://www.uni-kiel.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kiel University</a> in collaboration with researchers from various other institutions. 



The team identified a surprising connection between these ocean pits and the hunting patterns of porpoises. 



"Our results show for the first time that these depressions occur in direct connection with the habitat and behavior of porpoises and sand eels and are not formed by rising fluids," said Dr. von Deimling. 



"Our high-resolution data provide a new interpretation for the formation of tens of thousands of pits on the North Sea seafloor."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-ocean-pits">Studying the ocean pits</h2>



The research team, which included experts from the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> and the <a href="https://www.tiho-hannover.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover</a>, meticulously examined the North Sea floor near Heligoland. 



In the medical realm, pockmarks are well known as deep scars on the skin and are obviously of biogenic nature. In geoscience, pockmarks are referred to as cone-shaped depressions in the seabed. 



"Geologic pockmarks are traditionally believed to result from fluid (i.e., gas or liquid) venting with erosive agents emerging from beneath the seabed," wrote the researchers.



The high-resolution data not only provide a new interpretation for the formation of tens of thousands of pits on the floor of the North Sea, but also suggest that the underlying mechanisms might be a global phenomenon that has been overlooked until now.



They were first observed in the 1970s within clastic sediments offshore Nova Scotia, Canada. Now, about five decades after their initial discovery, it has become clear that pockmarks are among the most widespread morphologic features in the oceans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-pits-and-the-role-of-sand-eels">Ocean pits and the role of sand eels</h2>



Dr. Anita Gilles from the <a href="https://www.tiho-hannover.de/en/clinics-institutes/institutes/institute-of-terrestrial-and-aquatic-wildlife-research-itaw" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TiHo-Institute</a> for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research highlighted the significance of sand eels in this context. Being a crucial food source for the North Sea porpoise population, the sand eels inadvertently contribute to the creation of the ocean pits. 



"From analyses of the stomach contents of stranded porpoises, we know that sand eels are an important food source for the North Sea population", says Dr Gilles.



Porpoises, while hunting for eels buried in shallow sediments, leave behind pits. Although these depressions resemble pockmarks, they are much shallower.



The detection and analysis of these seabed depressions have been made possible through advanced multibeam echosounder technology.&nbsp;



"The formation mechanism of these pits, as we call them, probably also explains the existence of numerous crater-like depressions on the seafloor worldwide, which have been misinterpreted as the result of methane gas leaks," said Dr. von Deimling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



In the North Sea alone, researchers identified 42,458 of these uniquely shaped, shallow pits. This discovery contradicts the previous belief that the depressions were primarily caused by rising fluids.



"Our results have far-reaching implications from a geological and biological perspective. They can help to assess the ecological risks associated with the expansion of renewable energies in the offshore sector and thus improve marine environmental protection," said Dr. von Deimling.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-01102-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>. 



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Millions of mysterious crater-like ocean pits are linked to porpoises

Scientists have unraveled the mystery behind millions of crater-like ocean...

In a study that challenges long-standing assumptions, researchers have uncovered surprising insights into the nesting success of wild turkeys. 



Contrary to popular belief, researchers from <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> discovered that rainfall during nesting season may not be as crucial to their reproductive success as previously thought. This revelation opens new avenues for understanding how climate change could impact these fascinating birds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weather-and-wild-turkey-nesting-success">Weather and wild turkey nesting success</h2>



The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of weather conditions during nesting season on wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/turkey-domestication-happened-least-1500-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turkey</a> reproductive success and to extrapolate these findings to assess the potential impact of climate change on turkey populations. 



Wesley Boone, corresponding author and postdoctoral researcher at North Carolina State University, explains, "We wanted to know how weather influences nesting success right now and then use that data to assess how climate change may influence wild turkey populations in the future."



Wild turkeys, known for their adaptability to a wide range of environmental conditions, face numerous factors that can affect their reproductive success. 



This study focused specifically on two critical environmental conditions: precipitation and temperature. The goal was to understand their influence on nest survival during the incubation period. 



“Wild turkeys are fairly tolerant of a wide range of conditions, but there are a host of factors that can affect their reproductive success,” says Chris Moorman, co-author of the study and a professor of forestry and environmental resources at NC&nbsp;State. “This work focused on two of those conditions, precipitation and temperature, and how they may influence nest survival during the incubation period.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-methodology-and-results">Study methodology and results</h2>



To investigate the impact of weather conditions on wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-turkeys-struggle-to-shift-their-behavior-in-response-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turkey</a> nesting success, researchers closely examined daily nest survival, which measures whether the eggs within a nest survive over a 24-hour period. 



Over a span of eight years, the team monitored 715 turkey nests, meticulously collecting daily data on precipitation and temperature throughout the entire incubation period. With temperature, researchers analyzed the variations between nest temperatures and historical averages.



The study's most astonishing discovery was that precipitation during nesting had no significant correlation with daily nest survival. This finding contradicts the widely held belief that increased rainfall heightens the chances of egg mortality. 



“The most surprising finding was that precipitation during nesting was not a good predictor of daily nest survival,” Moorman says. “It had been widely believed that particularly rainy weather made it more likely that eggs wouldn’t survive.”



Surprisingly, the data revealed that higher temperatures, exceeding historical averages, were correlated with enhanced daily nest survival during the incubation period. As peak nesting season typically falls in April, this finding specifically refers to warmer-than-average spring weather. 



“We also found that temperatures which were higher than historical averages were associated with higher rates of daily nest survival during incubation,” says Boone. “Peak nesting season is generally in April, so we’re talking about warmer than average spring weather.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wild-turkey-nesting-success-is-complicated">Wild turkey nesting success is complicated</h2>



While the initial findings seem to suggest that climate change might favor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/10-things-turkeys/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild turkey</a> reproductive success and, consequently, population growth, a more in-depth analysis reveals the complexity of this relationship. 



“Taken by itself, this might suggest that climate change could benefit turkey reproductive success and, by extension, turkey populations,” Moorman says. 



“However, we also looked at precipitation and temperature data for the months leading up to nesting season, and at the overall likelihood that a turkey nest will successfully hatch at least one egg. And when we looked at both of those datasets, things get a lot less clear,” Moorman continued.



The researchers also investigated precipitation and temperature data for the months leading up to nesting season and examined the overall likelihood of successful hatching for individual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/troublemaking-turkeys-boston/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turkey</a> nests. This cumulative analysis proves considerably less conclusive.



The data suggests that higher levels of precipitation in January, well before nesting season, are associated with increased nest survival rates. Conversely, higher January temperatures appear to have a negative impact on nesting survival. 



However, due to the considerable uncertainty surrounding these findings, it is unclear whether a definitive relationship exists or if these observations are merely anomalies. 



“For example, the data suggest that more precipitation in January – long before nesting season – is associated with greater nest survival,” Boone elaborates. 



“The data also suggest that higher temperatures in January are associated with worse nesting survival. But there is so much uncertainty related to those findings that it’s not clear whether there’s a real relationship there, or if it’s an anomaly. However, it does temper any enthusiasm we might have about the likelihood that climate change will benefit turkey populations,” Boone concluded



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-wild-turkey-conservation">Implications for wild turkey conservation</h2>



While this study challenges the prevailing assumption regarding the influence of precipitation on wild turkey nesting success, it offers a new perspective on how climate change may affect these populations. 



The findings show that the intricate interplay between weather conditions and reproductive success requires further investigation. Understanding the nuances of this relationship is crucial for effective wildlife conservation strategies in the face of climate change.



In summary this study serves as a reminder of the complexities of ecological systems and the impact that climate change can have on wildlife populations. By delving into the intricate dynamics of wild turkey nesting patterns, researchers are striving to safeguard these iconic birds and inform conservation efforts in an ever-changing world.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.22524" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Wildlife Management</a>.



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Uncovering the secrets of wild turkey nesting habits

In a study that challenges long-standing assumptions, researchers have uncovered...

Imagine a creature so small that it fits on your pinkie nail, yet so remarkable that it can regrow an amputated tentacle in just a few days. This is the reality for the jellyfish species <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/jellyfish_Cladonema-pacificum_tentacles_University-of-Tokyo_1medium-1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cladonema</a>, a subject of fascination in the scientific community due to its extraordinary regenerative abilities. 



Until recently, the mechanisms behind this rapid healing remained a puzzle. Now, an intriguing study by a Japanese research team offers unprecedented insights into this process, transforming our understanding of regeneration across species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stem-like-cells-help-jellyfish-regenerate">Stem-like cells help jellyfish regenerate</h2>



The team's discovery uncovers the role of special stem-like cells in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-the-immortal-jellyfish-teach-us-how-to-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> regeneration. These cells, found at the injury site, are pivotal in forming a blastema -- a cluster of undifferentiated cells essential for tissue repair. 



This finding is significant because, unlike salamanders and insects that rely on similar processes, the exact nature of blastema formation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-are-capable-of-more-complex-learning-than-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> and related cnidarians like corals and sea anemones was unknown.



According to Yuichiro Nakajima, a lecturer at the <a href="https://www.f.u-tokyo.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tokyo</a>'s Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the study's corresponding author, these stem-like cells differ from the resident stem cells in the jellyfish tentacles. 



“Importantly, these stem-like proliferative cells in blastema are different from the resident stem cells localized in the tentacle,” said Nakajima. “Repair-specific proliferative cells mainly contribute to the epithelium -- the thin outer layer -- of the newly formed tentacle.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-cellular-roles-discovered">Distinct cellular roles discovered</h2>



While resident stem cells are responsible for generating various cell types during the organism's life, the newly identified cells are specialized to repair and regenerate, contributing mainly to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-shed-light-on-the-origins-of-hunger-regulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> tentacle's outer layer.



This distinction is crucial, as Nakajima points out. It's the synergy between the resident stem cells and these repair-specific cells that enables the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/larger-jellyfish-are-more-nutritious/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> to swiftly regenerate a functional tentacle, a vital organ for hunting and feeding.



“Together, resident stem cells and repair-specific proliferative cells allow rapid regeneration of the functional tentacle within a few days,” Nakajima said, noting that jellyfish use their tentacles to hunt and feed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-cladonema-jellyfish">Broader implications of Cladonema jellyfish</h2>



Sosuke Fujita, the study's first author and a postdoctoral researcher in Nakajima's lab, highlights the broader implications of their work. By studying Cladonema <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-eyes-catch-a-glimpse-of-evolutionary-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>, a non-bilaterian animal, they aim to understand blastema formation from an evolutionary perspective. 



“In this study, our aim was to address the mechanism of blastema formation, using the tentacle of cnidarian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-impacts-helmet-jellyfish-foretell-the-dangers-of-seafloor-mining/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> Cladonema as a regenerative model in non-bilaterians, or animals that do not form bilaterally -- or left-right -- during embryonic development,” Fujita said, explaining that the work may provide insight from an evolutionary perspective.



Their findings suggest parallels between the jellyfish's repair cells and the restricted stem cells in bilaterian animals like salamanders, hinting at a common regenerative feature evolved independently across different animal groups.



However, the journey doesn't end here. The origin of these repair-specific cells remains a mystery, and current research tools are limited in tracing their lineage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-study-on-jellyfish-regeneration">More study on jellyfish regeneration</h2>



Nakajima emphasizes the need for advanced genetic tools to delve deeper into Cladonema's cellular dynamics. Understanding these mechanisms in regenerative animals like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oldest-known-swimming-jellyfish-date-back-505-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> could be the key to unlocking new methods to enhance human regenerative abilities.



In summary, this study not only unravels a part of the mystery surrounding jellyfish regeneration but also sets the stage for future discoveries that could have far-reaching implications for regenerative medicine. 



The Cladonema jellyfish, once an enigma, is now at the forefront of a scientific breakthrough, offering a glimpse into the potential of life's remarkable ability to heal and renew.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002435" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a>.



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Jellyfish can regenerate functioning tentacles in just a few days

Imagine a creature so small that it fits on your...

A team of scientists led by the Smithsonian’s <a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Museum of Natural History</a> has identified five new species of soft-furred hedgehogs in Southeast Asia. 



The discovery highlight the importance of DNA analysis in uncovering the mysteries of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-concerns-more-people-than-climate-change/">animal</a> kingdom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-museum-specimens-nbsp">Museum specimens&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers used DNA analysis and physical characteristics to describe two previously unknown species of soft-furred hedgehogs and to elevate three subspecies to full species status.



The two new species, Hylomys vorax and H. macarong, are native to the endangered Leuser ecosystem in North Sumatra and Southern Vietnam, respectively.&nbsp;



Intriguingly, these species were identified using museum specimens collected decades ago, stored at the Smithsonian and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soft-furred-hedgehogs">Soft-furred hedgehogs</h2>



Soft-furred hedgehogs, or gymnures, belong to the hedgehog family but lack the characteristic spines. Without the spines of their more well-known cousins, soft-furred hedgehogs superficially look a bit like a mixture of a mouse and a shrew with a short tail, noted Arlo Hinckley, the study’s lead author.



“We were only able to identify these new hedgehogs thanks to museum staff that curated these specimens across countless decades and their original field collectors,” explained Hinckley. “By applying modern genomic techniques like we did many years after these hedgehogs were first collected, the next generation will be able to identify even more new species.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-knowledge-nbsp">Lack of knowledge&nbsp;</h2>



Hinckley said these small mammals are active during the day and night and are omnivorous, likely eating a diversity of insects and other invertebrates as well as some fruits as opportunities present themselves.



“Based on the lifestyles of their close relatives and field observations, these hedgehogs likely nest in hollows and take cover while foraging among tree roots, fallen logs, rocks, grassy areas, undergrowth and leaf litter,” said Hinckley. “But, because they’re so understudied, we are limited to speculate about the details of their natural history.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Hinckley's interest in the Hylomys group started during his doctoral studies in 2016. Subsequent genetic data and studies suggested the existence of more species within this group. This led to a meticulous examination of specimens across several natural history collections worldwide.



The researchers analyzed 232 physical specimens and 85 tissue samples, combining modern and historical museum specimens.&nbsp;



The genetic analysis, conducted at Doñana Biological Station and Smithsonian’s laboratories, revealed seven distinct genetic lineages within Hylomys, pointing to five new species, later confirmed by physical observations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hylomys-species">Hylomys species</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-h-macarong">H. macarong</h3>



Named after the Vietnamese word for vampire due to its long, fang-like incisors, this species features dark brown fur and measures about 14 centimeters.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-h-vorax">H. vorax</h3>



Slightly smaller, with dark brown fur, a black tail, and a very narrow snout, it is found only on Mount Leuser in Northern Sumatra.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-h-dorsalis">H. dorsalis</h3>



Native to Northern Borneo, it has a distinct dark stripe on its back and is similar in size to H. macarong.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-h-maxi">H. maxi</h3>



Found in the mountains of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra, this species also measures about 14 centimeters.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-h-peguensis">H. peguensis</h3>



Smaller in size, it inhabits mainland Southeast Asia and has slightly yellow-colored fur.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



Hinckley emphasized the role that such studies play in informing conservation priorities, especially in biodiversity-rich but threatened areas like the Leuser ecosystem.



“This kind of study can help governments and organizations make hard choices about where to prioritize conservation funding to maximize biodiversity."



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad177" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>.



Image Credit: David Awcock



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Five new species of soft-furred hedgehogs have been identified 

A team of scientists led by the Smithsonian’s National Museum...

Flying,Honeybee,Collecting,Pollen,At,Yellow,Flower

It's a well-established fact that pesticide sprays pose a significant threat to honey bees. However, recent research has shed light on a less known aspect of this peril -- the impact of such sprays on bees' sense of smell, with potential consequences on their vital social interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-communication-in-bee-colonies">Chemical communication in bee colonies</h2>



Honey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concerning-levels-of-bee-harming-pesticides-discovered-in-english-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> are part of highly dynamic communities where communication is key. They rely heavily on chemical signals, known as pheromones, to perform essential colony functions. 



Nurse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-cannot-fly-straight-after-ingesting-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a>, tasked with nurturing future queens and worker bees, use these pheromones to monitor larvae in the darkness of the hive. 



Larvae emit specific pheromones to signal their need for food, while worker bees produce alarm pheromones to alert the colony to danger. If these chemical cues are distorted or not perceived accurately, the entire colony's survival can be at stake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insecticides-pesticides-and-bees">Insecticides, pesticides and bees</h2>



For years, scientists have been aware of the declining bee populations since 2007, with insecticides being a major concern. <a href="https://experts.illinois.edu/en/persons/may-r-berenbaum" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">May Berenbaum</a>, a respected professor of entomology at GEGC/IGOH, highlights a surprising twist in this saga. 



“For many years, it was assumed that fungicides do not have an adverse impact on insects because they are designed for fungal targets,” Berenbaum explains. “Surprisingly, in addition to insecticides, fungicides also have an adverse effect on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/omega-3-oil-may-help-protect-pollinators-from-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> and combining the two can disrupt colony function.”



The problem has been particularly evident in almond orchards, which host two-thirds of U.S. honey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-increase-pesticide-toxicity-in-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> annually. Here, pesticide sprays often include adjuvants -- substances added to increase the efficacy of insecticides. 



These adjuvants, though traditionally viewed as harmless, have not undergone the rigorous safety testing that other insecticidal agents have. 



Berenbaum's recent findings are alarming. “Recently, researchers have shown that adjuvants alone or when used in combination with fungicides and insecticides are toxic to bees,” Berenbaum said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-the-impact-of-pesticides-on-bees">Investigating the impact of pesticides on bees</h2>



The health of nurse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-make-it-harder-for-male-bees-to-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a>, crucial for producing healthy queens, is particularly jeopardized by these chemical combinations. 



Berenbaum emphasizes the gravity of this issue, stating, “The health of the queens is paramount,” she said. “If healthy queens are not produced, the colony can suffer.”



To delve deeper, researchers conducted an experiment using the adjuvant Dyne-Amic, the fungicide Tilt, and the insecticide Altacor. 



They divided bees into four groups, exposing each to different treatments involving these chemicals. The bees' antennae were then tested for their response to mimic brood and alarm pheromones using a technique known as electroantennography.



Ling-Hsiu Liao and Wen-Yen Wu, members of the <a href="https://publish.illinois.edu/maybe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berenbaum lab</a>, discovered that nurse bees consuming pollen contaminated by these chemicals showed altered responses to certain pheromones. 



This finding implies that commonly used pesticides can interfere with honey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-impair-the-ability-of-bees-to-pollinate-strawberries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee</a> communication, disrupting their crucial social cues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-research-is-needed">More research is needed</h2>



However, the exact mechanisms behind how these chemicals affect bees' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-danger-bees-cant-taste-lethal-pesticides-in-nectar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory responses</a> remain unclear.



“There are many possible explanations for how consuming these chemicals can affect the sensory responses of bees,” Liao said. “The antenna detects and triggers the response to olfactory signals. In this study we did not look at what other changes are triggered, particularly changes in behavior.”



The team aims to further investigate the molecular pathways affected by these chemicals and to test other pesticide mixtures. Their goal is to provide insights that could help beekeepers better protect their colonies.



In summary, this study is a crucial reminder of the intricate and delicate balance within bee colonies and how human practices can inadvertently disrupt it. 



As we continue to unravel the complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-communication-is-hindered-by-human-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bee communication</a> and its susceptibility to external chemicals, we also uncover the urgent need to reevaluate and possibly reform our agricultural practices for the preservation of these vital pollinators.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-41818-7">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Pesticides disrupt bees’ sense of smell and social signals

It's a well-established fact that pesticide sprays pose a significant...

Woman,Closed,Her,Eyes,With,Pleasure,Spending,Time,With,Pets

A recent study by <a href="https://public-health.tamu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a> School of Public Health sheds light on the attitudes toward pet vaccination and its potential connection with human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-vaccine-movement-health-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccine hesitancy</a>. Led by Simon Haeder, Ph.D., an associate professor at the university, the research provides crucial insights into this topical issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-vaccinating-pets">Importance of vaccinating pets</h2>



The study is based on data from a comprehensive survey conducted in August 2023, encompassing over 2,000 dog owners and more than 1,400 cat owners. 



The survey aimed to gauge pet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moderna-announces-mrna-flu-vaccine-success-will-soon-be-released/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> rates, owners' perceptions of vaccines, and their support for mandatory pet vaccinations.



Highlighting the importance of the study, Haeder emphasized, “Decreasing pet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-all-dog-owners-in-the-u-s-have-chosen-not-to-vaccinate-their-pets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination rates</a> pose challenges to society for a number of reasons, including increased incidents of pet disease and death, increases in exposures for humans, the potential for further genetic adaptations of pathogens, as well as detrimental effects on veterinarians,” <a href="https://public-health.tamu.edu/directory/haeder.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Haeder</a> said. 



He also noted the financial and emotional impact on pet owners, considering the close bond many share with their pets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



The survey inquired about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/premature-births-linked-to-covid-19-were-halted-by-vaccines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> status of pets against specific diseases, including rabies for both dogs and cats, canine parvovirus and canine distemper for dogs, and feline panleukopenia and feline Bordetella for cats. 



Additionally, it explored owners' support for vaccination requirements, perceptions about the safety, efficacy, and importance of these vaccines, and their trust in scientists. 



It also examined attitudes toward human vaccination mandates for children, political ideology, religiosity, non-veterinary expenses, and exposure of dogs to other dogs.



The findings revealed a high rate of rabies vaccination among pets, although cats were vaccinated less frequently than dogs. While core vaccines (recommended for all pets) had a high uptake, there was noticeable hesitancy toward non-core vaccines. 



Interestingly, the study found that perceptions of the importance, efficacy, and safety of vaccines significantly predicted vaccine hesitancy. Furthermore, these perceptions were closely associated with attitudes toward vaccination requirements.



Another key observation was that pet owners who did not incur non-veterinary expenses exhibited more vaccine hesitancy. Moreover, pet vaccination behaviors and perceptions seemed less influenced by political ideology compared to human vaccines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concern-about-hesitancy-to-vaccinate-pets">Concern about hesitancy to vaccinate pets</h2>



The study concludes that there is a high level of confidence in vaccine safety, efficacy, and importance for both humans and pets. 



Notably, it also found a correlation between vaccine hesitancy in humans and animals, with strong associations between support for animal vaccine requirements and similar mandates for humans.



This indicates the potential for spillover effects and underscores the importance of focusing on vaccine hesitancy in both humans and animals in future research and public health efforts. 



“Concerns about growing hesitancy remain and should be taken seriously, for both pets and humans, before the United States falls below important thresholds to prevent major outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases,” Haeder said.



In summary, this study offers valuable insights into pet vaccination attitudes, linking them to broader public health issues, and paving the way for more informed strategies to address vaccine hesitancy.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0264410X2301263X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vaccine</a>.



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Humans against vaccinations are also unlikely to vaccinate their pets

A recent study by Texas A&amp;M University School of Public...

Researchers have made an advancement in textile technology, drawing inspiration from the structure of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/footprint-dna-helps-scientists-monitor-elusive-animals-like-polar-bears/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar bear</a> fur. The team, led by Mingrui Wu, developed a novel aerogel fiber characterized by its exceptional thermal and mechanical properties. 



This innovative material is not only washable and dyeable but also boasts remarkable durability. It is ideally suited for use in advanced textiles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermal-insulation-from-polar-bear-fur">Thermal insulation from polar bear fur</h2>



The centerpiece of this research is the aerogel, a material renowned for its high porosity and extraordinarily low thermal conductivity, making it perfect for thermal insulation. Traditional aerogel applications in textiles were limited due to their fragility and poor processability. 



These materials lacked the necessary strength and stretchability for practical textile use. Moreover, they were not machine washable and would rapidly deteriorate in thermal performance in wet or humid conditions.



Many animals in cold environments, such as polar bears, have evolved specialized fur for warmth and dryness. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radar-imaging-will-help-protect-polar-bears-from-human-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polar bear hair</a>, for instance, consists of a porous core wrapped in a dense shell, offering superb thermal insulation while remaining strong and flexible. 



Mimicking this core-shell structure, Wu and his team employed a freeze-spinning method to create a robust polymeric aerogel fiber with lamellar pores, encapsulated within a stretchable rubber layer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-winning-by-copying-nature">Winning by copying nature</h2>



The resulting encapsulated aerogel fiber (EAF) is not only excellent in thermal insulation but also mechanically robust, making it suitable for knitting or weaving. The fiber's high internal porosity, over 90%, allows it to stretch up to 1000% strain. 



This is a substantial leap from traditional aerogel fibers that only reach about 2% strain. Impressively, the fiber retains its thermal insulation properties even after 10,000 repeated stretching cycles at 100% strain.



To showcase the practicality of this innovation, Wu and his colleagues crafted a thin sweater from these fibers. 



Remarkably, this sweater is about one-fifth as thick as a conventional down jacket yet provides comparable insulating performance. This proof-of-concept highlights the EAF's potential in revolutionizing the textile industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-polar-bear-fur-mimicry">Implications of polar bear fur mimicry</h2>



Complementing this research, Zhizhi Sheng and Xuetong Zhang offer an in-depth Perspective on the study. Their analysis delves into the finer details, shedding light on the broader implications of this technological breakthrough.



In summary, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-direct-link-between-polar-bear-survival-and-harmful-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar bear</a> fur research not only marks a significant stride in textile technology but also exemplifies the power of biomimicry in innovative material development. 



By learning from and emulating nature's designs, the team has unlocked new possibilities in textile applications, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and high-performing materials.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj8013">Science</a>.



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New sweaters use synthetic fibers mimicking polar bear fur

Researchers have made an advancement in textile technology, drawing inspiration...

Recent genetic analyses of an Antarctic octopus have shed light on the collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WAIS</a>) during the Last Interglacial period, approximately 129,000 to 116,000 years ago. 



Despite a mere 1 degree Celsius increase in temperatures from preindustrial levels, the WAIS collapsed, emphasizing the vulnerability of this ice sheet to even minimal temperature rises. 



These findings have significant implications for our understanding of future climate change and its impact on the cryosphere, particularly the potential irreversible collapse of the WAIS.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vulnerability-of-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet">Vulnerability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-sheet-was-more-dynamic-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a> is known to be particularly susceptible to warming temperatures, and it could reach a critical tipping point within the current global climate targets of 1.5 to 2 °C. 



The consequences of a total collapse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WAIS</a> would be severe, leading to an estimated global sea-level rise of 3 to 5 meters. 



Given that global sea levels during the Last Interglacial period were 5 to 10 meters higher than preindustrial levels and temperatures were approximately 0.5 to 1.5 °C warmer, understanding how the WAIS responded to such conditions in the past is crucial for predicting its fate in our rapidly warming future.



Despite growing evidence suggesting the potential collapse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-are-much-thinner-than-previously-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WAIS</a> during the Last Interglacial period, current oceanographic and modeling studies have produced conflicting and inconclusive results. 



To address these uncertainties, Sally Lau and her colleagues took a unique approach by examining the genetic history of Turquet's octopus (Pareledone turqueti). This species is found in the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross Seas, geographically isolated and separated by the WAIS.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-octopus-and-the-wais-collapse">The octopus and the WAIS collapse</h2>



Lau et al. conducted genetic analyses, sequencing genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in 96 octopuses collected from the Southern Ocean. 



They discovered distinct genetic populations of the octopus but observed signs of admixture between the Ross Sea and the Weddell Sea. 



This indicates a historical gene flow between these regions during the Last Interglacial period. The persistence and historic signals of gene flow suggest that the two seas were connected by an interior open waterway, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-has-lost-3000-billion-tons-of-ice-in-25-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WAIS</a> now occupies. 



This supports the hypothesis of complete WAIS collapse during the Last Interglacial. Andrea Dutton and Rob DeConto, in a related Perspective, highlight the significance of these findings. 



They wrote, "Whether or not this analysis withstands further scrutiny and the test of time, the implications of this result pose some intriguing questions, including whether this history will be repeated, given Earth's current temperature trajectory." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-past-to-understand-the-future">Learning from the past to understand the future</h2>



This research underscores the importance of understanding past climate events and the potential for similar outcomes in the future.



The genetic analyses of Turquet's octopus provide valuable insights into the collapse of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a> during the Last Interglacial period. 



This research highlights the vulnerability of the WAIS to even minimal temperature rises and emphasizes the need to comprehend its response to warming climates. As global temperatures continue to rise, understanding the consequences of potential WAIS collapse becomes increasingly critical. 



In summary, by studying the past, we can shape a better understanding of our rapidly changing future and develop effective strategies to mitigate the impact of climate change on our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade0664" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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The tale of an Antarctic octopus and the vulnerable West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Recent genetic analyses of an Antarctic octopus have shed light...

Happy,Dog,Family,Which,Fears,Neither,Woe,Nor,Trouble,And

Dog owners might find a new reason to value their pet's urine, thanks to groundbreaking research from <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Osaka Metropolitan University</a> involving canine stem cell therapy. 



A team of scientists has developed an innovative method to reprogram stem cells from <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/dogs_stem-cells_Credit-Osaka-Metropolitan-University_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine urine</a>, marking a significant step forward in veterinary regenerative treatments. This non-invasive and pain-free technique could revolutionize how we approach our<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-live-longer-and-happier-lives-when-they-get-to-socialize-often/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> furry friends'</a> healthcare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-stem-cell-challenges-for-dogs">Overcoming stem cell challenges for dogs</h2>



In the realm of human medicine, iPSCs have been a cornerstone in regenerative studies. Recognizing the growing need for advanced medical treatments for pets, researchers anticipate similar breakthroughs for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> and cats using iPSCs. However, a challenge has been the lower reprogramming efficiency in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petting-dogs-and-cats-dramatically-reduces-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine</a> cells compared to human cells, limiting the potential applications in veterinary medicine.



Traditionally, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-first-live-birth-of-a-chimeric-monkey-created-with-stem-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iPSC</a> induction often requires feeder cells from different species, which poses certain risks. The Osaka Metropolitan University research team, led by Professor Shingo Hatoya and Dr. Masaya Tsukamoto, tackled this issue head-on. 



They identified six reprogramming genes that enhance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine</a> iPSC generation by approximately 120 times using urine-derived cells compared to conventional fibroblast methods. This achievement is notable not only for its efficiency but also for eliminating the need for feeder cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-veterinarian-s-vision-for-canine-stem-cell-therapy">Veterinarian's vision for canine stem cell therapy</h2>



The creation of iPSCs from urine is a significant milestone, offering a straightforward and humane method for cell collection. This advancement opens doors to new therapies in regenerative medicine and genetic disease research in veterinary science. The research team is eager to share their findings globally, hoping to enrich the field of veterinary medicine significantly.



Professor Hatoya, reflecting on his career and the limitations in treating various animal diseases, expressed his commitment to this research. 



"As a veterinarian, I have examined and treated many animals. However, there are still many diseases that either cannot be cured or have not been fully understood. In the future, I am committed to continue my research on differentiating canine iPSCs into various types of cells and applying them to treat sick dogs, hopefully bringing joy to many animals and their owners," Hatoya concluded.



This groundbreaking research not only exemplifies scientific innovation but also highlights the deep bond between humans and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-facial-markings-influence-how-they-bond-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine companions</a>, offering hope for more effective treatments in veterinary medicine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-stem-cell-therapy-for-dogs">More about stem cell therapy for dogs</h2>



As discussed above, stem cell therapy represents a significant leap in medical science, offering potential treatments for various diseases and injuries. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-stem-cells">What are stem cells?</h3>



Stem cells are unique cells capable of transforming into various cell types in the body. They play a crucial role in the body's healing process. There are two primary types of stem cells:



<ol start="1">
<li>Embryonic Stem Cells: Derived from embryos, these cells have the potential to develop into any cell type in the body. </li>



<li>Adult Stem Cells: Found in adult tissues like bone marrow and fat, these cells are more specialized and usually develop into cells of their tissue of origin.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-dog-stem-cell-therapy-work">How does dog stem cell therapy work?</h3>



Stem cell therapy involves using stem cells to repair or replace damaged tissues or cells in the body. This process typically includes:



<ol start="1">
<li>Harvesting: Extracting stem cells from the patient's body or a donor source. </li>



<li>Processing: The extracted stem cells are then processed and cultured to increase their numbers. </li>



<li>Implantation: The processed stem cells are implanted into the patient’s body at the site of injury or disease.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-for-canine-stem-cell-therapy">Applications for canine stem cell therapy</h3>



Stem cell therapy has a wide range of applications, including:



<ul>
<li>Regenerative Medicine: It's used to regenerate damaged tissues and organs. </li>



<li>Treatment of Blood-Related Diseases: Such as leukemia and lymphoma, through bone marrow transplants. </li>



<li>Neurodegenerative Diseases: Potential treatments for conditions like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. </li>



<li>Heart Disease: Repairing heart tissue damaged by heart attacks. </li>



<li>Orthopedic Conditions: Aiding in the repair of bone, muscle, and cartilage injuries.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-and-risks-of-canine-stem-cell-therapy">Benefits and risks of canine stem cell therapy</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits">Benefits</h4>



<ul>
<li>Regenerative Potential: Can regenerate damaged tissues that would not otherwise heal. </li>



<li>Versatility: Useful in treating a variety of conditions. </li>



<li>Reduced Organ Rejection: Using a patient’s own stem cells minimizes the risk of rejection.</li>
</ul>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks">Risks</h4>



<ul>
<li>Immune Rejection: Especially with embryonic stem cells or cells from donors. </li>



<li>Infection: Risk associated with any surgical procedure. </li>



<li>Uncontrolled Growth: Potential for cells to grow uncontrollably, leading to tumors.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ethical-and-regulatory-challenges">Ethical and regulatory challenges</h3>



Stem cell therapy, particularly involving embryonic stem cells, faces ethical debates and regulatory hurdles. Concerns revolve around the moral implications of using embryonic cells and the need for stringent regulations to oversee stem cell research and therapy.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-canine-stem-cell-therapy">Future of canine stem cell therapy</h3>



Advancements in stem cell research continue to unveil new potential therapies. Areas like iPSCs (induced pluripotent stem cells) are showing promise, as they can be generated directly from adult cells, circumventing ethical concerns associated with embryonic stem cells. The future of stem cell therapy holds promise for personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual genetic profiles.



In summary, stem cell therapy is an exciting field of medicine with the potential to revolutionize treatment for various diseases and injuries. While it offers significant benefits, challenges and ethical concerns must be addressed to fully realize its potential. As research progresses, stem cell therapy may become a cornerstone in the treatment of many currently incurable diseases, heralding a new era in medical science.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213671123004587" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stem Cell Reports</a>.



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Dogs and stem cell therapy: Revolutionary and painless treatment developed

Dog owners might find a new reason to value their...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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