Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Silly,Baby

Are babies born with a moral instinct for right and wrong, or do they figure it out after seeing how others behave? This question has stirred up lively debates in academic circles for years.



Some early experiments hinted that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-music-affects-a-babys-heartbeat-before-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> can prefer helpful individuals over harmful ones, long before they can speak. Recent <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06288">findings</a> now cast doubt on the idea that morality is hardwired from birth. 



<a href="https://psych.ubc.ca/profile/kiley-hamlin/">Dr. Kiley Hamlin</a> at the <a href="https://www.ubc.ca/">University of British Columbia</a> has been leading important inquiries in this field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moral-instincts-in-babies">Moral instincts in babies</h2>



<a href="https://ethicsunwrapped.utexas.edu/glossary/moral-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moral psychology</a> explores how people come to recognize acceptable and unacceptable behavior. Many have wondered if these sensitivities are in place from the start or shaped by social interaction.



<a href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">John Locke</a> proposed that the human mind begins as a <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/10615/10615-h/10615-h.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tabula rasa</a>, meaning a blank slate, with all knowledge stemming from experience. 



This perspective suggests that children develop moral judgments only after observing the actions of those around them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-replication-challenge">The replication challenge</h2>



In science, <a href="https://www.understandinghealthresearch.org/useful-information/replicability-26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">replicability</a> means being able to repeat a study and get consistent outcomes. Experts recently joined forces to re-assess whether infants truly favor characters who <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/desc.13581" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">help over those who hinder</a>.



They used video stimuli instead of live puppet shows and tested a large sample. Results indicated that infants did not show a consistent preference for pro-social figures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-explanations">Possible explanations</h2>



One possibility is that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-hear-far-more-speech-at-home-than-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> need more time in the world before they form strong impressions about right and wrong. Others suspect small changes in the method can influence an infant’s attention and choices.



“Some people will jump to the interpretation that [the results show] the original finding was incorrect...we shouldn’t be so quick to jump to conclusions,” posted <a href="https://ccsre.stanford.edu/people/michael-c-frank" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michael Frank</a>, founder of the <a href="https://manybabies.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ManyBabies</a> consortium. 



Researchers note that subtle differences in presentation might explain the mixed outcomes.



Classic theories from <a href="https://archive.org/details/moraljudgmentofc0000piag" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jean Piaget</a> suggest children’s moral judgments evolve in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-climate-change-is-impacting-infant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stages</a>, moving from a focus on consequences to an understanding of intentions. 



If moral reasoning develops over time, it may be less obvious in infants who are still exploring their surroundings.



Lawrence Kohlberg’s <a href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofmora0001kohl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">six-stage sequence</a> also implies that advanced moral thinking requires cognitive growth. Babies, by contrast, could be years away from processing moral conflicts at that level.



Some point out that in many cultures, parents quickly step in to shape moral behavior, teaching children to recognize good and bad acts. <a href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Why_Do_Men_Barbecue.html?id=Fpq_xqLBe4kC" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Early environment</a> may thus play a bigger role than expected.



Others highlight that investigating infant behavior is tricky. A slight alteration in setting might change how babies react in ways that do not necessarily map onto their moral understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-babies-morals">Future research on babies morals</h2>



Researchers continue to refine designs that capture genuine responses from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-gut-health-shapes-the-brain-development-of-her-baby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>. Eye tracking, heart rate measures, and brain imaging could offer clearer insights without relying solely on manual choices.



Some wonder if there is an innate core to morality. Paul Bloom’s <a href="https://archive.org/details/justbabiesorigin0000bloo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> argues that young children may display compassion or empathy when someone is hurt.



Another perspective is that moral awareness takes shape through simple interactions, like seeing a parent console someone who is upset. Repeated exposure to caring acts might steer children toward a preference for kindness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-studies-on-baby-morals-differ">Why studies on baby morals differ</h2>



Discrepancies between studies can reflect the complexity of human development. Babies are not miniature adults, and their responses can hinge on momentary factors like mood or alertness.



Large-scale collaborations offer a powerful way to handle variability across labs. This approach increases confidence in the findings by recruiting diverse samples of children from different backgrounds.



Yet, even large efforts cannot offer the final word on infant morality. Researchers remain eager to keep testing new methods and refine our understanding of how these little humans begin to judge right and wrong.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-parents">Implications for parents</h2>



Some experts propose that parents observe their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-immune-systems-have-hidden-and-surprising-strength/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">child</a>’s spontaneous reactions to kindness or aggression. This can guide gentle interventions and conversations that frame empathy as a cherished value.



Simple acts, like praising a toddler for sharing, may spark early moral awareness. Subtle encouragement could pave the way for deeper ethical reasoning later in childhood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-questions">Ongoing questions</h2>



Many psychologists wonder if moral responses differ in babies raised in close-knit communities versus more individualistic settings. 



Broader cross-cultural studies could reveal whether certain behaviors are consistent across societies or shaped by local customs.



Debates about morality in infancy are far from settled. Each fresh result invites new theories, and the field thrives on reevaluating what it truly means to be human.



New data-collection methods, including real-time parent diaries, may refine how researchers track changes in infant reactions across many months. Capturing these everyday moments could lead to a fuller picture of early moral inclinations.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Developmental Science</a>.



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Are babies born with morals, or is morality a learned behavior? Scientists think they know

Are babies born with a moral instinct for right and...

Agroforestry has long been overlooked in the farming community, with many believing that trees and agriculture are incompatible. However, this integrated approach - combining trees, shrubs, and traditional farming methods - offers significant benefits for both farmers and the environment.



Despite its potential to improve soil health, enhance biodiversity, and increase profitability, agroforestry adoption in the U.S. Midwest remains surprisingly low. Now, researchers at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> are working to change that narrative.



The experts argue that widespread agroforestry adoption requires strategic planning that considers environmental, social, and economic factors to make it a viable and attractive option for farmers across the Midwest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-benefits-of-agroforestry">Surprising benefits of agroforestry</h2>



While most studies have focused on the agronomy and ecology elements of agroforestry, study lead author Sarah Castle noted that not enough attention has been given to the social and economic impacts of these practices.



"It turns out those factors dramatically shift our priorities for targeting agroforestry in certain areas," she emphasized. 



Castle conducted much of this research during her doctoral studies at the university and is currently a postdoc at Yale School of the Environment, while also being a scholar at Illinois.



The research team set out to create a tool that would pinpoint areas where agroforestry could yield the highest environmental benefits. The sites needed to be economically viable, socially acceptable, and inhabited by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> that could thrive under agroforestry practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-agroforestry-with-combined-data">Mapping agroforestry with combined data</h2>



Combining social attitudes, economic feasibility, and environmental data was a monumental task.



“We took all of these different data layers, normalized them so they were comparable, and combined them very intentionally to conduct a holistic assessment. One of the most helpful parts of that process was conducting key informant interviews," noted Castle.



The researchers interacted with individuals from Illinois Extension, the USDA National Agroforestry Center, the U.S. Forest Service, and the Savanna Institute to gain feedback on their approach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-intentional-mapping">Power of intentional mapping</h2>



The team succeeded in developing a valuable asset - a map that identifies regions where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agroforestry could be a sustainable solution</a> for soil erosion, water quality, and climate concerns. The map could also enhance profitability for lands unsuitable for routine crops.



The researchers mentioned a staggering estimate of the potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-could-greatly-boost-carbon-sequestration-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sequestration</a> if agroforestry was implemented in the most appropriate areas in the Midwest.



"Expanding these practices across just 5% of suitable Midwestern agricultural land could store 43 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per year," said study co-author Professor Chloe Wardropper.



When compared to cover <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-cover-crops-may-be-the-future-of-sustainable-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a>, which are approximated to store about 8.4 million tons of CO2e per year on similar lands, the potential benefits of agroforestry are undeniable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-personalized-support-tool">A personalized support tool </h2>



To further support their cause, the research team decided to make their mapping tool available for everyone - landowners, conservation scientists, and policymakers - completely free of charge.



This decision-support tool allows users to adjust parameters based on their specific agroforestry goals. 



“Say you want to run an assessment only on one tree species, or only considering economics, or setting economics as five times more important than environmental factors," said Castle. 



"Users of the decision support tool can set their parameters based on their specific agroforestry goals and rerun the analysis to create their own maps for Midwest states, counties, and watersheds."



Every region may have a suitable agroforestry practice since each one has unique spatial opportunities. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agroforestry-can-be-adapted-to-any-farm">Agroforestry can be adapted to any farm</h2>



Professor Wardropper, taking the example of windbreaks, reminds us that introducing agroforestry does not necessarily imply revolutionizing the entire farm.



"There are a lot of ways a landowner/operator can really tailor agroforestry to the types of benefits that they're looking for," said Professor Wardropper, emphasizing that the transition to agroforestry can be gradual, less costly, and manageable.



Ultimately, the scientists are changing the way we think about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-nutrient-loss-due-to-heavy-rainfall-threatens-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a>. By integrating trees into their farming practices, farmers in the Midwest can help to create a sustainable future for themselves and for the planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1072858" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Agroforestry could transform farming in the Midwest

Agroforestry has long been overlooked in the farming community, with...

Researchers have introduced a new material that is as sturdy as steel yet as airy as foam. They harnessed the power of artificial intelligence (AI) and a high-precision 3D printer to fine-tune its shape, aiming for maximum strength without adding weight to the material.



According to the engineers, their invention could have major implications for manufacturing items that require both strength and lightness, particularly vehicles aiming to improve fuel efficiency.



Professor Tobin Filleter from the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a> helped lead this effort, bringing years of expertise in the mechanical behavior of materials. 



He and his team worked alongside collaborators who explored ways to build micro-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-wonder-material-changing-the-world-is-officially-declared-safe-for-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> with precisely arranged features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-the-right-shape">Searching for the right shape</h2>



The researchers started by testing possible shapes through computer simulations, and attempting to distribute applied stresses evenly. 



This meant reducing weak points, which often cause sudden collapses in conventional lightweight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/construction-materials-could-store-carbon-in-homes-and-buildings-helping-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a>.



"It didn't just replicate successful geometries from the training data; it learned from what changes to the shapes worked and what didn't, enabling it to predict entirely new lattice geometries," said Peter Serles, an engineering researcher at <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caltech</a>.



The planning phase fed a machine learning algorithm that learned how each shape withstood pressure. But, it did more than just rehash old ideas.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-ai-for-better-material-designs">Using AI for better material designs</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposing-the-hidden-climate-costs-of-everyday-materials/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Traditional</a> materials often force a compromise between strength and toughness. Many ceramic-like substances can bear large loads but shatter easily. The team wanted something that balanced both.



They relied on <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41563-021-01147-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nano-architected designs</a> to reach that sweet spot. By incorporating carefully engineered patterns at the microscopic scale, these <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1252291" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">structures</a> can achieve higher load capacities than bulk materials of the same density.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-advantage-of-3d-printing">Taking advantage of 3D printing</h2>



Once the algorithm suggested the best <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-process-converts-microplastics-into-valuable-graphene-wonder-material/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shapes</a>, the researchers used a specialized 3D printer that works with polymers at incredibly fine scales.



Next, they baked these printed lattices to leave behind carbon. The result is a <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adma.201701850" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanolattice</a> that resists high stress without crumbling.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/carbon-nanolattices_Bayesian-optimization_design-flow_credit-UToronto_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/carbon-nanolattices_Bayesian-optimization_design-flow_credit-UToronto_1s.webp" alt="Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for generative design of carbon nanolattices with high compressive stiffness and strength at low density. a) Illustration of process workflow. b) The top four MBO CFCC geometries with their 2D Bézier curves. c,d) FESEM images of CFCC MBO-3 and Standard CFCC of equivalent density. Credit: University of Toronto" class="wp-image-1959457"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Multi-objective Bayesian optimization for generative design of carbon nanolattices with high compressive stiffness and strength at low density. a) Illustration of process workflow. b) The top four MBO CFCC geometries with their 2D Bézier curves. c,d) FESEM images of CFCC MBO-3 and Standard CFCC of equivalent density. Credit: University of Toronto</figcaption></figure>



Advanced machines allow delicate features to be printed in a fraction of an inch, which opens doors for more complex geometries. That means scientists can now make shapes they once only imagined in simulations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-material-for-aerospace-efficiency">AI material for aerospace efficiency</h2>



"We hope that these new material designs will eventually lead to ultra-light weight components in aerospace applications, such as planes, helicopters and spacecraft, that can reduce fuel demands during flight while maintaining safety and performance," said Filleter.



If a craft needs less fuel, emissions decrease, along with operating costs.



One researcher explained that swapping titanium parts for this lighter alternative might yield yearly fuel savings of around 21 gallons for every 2.2 pounds (80 liters for every 10 kilograms) of material replaced. That adds up over multiple flights and repeated journeys across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-beyond-aerospace">Expanding beyond aerospace</h2>



While the most obvious applications are in aviation and space travel, other industries could also benefit from these ultra-light, ultra-strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-system-captures-carbon-dioxide-directly-from-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">materials</a>.



The automotive sector, for instance, constantly seeks ways to improve fuel efficiency and battery range in electric vehicles. Lighter chassis and structural components could make a meaningful impact on performance.



Medical technology is another promising area. Researchers are exploring how these nano-architected materials might lead to stronger yet lightweight prosthetics, implants, and medical devices. 



Reducing material weight while maintaining strength could make wearable medical gear more comfortable and effective.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scaling-up-and-moving-forward">Scaling up and moving forward</h2>



The next challenge is to produce larger pieces without losing the benefits seen in the lab. Figuring out how to manufacture greater volumes of this carbon-based structure at a reasonable cost is high on the agenda.



Engineers also plan to experiment with variations that maintain stiffness while shaving off more weight. 



Each new design is another opportunity for the algorithm to refine its predictive skills, potentially raising strength limits even further.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-designed-material-and-the-future">AI-designed material and the future</h2>



These new insights are part of an ongoing effort to rethink how materials <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/graphene-new-wonder-material-earth-technology-found-moon-soil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perform</a>. Weight reduction is a key goal for many industries, from auto manufacturing to wind turbine construction, and this work offers a powerful tool to meet those needs.



Bringing AI into the materials world shows that old boundaries can sometimes be pushed aside. Once scaled up, these next-generation structures might show up in unexpected places, providing safety without the usual weight penalty.



The study was published in the online journal <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adma.202410651" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Materials</a>.



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New AI-designed material is light as foam, tough as steel

Researchers have introduced a new material that is as sturdy...

Think back to the vibrant coral reef ecosystems often depicted in cartoons during your childhood - thriving habitats teeming with fish, anemones, and other marine life. In reality, many of these reefs are now facing severe environmental stress and declining health. However, innovative solutions offer hope for their recovery. 



One such advancement is the Underwater Zooplankton Enhancement Light Array (UZELA), a programmable, autonomous submersible light system developed by researchers to support coral reef ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-light-to-boost-coral-reefs">Artificial light to boost coral reefs</h2>



UZELA is designed to attract zooplankton - microscopic aquatic organisms that serve as a crucial food source for corals - by emitting specific wavelengths of light. 



By enhancing local <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zooplankton</a> availability, this technology has the potential to bolster coral nutrition and resilience in the face of environmental challenges.



After a rigorous six-month testing period on two species of coral native to Hawaii, researchers found that UZELA significantly increased local zooplankton density and boosted the feeding rates of both healthy and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bleached-coral-reefs-recover-quickly-in-the-absence-of-human-influences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bleached coral</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reefs-on-the-brink-of-collapse">Reefs on the brink of collapse</h2>



Providing corals with greater amounts of food makes them stronger and more likely to be resilient against certain environmental threats, such as heat stress and ocean acidification.



"This result is particularly striking, especially as rising ocean temperatures are pushing entire coral reefs to the brink of collapse," said Andrea Grottoli, lead author of the study and a professor of earth sciences at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>.



“Coral reefs house one-third of all marine species, yet occupy less than 1% of the ocean,” she added. “They are disproportionately responsible for ocean health, and we’re at risk of losing them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-valuable-tool-for-coral-reef-restoration">Valuable tool for coral reef restoration </h2>



Millions of people rely on coral reefs, as they support fishing industries and protect coastal communities from threats such as erosion and floods. 



However, at the current rate of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>, projections indicate that these vital coral reefs could face complete devastation by 2050, endangering the delicate ecosystems they sustain.



Although UZELA is only a short-term solution, Grottoli believes the artificial light system could be a valuable tool for coral restoration efforts.



“Think of it as a band-aid for about a couple decades,” Grottoli said. “It can protect some corals in some places, sometimes.”



The team also discovered that UZELA, which operates for six months on a single battery, optimizes coral feeding time by functioning for just one hour after sunset each day. 



While artificial lights have the potential to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-impacting-marine-life-more-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disrupt marine life</a>, researchers emphasize that UZELA does not harm the environment or interfere with the movement of other zooplankton in the area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artificial-light-benefits-for-coral-reefs">Artificial light benefits for coral reefs</h2>



“If you imagine zooplankton in a column floating above coral, instead of being naturally dispersed, UZELA is just pulling them down, but it’s not taking away from the coral beside it,” explained Grottoli. 



“We show that if you put the coral close to the light, they benefit from that concentrated zooplankton, and feeding rates go up 10- to 50-fold.”



This increase in feeding meets approximately 18-68% of a coral's metabolic demand, meaning that increased zooplankton intake significantly supports coral survivorship and persistence.



“The real intent of this project is to inject new technology and energy into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reef-sounds-the-melodic-key-to-coral-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral restoration</a> success,” Grottoli added. “It’s something that can be deployed strategically for high-value reefs or projects that have already had significant investment.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-coral-restoration">The future of coral restoration</h2>



While the current generation of UZELA devices is handmade, the team is collaborating with an Ohio-based engineering company to make the technology more manufacturable. 



Enhanced versions of the device are expected to be available within the next one to three years.



“We are not mitigating climate change fast enough to save coral, and UZELA is not going to instantly save coral reefs,” Grottoli noted. “But it is an exciting solution that will buy us time as we work toward a more sustainable environment.”



The research was supported by the <a href="https://www.uhfoundation.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawai’i Foundation</a>, the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="https://www.darpa.mil" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DARPA</a>).



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lom3.10669" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Methods</a>.



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How artificial light can boost coral reef recovery

Think back to the vibrant coral reef ecosystems often depicted...

Australia is home to some of the world’s most unique and fragile wildlife. Among them is the Gilbert’s potoroo - a small, nocturnal marsupial that once seemed lost to history.



For over a century, scientists believed it had vanished, another victim of habitat destruction and introduced predators. That belief changed in 1994 when researchers made an astonishing discovery that would launch a decades-long conservation effort.



A new study has explored the journey of this critically endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/otters-have-the-ability-to-restore-delicate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> from its rediscovery to ongoing recovery initiatives.



Led by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions (<a href="https://www.dbca.wa.gov.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DBCA</a>), in partnership with university researchers and <a href="https://www.potoroo.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Gilbert’s Potoroo Action Group</a>, the study provides insight into the challenges and successes of saving Australia’s rarest marsupial.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-thought-gilbert-s-potoroo-was-extinct">Scientists thought Gilbert’s potoroo was extinct</h2>



Before its rediscovery, the Gilbert’s potoroo was known only from a few <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-earths-most-endangered-plants-from-extinction-proving-difficult-botanic-gardens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserved specimens</a> that were collected in the 19th century. Scientists assumed the species had disappeared, like so many others that cannot withstand the pressures of land clearing and introduced predators.



That changed in 1994 when Dr. Elizabeth Sinclair, then a Ph.D. student at <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Western Australia</a>, made a remarkable find. 



While conducting research at Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve near Albany, she identified a population of Gilbert’s potoroos surviving in a small area of coastal heathland. The discovery astonished the scientific community and reignited hope that this marsupial could be saved.



Dr. Tony Friend, the study’s lead author, recalled the momentous nature of the find. "When we surveyed the rediscovered population, we found that only about 40 individuals remained in a small area of heathland on Mount Gardner."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-diet-of-the-gilbert-s-potoroo">Unique diet of the Gilbert’s potoroo</h2>



Once scientists confirmed the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-we-failing-the-worlds-most-threatened-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>’ existence, they had to learn how to protect it. They quickly discovered that the potoroo relies almost entirely on underground fungi for food, which is a diet unlike that of any other marsupial in Australia.



This dependency on a single food source made habitat conservation an urgent priority. Without a healthy ecosystem that supported the growth of these fungi, the species could not survive.



Predation by foxes and feral cats posed another significant threat. With such a small population, even a single predator could have devastating effects. Conservationists began working on strategies to keep the potoroo safe while ensuring its habitat remained intact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-insurance-populations">Creating insurance populations</h2>



Recognizing the risk of keeping the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marsupials-are-key-to-healthy-ecosystems-in-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">population</a> in one location, scientists took action. Between 2005 and 2014, they established two "insurance populations" in separate locations to safeguard the species against disasters. 



One group was placed on Bald Island off Cheynes Beach, a predator-free sanctuary that provided a safe environment for the potoroo to breed. The second group was introduced into a specially designed enclosure in <a href="https://exploreparks.dbca.wa.gov.au/park/waychinicup-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Waychinicup National Park</a>, which also offered protection from predators.



These efforts proved crucial in 2015 when disaster struck the potoroo population at Two Peoples Bay. A catastrophic bushfire swept through the reserve, wiping out much of the original habitat.



Without the insurance populations, the species might have disappeared entirely. Scientists are now using individuals from these protected groups to reintroduce the potoroo back into its natural range.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-genetic-diversity">Importance of genetic diversity</h2>



A major challenge in conservation is maintaining genetic diversity, especially for species with extremely small populations. Dr. Sinclair, a co-author of the study, highlighted the importance of understanding the species’ genetic structure.



"Understanding the genetic makeup of the remaining Gilbert's potoroo populations is crucial for maintaining their long-term viability," she said.



By studying the genetics of the surviving potoroos, scientists can make informed decisions about breeding and relocation efforts. This knowledge helps prevent inbreeding and ensures the species remains resilient in the face of the current environmental changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-climate-and-habitat-challenges">Addressing climate and habitat challenges</h2>



Beyond genetics, other long-term challenges remain. Habitat destruction, climate change, and shifting environmental conditions continue to threaten the potoroo’s future. Effective fire management is now a top priority, as uncontrolled wildfires pose a major risk to the remaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-is-tracking-endangered-animal-habitats-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">populations</a>.



Predator control also remains essential. Foxes and feral cats, introduced to Australia by European settlers, are responsible for the decline of many native species, including the potoroo. 



Conservationists are working on strategies to manage these threats while ensuring the potoroo’s habitat remains suitable for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-involvement-in-conservation">Community involvement in conservation</h2>



The fight to save the Gilbert’s potoroo extends beyond scientists and government agencies. Community involvement has played a vital role in the species’ survival. 



The Gilbert’s Potoroo Action Group has been instrumental in raising awareness and securing funding for conservation efforts. Local volunteers contribute by monitoring populations, assisting with habitat restoration, and advocating for continued protection.



Public education also plays a significant role in conservation success. By teaching people about the importance of biodiversity and the threats facing native species, conservation groups hope to inspire long-term commitment to protecting Australia’s unique wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fight-to-save-gilbert-s-potoroo">Fight to save Gilbert’s potoroo </h2>



Despite the challenges, there is still hope for the Gilbert’s potoroo. The insurance populations have provided a crucial lifeline, and scientists continue to work on strategies to ensure the species’ long-term survival. 



Research into habitat restoration and climate resilience offers new possibilities for strengthening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protecting-just-0-7-of-land-can-save-many-unique-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts.



Dr. Friend remains optimistic about the future. "The regenerating habitat at Two Peoples Bay remains a valuable resource for future recovery efforts," he said.



The road ahead will not be easy, but the dedication of researchers, conservationists, and the wider community has given the potoroo a fighting chance. If efforts continue, this remarkable marsupial may yet avoid extinction and thrive once more in the wild.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/PC/PC24103" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pacific Conservation Biology</a>.



Image Credit: University of Western Australia



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World's rarest marsupial is fighting for survival - again

Australia is home to some of the world’s most unique...

Last month set a new record for the hottest January ever documented, surprising climate experts who had expected that a developing La Niña would finally start easing a prolonged bout of unusual heat.



According to the <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a>, January 2025 was 1.75°C warmer than in pre-industrial times, continuing a notable series of high-temperature records spanning 2023 and 2024. 



Human-generated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a> have largely driven this persistent warming trend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-weaker-la-nina-than-anticipated">A weaker La Niña than anticipated</h2>



Most climate scientists anticipated that the exceptional heat wave would lose momentum once an El Niño event - peaking in January 2024 - gave way to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Niña</a>, which typically brings a temporary cooling effect.&nbsp;



Yet temperatures have remained at, or near, record-breaking levels, prompting discussion about additional factors that may be elevating global warmth beyond forecasts.



Researchers caution that even slight increments in global temperature magnify both the intensity and frequency of extreme weather phenomena such as heatwaves, severe rainfall, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-concerning-jump-in-january-heat">Concerning jump in January heat</h2>



January exceeded the previous monthly record (set in January 2024) by 0.09°C, a margin that Copernicus climate scientist Julien Nicolas described as “sizeable” in the context of global temperature shifts.&nbsp;



“This is what makes it a bit of a surprise...you're not seeing this cooling effect, or temporary brake at least, on the global temperature that we were expecting to see,” said Nicolas.



Stefan Rahmstorf from the <a href="https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/university-of-potsdam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Potsdam</a> pointed out that this is the first time in recorded data that a La Niña phase has yielded temperatures higher than those during the preceding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.&nbsp;



“This is of serious concern - over the past sixty years, all twenty five La Niña January's have been cooler than surrounding years,” said Rahmstorf.



This year’s La Niña is predicted to be mild, and Copernicus reported evidence that surface temperatures in parts of the equatorial Pacific may be slowing or stalling the expected move toward cooler conditions. Nicolas noted that the phenomenon could vanish entirely by March.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surpassing-the-paris-agreement-goal">Surpassing the Paris Agreement goal</h2>



Last month, Copernicus announced that the average global temperature for 2023 and 2024 had, for the first time, surpassed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.&nbsp;



Though this does not confirm a permanent breach of the long-term Paris Agreement goal of limiting warming to 1.5°C, it does reveal that the threshold is being tested.



Overall, scientists do not anticipate 2025 to eclipse 2023 and 2024’s record-breaking heat; they predict it will probably rank as the third-warmest year.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, Copernicus plans to carefully track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-broke-records-for-450-straight-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a> in 2025 to learn more about the planet’s evolving climate conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-oceans-in-climate-change">The role of oceans in climate change</h2>



Oceans function as a crucial moderator of Earth’s climate and a major carbon sink. Cooler sea waters are able to capture more heat from the air, thereby contributing to reduced atmospheric temperatures.&nbsp;



Cooler oceans also hold on to around 90 percent of the extra heat produced by the burning of fossil fuels.



“This heat is bound to resurface periodically,” Nicolas said. “I think that's also one of the questions - is this what has been happening over the past couple of years?”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-heat-in-january">Astonishing heat in January</h2>



Sea surface temperatures have reached notably high levels throughout 2023 and 2024; in January alone, they were the second warmest ever recorded. “That is the thing that is a little puzzling - why they remain so warm,” Nicolas added.



University College London climate researcher Bill McGuire described it as “astonishing and frankly terrifying” that January remained near record highs even after La Niña conditions emerged.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, Joel Hirschi from the UK’s <a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Oceanography Center</a> advised restraint when interpreting only one month’s data, remarking that peaks had also been noted after past El Niño phases, even with La Niña underway.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explanations-for-record-heat-nbsp">Explanations for record heat&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists generally concur that the long-term rise in global temperatures is primarily caused by burning fossil fuels, though natural climate cycles can influence yearly temperature variations.&nbsp;



Still, experts say that El Niño alone cannot explain what has transpired in the atmosphere and oceans, meaning other explanations are being explored.



One possibility is that the move toward cleaner shipping fuels that began in 2020 has accelerated warming by curtailing sulfur-based emissions that help form sunlight-reflecting clouds.&nbsp;



Another study, published in December, questioned whether fewer low-altitude clouds might be letting more heat reach Earth’s surface.



“These are avenues that must be taken seriously, and remain open,” said Robert Vautard, a top researcher with the UN’s <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hottest-earth-in-125-000-years">Hottest Earth in 125,000 years</h2>



Copernicus harnesses billions of measurements from satellites, ships, planes, and weather stations to form its climate estimates.&nbsp;



Though the agency’s own records trace back to 1940, other climate data sources - like ice cores, tree rings, and coral skeletons - enable scientists to extrapolate findings from a much deeper past.



Based on that broader array of evidence, researchers believe that the current period could well be the hottest Earth has experienced for at least 125,000 years.



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'Astonishing' global temperatures in January 2025 surprised scientists

Last month set a new record for the hottest January...

Last year, a study suggested that deposits of carbon dioxide ice and other carbon-bearing molecules on Uranus’s moon Ariel likely originated from internal chemical processes - possibly even from a subsurface ocean.



Now, new research provides insight into how these materials may have reached, or may still be reaching, the moon’s surface.&nbsp;



Led by <a href="https://www.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APL</a> planetary geologist Chloe Beddingfield, the research points to medial grooves - trenches that cut through Ariel’s massive canyons - as the likely pathways for this movement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-ariel-s-interior-nbsp">Mysteries of Ariel’s interior&nbsp;</h2>



The findings indicate that these medial grooves function similarly to spreading centers on Earth, where new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uranus-moon-ariel-may-have-a-hidden-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceanic crust</a> forms as internal material rises to the surface.



“If we're right, these medial grooves are probably the best candidates for sourcing those carbon oxide deposits and uncovering more details about the moon's interior,” Beddingfield said. “No other surface features show evidence of facilitating the movement of materials from inside Ariel, making this finding particularly exciting.”



Ariel’s grooves are among the youngest known features on its surface. Scientists have long debated whether they formed through fissures caused by tectonic forces or through volcanic activity.&nbsp;



The team analyzed images captured by NASA’s Voyager 2 - the only spacecraft to have flown past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stunning-photo-of-uranus-and-its-rings-and-moons-captured-by-the-webb-telescope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uranus</a> and its moons - and concluded that these features more closely resemble spreading centers rather than volcanic conduits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spreading-center-theory">The spreading center theory</h2>



One key piece of evidence comes from the way the canyon walls on either side of the medial grooves align. When the central canyon floors are digitally removed, the walls fit together like puzzle pieces, suggesting they were once joined before being pulled apart.&nbsp;



Additionally, the canyon floors feature regularly spaced ridges that resemble excavation tracks - patterns consistent with successive depositions of material, a hallmark of spreading centers.



Beddingfield explained that spreading centers arise from convection cells beneath the crust. As heat from Ariel’s interior pushes material upward, the surface cracks open, spreading apart as new material emerges and gradually cools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-influence-of-tidal-forces-nbsp">The influence of tidal forces&nbsp;</h2>



Ariel, along with several other Uranian moons, has undergone multiple periods of geological activity, likely due to tidal forces.&nbsp;



These forces arise from orbital resonances - precise ratios in the orbital periods of moons that generate repeated gravitational interactions. The interactions create cycles of internal heating, potentially melting parts of the icy interior and then refreezing them over time.



“It’s a fascinating situation - how this cycle affects these moons, their evolution, and their characteristics,” Beddingfield said.



Some scientists believe that these resonances could have helped maintain subsurface oceans beneath Ariel and its smaller neighboring moon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/miranda-uranus-moon-may-have-hidden-ocean-possibly-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Miranda</a>.&nbsp;



A recent 2024 <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad77d7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, co-authored by APL’s Tom Nordheim, proposed that such tidal forces might have created an ocean within Miranda’s interior - one that could still exist today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ariel-s-internal-structure">Ariel’s internal structure</h2>



Ariel’s medial grooves could provide important clues about the moon’s internal structure, particularly regarding the presence of an ocean.&nbsp;



Nordheim noted that carbon-bearing compounds do not last long on planetary surfaces due to space weathering, suggesting that these materials must have been deposited relatively recently.



“These new results suggest a possible mechanism for emplacing fresh material and short-lived compounds, including carbon monoxide and perhaps ammonia-bearing species on the surface,” Nordheim said.



However, Beddingfield cautioned against making direct connections between Ariel’s possible ocean and the medial grooves.



“The size of Ariel’s possible ocean and its depth beneath the surface can only be estimated, but it may be too isolated to interact with spreading centers,” she explained.&nbsp;



“There’s just a lot we don’t know. And while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-carbon-ices-discovered-objects-beyond-neptune-kuiper-belt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon oxide ices</a> are present on Ariel’s surface, it’s still unclear whether they’re associated with the grooves because Voyager 2 didn’t have instruments that could map the distribution of ices.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-exploration-of-uranus">Future exploration of Uranus</h2>



Study co-author Richard Cartwright emphasized that further exploration is necessary to confirm the role of these medial grooves in transporting material from Ariel’s interior.



“We need an orbiter that can make close passes of Ariel, map its medial grooves in detail, and analyze their spectral signatures for components like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide,” said Cartwright.&nbsp;



“If carbon-bearing molecules are concentrated along these grooves, then it would strongly support the idea that they’re windows into Ariel’s interior.”



With Uranus gaining attention as a priority for future space exploration, Ariel and its enigmatic grooves may soon receive closer scrutiny. These investigations could unlock critical insights into the moon’s geological past - and potentially even into ongoing internal activity today.&nbsp;



The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ad9d3f" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Planetary Science Journal</a>.



Image Credit: NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory



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Uranus's moon, Ariel, may have a hidden ocean under its frozen crust

Last year, a study suggested that deposits of carbon dioxide...

Plant-based meat alternatives have grown in popularity, yet many consumers remain hesitant to fully embrace them. 



While ethical, environmental, and health concerns drive interest, practical factors still play a crucial role in shaping consumer behavior. A new study sheds light on what really matters to people when choosing between meat and its substitutes.



A team of researchers from Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (<a href="https://www.uni-halle.de/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MLU</a>), <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University Berlin</a>, and Georg August University Göttingen conducted a survey of 2,100 U.S. consumers. Their findings reveal that price has a greater influence on purchasing decisions than similarity to meat.



The study challenges common assumptions about consumer behavior in the growing market of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-are-perfecting-plant-based-meats-with-ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat alternatives</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-most-people-do-not-oppose-plant-based-meat">Most people do not oppose plant-based meat</h2>



Despite an increasing variety of plant-based options, meat remains the dominant choice for most consumers. Many people still prefer traditional meat over substitutes, even though plant-based alternatives have been widely available for years.



"Even though the supply of plant-based alternatives has been growing for years, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-thrived-on-plant-based-diets-not-meat-alone-780000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">demand for meat</a> persists. Unfortunately, there is very little reliable data on the general acceptance of meat alternatives, what conditions are required to make them more attractive, and whether or not they are just a fad," noted study lead author Steffen Jahn.



This knowledge gap has made it difficult for food producers and policymakers to understand how to promote plant-based options effectively. The researchers focused on the U.S. market because of its exceptionally high levels of meat consumption. 



"The United States is a country with one of the highest rates of meat consumption in the world. For example, around 25 kilograms of beef was consumed per capita alone in 2023," said Jahn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumers-burger-preferences">Consumers’ burger preferences</h2>



To understand consumer preferences, researchers presented participants with four burger choices. 



The options included a real beef burger, a plant-based burger designed to mimic meat (analog), a vegetarian burger that resembled meat in appearance but not taste or texture (semi-analog), and a falafel burger (non-analog). Participants viewed pictures and written descriptions of each burger before making a choice.



As expected, the majority of respondents - around three-quarters - chose the traditional beef burger. What surprised researchers was how the different plant-based options performed. The falafel burger turned out to be the most preferred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-meat-less-protein-lacks-certain-nutrients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat alternative</a>, while the plant-based analog burger ranked the lowest.



"However, we did not expect to find that the falafel burger was the most popular meat alternative, while the analog burger came in last place. This contradicts the widespread assumption that meat substitutes are only competitive if they are as close as possible to the original," explained Jahn.



The findings suggest that consumers may not necessarily want plant-based products that replicate meat. Instead, they might be more interested in options that stand on their own, rather than attempting to mimic animal-based foods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-price-parity-does-not-change-consumer-choices">Price parity does not change consumer choices</h2>



The second phase of the study examined whether lowering the price of meat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-plant-based-meat-alternatives-the-key-to-a-healthier-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternatives</a> would make them more attractive. 



Many advocates argue that plant-based foods should be priced the same as or lower than meat to encourage people to switch. However, the study found that simply matching prices does not significantly affect consumer decisions.



"Meat alternatives are currently more expensive than meat, which is why there are discussions about adjusting the prices into alignment. However, we found that price parity has no real effect on people's choices," noted Jahn.



This means that if plant-based alternatives and meat cost the same, most consumers will still choose traditional meat. Price alone does not drive them toward substitutes unless there is a noticeable financial advantage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumers-choosing-plant-based-meat">Consumers choosing plant-based meat</h2>



Although price parity does not influence consumers, meaningful discounts do. The study found that when plant-based burgers were at least 10% cheaper than their meat counterparts, sales of meat alternatives increased by 14%. 



When the price of a plant-based burger dropped to half the price of a beef burger, the number of consumers choosing the alternative doubled.



These results indicate that a strong financial incentive can shift consumer behavior. Price-sensitive shoppers, especially those who do not have a strong preference for meat, may opt for plant-based alternatives if the price difference is large enough.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-men-switch-to-meat-alternatives-faster">Men switch to meat alternatives faster</h2>



An interesting trend emerged when researchers examined the impact of price on different demographic groups. 



The study found that men, who are generally more attached to meat-based diets, are more likely to switch when the price of plant-based options drops. Even those who had never tried a meat alternative before were more willing to give it a chance if they saw a significant price advantage.



This challenges the common assumption that women are more likely to adopt plant-based diets. While women may show more interest in vegetarian or vegan foods for health and ethical reasons, men appear to be more motivated by financial savings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-perception-in-consumer-choices">Role of perception in consumer choices</h2>



Beyond price, perception plays a key role in how people view meat alternatives. Consumers often associate plant-based burgers with ultra-processed foods, which have a negative reputation. 



Some may avoid them due to concerns about artificial ingredients or the belief that they are not as healthy as whole-food plant-based meals.



"Restaurants and food manufacturers might actually be able to increase their sales of vegetarian or vegan alternatives if they offered meat substitutes at lower prices than the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat</a> options. A truly faithful imitation is not the goal here, our study suggests. Maybe it's because many people associate them with ultra-processed foods, which have a bad reputation," said Jahn.



This insight suggests that businesses should focus not just on lowering prices but also on improving the perception of plant-based products. Marketing efforts that emphasize natural ingredients and health benefits might help attract more consumers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-options-in-plant-based-meat">More options in plant-based meat</h2>



One of the key takeaways from the study is the importance of variety. Consumers have different preferences, and no single alternative will satisfy everyone. While some people prefer products that closely resemble meat, others are more open to entirely different plant-based options.



Based on these findings, the researchers recommend offering a broad range of plant-based choices rather than focusing solely on meat-like substitutes. Consumers may be more willing to try products that stand on their own rather than those that attempt to replicate meat exactly.



The study challenges traditional assumptions about meat alternatives and highlights the importance of price in shaping consumer choices. While plant-based products continue to grow in popularity, businesses and policymakers must consider what truly influences purchasing behavior. 



Lower prices and a diverse selection of options may be the key to encouraging more people to adopt plant-based diets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2319016121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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People will switch to plant-based meat if it is cheaper than real meat

Plant-based meat alternatives have grown in popularity, yet many consumers...

Climate change is substantially affecting cocoa production in West and Central Africa, a region that accounts for more than 70% of global cocoa output.&nbsp;



Rising temperatures and altering rainfall patterns are projected to make some areas less suitable for cultivating cocoa, while allowing other areas to potentially increase their yields.



This is the conclusion of a recent study conducted by Wageningen University &amp; Research (WUR).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-shifts-in-key-producing-nations">Major shifts in key producing nations</h2>



Researcher Paulina Asante and her team employed a computer model to project how cocoa farming might fare by 2060 in Ivory Coast, Ghana, Nigeria, and Cameroon.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that up to 50% of the land currently dedicated to cocoa in the Ivory Coast might become unviable, leading to a marked drop in production.&nbsp;



In Ghana, the study predicts a moderate loss of optimal cocoa-growing zones. By contrast, Nigeria and Cameroon may see an expansion in suitable areas.&nbsp;



According to the study, Cameroon’s output could climb by as much as 60%, while Nigeria could experience a roughly 40% increase.



The research highlight how divergent effects across neighboring countries could influence global cocoa markets. Some places may find opportunity in the shifting climate, but others risk having to phase out cocoa farming altogether.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risk-of-increased-deforestation">Risk of increased deforestation</h2>



With cocoa potentially migrating into new regions, concerns arise over environmental pressures and habitat loss, notes <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WUR</a> researcher Niels Anten.&nbsp;



“Cameroon has a relatively large amount of rainforest, and cocoa is often grown in areas that were originally tropical forests. This puts significant pressure on these ecosystems,” he said.



“Addressing the impact of climate change on cocoa requires an all-hands-on-deck approach. It affects every stage of the supply chain: farmers face reduced yields, businesses encounter rising costs, and consumers see higher prices,” added Asante.



“While collaboration can be challenging, it is crucial to help current production regions adapt and maintain production on existing plantations. This will prevent cocoa-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a> elsewhere and ensure that deforestation-free policies, like the EU law EUDR, deliver meaningful outcomes.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-projections-and-cocoa-production">Climate projections and cocoa production </h2>



The simulations rely on existing knowledge about cocoa’s biological responses alongside climate scenarios for West and Central Africa.&nbsp;



Nonetheless, researchers say there are still gaps in understanding. One unknown is the effect of extra atmospheric CO₂, which tends to boost <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/revealing-the-secrets-of-photosynthesis-through-pep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a> and might partially offset damage from high temperatures and drought. The scale of that offset remains unclear.



Additionally, aspects like changes to flowering and fruiting times, as well as the evolution of pests and diseases under warmer conditions, still need further research.&nbsp;



The authors emphasize that this kind of inquiry should not be limited to cocoa alone: more efforts are needed to anticipate how other crops will cope with rising global temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-adaptation-for-cocoa-farmers">Climate adaptation for cocoa farmers</h2>



For smallholder farmers in West Africa, who already earn modest incomes and often lack resources, even modest climate shifts could be drastic. 



The authors call for productivity gains on existing farmland to mitigate these threats, pointing out that actual cocoa yields are far below their theoretical maximums.



Improved soil fertility management and carefully calibrated fertilizer use offer practical ways to narrow these yield gaps.&nbsp;



Agroforestry, where cocoa grows alongside other tree species, also shows promise. Shade trees can moderate temperature extremes, regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humidity-increases-urban-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humidity</a>, and add new revenue streams to farmers’ operations.



“Choosing the right shade trees is essential. Some trees use too much water, exacerbating drought issues. It is crucial to select species suited to the local climate and soil conditions,” said Danaë Rozendaal, another researcher on the project.&nbsp;



Additional strategies include breeding cocoa plants resistant to drought and heat, as well as supporting farmers with practical training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-outlook-on-chocolate-and-prices">Outlook on chocolate and prices</h2>



This research was produced through collaboration among several WUR groups - the Center for Crop Systems Analysis, Plant Production Systems Group, and Forest Ecology &amp; Forest Management Group - together with cocoa industry partners, research institutions, NGOs, and local governments under the CocoaSoils program.



Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall are already placing cocoa trees under stress, particularly in the Ivory Coast, resulting in reduced harvests.&nbsp;



Consumer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sweet-discovery-eating-chocolate-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chocolate</a> prices have risen in response, with some confectioners adding ingredients like cookie pieces to stretch their cocoa supply.



“I don’t think cocoa will become so scarce that chocolate letters will only be visible under a microscope in the future,” Anten said, “but the sector must adapt to the changing climate.”



The research into climate-related impacts on cocoa production across West and Central Africa is ongoing. Current studies are evaluating whether this core cocoa-producing region can keep up with climbing global demand while upholding EUDR requirements.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2025.110393" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Agricultural and Forest Meteorology</a>.



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Cocoa production in Africa is under extreme climate pressure 

Climate change is substantially affecting cocoa production in West and...

Guava, a standout among tropical fruits, is more than just a sweet delight. Packed with antioxidants, vitamins, and fiber, guava can be enjoyed fresh, as juice, or in leaf-based brews.



Also known as Psidium guajava, guava is recognized for its potential to support digestion and strengthen the immune system, among other health benefits. 



In a recent <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667031322000409" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, Dr. Toluwani Tella from the <a href="https://ukzn.ac.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of KwaZulu-Natal</a> evaluated the effects of guava on diabetic rats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-taste-of-nature-s-fiber">A taste of nature's fiber</h2>



This fruit offers a generous amount of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-enough-fiber-prevents-cancer-in-a-surprising-way/">dietary fiber</a> that helps keep the gut in check. Many people enjoy it with the peel, which may encourage healthy bowel movements by providing extra roughage.



Experts suggest its fiber can reduce uncomfortable twinges linked to occasional heartburn. Guava adds a soothing element to meals without forcing strict dietary overhauls.



Those dealing with mild constipation may find it to be a gentle ally, since extra fiber adds bulk to waste. This naturally supports smoother digestion and helps avoid harsher interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raising-the-body-s-defenses">Raising the body's defenses</h2>



Vitamin C sets guava apart from many fruits, offering immune support that helps keep the body on alert. This <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/148286a0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">micronutrient</a> bolsters normal defense mechanisms against everyday pressures.



When included in daily meals, guava is like a handy shield. It meets people’s need for a quick, nutritious choice whenever the weather shifts or stress levels rise.



Some individuals brew guava leaf tea for relief from sudden diarrhea. The astringent effects may tighten intestinal tissues and calm unruly digestion.



The fruit's potential to limit certain microbes aligns with research that examined the spasmolytic effect on rat uterine tissues. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-on-track-with-weight-goals">Staying on track with weight goals</h2>



One guava often checks in at fewer than 60 calories, fitting easily into balanced diets. The natural <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/pectin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pectin</a> content may help curb extra snacking by promoting fullness and satisfaction.



Some people rely on it as a light dessert, while others slice it for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/larger-snack-sizes-lead-to-quicker-eating-and-bigger-bites/">quick snacks</a>. This approach can reduce cravings for heavier sweets without stripping away enjoyment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guava-and-skin-care">Guava and skin care</h2>



Pink or red varieties contain lycopene, often recognized for its capacity to help protect skin cells from internal stress. By moderating reactions caused by excess sun exposure, lycopene can support a calm complexion.



This benefit becomes stronger when combined with vitamin C, which boosts collagen production. Considering that collagen contributes to smoother texture, these nutrients might keep skin looking fresh over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-blood-pressure-and-cholesterol">Healthy blood pressure and cholesterol </h2>



Some <a href="http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/17%20(01)%202010/(10)%20IFRJ-2010-89-96%20Norazmir.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studies</a> link guava's polyphenols with more relaxed blood vessels and better sodium balance. One investigation on pink guava puree pointed to anti-hypertensive results in rats.



Potassium in this fruit encourages the body to flush out extra sodium. This balance may help the cardiovascular system maintain a calmer outlook under everyday pressures.



Guava’s soluble fiber helps manage cholesterol levels. LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels should be below 100 mg/dL, while HDL ("good") cholesterol levels should be at least 40 mg/dL for men and 50 mg/dL for women. One analysis in rats showed improved lipid profiles when red guava was part of their diet.&nbsp;



High-fiber intake may block some cholesterol from being fully absorbed. This allows the body to flush it out more easily through normal waste processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-benefits-for-blood-sugar">Natural benefits for blood sugar</h2>



Individuals aiming for balanced glucose sometimes add guava leaves or fruit to their routine. 



In controlled studies led by Dr. Tella, diabetic rats responded positively to guava leaf extract - hinting at potential support for muscle glycogen storage.



The researchers also found that triterpenes and certain phenolics could influence enzyme activities linked to glucose use. This points to another avenue for those seeking plant-based approaches to daily wellness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simple-ways-to-enjoy-guava">Simple ways to enjoy guava</h2>



Many people like the fruit raw, but others prefer smoothies, homemade infusions, or satisfying desserts. The leaves can be simmered in about 17 fl oz of water to create a tea that some drink for calming support.&nbsp;



A quick juice involves blending two fresh fruits with a spoonful of mint and water. Adding a few ice cubes can bring out an even sweeter side.



Another easy option is to slice it into a salad or spoon it over yogurt. That pop of color and flavor can liven up the table without extra hassle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-servings-of-guava">Daily servings of guava</h2>



Nutritionists commonly recommend two or three portions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-avocado-every-day-diet-quality-can-add-years-to-life-but-this-fruit-has-enemies/">fruit a day</a>. Guava easily fits that range, with each portion hovering around six to eight ounces.



People who crave variety like mixing different guava types. Red, yellow, and white styles each carry their own subtle differences in taste and nutrients.



This mix-and-match routine makes healthy eating feel less rigid. It lets individuals experiment with pleasant flavors and colorful meals.



A balanced diet lays the groundwork, and guava alone cannot do all the heavy lifting. Regular physical activity works in tandem with sensible eating plans for longer-term well-being.



It may also be wise to get professional advice when exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-dietary-changes-are-best-for-cancer-prevention/">dietary changes</a>. Ultimately, for those who want a user-friendly fruit, guava brings flavor, fiber, and a unique nutrient lineup.



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Guava is an underappreciated fruit with numerous health benefits

Guava, a standout among tropical fruits, is more than just...

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized industries, transforming how people work, learn, and create. From automating mundane tasks to producing text and images at remarkable speed, AI has reshaped many aspects of daily life. However, as AI systems become more advanced, concerns about their impact on human creativity have intensified.



With the rise of generative AI tools like ChatGPT and DALL-E, many fear that technology could replace fundamental human abilities. Can AI truly be creative, or is it simply mimicking human ingenuity? 



Researchers at the University of South Australia (<a href="https://www.unisa.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UniSA</a>) have explored this complex relationship, shedding light on how AI interacts with human creativity. The findings highlight an essential truth: AI may assist in creative endeavors, but it still relies on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/infants-show-creativity-skills-even-before-they-can-talk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human input</a> to function effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-s-creative-capabilities">AI’s creative capabilities</h2>



AI was designed to enhance efficiency and problem-solving, not to replace human intelligence. Generative AI, which creates text, images, and even music, has gained attention for its ability to produce outputs that appear original and innovative. 



But does this mean AI is truly creative? UniSA researchers examined this question and found that AI does not possess independent creativity. Instead, it functions as an advanced tool that follows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-power-of-imagination-in-climate-change-adaptation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> instructions.



The study, published in the Creativity Research Journal, confirms that AI lacks original thought and depends entirely on human prompts to generate meaningful content.



This insight has significant implications for the future of work, education, and job security. While AI can assist in creative fields, it does not replace the need for human imagination and decision-making. 



The findings reassure those who fear AI might outcompete human workers, but they also present challenges for educators and business leaders who must adapt to this evolving technology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rise-of-generative-ai">Rise of generative AI</h2>



The widespread use of AI in workplaces and classrooms has created both opportunities and challenges. AI-powered tools like ChatGPT (which generates text) and DALL-E. (which creates images) are transforming how people approach tasks that once required extensive human effort.



Recently, these tools have been joined by DeepSeek, a Chinese-developed AI system that competes with Western counterparts.



These technologies offer convenience and speed, enabling professionals to generate content in seconds. However, their rise has sparked debates about whether AI is a threat to traditional creative skills. 



Educators worry about students relying too heavily on AI-generated content, while businesses struggle to integrate AI without diminishing human input.



Professor David Cropley, a leading researcher at UniSA, emphasizes that understanding AI’s role is crucial for successful adoption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-as-a-partner">AI as a partner</h2>



"The future of work suggests that machines - AI, automation, and robots - will take over routine, algorithmic, predictable tasks, freeing up people to focus on unpredictable, non-algorithmic, and creative work," said Professor Cropley.



"However, if AI is capable of creativity, then this premise breaks down, and the future of work for humans is far less certain."



His research explores how AI and humans interact, emphasizing that AI is not a replacement for human creativity but a tool that enhances it.



"It's easy to understand through an example: if I prompt an AI art program like DALL-E 2 to 'produce an oil painting in the style of da Vinci's Mona Lisa, showing a young woman scrolling through her mobile phone and looking bored,' it will create a picture, and does a good job of satisfying that prompt," said Professor Cropley.



"But this does not mean that the AI is creative. Yes, the resulting picture is novel and effective, but it's not because AI had any special ability, but because I produced a creative prompt. The only thing the AI really did was save me the trouble of learning how to paint."



This example highlights AI’s dependence on human guidance. While the technology can generate impressive results, it does not originate creative ideas on its own. Instead, it follows instructions and processes data based on patterns learned from human-generated content.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-adoption-in-the-workplace">AI adoption in the workplace</h2>



AI usage is rapidly increasing across industries, with many professionals incorporating it into their daily tasks. 



In Australia, nearly 40% of employees now use generative AI at work, and one in five has doubled their usage over the past year. Despite this growing reliance, only 20% of employees believe their organizations are fully utilizing AI’s potential.



This suggests a gap between AI’s capabilities and how it is being applied in real-world settings. While AI can handle repetitive tasks <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-boosts-creativity-but-reduces-variety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">efficiently</a>, businesses must determine how to integrate it without diminishing human roles. The challenge lies in balancing automation with the need for human-driven decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-human-skills">Enhancing human skills</h2>



Dr. Rebecca Marrone, a researcher at UniSA, argues that more studies are needed to explore how AI can enhance rather than replace human skills.



"A few years back there were wild claims that AI was truly creative and could rival the best human skills. But we're starting to see a more moderate and reasoned point of view," said Dr. Marrone.



She acknowledges AI’s strengths but also points out its limitations. While AI excels at processing large amounts of data quickly, it does not have independent thought or emotions. This distinction is crucial in fields that require innovation, intuition, and complex problem-solving.



"AI's strengths lie in speeding up information-gathering and evaluating ideas based on predefined criteria. It swiftly handles routine and data-intensive tasks, and this lets people engage more deeply with creative processes," noted Dr. Marrone.



"There's no doubt that generative AI is very impressive, but whatever you generate - and the key word here is 'you'- it's dependent on what you tell the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-creativity-start-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> to deliver."



"AI does not operate independently; it's literally prompted by a person, and we need to remember that."



Her statement reinforces the idea that AI should be seen as a tool, not a replacement for human expertise. While it can enhance productivity and efficiency, it still requires human guidance to produce meaningful and valuable outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-with-ai-and-creativity">Moving forward with AI and creativity</h2>



The debate over AI and creativity will continue as technology advances. Businesses, educators, and individuals must adopt a balanced approach that recognizes both AI’s strengths and its limitations.



Instead of fearing AI’s impact on human creativity, people should focus on using it as a complement to their skills.



As AI continues to evolve, collaboration between technology and human ingenuity will shape the future. Understanding how to integrate AI responsibly will determine whether it becomes a valuable asset or a disruptive force. 



The key lies in maintaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creativity-improves-life-satisfaction-and-overall-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human creativity</a> at the center of innovation, using AI as a tool to enhance rather than replace human potential.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10400419.2024.2378264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Creativity Research Journal</a>. 



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AI does not replace human creativity, but enhances it

Artificial intelligence has revolutionized industries, transforming how people work, learn,...

Urban areas face rising temperatures and shrinking green spaces. Cities replace natural landscapes with concrete, making heat waves more intense. Wildlife struggles to find habitats, leading to biodiversity loss. 



In response, architects and ecologists explore solutions to make cities more livable. Green walls have emerged as a promising option.



These plant-covered facades do more than make buildings look better. They help cool urban areas and provide essential habitats for birds, insects, and other organisms.



A recent study led by Utrecht University ecologist Katharina Hecht provides scientific evidence of these benefits. The research compares green walls with bare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chinas-great-green-wall-has-reached-a-new-milestone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walls</a> and natural cliffs, shedding light on their ecological value.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-green-walls">Insights into green walls</h2>



The study, published in the journal Building and Environment, highlights the impact of green walls on urban cooling and biodiversity.



Hecht and her team worked with researchers from Singapore’s Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore-based company bioSEA. Together, they examined 20 green walls in Singapore’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fighting-coastal-erosion-electricity-turns-sand-into-a-sea-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environment</a>.



"Green walls can be much more than just a decorative trend," said Hecht. Many construction companies and policymakers promote them, but solid scientific evidence has been lacking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooling-effects-in-cities">Cooling effects in cities</h2>



One of the study’s key findings is the ability of these walls to reduce temperatures. The researchers measured a cooling effect of up to 0.6–0.7 degrees Celsius between the front and back sides of these walls.



"This might sound like a small difference. But in the context of urban heat, even small reductions can lower energy costs and make buildings more comfortable to live and work in," said Hecht.



With increasing numbers of green walls, this cooling effect could help combat the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban</a> heat island phenomenon.



Urban heat islands occur when cities absorb and retain heat, making them significantly warmer than surrounding rural areas. Green walls provide shade, reduce heat absorption, and improve thermal comfort in dense urban settings.



They also contribute to climate resilience by lowering reliance on air conditioning, reducing energy consumption.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-urban-biodiversity-with-green-walls">Supporting urban biodiversity with green walls</h2>



Beyond cooling, green walls also enhance urban biodiversity. The researchers found that plant-covered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-purposefully-move-alter-growth-direction-to-help-their-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">facades</a> hosted over 100 animal species, including insects, spiders, and birds. This is a stark contrast to non-vegetated walls, which support only a handful of species.



The study also compared green walls to natural cliffs to assess their effectiveness in replicating natural habitats. Natural cliffs, unsurprisingly, supported slightly more biodiversity. However, green walls still provided valuable shelter for many species.



"This shows that we can learn from nature’s design strategies to enhance man-made green walls," said Hecht. "They provide valuable habitats in places that would otherwise be inhospitable for many species."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-surrounding-greenery">Role of surrounding greenery</h2>



Hecht noted that plant-covered walls alone cannot maximize their ecological potential. The surrounding environment plays a crucial role in their effectiveness.



"What I found really interesting to confirm in our study is how important trees and other vegetation are," she said.



"The crowns of nearby trees and patches of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenery</a> serve as stepping stones. They allow bees, bugs, and even small birds to hop from tree to tree, and eventually reach the green walls."



Without a network of trees and vegetation, green walls may struggle to attract diverse species. Isolated green walls offer limited benefits compared to those integrated into larger green corridors. Urban planners and architects must consider the broader ecological landscape when designing green spaces.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-beyond-the-tropics">Applications beyond the tropics</h2>



Although the study focused on Singapore’s tropical climate, Hecht believes the findings apply to temperate regions as well. She noted that the principles of green wall design remain consistent across different climates.



"The principles would be similar," said Hecht. "Although we would need to tailor the plant species and specific designs to the local biodiversity and weather conditions."



In temperate regions, green walls may naturally be colonized by mosses, perennials, and local climbers. These plants could influence the types of species that thrive. Architects and ecologists must adapt their designs to match local climate conditions while preserving the ecological benefits of green walls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-research-on-green-walls">Expanding research on green walls</h2>



The study highlights the need for more research on green walls, particularly in temperate regions. 



Earlier studies in the Netherlands, conducted by students from Utrecht University, have shown promising results. However, Hecht emphasizes that more empirical data is necessary to confirm the long-term benefits of green walls in different climates.



She is already leading a follow-up project under Utrecht University’s "Pathways to Sustainability" program. Her team is developing a digital system to collect and compare data on green walls from different locations. 



By analyzing data from multiple climates, the researchers aim to refine plant-covered wall designs and maximize their ecological potential.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-greener-future">Building a greener future</h2>



The foundation of this research was laid by Leanne Haan, a master's student at Utrecht University. She conducted the initial fieldwork in Singapore, spending eight months collecting data.



Her work included trekking through urban parks to gather information that helped launch the research project.



Haan’s efforts not only provided critical data but also established strong collaboration between Utrecht University and Singapore-based researchers. The success of this study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary research in creating sustainable urban solutions.



As cities continue to grow, integrating green walls into urban planning could help mitigate climate change, reduce heat, and support biodiversity. With more research and innovation, these living facades could become a standard feature in the cities of the future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360132324011508?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Building and Environment</a>.



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Green walls cool cities and create urban habitats

Urban areas face rising temperatures and shrinking green spaces. Cities...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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