Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), plastic particles and fibers sized from nanometers (≥ 1 nm) to micrometers (≤ 5 mm), have emerged as critical environmental pollutants. While their impact on marine ecosystems has been widely studied, research on the effects of microplastics on terrestrial ecosystems remains underdeveloped.



A recent study&nbsp;by researchers from the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden at the Chinese Academy of Sciences sheds light on this overlooked issue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastics-in-terrestrial-ecosystems">Microplastics in terrestrial ecosystems</h2>



Micro- and nanoplastics are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, bioaccumulating in plants and organisms connected through aboveground (AG) and underground (BG) food webs.



These tiny particles not only impact individual plants but also disrupt multi-trophic interactions, biodiversity patterns, and ecosystem processes.



According to the researchers, MNPs interact with plants and associated AG-BG biota at multiple trophic levels. These interactions include herbivores, pollinators, and mycorrhiza fungi, which are essential for plant health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-steadily-increasing-in-freshwater-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> stability.



By transferring across trophic levels, MNPs can harm biodiversity and affect ecosystem multifunctionality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastic-transfer-in-terrestrial-ecosystems">Microplastic transfer in terrestrial ecosystems </h2>



The study identifies several trophic and non-trophic pathways for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-linked-to-health-issues-including-cancer-and-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MNP transfer</a> within and between AG-BG food webs. 



These include:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Leaves to herbivores: Herbivores that feed on plant leaves inadvertently ingest MNPs present on the surface of these leaves. This exposes them to potential toxic effects of these tiny particles.</li>



<li>Flowers to pollinators: Pollinators, like bees and butterflies, come into contact with MNPs when they land on flowers to collect nectar or pollen. These interactions can impact pollinator health and their role in pollination.</li>



<li>Prey to predators: Predators consume prey that has already ingested MNPs, leading to the transfer of these plastics up the food chain. This can accumulate and potentially harm predator species.</li>



<li>Roots to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: Mycorrhizal fungi, which form symbiotic relationships with plant roots to aid in nutrient absorption, can absorb MNPs present in the soil. This impacts the fungi and their role in plant health.</li>



<li>Roots to herbivores: Soil-dwelling herbivores that feed on plant roots may ingest MNPs present in or around the roots, exposing them to the harmful effects of these plastics.</li>



<li>Leaf litter to decomposers: When leaves containing MNPs decay, decomposer organisms like fungi, bacteria, and invertebrates break them down, absorbing or ingesting the embedded plastics.</li>



<li>Aboveground litter to belowground decomposers: Plant litter from aboveground, such as fallen leaves or flowers, carries <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-is-everywhere-even-in-newborns-and-getting-worse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MNPs</a> into the soil, where they are processed by belowground decomposers like earthworms and microbes.</li>



<li>Belowground prey to aboveground predators: MNPs present in soil-dwelling prey (like insects or larvae) transfer to aboveground predators (like birds or spiders) when they consume these organisms.</li>



<li>Belowground larvae to aboveground adults: Insects that spend their larval stages underground and then emerge as adults aboveground may carry microplastics they absorbed in their earlier stages into aboveground ecosystems.</li>
</ul>



These pathways illustrate the complexity of microplastic interactions within ecosystems and highlight their potential to disrupt ecological functions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecotoxicological-effects-of-microplastics">Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics </h2>



The study emphasizes that MNPs pose ecotoxicological threats across trophic levels. 



When plants absorb MNPs, these particles can affect the interactions between plants and organisms, leading to cascading effects in food webs. 



The researchers noted significant impacts on biodiversity, ecosystem processes, and multifunctionality. However, the extent of these effects remains uncertain due to limited research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-for-urgent-research-and-mitigation">Call for urgent research and mitigation</h2>



The researchers argue that terrestrial ecosystems urgently require more attention to fully assess the ecological impacts of MNPs. 



They emphasize the need for research to identify the long-term effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-nanotechnology-is-fighting-microplastic-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MNPs</a> on plants and food webs, mitigation strategies to reduce MNP exposure in terrestrial ecosystems, and policies to manage MNP pollution effectively.



Such research will be critical to safeguarding plants and the intricate food webs they support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



To bridge the knowledge gap, researchers recommend focusing on the following areas:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>MNP detection methods:&nbsp;Developing advanced techniques to identify and measure MNPs in terrestrial environments.</li>



<li>Long-term monitoring:&nbsp;Establishing long-term studies to understand MNP bioaccumulation and ecosystem impacts.</li>



<li>Mitigation strategies:&nbsp;Designing solutions to reduce MNP exposure, such as improved waste management and soil remediation techniques.</li>
</ul>



In sum, micro- and nanoplastics have emerged as a hidden threat to terrestrial ecosystems, affecting plants and interconnected AG-BG food webs. The findings emphasize the urgency of expanding research on this topic to mitigate their ecological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hotspots-of-microplastic-pollution-found-in-the-north-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact</a>.



This study highlights the interconnected nature of ecosystems and the critical role of plants in maintaining balance. Addressing MNP pollution in terrestrial systems will be vital for protecting biodiversity and ensuring ecosystem sustainability.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/plant-science/abstract/S1360-1385(24)00335-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trends in Plant Science</a>.



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Silent invasion: How microplastics are disrupting land ecosystems

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs), plastic particles and fibers sized from...

NASA’s Artemis program marks a shift from short lunar stays to a lasting human presence on the Moon. The agency has chosen the Lunar South Pole for its consistent visibility from Earth, near-continuous sunlight, and abundance of water ice.&nbsp;



However, this choice also presents an especially harsh lighting environment that could significantly limit astronaut safety and effectiveness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-angle-light-at-the-moon-s-south-pole">Low-angle light at the Moon's south pole</h2>



At the Lunar South Pole, the sun never rises more than a few degrees above the horizon. This geometry creates profound contrasts between bright light and deep shadow, often all within a short distance.&nbsp;



Past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-new-lunar-fss-mission-will-explore-moon-far-side-moonquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar missions</a>, such as Apollo, did not encounter these extreme lighting conditions, so solutions that once worked no longer suffice for a permanent stay.&nbsp;



The human eye, while adaptable, struggles with frequent transitions between intense brightness and darkness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-demands-of-the-artemis-project">Unique demands of the Artemis project</h2>



Under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis</a> plan, astronauts must endure longer exposure to the sun and will also rely on artificial lighting in places where the sun never shines. These conditions demand a more complete approach, rather than relying on the spacesuit helmet alone or mission planning.&nbsp;



Effective vision is required for a range of duties, including moving around the surface, gathering samples, and managing rover systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coordinating-helmets-windows-and-artificial-lighting">Coordinating helmets, windows, and artificial lighting</h2>



A recent examination of existing technology revealed that improving vision in bright or dim settings requires a carefully integrated approach across <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> programs.&nbsp;



The aim is to align the design of spacesuit helmets, windows, and lighting systems in ways that help astronauts adjust between dark and light environments while avoiding eye damage.&nbsp;



This combined effort must let astronauts see clearly when working under the lunar sun, in shadow, or when shifting from one extreme to the other.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-need-for-consistent-vision-nbsp">The need for consistent vision&nbsp;</h2>



Engineers discovered that current requirements focus on mobility but not enough on ensuring astronauts can see hazards or equipment in deep shadow or brilliant sunlight.&nbsp;



Tasks that future crews are expected to perform on the lunar surface do not fully match up with design expectations, meaning the need for consistent vision has not been thoroughly addressed across multiple systems.&nbsp;



This lack of cohesion could jeopardize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-takes-a-greater-toll-on-astronauts-brains-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronaut</a> performance and mission safety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vision-in-extreme-lighting-conditions">Vision in extreme lighting conditions</h2>



The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/nesc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Engineering and Safety Center</a> has recommended that the ability to see well in the Moon’s extreme lighting conditions should be established as a distinct requirement. 



This shift would require that helmet and window designs, along with lighting setups, work together as one comprehensive system.&nbsp;



The plan also calls for a range of virtual and physical simulations that replicate the dazzling sunlight and deep shadows at the Lunar South Pole.&nbsp;



These simulations must incorporate varying terrain to test how astronauts handle basic tasks, like walking, alongside more advanced operations, such as equipment servicing.



Each simulation facility has different capabilities, so these facilities must be defined in terms of their advantages and limitations to ensure they collectively fulfill the necessary research and training objectives.&nbsp;



By refining designs, integrating these systems, and validating them through realistic testing, NASA aims to equip future astronauts with the tools to thrive on the lunar surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-a-sustainable-future-on-the-moon">Building a sustainable future on the Moon</h2>



Humanity’s drive to explore beyond our home planet is rooted in an enduring curiosity and a desire to push the boundaries of what is possible. This determination has propelled us from early observations of the night sky to monumental achievements like landing on the Moon.&nbsp;



Today, programs like Artemis represent a shift from fleeting exploration to establishing a sustained presence beyond Earth.&nbsp;



By overcoming the challenges of extreme environments, such as the Moon’s harsh lighting conditions, we are not only securing a foothold on another celestial body but also paving the way for deeper space exploration.



The lessons learned from living and working on the Moon will serve as a blueprint for future missions to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-pulls-earth-closer-to-the-sun-warming-our-climate-scientists-say/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> and beyond.



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Astronauts face extreme lighting challenges at the Moon's south pole

NASA’s Artemis program marks a shift from short lunar stays...

Quantum,Computing,Concept.,Digital,Communication,Network.,Technological,Abstract.

Northwestern University engineers made a remarkable advance in quantum computing and communication, demonstrating quantum teleportation over a standard fiber optic cable that already carries everyday Internet traffic.



This development shows that quantum communication might not require dedicated lines, which clears the path for easier and more widespread integration of quantum and classical data sharing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-for-quantum-networking">Path for quantum networking</h2>



The news centers around the idea that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parker-solar-probe-will-fly-through-suns-atmosphere-tomorrow-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum signals</a> -- information carried by delicate particles of light known as photons -- can travel alongside everyday Internet traffic without losing their integrity. This breakthrough demonstrates quantum teleportation, a process where the state of a particle (like a photon) is transferred to another distant particle without the initial particle moving physically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-quantum-teleportation">Science behind quantum teleportation</h2>



By using entangled photons, this method enables secure, near-instantaneous data sharing and paves the way for future quantum networks.



The research team successfully tested a setup that allows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-time-observed-measured-tangible-in-new-quantum-experiments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> information to weave through the bustling flow of regular Internet data without interference. 



This achievement overcomes one of the biggest hurdles in making quantum networks a practical reality.



<a href="https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/research-faculty/directory/profiles/kumar-prem.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Prem Kumar</a>, who oversaw the research, is a professor of electrical and computer engineering at Northwestern’s <a href="https://www.mccormick.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McCormick School of Engineering</a>. 



He is known for his contributions to quantum communication and serves as the director of the Center for Photonic Communication and Computing. In their recent work, Kumar and his collaborators introduce a new way of thinking about quantum signals alongside their classical counterparts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entanglement-in-quantum-communication">Entanglement in quantum communication</h2>



Quantum teleportation stands out because it uses entanglement as a way to exchange information without physically sending matter across a distance. The concept traces back to <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Einstein,</a> <a href="https://journals.aps.org/pr/abstract/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Podolsky</a>, and Rosen in 1935. Scientists have since <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tested</a> quantum entanglement in labs, culminating in the formal proposal for quantum teleportation in 1993.



One of the biggest appeals of quantum teleportation is that it can occur almost as fast as light travels. Photons can become entangled so that performing a measurement on one instantaneously affects its partner, no matter how far away it is. “This is incredibly exciting because nobody thought it was possible; our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elusive-quantum-negative-entanglement-entropy-deciphered-in-the-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classical networks</a> sharing a unified fiberoptic infrastructure. Basically, it opens the door to pushing quantum communications to the next level,” enthused Kumar.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-delicate-photons">Protecting delicate photons</h2>



Securing a clear route for single photons involves more than just adding them to an active cable. Ordinary Internet traffic typically relies on millions of light particles, so a handful of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/google-record-shattering-quantum-ai-chip-accesses-parallel-universes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> photons can easily get lost or overwhelmed. The <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern</a> team performed detailed studies on how light scatters inside the cable to see if there was a specific wavelength that experiences less clutter. 



They pinpointed that sweet spot and added special filters to reduce the noise generated by normal data traffic.



“Quantum teleportation has the ability to provide quantum connectivity securely between geographically distant nodes,” said Kumar. Past work suggested that large-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functioning-quantum-internet-makes-giant-stride-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum networks</a> might need specialized systems. Now, his findings reveal that this might not be strictly necessary, if signals are positioned in just the right place in the spectrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-test-run-in-busy-channels">First test run in busy channels</h2>



Earlier demonstrations of quantum teleportation typically involved pristine settings or dedicated fibers. 



Some <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aan3211">researchers</a> believed that real-world cables, teeming with signals, would smother the faint quantum light. That assumption has been proven wrong.



In tests at Northwestern, the researchers ran quantum signals and classical communications over the same fiber optic cable without them colliding. 



They measured how well the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrons-can-follow-neat-paths-even-in-chaotic-quantum-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> arrived at its destination and confirmed that it was still correct at the other end. “Our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and classical networks,” Kumar summarized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-infrastructure">Real-world infrastructure</h2>



The immediate plan is to scale the system to longer runs and then transition to underground fiber connections. 



The group believes that an eventual shift to real-world cables could be next. Building on single-pair teleportation, they also want to experiment with multiple pairs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-dance-entangled-photons-wave-functions-captured-real-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entangled photons</a> to achieve another crucial step known as entanglement swapping.



If that milestone is reached, quantum networks could begin to take shape across regions rather than only between two points. For critical operations in finance, defense, and data management, such networks could offer more secure connections thanks to the inherent secrecy of quantum methods, where any tampering is immediately noticeable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-applications">Broader applications</h2>



The capacity to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum connections</a> without setting up special cables makes many new ideas more viable. 



Distributed quantum computing, which relies on linking multiple quantum computers in different locations, would be simpler to establish. 



Distance-sensing tasks and advanced metrology could also benefit from more stable quantum links.



Even beyond computing, quantum networks have the potential to spur new technologies in encryption, imaging, and fundamental physics experiments. Researchers have also discussed using quantum entanglement to <a href="https://watermark.silverchair.com/020011_1_online.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAzAwggMsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggMdMIIDGQIBADCCAxIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMxOCNBnzx99LUOAbXAgEQgIIC41_WikXKemGuhWdzU4OnkQXRNjdQ5jj8bK5la7lzZlWPVXgV6KM-mv4frQgdokiIKWhEiPaL2MBMicf8FXjC7C9DHm7cmfKlXHX0RsBGMmNFXIf3tnlSoygfD_3DsxoPrGUO5slXsAOpR2nNcOJqQMHxOtS2vZo885BZQmEF8j2Tdz7Eih6K3tmVzUTRmYwHJ4KtMk-RjD1JHXfFwUnnQ0B-Qk9VmP_s05zipejBq28CbQySyGw7Mi-SfxNEW7qC-VEEFHy__hVKeExMG4HmltzHbp-k_zPnwktK7eEojGWH17mX6qfBGSE_fSGYQYHh82x6TLx2HdMBx2RVuTZIxpClItEPUEuHXIn4ZM4QBHWUlhzFcnm5moZmsfIxN9II_S8v4fKN3hCeAp8QpjjhQyT3coqB4S80iIXBN3V1wpJMknK0WwKpuekyl7Tpcv1zPchLng2_lN8TuajzF8lyuBSRFWKGg4nKkdwtCV3OnUweAUfYwNrQdUgY769pFqspGxXh7VPhcgDe8hcdc9-EX2Y7uz7jMMmDyc9q7sJ0jW1tM2tUVkXYpOvSVkcuFN5Qa4ud5D8xdQ4UUL1nvGnhvJuTvT1kv2WiRlSy-3_uhi75BUEPppoyIv22JtpjkcAmQYEmLgcSdROYaB7LB5ySLLQ1rRZW7BFQvI5W7Zv0FX64VIvx1sNCubj1HvROm9OR026h8Kt-VuE8YZwoGgUP4DPycn_gwFHMguRZfU_bbMIBnLyufXePFSsPB0Nfv_gpwYN6lNzD3oyZPbo5BumjsspwgrOmvZADcEM6hyqkhAOGBm5gf5QiFtGWxvY9pYT2xSR9LI6C8cxxDNl8VMtRCK2pwJ_e2sg6h3sdILLYVzHuF4DO7SWTW0unBeit2cvJtDSN-PcPRtsTvI5eYgQkwouAfEZ3o4fKme-h8q4Ik1RVGvz3kMW2bnGOvgK0LeIer5Frkr3op85V1mpuWR1-l-Jjq6M">synchronize distant clocks</a> or to share random numbers for cryptography at unprecedented levels of security.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-quantum-teleportation">Significance of quantum teleportation </h2>



Quantum teleportation has matured from a fascinating theory to a tool that is becoming more practical. 



While it is never straightforward to integrate delicate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unbreakable-encryption-brings-quantum-internet-communication-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum signals</a>, the Northwestern group’s accomplishment raises confidence that such integration is within reach.



Many experts have believed that building specialized infrastructure was an unavoidable cost of quantum networking. 



According to Kumar’s report, if wavelengths are picked carefully, classical signals and quantum information can coexist just fine. This line of thinking spares organizations from installing entire new grids of cables.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-work-on-quantum-teleportation">Future work on quantum teleportation</h2>



In upcoming work, the researchers plan to expand the scope of their approach in longer segments to confirm that the method remains stable as cables stretch far past the lab. They will also design a multi-node demonstration to verify it can handle more than a single link. There is much excitement that existing communication channels, once tuned just right, could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-atoms-qkd-quantum-communication-revolutionizing-data-protection-privacy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carry quantum data</a> to distant points.



With such possibilities on the horizon, quantum teleportation may shift from a theoretical concept to a tool that transforms communication. 



The future might see quantum and classical networks working side by side in ways that once sounded unlikely.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://opg.optica.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-11-12-1700&amp;id=565936" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Optica</a>.



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"Impossible" quantum teleportation achieved on normal internet cables

Northwestern University engineers made a remarkable advance in quantum computing...

Scientists have long studied Antarctica's icy frontiers to predict how our warming world could reshape coastlines everywhere. Their attention recently turned to an unexpected ally: an Antarctic octopus that inhabits the chilly waters around the continent.



This Antarctic octopus species, known among experts for its unique distribution, has offered vital clues about a time in the past when ice retreated, ocean passages opened, and sea levels rose. 



Its DNA carries signals of events that may happen again if global temperatures continue to rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctic-ice-and-turquet-s-octopus">Antarctic ice and Turquet’s octopus</h2>



Lead author Sally Lau of <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Cook University</a> in Australia explained that the genetic markers in this marine invertebrate link to shifts in Antarctica’s ice sheets thousands of years ago. 



She said, “I understand and then apply DNA and biology as a proxy of changes to Antarctica in the past.”



Researchers focused on a species commonly called Turquet’s octopus (<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Turquets-octopus_Pareledone-turqueti_west-Antarctic-ice-sheet_wais_credit-SAEF_1m.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pareledone turqueti</a>), which is widespread around Antarctica and has been recognized for around four million years.



This cephalopod measures about half-a-foot (15 centimeters) long excluding its arms and weighs approximately 1.3 pounds (600 grams).



Because it lays relatively few large eggs that must be tended carefully on the seafloor, the animal tends not to wander far, making each population’s genetic signatures more distinct. Circular sea currents trap different groups in separate regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-turquet-s-octopus-the-basics">Understanding Turquet’s octopus - the basics</h2>



Known for its adaptability to the icy environment, Turquet’s octopus (Pareledone turqueti) is a master of camouflage, using its ability to change color and texture to blend into its surroundings. 



It thrives at depths of around 200 to 500 meters, where sunlight barely reaches, making it an elusive creature for scientists to study. 



Despite living in such a harsh environment, Turquet’s octopus is well-equipped to survive, thanks to its remarkable physiology and unique behaviors.



For such a small creature, it plays an outsized role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/akarotaxis-gouldae-new-banded-dragonfish-species-discovered-reveals-antarctic-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic ecosystem</a>. It’s a predator, feeding on smaller fish and invertebrates, and is an important part of the food web.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-octopus-dna-and-antarctic-ice-sheet-melt">Octopus DNA and Antarctic ice sheet melt</h2>



Scientists analyzed genetic data across 96 samples taken over three decades from museum collections. Findings showed clear evidence that this octopus once traveled between the Weddell, Amundsen, and Ross seas.



The only way for that to have happened was if massive expanses of ice vanished, opening channels where water (and octopuses) could move freely.



Genetic mixing placed those moments of ice sheet collapse in the mid-Pliocene, roughly 3-3.5 million years ago, and again during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/accelerating-coastal-retreat-in-alaska-the-triple-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Last Interglacial period</a>, between 129,000 and 116,000 years ago.



“This was the last time the planet was around 1.5 degrees warmer than pre-industrial levels,” said Lau.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



Scientists report that human activity has so far raised global temperatures by 1.2C relative to late 1700s benchmarks.



Experts warn that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/west-antarctic-ice-sheet-melting-will-accelerate-regardless-of-climate-action/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">West Antarctic Ice Sheet</a> (WAIS) could be unstable under current climate targets, with the potential to add around 10-15 feet (3.3-5 meters) of sea level rise long term.



This study provides empirical evidence indicating that the WAIS collapsed when the global mean temperature was similar to that of today, suggesting that the tipping point of future WAIS collapse is "close."



Another contribution described the analysis as “pioneering,” noting that “and this latest piece of evidence from octopus DNA stacks one more card on an already unstable house of cards.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-more-questions-remain">Many more questions remain</h2>



The researchers emphasized in their study that many factors can influence how quickly an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-is-greening-at-an-unprecedented-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice sheet melts</a>, including changing ocean currents and the interaction between ice and the underlying bedrock.



Additional mysteries include whether the sea level rise would stretch over many centuries or appear in a series of faster surges.



They also highlighted ongoing research into whether various forces, beyond warmer temperatures, triggered the previous collapses.



Low-lying coastlines face the brunt of these possibilities. Even a modest rise can reshape communities and infrastructure on a global scale.



Researchers point to growing data on past sea levels, combined with the new genetic work, as motivation for further studies into climate dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-clues-from-the-southern-ocean">More clues from the Southern Ocean</h2>



Questions about Antarctica’s future intersect with the behavior of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-ocean-absorbs-more-co2-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southern Ocean</a>. 



Recent analysis led by <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=b-RiXNQAAAAJ&amp;hl=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Simon Josey</a>, an expert on ocean-atmosphere interaction at the UK’s National Oceanography Centre (<a href="https://noc.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOC</a>), connected shrinking Antarctic sea ice to more powerful winter storms and major changes in ocean structure.



According to the findings, years with minimal sea ice are likely to experience heightened storm activity and notable shifts in how heat and nutrients move through the water.



One crucial observation centers on water density. When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-antarctic-sea-ice-loss-is-causing-severe-storms-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surface waters lose heat</a>, they become heavier and sink more readily.



“The massive increase in ocean heat loss to the atmosphere is increasing the density of water at the sea surface to values not previously seen,” said Professor Josey.



This diving of denser water can alter how the ocean circulates, which then affects temperatures and nutrient flows over great distances.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctic-ice-turquet-s-octopus-and-the-future">Antarctic ice, Turquet’s octopus, and the future</h2>



Long-term changes in these deep currents might ripple through wider ocean basins, impacting weather patterns on other continents.



While many questions remain, scientists who investigate these signals from both ice sheets and marine life say the findings underscore the delicate balance of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-polar-regions-changing-fundamental-alarming-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar environment</a>.



Observations from octopus DNA, past sea level data, and new measurements of ocean heat exchange all add to the conversation about how warming may influence global coastlines and climates.



Researchers continue searching for more clues. Some look to ocean sediments, others to geological evidence. Each piece offers a small glimpse into cycles of warming and cooling that have repeated over millennia.



The common thread is the realization that Antarctica, though distant for many, is entwined with planetary systems in ways that affect all of us.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade0664?ftag=YHF4eb9d17" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Octopus DNA tells scientists that total collapse of the Antarctic ice sheet is "close"

Scientists have long studied Antarctica's icy frontiers to predict how...

The UK has welcomed a charming new addition to its extensive list of pedigree dog breeds. The Kennel Club has officially recognized the Icelandic Sheepdog, making it the 224th pedigree breed in the country. 



This ancient and versatile breed has a captivating history spanning more than 1,000 years, with roots tracing back to Viking settlers who brought the sheepdogs to Iceland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-origins-of-the-icelandic-sheepdog">Ancient origins of the Icelandic Sheepdog</h2>



The Icelandic Sheepdog is deeply woven into Nordic history. The breed is even referenced in Icelandic Sagas, highlighting its long-standing presence. 



Known for its foxy face, pointed ears, and a distinctive bushy, curling tail, the Icelandic Sheepdog’s dense coat comes in various colors, including black and white, red and white, and smoky grey. These features, coupled with a friendly and active nature, make them excellent family pets.



“They’re medium-sized and love to be part of the family, joining in with whatever is going on, but they’re also happy to have some downtime relaxing!” said Wendy Laker, a dedicated advocate for the breed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-to-pedigree-breed-recognition">Journey to pedigree breed recognition</h2>



The road to pedigree recognition is long and meticulous. 



“The process of being recognized as a pedigree breed by The Kennel Club takes several generations of dogs,” explained Bill Lambert, spokesperson for <a href="https://www.thekennelclub.org.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Kennel Club</a>.



In 2017, the first three Icelandic Sheepdogs were brought to the UK from Iceland and Germany. Enthusiasts worked tirelessly to develop the breed responsibly, adhering to strict guidelines to ensure its health, temperament, and physical characteristics.



“It takes time to build a breed up responsibly and to get recognition in the UK, but we’ve worked hard to bring in lines from different countries and to develop relationships with passionate breeders,” said Laker.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-icelandic-sheepdog-s-future-in-the-uk">Icelandic Sheepdog’s future in the UK</h2>



Recognition by The Kennel Club means the Icelandic Sheepdog can now compete for prestigious titles, including Best in Show at Crufts. 



From April 2025, the Icelandic Sheepdog will be listed on the Imported Breed Register before moving to the main breed register after its standard is finalized.



As a Spitz breed, Icelandic Sheepdogs require regular grooming and an active lifestyle to keep their minds and bodies stimulated. They are vocal and energetic, traits stemming from their herding origins. 



“They were originally bred as herding dogs who would bark to keep animals in a flock, communicate with their owners, and protect their flock’s young,” Laker added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-a-pedigree-dog">What makes a pedigree dog?</h2>



A pedigree dog is a recognized breed with a well-documented ancestry spanning several generations. 



This detailed lineage provides reliable information about the dog’s temperament, physical traits, and care needs, making it easier for owners to understand and manage their pet. Additionally, a clear ancestry allows breeders to identify potential health risks specific to the breed. 



With this knowledge, breeders can use DNA tests to screen for inherited conditions, ensuring healthier puppies and responsible breeding practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-additions-to-the-uk-s-pedigree-list">Recent additions to the UK’s pedigree list</h2>



The Icelandic Sheepdog is the fourth breed to gain recognition in the UK in five years. Earlier this year, the Polish Hunting Dog joined the pack, following the Smooth Faced Pyrenean Sheepdog in 2021 and the Barbet in 2020.



“The slow but steady growth in the number of pedigree breeds in this country means that people have an even wider choice when trying to find the right dog for them,” noted Lambert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-future-for-icelandic-sheepdogs">Bright future for Icelandic Sheepdogs</h2>



The Icelandic Sheepdog is known for its friendly nature, unique looks, and rich history. These qualities make it a popular choice for families and dog enthusiasts in the UK. 



Passionate breeders and supporters work hard to preserve the breed’s health and traits, ensuring its success as a beloved pet and a strong competitor in dog shows.



“Recognizing this breed means the breed will be able to compete for the prestigious Best in Show title at Crufts, which is exciting for all those who love these charming dogs,” Laker shared.



The Icelandic Sheepdog’s official entry into the UK’s pedigree list marks a significant milestone for dog lovers and a promising future for this ancient breed.



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Icelandic Sheepdog is the UK’s newest recognized pedigree breed

The UK has welcomed a charming new addition to its...

As the new year of 2025 begins, the night sky of January offers an exciting lineup of celestial events for stargazing enthusiasts. These include a rare chance to see a parade of four bright planets - Venus, Saturn, Jupiter, and Mars - in one evening view. 



Additionally, Venus and Saturn will appear exceptionally close to each other in the sky during mid-January, creating a stunning visual treat. Mars will also reach its opposition - a time when it is closest to Earth - making it appear larger and brighter than usual.



To top it all off, the Quadrantid meteor shower will peak in early January, providing an excellent opportunity to watch shooting stars streak across the dark sky. These events make January an exceptional month for skywatching.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-january-s-planet-parade">January's planet parade</h2>



In January, the evening sky offers a chance to spot four bright <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/three-planets-will-align-in-a-planetary-parade-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets in a single sweep</a>. 



After sunset, Venus and Saturn grace the southwestern horizon for a couple of hours, Jupiter shines brightly overhead, and Mars rises in the east. Uranus and Neptune join the lineup, but they will be harder to spot without a telescope.



While these multi-planet views aren't annual events, they are worth observing when they happen. Such displays are often called “planet alignments,” although the term is a bit misleading. 



Planets always appear along the ecliptic, the plane of the solar system where they orbit the Sun. This alignment is simply a visual treat for those looking up.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EzWgw3cUDc-4177708-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venus-and-saturn-s-celestial-event">Venus and Saturn’s celestial event</h2>



Venus and Saturn will put on a special show this month, drawing closer to one another each evening. By January 17th and 18th, they appear at their closest points in the sky - which is known as a conjunction.



This close approach is purely a matter of perspective, as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-sightings-nasa-skywatching-guide-for-may-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a> are actually hundreds of millions of miles apart. Observing their conjunction offers a stunning reminder of our position within the vast solar system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-at-opposition-january-s-planet-highlight">Mars at opposition: January's planet highlight</h2>



Mars takes center stage this month as it reaches opposition, a point where Earth lies directly between the Red Planet and the Sun. 



This alignment brings Mars closer to Earth, making it appear larger and brighter in the night sky. While this opposition isn't the most spectacular in terms of proximity, it still offers an excellent opportunity for viewing.



“Mars also will be the lone planet in the sky on January mornings,” noted Preston Dyches of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>).



On the night of January 13th, a full Moon will cozy up to Mars. For observers in the U.S. and eastern Canada, the Moon will pass directly in front of Mars, creating a breathtaking celestial event visible over a couple of hours.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quadrantid-meteor-shower">Quadrantid meteor shower</h2>



The Quadrantid meteor shower peaks in the early hours of January 3rd. With minimal interference from moonlight, this year's show promises excellent viewing conditions. 



To catch the best of the meteors, find a dark location away from city lights and let your eyes adapt to the darkness. Observers in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in the Northwest and Pacific regions, will have prime viewing opportunities.



The shower's highest rates of activity will be just before dawn. In rural areas, the meteors appear more vibrant and frequent, adding an extra layer of magic to the early morning sky.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-january-moon-phases">January Moon phases</h2>



In January, the Moon adds to the celestial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunters-supermoon-prepares-to-illuminate-the-october-skies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spectacle</a> as it cycles through its regular phases, creating opportunities to observe its changes alongside other cosmic events. Each phase brings a unique view of the Moon’s illuminated surface.



Here is the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-official-earth-now-has-two-moons-captured-asteroid-2024-pt5/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon phase</a> schedule for January:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>New Moon: January 11 - The sky is dark, perfect for stargazing.</li>



<li>First Quarter: January 18 - Half the Moon is illuminated, offering a bright contrast.</li>



<li>Full Moon: January 25 - The Moon shines its brightest, dominating the night sky.</li>



<li>Last Quarter: January 31 - Half of the Moon is lit, ideal for observing its surface features.</li>
</ul>



From the brilliance of nearby planets and the magic of meteor showers to the enchanting phases of the Moon, January brings a dazzling array of celestial wonders for stargazers.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA JPL



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January 2025 stargazing: A parade of bright planets

As the new year of 2025 begins, the night sky...

As the new year approaches, millions prepare to adopt healthier eating habits. However, experts warn that this well-intentioned shift towards "clean" eating can sometimes go too far, leading to a dangerous obsession known as orthorexia nervosa. 



Researchers, including those from Semmelweis University in Hungary, caution that overly restrictive “clean eating” diets can result in physical malnutrition and severe mental health issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allure-of-clean-eating">Allure of clean eating</h2>



In recent years, clean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating</a> has become synonymous with health and discipline. For many, this lifestyle promises physical vitality and mental clarity.



Yet, a survey conducted by <a href="https://semmelweis.hu/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Semmelweis University</a> of 179 female fashion models revealed that over one-third showed symptoms of orthorexia nervosa - an unhealthy fixation on eating only “pure” foods. Alarmingly, about one-fifth of the control group, comprising students, exhibited similar tendencies.



Orthorexia nervosa manifests when an individual’s dedication to healthy eating disrupts their daily life. Warning signs include avoiding social gatherings, such as family meals or holiday celebrations, due to dietary restrictions. 



People with this condition often experience stress when their eating routines are disrupted and may suffer from physical symptoms like hair loss, brittle nails, and chronic fatigue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-of-restrictive-diets">Risks of restrictive diets</h2>



Dr. Nikolett Bogar of Semmelweis University emphasizes the dangers of such restrictive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-children-healthy-diets-can-be-very-challenging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>. 



“If someone eats only certain types of food - for example, fish, vegetables, green foods, raw items, or exclusively carbohydrate-free dishes - they can just as easily develop nutrient deficiencies as those with eating disorders,” said Dr. Bogar. “They don’t consume enough vitamins, minerals, protein or carbohydrates.”



The obsession with food quality over quantity is particularly concerning. While prioritizing healthy foods is important, it often leads to nutritionally inadequate diets. Severe cases of orthorexia nervosa can even escalate to clinical eating disorders, such as anorexia or bulimia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-growing-trend-of-clean-eating">A growing trend of clean eating </h2>



The research highlighted a startling reality: 90% of participants reported aspiring to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-diets-can-reduce-environmental-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy</a> and clean eating, mirroring the cultural obsession with slimness from past decades.



Statistics indicate that around 35% of people attempt to adopt healthier diets in January following indulgent holiday seasons.



However, experts warn against categorizing foods as strictly good or bad. Dr. Bogar advises embracing a balanced, long-term dietary approach. 



“Eating should not simply be seen as a source of nutrients but a social and cultural event, especially during the festive season and the following weeks,” said Dr. Bogar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-orthorexia-nervosa">Origins of orthorexia nervosa</h2>



Orthorexia nervosa, first introduced in 1997 by American physician Steven Bratman, describes an unhealthy fixation on consuming only "pure" or "clean" foods. 



Unlike other eating disorders, orthorexia focuses more on the quality of food rather than its quantity. Although widely discussed in medical and psychological circles, it is not yet officially recognized as an eating disorder in diagnostic manuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-eating-disorders">Consequences of eating disorders</h2>



Dr. Bratman observed that extreme clean eating trends could lead to severe consequences, both physical and psychological. Individuals with orthorexia often isolate themselves socially, avoiding gatherings where their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">specific dietary preferences</a> cannot be met.



This isolation can promote anxiety and stress, further compounding the mental toll. Over time, their limited food choices may result in malnutrition, depriving the body of essential nutrients. In extreme cases, this obsession can even lead to life-threatening outcomes.



Orthorexia impacts both men and women equally and is often linked to personality traits like perfectionism and narcissism. Many individuals with orthorexia strive for an ideal of purity or perfection in their eating habits. 



Interestingly, studies suggest that the underlying motivation for this behavior is not low self-esteem, as seen in some other eating disorders. Instead, it often stems from a desire to feel superior to others, using their strict dietary discipline as a marker of personal virtue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-setting-new-dietary-goals">Setting new dietary goals</h2>



For those setting new dietary goals in January, experts recommend aiming for moderation. Dr. Bogar highlights the importance of indulgence without guilt. 



“Aim for a long-term, balanced diet rather than an ultra-clean one in January. Occasionally indulging in chocolates or holiday treats should be part of your diet – without guilt,” she added.



Ultimately, food should nourish the body and enrich life through shared cultural and social experiences. By embracing balance, individuals can avoid the pitfalls of orthorexia and maintain both physical and mental health.



This study, published in the journal Eating and Weight Disorders, serves as a timely reminder to approach clean eating and dietary resolutions with caution and self-compassion.



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Obsession with eating 'clean' might result in eating disorders

As the new year approaches, millions prepare to adopt healthier...

While Earth celebrates the advent of a northern hemisphere New Year amidst winter chills, Mars embraces the start of spring.



On November 12, 2024, the Red Planet completed another journey around the Sun, marking this the beginning of a Martian year - a cycle that lasts 687 Earth days.



Springtime on Mars triggers unique and explosive transformations, including avalanches, as temperatures rise and ice begins to thaw.



“Springtime on Earth has lots of trickling as water ice gradually melts. But on Mars, everything happens with a bang,” said Serina Diniega, a planetary surface researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a>).



Unlike on Earth, Mars’s thin atmosphere doesn’t support liquid water. Ice sublimates directly into gas, creating dramatic phenomena that NASA scientists are closely monitoring using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-reconnaissance-orbiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MRO</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arrival-of-spring-on-mars">The arrival of spring on Mars</h2>



Mars’s cliffs roar to life during spring as frost avalanches cascade down their slopes.



In 2015, the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (<a href="https://www.uahirise.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HiRISE</a>) camera aboard the MRO captured a remarkable moment - a 66-foot-wide chunk of frozen carbon dioxide in mid-fall.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_ice-cracking_co2-frost_MRO_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_ice-cracking_co2-frost_MRO_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Martian spring involves lots of cracking ice, which led to this 66-foot-wide (20-meter-wide) chunk of carbon dioxide frost captured in freefall by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955359"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Martian spring involves lots of cracking ice, which led to this 66-foot-wide (20-meter-wide) chunk of carbon dioxide frost captured in freefall by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2015. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



“We’re lucky we’ve had a spacecraft like MRO observing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-gravity-pulls-earth-closer-to-the-sun-warming-our-climate-scientists-say/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a> for as long as it has,” Diniega shared. “Watching for almost 20 years has let us catch dramatic moments like these avalanches.”



These avalanches highlight the dramatic environmental shifts that occur on Mars, offering scientists a chance to understand its dynamic surface better.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explosive-gas-geysers">Explosive gas geysers</h2>



As sunlight penetrates frozen carbon dioxide, the bottom layers sublimate into gas, causing pressure to build.



Eventually, the gas erupts through the surface, creating geysers that spray dark fans of sand and dust. These explosive jets are unique to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-can-engulf-the-entire-planet-of-mars-but-how/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> spring and offer a stark contrast to Earth’s gentle seasonal transitions.



“You get lots of cracks and explosions instead of melting,” Diniega said. “I imagine it gets really noisy.”



While these fans are visible across the planet, the most dramatic examples appear during southern spring, which starts in December 2025.



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="dDNrFq8TXp-4158293-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spider-like-scour-marks-on-mars">Spider-like scour marks on Mars </h2>



Mars’s southern hemisphere presents a fascinating phenomenon: spider-like patterns that form on its surface due to erupting geysers.



These patterns, known as "araneiforms," are created when sunlight penetrates layers of translucent frozen carbon dioxide.



As the ice sublimates directly into gas during spring and summer, the trapped gas builds pressure until it bursts through the surface. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_mars-spiders_c02-gas-carvings_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_mars-spiders_c02-gas-carvings_NASA_1s.webp" alt="Sometimes, after carbon dioxide geysers have erupted from ice-covered areas on Mars, they leave scour marks on the surface. When the ice is all gone by summer, these long scour marks look like the legs of giant spiders. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955361"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Sometimes, after carbon dioxide geysers have erupted from ice-covered areas on Mars, they leave scour marks on the surface. When the ice is all gone by summer, these long scour marks look like the legs of giant spiders. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



This eruption sends dust and debris outward, carving branching, spider-like marks into the ground. Once all the frozen carbon dioxide has sublimated, these marks remain visible, resembling the legs of giant spiders.



To understand this process, NASA scientists have recreated it in controlled conditions at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-mars-s-spring-winds">Power of Mars's spring winds</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mars-became-uninhabitable-after-being-life-supporting-ocean-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> north pole, home to a Texas-sized ice cap, experiences the relentless power of springtime winds. These gusts carve spiral troughs into the ice cap, revealing traces of the red soil beneath.



“These things are enormous,” said Isaac Smith from Toronto’s York University. “You can find similar troughs in Antarctica but nothing at this scale.”



The winds accelerate as they move down the troughs, reshaping the icy surface through what scientists call an adiabatic process. 



This process involves changes in air temperature and pressure, without the addition or removal of energy. Adiabatic processes on Earth give rise to the Santa Ana and Chinook winds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wandering-dunes-sand-on-the-move">Wandering dunes: Sand on the move</h2>



The powerful winds also affect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-radiation-levels-are-measured-for-the-first-time-and-will-help-astronauts-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian</a> sand dunes.



During winter, frozen carbon dioxide fixes the dunes in place. But when spring arrives, the frozen gas sublimates, allowing the dunes to resume their slow migration.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_sand-dunes_NASA-JPL_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/mars-new-year_sand-dunes_NASA-JPL_1s.webp" alt="Surrounded by frost, these Martian dunes in Mars’ northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its HiRISE camera. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" class="wp-image-1955363"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Surrounded by frost, these Martian dunes in Mars’ northern hemisphere were captured from above by NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter using its HiRISE camera. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona</figcaption></figure>



This ongoing process, observed by researchers, highlights how seasonal changes impact Martian landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-different-world-of-ice-and-fire">A different world of ice and fire</h2>



Every northern spring on Mars is slightly different. Variations in temperature and sublimation rates influence the speed and intensity of these natural phenomena. 



The dynamic interactions between frozen carbon dioxide, winds, and sand are crucial for understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-water-found-on-mars-would-cover-the-planet-over-one-mile-deep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars’s past</a> and future.



NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, equipped with the HiRISE camera and other sensors, has been pivotal in uncovering these extraordinary events. 



Managed by NASA’s JPL, the MRO has provided nearly two decades of continuous observations, allowing researchers to capture Mars’s explosive beauty in unprecedented detail.



With each Martian year that passes, scientists gain deeper insights into the planet’s extreme seasonal transformations, which differ vastly from Earth’s. 



Whether it’s avalanches, geysers, "spider legs" or wandering dunes, spring on Mars is a spectacle of cosmic proportions.



Video Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech



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New year on Mars: Avalanches, icy explosions, and the arrival of spring

While Earth celebrates the advent of a northern hemisphere New...

Have you ever wondered why it takes us a while to process what's happening around us? Or why we can't multitask as effectively as we'd like? The answer lies in our brains' processing speed.



Despite their immense complexity, our brains operate much slower than the average internet connection.



Scientists have revealed that while the human sensory system gathers information at a staggering rate of one billion bits per second, our brains process these signals at just 10 bits per second - a rate millions of times slower than the input.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-fast-do-we-really-think">How fast do we really think?</h2>



“Every moment, we are extracting just 10 bits from the trillion that our senses are taking in and using those 10 to perceive the world around us and make decisions," said study co-author Markus Meister of <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/about/news/thinking-slowly-the-paradoxical-slowness-of-human-behavior" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CalTech</a>. "This raises a paradox: What is the brain doing to filter all this information?” 



To put this in perspective, a typical Wi-Fi connection processes data at around 50 million bits per second. This is incredibly fast when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-complete-map-of-every-neuron-in-the-brain-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compared to the human brain</a>, which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-simple-solutions-appeal-to-the-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">processes thoughts</a> at just 10 bits per second.



Now, consider the brain's structure. It has over 85 billion neurons, and each neuron can transmit signals at speeds greater than 10 bits per second individually. 



However, the collective processing rate of the brain - the speed at which it actually processes thoughts - remains very slow at 10 bits per second.



This means that while individual neurons are capable of fast transmission, the brain as a whole is limited in how quickly it integrates and processes all the information it receives. 



This bottleneck reflects the brain's focus on quality over quantity, filtering out vast amounts of sensory data to concentrate on the most relevant details for survival and decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-the-brain-so-slow">Why is the brain so slow?</h2>



The brain’s "speed limit" on processing information likely evolved for survival. Early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nervous systems</a> in primitive organisms were simple and designed for basic tasks like navigating toward food and avoiding predators. 



These systems didn’t need to handle complex, multitasking scenarios, just survival-focused decisions.



As humans evolved, this limitation carried over into our more complex brains. While our brains are highly sophisticated, they still follow a sequential approach to problem-solving. 



This means we can only focus on one possible outcome or course of action at a time, rather than exploring multiple options simultaneously.



Take chess as an example. A chess player cannot mentally calculate every possible move and counter-move at once. Instead, they examine one sequence of moves, analyze it, and then move on to another.



This sequential thought process contrasts with machines, such as computers, which can perform millions of parallel calculations almost instantly. 



This difference highlights the trade-off in human evolution - our brains prioritize quality, focus, and survival over speed and multitasking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-sensory-filters-and-speed">Brain sensory filters and speed</h2>



Despite the apparent slowness, our brains excel at prioritizing. While bombarded with trillions of sensory inputs, the brain filters out unnecessary data, focusing on what’s vital for survival. 



“Our ancestors have chosen an ecological niche where the world is slow enough to make survival possible. In fact, the 10 bits per second are needed only in worst-case situations, and most of the time our environment changes at a much more leisurely pace,” Meister noted.



This adaptability helps humans focus on immediate tasks without being overwhelmed by excessive information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-artificial-intelligence">Implications for artificial intelligence</h2>



These findings suggest that machines will eventually outperform humans in any task as their computational capabilities improve. 



With computing power doubling approximately every two years, machines are rapidly bridging the gap in areas like decision-making and problem-solving. 



In fact, scientists believe computers could soon replicate, and even surpass, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">abilities of the human brain</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-brain-speed-matters">Why brain speed matters</h2>



The discovery highlights a paradox about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brains-create-three-copies-of-every-memory-we-make/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human intelligence</a>. Despite being relatively slow thinkers, humans excel in creativity, emotion, and adaptability - traits machines have yet to master.



However, understanding the brain’s speed limit raises questions about the future of neuroscience and artificial intelligence.



Future research may unlock why this limit exists and how it influences everything from perception to decision-making. It could also provide insights into enhancing human cognition and developing smarter, more efficient technologies.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(24)00808-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neuron</a>.



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Brain processing speed is millions of times slower than Wi-Fi

Have you ever wondered why it takes us a while...

In an interview with the&nbsp;Genomic Press, Professor Raz Yirmiya, a highly respected neuroscientist, discussed how inflammation in the body connects to depression.



As the head of the Laboratory for Psychoneuroimmunology at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Professor Yirmiya has conducted innovative research that is changing the way scientists view the biology of depression.



The research shows that depression is not just about emotions or brain chemistry but also involves the immune system and inflammatory responses in the brain. These findings offer a deeper understanding of depression and open the door to new ways of treating it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depression-and-its-traditional-understanding">Depression and its traditional understanding</h2>



Depression, often described as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-the-hidden-casualty-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">persistent feeling of sadness</a> or a loss of interest in life, has traditionally been understood as a mental health condition rooted in brain chemistry and psychological factors. 



For decades, treatments have primarily focused on correcting imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. This approach led to the development of widely used antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).



In addition to chemical imbalances, traditional views emphasized psychological causes such as unresolved trauma, chronic stress, or genetic predisposition. 



Various forms of therapy have played a significant role in addressing these aspects, helping individuals change negative thought patterns and manage their symptoms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-role-of-inflammation-in-depression">Exploring the role of inflammation in depression</h2>



Traditional perspectives often fail to fully explain why some people respond to treatments while others do not. 



The complexity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-and-the-internet-who-benefits-and-who-suffers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> - with its overlapping biological, psychological, and social causes - has made it challenging to find universal solutions.



These limitations have driven researchers to explore new angles, such as the role of inflammation, to uncover hidden contributors to the condition.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-inflammation-and-depression">Stress, inflammation, and depression</h2>



Professor Yirmiya's research reveals a compelling connection between stress, inflammation, and depression. 



"Most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomscrolling-is-silently-ruining-our-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressed</a> patients do not have any overt inflammatory disease. However, we and others found that exposure to stress, which is the most significant trigger of depression in humans and animals, also activates inflammatory processes, particularly in the brain," he explained.



This insight highlights the complex role of the immune system in mental health and opens new avenues for therapeutic exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-musical-journey-to-neuroscience">A musical journey to neuroscience</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s journey into neuroscience began with his love of music. This unusual path shows how different interests can lead to big discoveries. His research on animals and humans shows how brain inflammation affects mood and thinking, and presents new ideas about depression.



"My overarching aim is to harness the extensive knowledge from my research and others to accelerate the development of novel antidepressant therapeutics targeting inflammatory processes," said Professor Yirmiya.



The findings reveal that both immune system activation and suppression can trigger depressive symptoms, emphasizing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-crisis-half-of-the-worlds-population-will-be-affected-by-age-75/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">importance of personalized treatment approaches</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-stress-trigger-brain-inflammation">How does stress trigger brain inflammation?</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s research focuses on two key players in the brain’s immune system: microglia cells and interleukin-1. 



Microglia are specialized brain cells that act as the immune system’s defense team, while interleukin-1 is a molecule that triggers inflammation, often as a response to stress. Together, these factors play a crucial role in the way that stress might lead to depression.



The research raises important questions, such as how understanding these immune processes could help create better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-health-issues-are-prevalent-among-elite-athletes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> treatments. For instance, knowing exactly how stress triggers brain inflammation might allow scientists to develop therapies that prevent or reduce its harmful effects.



Professor Yirmiya also investigates how different immune responses may result in different types of depression. This insight could allow treatments to be customized for each individual, based on their specific immune activity and inflammatory levels. 



This approach, known as personalized medicine, offers the possibility of more effective and targeted care for people with depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-therapeutic-targets">Innovative therapeutic targets</h2>



Professor Yirmiya’s team combines advanced molecular research with behavioral studies to uncover new ways to treat depression. They have focused on microglial checkpoint mechanisms, which regulate immune activity in the brain, and how these processes relate to stress resilience. 



This work from the <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> sheds new light on how the immune system affects mental health, particularly in conditions like depression.



By identifying specific targets within these mechanisms, the research offers hope for creating treatments tailored to an individual’s needs, and paves the way for more effective and personalized approaches to managing depression.



The <a href="https://genomicpress.kglmeridian.com/view/journals/brainmed/aop/article-10.61373-bm024k.0142/article-10.61373-bm024k.0142.xml">full interview</a>, titled&nbsp;“Raz Yirmiya: The inflammatory underpinning of depression,”&nbsp;will be published in the journal&nbsp;Brain Medicine.



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Stress-related brain inflammation linked to depression

In an interview with the&nbsp;Genomic Press, Professor Raz Yirmiya, a...

Antarctica’s relationship with ice is changing, and not for the better. While the world is captivated by massive chunks of ice splitting away, creating almost Delaware-sized icebergs, this tells only a fraction of the story.



To investigate the intricate relationship between climate change and colossal iceberg <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birth-of-an-iceberg-a-83-breaks-free-from-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">formation</a>, a team of researchers embarked on an unprecedented venture.



Primarily focused on Antarctica's biggest annual icebergs, the team conducted the first-ever long-term analysis spanning from 1976 to 2023.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-events-with-unpredictable-variability">Rare events with unpredictable variability </h2>



"In Antarctica, massive icebergs are a consequence of calving, where blocks of ice detach from the continent's ice shelf. The calving of these massive icebergs is a rare occurrence with unpredictable variability, making it a difficult process to understand and statistically model," noted the researchers. 



Due to the infrequent occurrence and uneven distribution of these massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calving</a> events, the experts adopted statistical approaches that catered specifically to smaller datasets.



For instance, in one such event, an iceberg with a surface area up to 11,000 square kilometers (4,247 square miles) formed, which is nothing short of awe-inspiring.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-findings-about-antarctica-s-icebergs">Unexpected findings about Antarctica's icebergs</h2>



In an unexpected turn of events, the research revealed a slight decrease in the surface area of the annual largest iceberg over time.



The experts realized that even with the mounting influence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-in-distress-the-escalating-consequences-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, the risk of witnessing an extreme calving event remains unchanged.



"Because climate warmed over the study period but the largest iceberg area did not increase, the findings suggest that extreme calving events are not necessarily a direct consequence of climate change," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-iceberg-calving-events">Smaller iceberg calving events</h2>



In contrast, the frequency of smaller calving events has been on the rise, as uncovered by other studies.



The researchers explained the significance of these small but frequent glacial break-offs, framing it as a larger problem: "death by a thousand cuts."



While these events might not make headlines like their extreme counterparts, they're primarily responsible for the climate-change driven mass loss in Antarctica, leading experts to conclude that it's the series of small cuts that pose real concern.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-predictions-of-icebergs">Future predictions of icebergs</h2>



The researchers predict that the biggest Antarctic iceberg is still in the offing.



While they do not forecast a surge in the frequency of extreme calving events, their modeling suggests the possibility of a "once in a century" iceberg roughly the size of Switzerland (38,827 square kilometers, or 14,991 square miles).



Ultimately, while the infrequent splitting of ice giants may steal the limelight, the real challenge lies in the multitude of small calvings that tirelessly chip away at the Antarctic ice, thus requiring our collective attention and action against climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-real-cost-of-ice-loss">The real cost of ice loss</h2>



The smaller, more frequent calving events accumulate over time, leading to a substantial depletion of ice mass that is often overshadowed by larger, more sensational events.



The meltwater from these smaller calvings enters the Southern Ocean, altering its salinity and temperature. 



These subtle changes disrupt global ocean currents, which are crucial for regulating weather patterns and sustaining marine biodiversity. 



For instance, a less salty Southern Ocean could weaken the formation of deep ocean currents, disrupting nutrient flow and impacting marine ecosystems far beyond Antarctica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antarctica-s-role-as-a-global-climate-regulator">Antarctica’s role as a global climate regulator</h2>



The ongoing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emergency-meeting-reveals-the-alarming-extent-of-antarcticas-ice-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice loss</a> also threatens Antarctica’s critical role in regulating Earth’s climate. Its vast ice sheets reflect sunlight, helping to cool the planet.



As smaller calving events steadily reduce ice coverage, the reflective surface diminishes, intensifying global warming through a process called the ice-albedo feedback loop.



These seemingly minor losses contribute not only to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-warming-triggers-rising-north-atlantic-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a> but also to the destabilization of global climate systems.



Scientists warn that the cumulative impact of these events could accelerate if warming trends persist. Recognizing the significance of these "unsung" calving events is essential to addressing the broader challenges posed by climate change.



By shifting focus from dramatic iceberg calvings to the continuous, smaller losses, researchers aim to highlight the urgent need for sustained monitoring and global action to mitigate these effects.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL112235" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Antarctica’s largest icebergs are not linked to climate change

Antarctica’s relationship with ice is changing, and not for the...

A new study funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) has revealed notable differences in brain structures between adolescents who initiated substance use before the age of 15 and those who did not.&nbsp;



The findings suggest that some of these structural differences may exist even before any substance use, pointing to their potential role in influencing the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-maltreatment-triples-the-risk-of-substance-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substance initiation</a> later in life. 



This interplay between brain structure, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors provides fresh insights into understanding substance use and addiction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substance-use-and-brain-structure">Substance use and brain structure</h2>



The study analyzed nearly 10,000 adolescents as part of the <a href="https://abcdstudy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study</a> (ABCD Study), the largest longitudinal research effort examining brain development in U.S. youth.&nbsp;



Researchers from <a href="https://washu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a> used MRI scans of children aged 9 to 11 and tracked them over three years, assessing their substance use patterns, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-has-a-hidden-impact-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>, nicotine, cannabis, and other illicit substances.



Of the 9,804 participants, 3,460 reported initiating substance use before age 15, with alcohol being the most common substance (90.2%), followed by nicotine and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-cannabis-use-affect-brain-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>.&nbsp;



Brain imaging revealed five significant structural differences at a global level between early users and non-users, including greater total brain volume and subcortical volume in those who initiated substance use.&nbsp;



Additionally, 39 regional structural differences were identified, over half of which involved cortical thickness. Some of these variations appeared specific to the type of substance used.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-pre-existing-brain-differences">Evidence of pre-existing brain differences</h2>



A key finding of the study was that many of these brain differences were evident in baseline MRIs taken before any reported substance use.&nbsp;



A secondary analysis excluded participants with substance use experience at the time of their initial MRI, focusing on a subgroup of 1,203 individuals. Even in this restricted comparison, many of the structural differences persisted, suggesting that these features might precede substance exposure.



The findings challenge the assumption that such differences are solely caused by the use of substances, indicating instead that they may reflect inherent vulnerabilities. 



This highlights the need for further research into how these pre-existing brain structures interact with other factors to influence substance use behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-structure-differences-and-behavior">Brain structure differences and behavior</h2>



The study linked some of the observed brain structural differences to regions associated with sensation-seeking and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sufficient-sleep-can-prevent-impulsive-behavior-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impulsivity</a>.&nbsp;



However, the researchers noted that additional investigation is needed to determine how these structural variations impact brain function or behavior.&nbsp;



The study emphasizes the complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental influences, prenatal conditions, and brain development in shaping substance use patterns.



For example, another recent <a href="https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS245190222400301X&amp;data=05%7C02%7Cjuwon.song%40nih.gov%7C3ae52944065e430c101908dd098ade56%7C14b77578977342d58507251ca2dc2b06%7C0%7C0%7C638677214233526614%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=2f6TsU15kj1Ejs95wOOlFQ05T6a9fF3qTT1sOsSTTvo%3D&amp;reserved=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> from the ABCD study conducted by the University of Michigan found that patterns of brain connectivity in early adolescence could predict the initiation of drug use. 



This research also highlighted the role of environmental factors, such as pollution exposure, in shaping these trajectories.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-prevention-and-intervention">Implications for prevention and intervention</h2>



Understanding the relationship between brain structure and substance use initiation could have significant implications for prevention strategies.&nbsp;



While the study underscores that brain structure alone cannot predict substance use, integrating these findings with data on genetics, environmental exposures, and behavioral patterns could inform more targeted interventions.



Future research will explore how these structural differences evolve as adolescents age and whether they are influenced by continued drug use or the development of substance use disorders. This work aims to refine models of addiction and improve strategies for early intervention.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-step-toward-better-models-of-addiction">A step toward better models of addiction</h2>



The study, published in the journal JAMA Network Open, underscores the value of longitudinal data from the ABCD study in advancing our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zapping-the-brain-with-ultrasound-waves-may-cure-drug-addiction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">addiction</a>.&nbsp;



Researchers hope this growing body of evidence will reshape how substance use disorders are conceptualized and inform more accurate and effective prevention models.



“The hope is that these types of studies, in conjunction with other data on environmental exposures and genetic risk, could help change how we think about the development of substance use disorders,” said Alex Miller, the study’s corresponding author.&nbsp;



By illuminating the bidirectional relationship between brain structure and substance use, this research offers a promising path forward in tackling the complex issue of addiction.



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Early substance use in adolescents linked to brain structure 

A new study funded by the National Institutes of Health...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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