Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.



This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.



For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. 



If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. 



The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.



In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. 



Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.



In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. 



They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.



About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. 



"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.



With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. 



Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.



"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.



Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. 



"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.



Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. 



All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.



The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. 



This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. 



They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.



The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."



Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. 



Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.



Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

We've all fallen for a little wishful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transcendent-thinking-promotes-brain-growth-in-adolescents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinking</a> – those perfect scenarios playing out in our minds where problems vanish and everything falls neatly into place. It feels good, right? But did you know wishful thinking can go too far and actually make things harder? 



A new study led by the <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a> takes a deep dive into this common human quirk. It explores how wishful thinking arises in times of anxiety and how it might hold us back from taking necessary actions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wishful-thinking-under-pressure">Wishful thinking under pressure</h2>



"People aren't purely truth-seekers – many beliefs are influenced by emotions and driven by what is pleasant or comforting," says Joël van der Weele, professor of Economic Psychology. 



That's the idea behind wishful thinking. It sounds harmless but can have a real impact on our decisions. So, the real question is: Does wishful thinking really lead us astray?



Professor van der Weele, collaborator Jan Engelmann (professor of Neuroeconomics), and a team of researchers set out to answer this definitively. 



"So far studies haven't provided clear evidence for wishful thinking," explains Engelmann. "But these mainly focused on positive outcomes, like winning a lottery. We examined how both positive and negative outcomes influence biased beliefs."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-wrong-feels-so-right">When "wrong" feels so right</h2>



The researchers recruited over 1,700 individuals for a series of experiments. The setup was simple: participants were shown a set of visual patterns (something like stripes or colored dots). Then, they'd link some patterns to a negative outcome – a small electric shock or a loss of money. 



The scientists wanted to track if people messed up identifying those negative patterns more often, essentially wishing them out of existence.



The results were a resounding yes. Participants truly struggled to see the patterns with scary consequences. This is powerful evidence that anxiety can literally warp how we perceive the world. Imagine the danger if this translates to the decisions we make in our everyday lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-we-ground-ourselves-against-wishful-thinking">Can we ground ourselves against wishful thinking?</h2>



The good news is, there are ways to fight back. Here's what helped in the study:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clearer-information">Clearer information</h3>



Unsurprisingly, when the patterns were easier to see, people were less prone to making "hopeful" mistakes. 



When participants could <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sitting-alone-with-your-thoughts-is-highly-underestimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">take time</a> to really look at a pattern, wishful thinking decreased significantly (especially with a potential reward for getting it right). 



This tells us slowing down on big decisions is super important, allowing for careful analysis over fleeting feelings.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turn-down-the-fear-nbsp">Turn down the fear&nbsp;</h3>



Essentially, when the participants were faced with potential positive outcomes instead of negative ones, their wishful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-activity-preserves-thinking-skills-among-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinking</a> disappeared. 



This suggests that the root of wishful thinking often lies in our emotional response to potential outcomes, particularly our fear and anxiety.



When we're anxious or afraid, our brains may engage in wishful thinking as a coping mechanism, helping us avoid the discomfort of considering negative possibilities. 



It's like our mind puts on rose-colored glasses to shield us from the harsh light of potential threats or disappointments. However, when the threat is replaced with a possibility for something good, the need for this psychological defense falls away. 



We no longer need to "hope for the best" in a situation where the best is already a likely outcome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wishful-thinking-the-real-world-messiness">Wishful thinking: The real world messiness</h2>



"Wishful thinking is important for humans in coping with anxiety about possible future events," says Engelmann. 



It's a normal, even sometimes helpful, mental buffer. It's those "out of sight, out of mind" situations we need to watch out for.



"People can get too hopeful when things are uncertain," warns Dr. van der Weele. 



Think about ignoring major problems like climate change, not planning for financial hardship, or putting off a concerning medical check-up because we desperately hope for the best. 



These are the situations where wishful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-dandelions-are-thinking-the-secret-to-their-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinking</a> crosses the line from harmless escape to potential disaster.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-takeaway">The takeaway</h2>



Wishful thinking is a part of being human. It's a good reminder that our emotions can color our view of reality, especially when we're stressed. 



In those moments, taking a breath, getting more information, seeking expert opinions, and minimizing fear can help us make the best choices for ourselves and our future. 



After all, sometimes the most responsible action is to face what scares us head-on.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20191068" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Economic Review</a>.



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How wishful thinking impacts our decisions in times of stress

We've all fallen for a little wishful thinking – those...

Scientists have discovered that specially trained dogs may be able to detect the early signs of an impending <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drug-mdma-shows-promise-for-reducing-post-traumatic-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PTSD</a> stress flashback by sniffing out specific compounds in a person's breath. 



This finding could lead to a new way for service <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-celebrating-all-the-ways-that-dogs-make-life-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> to assist individuals struggling with the debilitating symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-detect-stress-levels-by-sniffing-vocs">Dogs detect stress levels by sniffing VOCs</h2>



The research, led by Laura Kiiroja of <a href="https://www.dal.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dalhousie University</a> and published in Frontiers in Allergy, brought together expertise from Dr. Sherry Stewart's clinical psychology lab and Dr. Simon Gadbois' canine olfaction lab. 



The collaboration aimed to investigate whether dogs could learn to detect volatile organic compounds (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-christmas-trees-produce-that-fresh-festive-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a>) associated with PTSD symptoms.



"PTSD service dogs are already trained to assist people during episodes of distress," said Kiiroja. "However, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-explores-the-mystery-of-why-dogs-wag-their-tails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> are currently trained to respond to behavioral and physical cues. Our study showed that at least some dogs can also detect these episodes via breath."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-scent-of-stress-and-ptsd">The scent of stress and PTSD</h2>



To conduct the study, the researchers recruited 26 human participants, 54% of whom met the diagnostic requirements for PTSD <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shelter-dogs-have-high-levels-of-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress</a> levels. 



These individuals provided breath samples while wearing different facemasks -- one worn during a calm state and another worn while recalling their traumatic experiences.



Meanwhile, 25 pet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-and-humans-process-social-information-in-surprisingly-similar-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> were recruited for scent-detection training, with two standout performers, Ivy and Callie, completing the study. 



These skilled dogs were trained to recognize and detect the target stress odor from pieces of the facemasks, achieving an impressive 90% accuracy in distinguishing between stressed and non-stressed samples.



"Both Ivy and Callie found this work inherently motivating," said Kiiroja. "Their limitless appetite for delicious treats was also an asset. In fact, it was much harder to convince them to take a break than to commence work. Callie in particular made sure there was no dilly-dallying."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-different-types-of-stress">Detecting different types of stress</h2>



When presented with a series of samples to test their accuracy, Ivy achieved 74% accuracy, while Callie achieved 81%. Interestingly, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cigarette-smoke-exposure-elevates-cancer-risk-in-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> seemed to have slightly different ideas of what constituted a "stressed" breath sample.



"We speculated that Ivy was attuned to sympathetic-adreno-medullar axis hormones (like adrenaline) and Callie was oriented to the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hormones (like cortisol)," explained Kiiroja. 



"This is important knowledge for training service dogs, as alerting to early-onset PTSD symptoms requires sensitivity to sympathetic-adreno-medullar axis hormones."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-earlier-intervention">Potential for earlier intervention</h2>



PTSD service <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-labrador-retrievers-genetic-mutation-pomc-causes-hunger-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> are already trained to help patients by alerting to and interrupting episodes when their companions are struggling with symptoms. 



However, if dogs could detect and respond to stress markers on the breath, they could potentially interrupt episodes at an earlier stage, making their interventions more effective.



"This is a multidisciplinary collaboration between Dr Sherry Stewart's clinical psychology lab and Dr Simon Gadbois' canine olfaction lab, both at Dalhousie University," said Kiiroja. "Neither lab could have done this work on their own. We brought together two distinct sets of expertise."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-further-study">Implications and further study</h2>



While this proof-of-concept study provides exciting insights, the researchers acknowledge that validation studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the dogs' ability to reliably detect stress <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-complex-biochemical-communication-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a> across different contexts.



"With 40 sample sets, ours is a proof-of-concept study that needs to be validated by studies with larger sample sizes," cautioned Kiiroja. 



"In addition to enrolling more participants, validation studies should collect samples from a higher number of stressful events to confirm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/golden-retrievers-and-all-dog-breeds-will-live-longer-lives-thanks-to-science/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>' ability to reliably detect stress VOCs in the breath of one human across different contexts," Kiiroja concluded.



The team plans to carry out further experiments to confirm the involvement of the sympathetic-adreno-medullar axis in the dogs' detection of stress VOCs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-future-holds-for-dogs-and-stress-detection">What the future holds for dogs and stress detection</h2>



In summary, this fascinating study conducted by Laura Kiiroja and her team at Dalhousie University sheds light on the potential for specially trained dogs to detect the early signs of PTSD stress flashbacks. This occurs through canine olfactory analysis of stress-related VOCs in human breath. 



Their discovery paves the way for more effective interventions by service dogs, allowing them to interrupt episodes at an earlier stage and provide better support for individuals struggling with PTSD. 



As the researchers continue to investigate the involvement of specific hormonal pathways in the dogs' detection abilities, the future of PTSD management looks promising, with the possibility of earlier detection and more targeted assistance from our canine companions.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/falgy.2024.1352840/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Allergy</a>.



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Dogs can detect humans' stress levels by smelling their breath

Scientists have discovered that specially trained dogs may be able...

A new study is overturning our assumptions about icy objects lurking in the farthest reaches of the solar system. It begins with a strangely shaped object resembling a space snowman, known as Arrokoth -- Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/kuiper-belt/arrokoth-2014-mu69/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">486958</a>) 2014 MU69. 



This space snowman, still holding its nickname for some as Ultima Thule, might hold time-capsule remnants of ancient ice dating back to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-earth-like-planet-may-be-hiding-just-beyond-neptune/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a>'s birth. This, according to a new study from from <a href="https://www.brown.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brown University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-kuiper-belt">The Kuiper Belt</h2>



The Kuiper Belt, a distant realm beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mors-somnus-provides-clues-neptune-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neptune</a>, has long intrigued astronomers. This vast expanse, teeming with icy bodies, holds clues to our solar system's origins. 



For years, the consensus was that these objects, relics from billions of years ago, had lost their ices to the vacuum of space. 



NASA's New Horizons mission kick-started the Kuiper Belt exploration. It sent back the first close-up images of Pluto and its moons. These images showed a world that is both complex and active.



Yet, the understanding of how these distant objects preserved their volatile compounds remained elusive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-space-snowman">Characteristics of space snowman</h2>



As mentioned above, Arrokoth, the distant Kuiper Belt object formerly known as 2014 MU69, is a celestial wonder unlike any other body we've ever explored. 



Its unique appearance, revealed by NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/new-horizons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Horizons</a> spacecraft in 2019, immediately captured imaginations and earned it the nickname "the space snowman."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shape">Shape</h3>



Arrokoth's most striking feature is its bi-lobed shape. Two distinct segments, a larger "head" and a smaller "body," appear gently fused together. 



Scientists believe this peculiar form tells a tale of a slow, gentle cosmic collision, where two separate bodies merged in the early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eris-and-makemake-icy-dwarf-planets-in-our-own-solar-system-may-support-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surface">Surface</h3>



Arrokoth's surface is a mix of surprising features. Some areas are remarkably smooth, with fewer craters than scientists anticipated. 



This hints at either a young surface or processes that have reshaped it over time. Bright patches, dark spots, and areas of reddish color add complexity to its appearance. 



The red hue is especially intriguing, suggesting complex organic molecules called tholins, formed through the interaction of radiation with simpler compounds.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frozen-ingredients">Frozen ingredients</h3>



Many believe Arrokoth holds a treasure trove of pristine material from the solar system's birth.



Its composition likely includes water ice, methanol ice, and other volatile compounds, along with plenty of organic material. This mix explains its dark surface, reflecting only a small portion of sunlight.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neck">Neck</h3>



Where the two lobes meet– the "neck" region– Arrokoth displays a brighter and bluer hue. 



This difference could indicate variations in particle sizes or changes in composition, possibly marking where material from the two original bodies blended long ago.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history">History</h3>



While Arrokoth shows no signs of active geology, its very formation and subtle surface variations reveal a dynamic history. 



The gentle union of the lobes suggests a time when debris filled the solar system, allowing for slow collisions. It's a frozen snapshot of how objects were built in our cosmic neighborhood.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-object">Small object</h3>



Measuring about 22 miles (35 kilometers) long, Arrokoth is a small object even for the Kuiper Belt. 



But don't let its size deceive you -- studying this peculiar "space snowman" offers a priceless window into the solar system's formation and the secrets held within its deepest, coldest corners.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-but-space-snowman-s-ice-shouldn-t-last-that-long">But, space snowman's ice shouldn't last that long</h2>



The ices found on Arrokoth and similar objects are not your everyday ice. 



As discussed, substances like carbon monoxide, methane, and ammonia, which can sublime (turn from solid to gas without becoming liquid) at very low temperatures, make up their composition.



This is similar to how dry ice behaves on Earth, which sublimates in warmer conditions, skipping the liquid phase entirely and turning directly into carbon dioxide gas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-conundrum">The conundrum</h2>



Given the longevity of these objects in the solar system, it was a puzzle to scientists how these volatile ices could have survived for billions of years. 



The expectation was that the ices would have sublimated away, especially considering the relatively "warmer" conditions even in the distant reaches of the solar system. 



This raises an intriguing question about comets, which are known to originate from regions like the Kuiper Belt: if these ices are so ephemeral, how do comets still possess them in abundance, enough to display the spectacular tails we observe when they approach the sun?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-the-space-snowman-mystery">Solving the space snowman mystery</h2>



Researchers Sam Birch and Orkan Umurhan took a fresh look at an old puzzle. They designed a new simulation model. This model acts like a mini-universe, showing how celestial objects like Arrokoth behave. 



"We’ve shown here in our work, with a rather simple mathematical model, that you can keep these primitive ices locked deep within the interiors of these objects for really long times," they explained. 



It's as if Arrokoth and its cosmic cousins have built-in super freezers. These internal chillers keep volatile ices solid for billions of years. 



“We are basically saying that Arrokoth is so super cold that for more ice to sublimate -- or go directly from solid to a gas, skipping the liquid phase within it -- that the gas it sublimates into first has to have travel outwards through its porous, sponge-like interior,” Birch said.



“The trick is that to move the gas, you also have to sublimate the ice, so what you get is a domino effect: it gets colder within Arrokoth, less ice sublimates, less gas moves, it gets even colder, and so on. Eventually, everything just effectively shuts off, and you’re left with an object full of gas that is just slowly trickling out.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ice-bomb-theory">The 'Ice Bomb' Theory</h2>



Now, imagine one of these objects gets knocked out of its orbit, closer to the sun. 



It begins to warm up, and those frozen volatiles start to unfreeze. But deep inside, it's still frosty. So the gases get trapped and build up pressure. 



It's like shaking a soda bottle before opening it. Eventually, BOOM! The comet erupts as the pressure escapes, and we see those iconic tails. 



"This new idea could help explain why these icy objects from the Kuiper Belt erupt so violently when they first get closer to the sun."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-space-snowman">Insights from the space snowman </h2>



If comets are basically sleepy 'ice bombs', we need to revisit how they go from quiet wanderers to spectacular sky shows. 



"The key thing is that we corrected a deep error in the physical model peoplehad been assuming for decades," Birch revealed.



The good news is this theory might help missions like NASA's CAESAR become even more successful. CAESAR aims to collect a sample from a comet and bring it back to Earth. 



“There may well be massive reservoirs of these primitive materials locked away in small bodies all across the outer solar system -- materials that are just waiting to erupt for us to observe them or sit in deep freeze until we can retrieve them and bring them home to Earth,” Birch said.



The study is published&nbsp;in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103524000861?via%3Dihub">Icarus</a>.



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'Space snowman' named Arrokoth reveals how celestial objects turn into ice bombs

A new study is overturning our assumptions about icy objects...

A,Young,Multi-ethnic,Woman,Holds,Her,Nose,In,Pain,Lying

Researchers have uncovered a potential explanation for some of the most perplexing mysteries surrounding COVID-19 and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-iron-may-be-a-key-driver-of-long-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long COVID</a>. The discovery of "abzymes" could pave the way for new treatments targeting the acute effects of COVID-19, long COVID, and possibly other viruses.



The study was led by Dr. Steven L. Zeichner and his colleagues from the <a href="https://uvahealth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Virginia Health</a>. They discovered that COVID-19 may prompt some individuals to produce antibodies that mimic enzymes, which are naturally used by the body to regulate crucial functions such as blood pressure, blood clotting, and inflammation. 



These enzyme-like antibodies, known as "abzymes," may be responsible for the diverse and sometimes mysterious symptoms experienced by COVID-19 and long COVID patients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-abzymes-in-covid-19-complications">Role of abzymes in COVID-19 complications</h2>



Dr. Zeichner, a pediatric infectious disease expert at UVA Children's, highlighted the significance of this discovery. 



"Some patients with COVID-19 have serious symptoms and we have trouble understanding their cause. We also have a poor understanding of the causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-covid-linked-to-alcohol-sensitivity-and-debilitating-hangovers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long COVID</a>," Zeichner explained. 



"If COVID-19 patients are making abzymes, it is possible that these rogue abzymes could harm many different aspects of physiology."



The researchers propose that targeting these abzymes could be the most effective way to treat the complications of COVID-19 at their source, rather than merely addressing the downstream symptoms. This novel approach could potentially revolutionize the management of COVID-19 and long COVID.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-sars-cov-2-and-ace2">Connection between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2</h2>



The study delves into the interaction between SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, and the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the surface of cells. 



ACE2 plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by converting angiotensin II into angiotensin 1-7, which have opposing effects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-covid-has-an-impact-on-womens-sexual-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood vessels</a>.



Dr. Zeichner's team hypothesized that some patients might produce antibodies against the Spike protein on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 that resemble ACE2 and possess similar enzymatic activity. 



Their findings confirmed this hypothesis, suggesting that these abzymes could be interfering with the body's normal regulatory processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-long-covid-and-rare-vaccine-side-effects">Implications for long COVID and rare vaccine side effects</h2>



Recent studies have reported that some patients with long COVID experience issues with their coagulation and complement systems. Both of these are controlled by enzymes that cut other proteins to activate them. 



If long COVID patients produce abzymes that activate proteins involved in coagulation and inflammation, it could explain the persistence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cause-of-fatigue-in-long-covid-patients-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long COVID</a> symptoms even after the initial infection has been cleared. Additionally, this discovery may shed light on the rare side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-abzyme-research">Future of abzyme research</h2>



While the understanding of abzymes in COVID-19 is still in its early stages, Dr. Zeichner notes that enzymatic antibodies have previously been detected in certain cases of HIV. 



This finding indicates that other viruses may cause similar effects. He anticipates that UVA's findings will reignite interest in abzyme research within the medical community.



"We now need to study pure versions of antibodies with enzymatic activity to see how abzymes may work in more detail, and we need to study patients who have had COVID-19 who did and did not develop long COVID," Dr. Zeichner said. 



"There is much more work to do, but I think we have made a good start in developing a new understanding of this challenging disease that has caused so much distress and death around the world," he concluded



As researchers continue to unravel the complexities of COVID-19 and long COVID, this intriguing discovery offers hope for the development of targeted therapies that address the underlying causes of these conditions. 



Dr. Zeichner, who is also developing a universal coronavirus vaccine, emphasizes the importance of understanding the disease's underlying causes as the first step in developing effective new therapies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-long-covid-and-abzymes">More about long COVID and abzymes</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paxlovid-helps-fight-covid-but-it-does-not-prevent-long-covid-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long COVID</a> refers to a range of symptoms that continue for weeks or months after the acute phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection has subsided. 



Unlike the initial infection, which tends to resolve within a few weeks, Long COVID persists, impacting patients' quality of life significantly. The condition is also known as Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC).



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-symptoms-of-long-covid">Identifying symptoms of long COVID</h3>



The symptoms of Long COVID are diverse and can affect any system in the body. Commonly reported symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive impairments often referred to as "brain fog," heart palpitations, chest pain, joint or muscle pain, and changes in taste or smell. Patients may experience symptoms that fluctuate or relapse over time.



Long COVID can affect anyone who has had COVID-19, regardless of the severity of their initial infection. While it's more common in adults, children can also suffer from Long COVID. 



Factors that may increase the risk of developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-covid-breakthrough-taurine-levels-may-play-a-key-role/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Long COVID</a> include having a severe initial infection, the presence of underlying health conditions, and being female, though research is ongoing to fully understand the risk factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-diagnosis-and-treatment">Impact, diagnosis and treatment</h2>



The impact of Long COVID on individuals and communities is profound. Many sufferers find themselves unable to return to work or participate in daily activities due to their symptoms. 



The condition also places a strain on healthcare systems, with patients seeking treatment for a wide range of symptoms and requiring long-term support.



Diagnosing Long COVID can be challenging, as there is no single test for the condition. Instead, healthcare providers must rely on patient history and a process of elimination to rule out other causes of the symptoms. 



Treatment is similarly complex and is often focused on managing symptoms, as there is currently no cure. Rehabilitation programs, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medication to manage specific symptoms are common approaches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-and-the-future-of-abzymes">Ongoing research and the future of abzymes</h2>



Researchers around the world are working to understand more about Long COVID, including its causes, risk factors, and effective treatments. Studies are exploring the role of abzymes, the immune system, potential genetic predispositions, and the impact of vaccination on Long COVID.



In summary, long COVID presents a significant challenge to patients, healthcare providers, and researchers alike. As we continue to live with COVID-19, understanding and managing Long COVID will be critical to helping affected individuals recover and minimizing its impact on society. 



Encouragingly, ongoing research and increased awareness are paving the way for better diagnosis, treatment, and hopefully, prevention strategies in the future.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mbio.00541-24" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mBio</a>.



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Newly-discovered ‘abzymes’ cause long COVID symptoms

Researchers have uncovered a potential explanation for some of the...

Floods can devastate communities. Homes are lost, lives are changed, and the land is forever altered. We know rising waters cause extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">floods</a>, but there's a lot more to the story. 



What lurks beneath the surface that turns a rainstorm into a catastrophe? A new study from the Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (<a href="https://www.ufz.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UFZ</a>) reveals the complex interactions that drive extreme flooding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-a-flood">What makes a flood?</h2>



Think about the conditions leading up to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-ground-amplifies-flood-risk-from-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flood</a>. Yes, there's heavy rainfall, but there's often more at work:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Air temperature</h3>



Warmer air can hold more moisture than cooler air. This is a basic principle of atmospheric science. When warm, moist air cools down, it can no longer hold as much water vapor, leading to condensation and precipitation. 



In the context of flooding, this means that periods of warm air can lead to increased evaporation and, subsequently, more significant rainfall. Additionally, warmer temperatures can exacerbate snowmelt, contributing further to potential flooding.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Soil moisture</h3>



The soil's moisture content plays a critical role in flood development. If the ground is already saturated from previous rainfall or snowmelt, it cannot absorb much more water. This condition is similar to a saturated sponge that can't hold any more liquid. 



When additional rain falls on saturated ground, the water runs off the surface instead of being absorbed, leading to increased runoff that can contribute to flooding. 



The capacity of the soil to absorb water is influenced by its composition, vegetation cover, and the presence of urban surfaces, which are less permeable than natural landscapes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Snow depth</h3>



In regions with significant snowfall, the depth of snow accumulated over the winter can be a pivotal factor in spring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-flood-risks-plague-the-us-housing-market/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>. 



Rapid snowmelt, driven by sudden warm temperatures or rain, can release large volumes of water into rivers and streams in a short period. This sudden influx of water can exceed the carrying capacity of the waterways, leading to overflow and flooding in surrounding areas. 



Snowmelt contributes to some of the most significant flooding events in mountainous and northern regions.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Time</h3>



The intensity and duration of rainfall are critical in flood formation. A short, intense downpour may lead to flash flooding, especially in urban areas where the ground surface is largely impermeable. 



Conversely, prolonged rain over several days can saturate the ground and fill rivers, leading to more extensive flooding. 



The timing and rate of precipitation, combined with the other factors mentioned, determine the immediate impact on the landscape and the potential for flooding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-that-cause-extreme-flood">Factors that cause extreme flood</h2>



The UFZ team analyzed over 125,000 flood events across the globe and found that in most cases, there's not just one culprit. Over half of all floods involved precipitation teaming up with at least one more factor.



Additionally, the most extreme floods often had multiple drivers working together. Think of it like a supervillain team-up – the more villains, the more trouble.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-all-regions-are-affected-by-extreme-floods">Not all regions are affected by extreme floods</h2>



It turns out, where you live matters regarding flood risk. The UFZ team coined the term "flood complexity," which means how many different factors usually cause floods in the area. Here's the general idea:



<ul>
<li>Northern areas and the Alps tend to primarily have floods driven by snowmelt, regardless of how bad the flood gets.</li>



<li>Places with frequent rainy seasons, like the Amazon Basin, tend to have floods driven mostly by oversaturated soil.</li>



<li>Regions with a mix of weather conditions, like Eastern Europe and the US West Coast, tend to have more complicated floods with a mix of causes.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-river-basin">River basin</h2>



How several factors come together depends on the unique characteristics of your area. Things like soil type, whether it's usually wet or arid, and even how steep the land is all play a role.



&nbsp;“In drier regions, the mechanisms that lead to flooding tend to be more heterogeneous. For moderate floods, just a few days of heavy rainfall is usually enough. For extreme floods, it needs to rain longer on already moist soils”, says lead author Dr Shijie Jiang, who now works at the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry in Jena.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-extreme-flooding">Understanding extreme flooding</h2>



The UFZ scientists didn't just analyze data; they developed new analysis methods using something called explainable machine learning. They can be used to:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Improve extreme flood predictions</h3>



The ability to accurately predict floods is paramount in safeguarding human lives, properties, and ecosystems. 



With advancements in technology and research, flood prediction models have become more sophisticated, incorporating a variety of data sources and methodologies:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrological-and-meteorological-data">Hydrological and meteorological data</h4>



Modern prediction models use real-time data on rainfall, river levels, soil moisture, and other relevant factors. By analyzing this data, scientists can forecast the likelihood of flooding with greater accuracy.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remote-sensing-and-satellites">Remote sensing and satellites</h4>



The use of satellite imagery allows for the monitoring of snowpack, the extent of floodwaters, and changes in land use that may affect flooding. 



This broad perspective is crucial for assessing risk and predicting floods over large areas.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-machine-learning-and-ai">Machine learning and AI</h4>



Artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms can analyze vast datasets to identify patterns and predict flood events more accurately. These technologies can continually learn and improve, enhancing the precision of flood forecasts over time.



More accurate flood warnings enable governments, communities, and individuals to prepare more effectively. This can include evacuating vulnerable areas, reinforcing flood defenses, and securing property.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Protect communities</h3>



Knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/">flood risks</a> and the implementation of strategies to mitigate these risks are crucial for community resilience. 



Protecting communities involves a combination of planning, infrastructure development, and public education:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilient-infrastructure">Resilient infrastructure</h4>



Building flood defenses such as levees, floodwalls, and reservoirs can help protect communities from floodwaters. 



Additionally, designing infrastructure to withstand flood conditions ensures that essential services can continue during and after a flood event.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoning-and-land-use-planning">Zoning and land use planning </h4>



By understanding the areas most at risk, planners can restrict development in high-risk zones and promote land use that reduces vulnerability to flooding. 



This includes preserving wetlands that can absorb <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hurricane-flooding-poses-a-dangerous-threat-to-water-quality/">floodwaters</a> and implementing green infrastructure like rain gardens to manage runoff.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergency-response-strategies">Emergency response strategies </h4>



Effective emergency planning and communication are critical in protecting communities during flood events. 



This includes having evacuation plans in place, ensuring that vulnerable populations receive assistance, and establishing clear communication channels for disseminating warnings and information.



Overall, floods are far more intricate than just "too much rain." By understanding the interplay of temperature, soil, snow, and precipitation patterns, we gain critical insights that could save lives and property.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl4005" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Extreme floods: What turns a rainstorm into a catastrophe?

Floods can devastate communities. Homes are lost, lives are changed,...

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, featuring researchers from the <a href="https://cfa.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Astrophysics</a> (CfA), has recently shared an image showing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supermassive-black-hole-at-the-center-of-our-galaxy-revealed/">supermassive black hole</a> Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) at the heart of the Milky Way Galaxy in polarized light. The image has revealed magnetic fields spiraling from the black hole's vicinity.&nbsp;



This discovery, which mirrors the magnetic field structure seen in the M87 galaxy's central black hole, suggests that such powerful magnetic fields are a universal feature around black holes.&nbsp;



The researchers unveiled the first image of Sgr A* - a black hole located about 27,000 light-years from Earth - in 2022, highlighting its striking resemblance to the far larger M87’s black hole, and thus sparking curiosity about their shared characteristics beyond mere appearance.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-twisted-and-organized-magnetic-fields">Strong, twisted, and organized magnetic fields</h2>



To better understand these features, the experts studied Sgr A* through polarized light, a technique previously applied to M87* to clarify how the giant black hole's magnetic fields could expel material into its surroundings. The new polarized light images of Sgr A* indicate a similar phenomenon might be at play around our galaxy's core.



“What we’re seeing now is that there are strong, twisted, and organized magnetic fields near the black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy,” said co-lead author Sara Issaoun, a CfA NASA Hubble Fellowship Program Einstein Fellow, and an astrophysicist at the <a href="https://pweb.cfa.harvard.edu/about/about-smithsonian-astrophysical-observatory">Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory</a> (SAO).&nbsp;



“Along with Sgr A* having a strikingly similar polarization structure to that seen in the much larger and more powerful M87* black hole, we’ve learned that strong and ordered magnetic fields are critical to how black holes interact with the gas and matter around them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imaging-polarized-light">Imaging polarized light</h2>



Light travels as an electromagnetic wave that oscillates, enabling us to perceive the world around us. At times, this oscillation occurs in a specific direction, resulting in what is known as "polarized" light.&nbsp;



Even though both polarized and unpolarized light surround us, our human vision cannot differentiate between the two. Near black holes, however, the situation changes dramatically. Here, particles whirling around magnetic fields adopt a polarization orientation that aligns at right angles to these fields.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-ability-to-peer-into-the-vicinity-of-black-holes">Unique ability to peer into the vicinity of black holes</h2>



This polarization grants astronomers the unique ability to peer into the vicinity of black holes with enhanced clarity, allowing them to delineate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-shifts-ten-times-faster-than-expected/">structure</a> of magnetic fields and offering a clearer picture of the dynamic processes occurring within these enigmatic regions of space.



“By imaging polarized light from hot glowing gas near black holes, we are directly inferring the structure and strength of the magnetic fields that thread the flow of gas and matter that the black hole feeds on and ejects,” explained co-lead author Angelo Ricarte, a Harvard Black Hole Initiative Fellow.&nbsp;



“Polarized light teaches us a lot more about the astrophysics, the properties of the gas, and mechanisms that take place as a black hole feeds.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapidly-changing-black-holes">Rapidly changing black holes</h2>



Capturing Sgr A* in polarized light was no small feat due to its rapid changes, which challenge imaging efforts.&nbsp;



“It is exciting that we were able to make a polarized image of Sgr A* at all. The first image took months of extensive analysis to understand its dynamical nature and unveil its average structure,” said co-author Paul Tiede, a CfA postdoctoral fellow and SAO astrophysicist.



“Making a polarized image adds on the challenge of the dynamics of the magnetic fields around the black hole. Our models often predicted highly turbulent magnetic fields, making it extremely difficult to construct a polarized image. Fortunately, our black hole is much calmer, making the first image possible.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revealing-the-secrets-of-black-holes">Revealing the secrets of black holes</h2>



These polarized light images of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/">supermassive</a> black holes provide invaluable data for contrasting black holes of different sizes and masses. As technology advances, these images are expected to reveal more about black holes' secrets and their similarities or differences.



“M87* is much bigger, and it’s pulling in matter from its surroundings at a much faster rate. So, we might have expected that the magnetic fields also look very different. But in this case, they turned out to be quite similar, which may mean that this structure is common to all black holes,” said co-author Michi Bauböck, a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>.&nbsp;



“A better understanding of the magnetic fields near black holes helps us answer several open questions - from how jets are formed and launched to what powers the bright flares we see in infrared and X-ray light.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-event-horizon-telescope">The Event Horizon Telescope</h2>



CfA is currently initiating ambitious projects to significantly advance the capabilities of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) within the coming decade. The forefront of these initiatives is the <a href="https://www.ngeht.org/">next-generation EHT</a> (ngEHT) project, poised to revolutionize the current EHT framework.&nbsp;



This upgrade aims to introduce additional radio dishes to the network, facilitate observations in multiple colors simultaneously, and enhance the sensitivity of the entire setup.&nbsp;



The enhancements brought about by the ngEHT project are expected to empower the telescope array to capture real-time footage of supermassive black holes at the scale of their event horizons.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shedding-new-light-on-black-holes">Shedding new light on black holes</h2>



These dynamic visualizations will unveil intricate structures and phenomena occurring close to the event horizon, highlighting the intense gravitational forces at play as predicted by General Relativity and the processes involved in matter accretion and the launching of relativistic jets, which are instrumental in shaping cosmic structures on a grand scale.



Parallel to the ngEHT project, the <a href="https://www.blackholeexplorer.org/">Black Hole Explorer</a> (BHEX) mission concept envisions extending the reach of the EHT beyond Earth's confines into space, setting the stage for producing the most precise astronomical images ever achieved. BHEX is designed to capture and analyze the "photon ring," a distinct ring-shaped feature that emerges from light strongly bent by the gravitational field of black holes.&nbsp;



The dimensions and form of the photon ring encode vital information about a black hole's mass and spin, offering insights into the growth patterns of black holes and their interactions with their surrounding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shapes-of-one-million-galaxies-hint-at-the-universes-origins/">galaxies</a>. Together, these groundbreaking initiatives will likely shed new light on the surrounding black holes and elucidate their role in the cosmic tapestry.



The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad2df0">Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>.



Image Credit: EHT Collaboration



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Powerful magnetic fields found near Milky Way's black hole

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration, featuring researchers from the...

Green,Plants,With,Biochemistry,Structure,Illustration

Researchers at Purdue University have made significant strides in understanding plant communication through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical signals</a>, revealing their intricate language. 



Plants, incapable of movement, have evolved unique mechanisms for survival and communication, particularly through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-christmas-trees-produce-that-fresh-festive-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Volatile Organic Compounds</a> (VOCs). 



These compounds serve as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-talk-to-plants-using-light-based-messaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distress signals</a>, warning neighboring plants of potential dangers, such as insect attacks or diseases. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-roots-to-receptors-the-plant-communication-network">Roots to receptors: The plant communication network</h2>



<a href="https://ag.purdue.edu/directory/doudarev" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natalia Dudareva</a>, a Distinguished Professor at Purdue in the departments of Biochemistry and Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, emphasizes the importance of VOCs in plant communication. 



She describes it as a form of immunization, where plants primed by these signals respond more vigorously to threats, despite showing no visible changes under normal conditions.



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-talk-to-one-another-to-signal-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants inform</a> neighboring plants about pathogen attacks. It looks almost like immunization. Under normal conditions, you don’t see any changes in the receiver plant. But as soon as a receiver plant is infected, it responds much faster. It’s prepared for response," explained Dudareva.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plants-use-vocs-as-invisible-signals">How plants use VOCs as invisible signals</h2>



The concept of plants communicating through VOCs is not new to science, but the mechanisms behind this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> have remained largely unexplored due to the lack of identifiable markers. 



However, recent discoveries by Dudareva and her team have shed light on this process. Their research has documented how petunias produce volatiles to sterilize parts of their flowers, protecting against microbial invasion. 



This discovery, first <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41589-019-0287-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">published in 2019</a>, also introduced stigma size as a reliable marker for studying inter-organ communication in plants.



Shannon Stirling, a Ph.D. student at Purdue and the study's lead author, has contributed significantly to this research. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-karrikins-and-plant-communication">Karrikins and plant communication</h2>



Through meticulous analysis, including measurements of stigma size affected by exposure to VOCs, Stirling's work has helped establish a consistent trend in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-engage-in-more-conversations-after-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication process</a>. 



“There are a lot of sugars on the stigma, especially in petunias. It means that bacteria will grow very nicely without these volatiles present,” Dudareva explained. 



“But if the stigma does not receive tube-produced volatiles, it’s also smaller. This was interorgan communication. Now we had a good marker -- stigma size -- to study this communication process," she concluded.



This trend is further supported by genetic studies that pinpointed a karrikin-like signaling pathway as a crucial element in this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a>. 



Karrikins, interestingly, are compounds not produced by plants but are associated with smoke or fire exposure, raising intriguing questions about plant evolutionary biology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-selectivity-of-plant-receptors">Selectivity of plant receptors</h2>



The study also highlights the exceptional selectivity of plant receptors, particularly in recognizing specific sesquiterpene compounds. 



Matthew Bergman, a postdoctoral researcher and co-author of the study, points out the receptor's ability to differentiate between mirror images of compounds, emphasizing the precision of this signaling system in avoiding false triggers.



“The plant produces many different volatile compounds and is exposed to plenty of others,” Bergman said. “It’s quite remarkable how selective and specific this receptor is exclusively for this signal being sent from the tubes. Such specificity ensures that no other volatile signals are getting by. There’s no false signaling.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secrets-of-plant-pistils-and-stigmas">Secrets of plant pistils and stigmas</h2>



Stirling's expertise in protein manipulation has been pivotal in identifying the interactions between signaling molecules and receptors. The process involves delicate techniques to modify protein levels in petunia pistils, a challenging task given the small size of these organs. 



“Pistils and stigmas are small. They’re a little difficult to work with because of their size,” Stirling said. “Even the sheer amount of stigmas you need to get enough sample for anything is quite large because they don’t weigh much.”



This methodological breakthrough could pave the way for further discoveries in plant signaling and communication.



Petunias, with their vivid colors and fragrances, are more than just a visual delight. As Bergman notes, their value extends into the realm of scientific research, serving as an effective model for understanding complex biological processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-talk-as-both-an-art-and-a-science">Plant talk as both an art and a science</h2>



In summary, this fascinating research has peeled back the layers of mystery surrounding plant communication. These brilliant scientists discovered how petunias, through the sophisticated use of volatile organic compounds, communicate threats to their neighbors. This communication, in turn, effectively immunizes them against potential dangers. 



This study highlights the intricacies of plant signaling pathways, particularly through the discovery of the karrikin-like signaling mechanism and the precise receptor specificity for sesquiterpene compounds, while setting the stage for future research in plant biology. 



By advancing our understanding of these complex communication systems, scientists unlock new possibilities for enhancing plant resilience and health, paving the way for agricultural innovations and environmental conservation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-volatile-organic-compounds-vocs-and-plant-communication">More about Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and plant communication</h2>



As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-can-warn-each-other-of-imminent-dangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Volatile Organic Compounds</a> (VOCs) represent a vast group of chemicals that plants and other organisms naturally emit. These compounds easily evaporate at room temperature, making them a significant part of the air we breathe. 



In the plant kingdom, VOCs serve as critical components in a sophisticated communication network. They play pivotal roles in attracting pollinators, deterring herbivores, and signaling neighboring plants about environmental stressors.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-vocs-in-plant-communication">Role of VOCs in plant communication</h3>



Plants utilize VOCs to convey vital information to their surroundings. This form of communication is especially crucial in responding to threats such as herbivore attacks or disease. 



When a plant gets damaged, it releases specific VOCs into the air. These signals can directly repel pests or attract natural enemies of the pests, such as predators or parasitoids, effectively reducing the damage to the plant.



Moreover, VOCs are not just about defense. They are instrumental in forming symbiotic relationships and facilitating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-gives-pine-trees-fresh-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-to-plant interactions</a>. 



For example, when one plant is attacked, neighboring plants can detect the VOCs released and preemptively bolster their own defenses, a phenomenon known as "priming." This capability suggests a level of interconnectedness and communal support among plant populations.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocs-in-attracting-pollinators-and-symbiosis">VOCs in attracting pollinators and symbiosis</h3>



Beyond defense, plants produce VOCs to lure pollinators. These chemical signals can attract specific insects or animals, ensuring the plant's reproductive success. 



The diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-skunky-cannabis-emissions-affect-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">array of scents</a> and odors produced by flowers is primarily due to VOCs, tailored to appeal to the plant's pollinators, whether they be bees, birds, or bats.



Furthermore, VOCs facilitate symbiotic relationships between plants and microorganisms. Certain VOCs can attract beneficial microbes that help the plant absorb nutrients more efficiently or provide resistance against pathogens. 



This interaction underscores the complexity of VOCs in plant ecology, extending beyond plant-to-plant communication to encompass a broader ecological network.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-vocs-on-ecosystem-dynamics">Impact of VOCs on ecosystem dynamics</h3>



The exchange of VOCs among plants and between plants and other organisms significantly influences ecosystem dynamics. It affects plant competition, biodiversity, and the structure of plant communities. 



VOCs can mediate the outcome of plant interactions, determining which species dominate in certain conditions and contributing to the overall health and resilience of ecosystems.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vocs-and-future-study-on-plant-communication">VOCs and future study on plant communication</h3>



As discussed above, Volatile Organic Compounds are more than mere byproducts of plant metabolism. They are vital communicative tools that plants use to interact with their environment. 



Through the release of VOCs, plants can defend against predators, attract pollinators, and communicate with neighboring flora, showcasing a sophisticated level of interaction that mirrors the complexity of animal communication networks. 



As research in this field progresses, we continue to uncover the depth and breadth of plant communication, revealing an intricate world where plants are far from passive entities in their ecosystems.



This study, which appears in the March 22, 2024, issue of the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl4685" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, is a collaborative effort involving scientists from <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue</a>, <a href="https://www.univ-st-etienne.fr/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne</a><a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> in France, and the University of California-Davis</a>.



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Plants have an astonishing biochemical communication network

Researchers at Purdue University have made significant strides in understanding...

A fascinating study conducted by an international team of scientists has recently found that an individual's distinctive facial features might be significantly influenced by their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brainteaser-how-can-a-mothers-diet-protect-the-brain-health-of-their-grandchildren/">mother's dietary choices</a> during pregnancy, specifically the consumption of protein-rich foods.&nbsp;



This research suggests that the variety in human appearances, including skull shape and nasal cartilage, can be traced back to the womb, where genes are activated by nutritional factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-development-of-craniofacial-skeletal-structures">Development of craniofacial skeletal structures</h2>



“The development of craniofacial skeletal structures is fascinatingly complex and elucidation of the underlying mechanisms will not only provide novel scientific insights, but also help develop more effective clinical approaches to the treatment and/or prevention of the numerous congenital craniofacial malformations,” wrote the researchers.



“To this end, we performed a genome-wide analysis of RNA transcription from non-coding regulatory elements by CAGE-sequencing of the facial mesenchyme of human embryos and cross-checked the active enhancers thus identified against genes, identified by GWAS for the normal range human facial appearance.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-facial-features-during-embryonic-development">Shaping facial features during embryonic development</h2>



The experts explored how the gene complex known as ‘mTORC1’ plays a pivotal role in shaping facial features during embryonic development. The analyses revealed that a diet high in protein during pregnancy can enhance the activity of the mTORC1 genes, thereby ‘fine-tuning’ the baby's facial characteristics.&nbsp;



This can influence various aspects of a child's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kids-make-snap-judgments/">appearance</a>, such as the length and width of the nose, the shape of the cheeks, and the prominence of the jawline.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noticeable-differences-among-siblings">Noticeable differences among siblings</h2>



While it's understood that the fundamental aspects of a human face are inherited from parents, there are often noticeable differences among siblings and even among identical twins.&nbsp;



These subtle variations have long intrigued scientists, and the current study offers new insights, suggesting that the mother's diet plays a crucial role in determining these unique facial traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spectrum-of-facial-features-nbsp">Spectrum of facial features&nbsp;</h2>



"We found that modulation of the level of protein in the maternal diet regulates mTORC1 activity, resulting in subtle but distinct changes in the craniofacial shape of the embryos," the researchers explained.&nbsp;



This modulation leads to a "spectrum" of facial features, indicating a nuanced interplay between diet, genetics, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/embryo-structures-fetal-development/">embryonic development</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-protein-diet-linked-to-more-pronounced-facial-features">High protein diet linked to more pronounced facial features</h2>



In experiments involving pregnant mice and fish, changes in the mothers' diets were observed to alter mTORC1 signaling within the womb, subsequently affecting the facial features of their offspring.&nbsp;



Specifically, diets high in protein were linked to more pronounced facial features, such as enlarged jaws and thicker nasal cartilage, whereas lower protein intake resulted in more slender and pointed facial characteristics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptive-advantages-to-offspring">Adaptive advantages to offspring</h2>



This dietary influence on facial development may confer certain adaptive advantages to offspring, depending on their environmental context. For example, in some fish species, offspring born to mothers on low-nutrition diets tend to have longer, thinner noses - an attribute that could be advantageous in environments where food is scarce, aiding in foraging for food.



“A key aspect of most social communication between humans is facial recognition<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46030-3#ref-CR1">1</a>. Accordingly, congenital craniofacial malformations, including cleft palate, craniosynostosis, and craniofacial skeletal hypoplasia, which together account for more than one-third of all congenital birth defects, can have a profound influence on social interactions,” wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



“From an evolutionary perspective, the viscerocranium harbors vital structures such as the feeding apparatus and supports sensory organs. Its precise sculpting and inheritable reproducibility are of unequivocal importance for survival.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-and-valuable-insights">Study implications and valuable insights </h2>



The implications of this study extend beyond the scientific curiosity of why we look the way we do, suggesting that maternal nutrition can have lasting effects on offspring, potentially tailored to environmental conditions.&nbsp;



"In summary, we have demonstrated here that the mTORC1 pathway modulates the embryonic shaping of craniofacial skeletal elements at the stage of chondrogenic condensations, with subsequent fine-tuning during intercalation of chondro-progenitors," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Furthermore, we provide evidence for an impact of maternal protein intake during pregnancy on the shaping of fetal craniofacial cartilage."



“These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying craniofacial shaping and, potentially, the phenotypic plasticity of this process as well and, in addition, help elucidate the role of material dietary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-too-much-protein-greatly-increases-heart-disease-risk/">protein</a> during pregnancy in this context."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46030-3#Sec8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Facial features influenced by mother's diet during pregnancy

A fascinating study conducted by an international team of scientists...

Rock-wallabies are small to medium-sized marsupials native to Australia, known for their agility in navigating rocky terrains.



But, turns out, they may have something similar to Napoleon complex. The idea that some shorter individuals may overcompensate for their lack of height with aggressive or dominant behavior. 



Scientists at <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> have playfully dubbed this "Little Wallaby Syndrome."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-rock-wallabies">What are rock-wallabies?</h2>



Rock-wallabies thrive in rocky, rugged terrains where their agility and compact size give them an edge. 



These animals, known for their boundless energy and impressive hopping abilities, belong to the kangaroo family but are far more diminutive and nimble. 



Unlike their larger kangaroo relatives, who dominate the vast open landscapes of Australia, rock-wallabies prefer the shelter and complexity of rocky outcrops and cliffs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-and-skills">Characteristics and skills</h2>



Distinguished by their thick, bushy tails for balance, rock-wallabies are masters of their rocky domain. Their powerful hind legs propel them in gravity-defying leaps across treacherous terrain, aiding in both swift movement and predator evasion. 



To further enhance their survival, their patterned coats blend seamlessly with the rocky landscape, offering superb camouflage against eagles, dingoes, and other hunters.



Intriguingly, some rock-wallaby species are exceptionally tiny. The nabarlek, for instance, is about the size of a rabbit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-bite-small-body">Big bite, small body</h2>



Imagine a chihuahua taking on a German shepherd's bone. It seems unlikely, right? However, in nature, the impossible sometimes happens. 



The researchers discovered that dwarf rock-wallabies can pack a proportionally stronger bite than their much larger cousins. This allows them to chow down on the same tough vegetation as their bigger counterparts.



Dr. Rex Mitchell, a leading researcher on this study, humorously noted, "If I were a vegetable, I would not mess with a pygmy rock-wallaby. They totally have 'Little Wallaby Syndrome'."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-do-rock-wallabies-do-it">How do rock-wallabies do it?</h2>



The secret to their powerful bite lies in their skull adaptations. Here's what scientists found:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mighty-jaws">Mighty jaws</h3>



Dwarf rock-wallabies have shorter, rounder snouts and teeth positioned at the back, where they can generate a much harder bite. It's like having built-in power tools in their mouths!



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supersized-teeth">Supersized teeth</h3>



Some of their teeth are surprisingly large for their body size, another indication of their ability to bite harder.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tooth-specialization">Tooth specialization</h3>



The two dwarf rock-wallaby species have differently enlarged teeth – one has larger molars, the other larger premolars. This suggests they've adapted to tackle different types of vegetation.



The nabarlek, with its giant molars, has another trick up its furry sleeve – it can continuously grow new molars throughout its life. This is likely an adaptation to grinding down tough, abrasive plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



Dr. Mitchell explained why these findings are significant: "The functional effects of skull size on skull shape are often ignored because differences in size are not generally considered to be related to feeding adaptations."



This research proves otherwise. It shows that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-pets-have-a-high-risk-of-heatstroke/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smaller animals</a> don't always have to change what they eat; they can instead evolve clever ways to process those foods. 



These findings might help us understand how other species, and the entire ecosystem they belong to, might adapt to changing conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-rock-wallabies">Lessons from rock-wallabies</h2>



Beyond the fascinating science, there's something deeply inspiring about these tenacious rock-wallabies. They teach us that:



<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-hunting-asia-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Size</a> doesn't always determine strength.</li>



<li>Adaptations can be incredibly creative and surprising.</li>



<li>There is always another way if you have the determination (and perhaps a stronger bite)</li>
</ul>



“We already knew that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shift-smaller-animals-next-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smaller animals</a> have a harder time eating the same foods as larger ones, simply because their jaws are smaller. For example, a chihuahua wouldn’t be able to chew on a big bone as easily as a German Shepherd,” said Dr Mitchell, from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/lab/Vera-Weisbecker-Lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Morphological Evo-Devo Lab</a>&nbsp;at Flinders University.



So, the next time you encounter a seemingly small and unassuming creature, remember the rock-wallaby and its mighty bite. There might be more to it than meets the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about rock-wallabies&nbsp;</h2>



Rock-wallabies are fascinating marsupials native to Australia and the island of New Guinea, known for their distinctive rock-dwelling habits. These small to medium-sized marsupials belong to the genus Petrogale and are closely related to kangaroos and wallaroos, all part of the macropod family, which means “big foot.”



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat</h3>



Rock-wallabies have powerful hind legs, enabling them to navigate steep and rocky terrain with remarkable ease and precision. Their ability to leap and bound across rocks, often landing on tiny footholds with accuracy, is a key adaptation to their habitat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



Their fur varies in color but generally serves as camouflage, blending in with the rocky environments they inhabit. Rock-wallabies typically have a darker dorsal (back) side and a lighter ventral (belly) side, with some species featuring distinctive patterns or color bands.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diet</h3>



Rock-wallabies are herbivores, feeding on a variety of vegetation, including grasses, leaves, and fruits. Their diet varies depending on what's available in their specific habitat, which can range from moist forested areas to dry, rocky outcrops.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction&nbsp;</h3>



Reproduction in rock wallabies involves unique characteristics shared by other marsupials, such as embryonic diapause, where the development of the embryo can pause until environmental or physiological conditions are favorable.&nbsp;



After birth, the joey (baby wallaby) continues to develop in the mother's pouch, emerging fully formed after several months.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2024.0045" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Letters</a>.



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Study reveals the surprising jaw strength of rock-wallabies

Rock-wallabies are small to medium-sized marsupials native to Australia, known...

Deepfake detection involves identifying videos and images that have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distinguishing-ai-generated-images-of-people-from-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">manipulated</a> using artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques to make it appear as though individuals are saying or doing things they never actually did. 



As deepfakes become more sophisticated, detecting them becomes increasingly challenging, but it is crucial for maintaining trust in digital media.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-approach-to-deepfake-detection">Primary approach to deepfake detection</h2>



The primary approach to deepfake detection is to use machine learning models trained to differentiate between genuine and manipulated content. These models analyze various aspects of the media, such as inconsistencies in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">facial expressions</a>, unnatural blinking patterns, and discrepancies in lighting or background noise. 



Since deepfakes are created by algorithms that can have specific weaknesses, these models often look for signs that those algorithms have been used.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-method-to-detect-audio-deepfakes">Breakthrough method to detect audio deepfakes </h2>



Now, deepfake detection has entered a new era with an innovative breakthrough by scientists at <a href="https://www.klick.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Klick Labs</a>. The team has developed an unprecedented approach for combating the increasingly sophisticated world of audio deepfakes. 



Utilizing artificial intelligence, this method captures the subtle nuances that distinguish genuine human speech from artificial imitations. It presents a promising solution to challenges highlighted by recent incidents, such as the fake Joe Biden robocall and the counterfeit Taylor Swift cookware advertisement on Meta. 



Consequently, this advancement arrives at a critical moment, with increasingly indistinguishable artificial voices becoming more common.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tapping-into-humanity-s-vocal-signatures">Tapping into humanity's vocal signatures</h2>



The inspiration for this novel detection method has a dual origin. Initially, it stems from Klick Labs' prior research on employing vocal biomarkers to improve health outcomes. Moreover, it is fueled by a fascination with the portrayal of artificial intelligence in science fiction movies, like "Blade Runner."



Subsequently, researchers honed in on the "signs of life" in human speech, such as breathing patterns and micro-pauses. They crafted a technique that leverages these vocal biomarkers for accurate deepfake detection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-a-new-detection-paradigm">Unveiling a new detection paradigm</h2>



Yan Fossat, Senior Vice President of Klick Labs and the study's principal investigator, emphasized the effectiveness of this approach. 



"Our findings highlight the potential to use vocal biomarkers as a novel approach to flagging deepfakes because they lack the telltale signs of life inherent in authentic content," explained Fossat. "These signs are usually undetectable to the human ear but are now discernible thanks to machine learning and vocal biomarkers."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-study-of-sounds">A study of sounds</h2>



The open-access journal JMIR Biomedical Engineering recently published the study titled "Investigation of Deepfake Voice Detection using Speech Pause Patterns: Algorithm Development and Validation." The study demonstrates how vocal biomarkers, combined with machine learning, can distinguish between deepfakes and authentic audio with reliable precision. 



The research involved 49 participants with diverse backgrounds and accents. Deepfake models were trained on their voice samples to create corresponding artificial audio samples. Through analyzing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/computer-models-can-mimic-human-language-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">speech</a> pause metrics, the team was able to differentiate real from fake voices with approximately 80 percent accuracy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-deepfake-detection">The future of deepfake detection</h2>



This development is especially pertinent in light of recent voice cloning scams and the Federal Communications Commission's decision to outlaw deepfake voices in robocalls. Furthermore, with Meta's initiative to label AI-generated content and the looming threat of deepfakes influencing the upcoming U.S. presidential election, the need for effective detection methods is more pressing than ever.



Fossat acknowledged the constant evolution of deepfake technology and the ongoing challenge it presents. "While our study offers a promising solution to this growing problem, we recognize the need to continuously advance our detection technology to keep pace with the increasing realism of deepfakes," he said.



Klick Labs' pioneering work highlights the potential of AI and vocal biomarkers in safeguarding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functioning-quantum-internet-makes-giant-stride-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digital communication</a> authenticity. It also underscores the necessity of innovation amidst evolving digital threats. As deepfakes become more realistic, advancing detection methods is crucial to maintain our digital integrity.



Ultimately, deepfake detection is a multifaceted challenge. It's a critical field of research as the implications of undetected deepfakes can be significant, affecting everything from personal reputations to the integrity of democratic processes.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://biomedeng.jmir.org/2024/1/e56245" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JMIR Biomedical Engineering</a>.



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Deepfake detection: Inauthentic content lacks telltale signs of life

Deepfake detection involves identifying videos and images that have been...

Dust,Storm,Off,Western,Sahara.,.,Elements,Of,This,Image

We often dismiss springtime allergies as reactions to local pollen. Yet, something else might cause our sniffles and sneezes: a massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sand-and-dust-storms-have-become-unpredictable-and-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a> that originate thousands of miles away in Africa's Sahara region.



These gargantuan dust plumes travel the globe every summer, carrying a cocktail of pollutants and potential pathogens across continents.



Dr. Shankar Chellam, a <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=Texas+A%26M+University&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a> professor is leading the charge to understand the biological hitchhikers within dust storms. 



He and his team are working to determine what microbes, specifically bacteria and fungi, migrate with the dust and explore their potential impact on human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-passengers-in-sahara-dust">Hidden passengers in Sahara dust</h2>



"We all get allergies and potentially other more severe health effects when we breathe in dust, and it's not fully known as to what causes those allergies," said Dr. Chellam. 



"Some people may think it is just the sand or clay minerals in the dust. Others think it is the metals or organics in the dust, and then some think it's the bacteria and fungi."



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-dust-hurricanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saharan dust</a> cloud carries vast amounts of sand particles that transport bacteria and fungi. 



Dr. Chellam's research uniquely addresses how Saharan dust storms introduce these microbes into North America.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-dust-storm-from-sahara-tells-us">What the dust storm from Sahara tells us</h2>



Dr. Chellam and his team analyzed samples from a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-satellites-are-monitoring-the-sahara-dust-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saharan dust</a> event that reached Houston in 2018. They measured metals, bacteria, and fungi to investigate any connections.



Fascinatingly, their findings revealed strong links between the biodiversity of the microbes and specific elements, especially calcium. 



While these elements occur naturally in the Sahara, they also exist in our local environments. Pinpointing the exact origin of the dust and its cargo remains a challenge that scientists continue to tackle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-air-not-as-empty-as-we-think">Our air - Not as empty as we think</h2>



Perhaps the most startling discovery is that even seemingly lifeless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistant-bacteria-have-been-found-in-clouds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">clouds</a> of dust brim with biological activity. 



"A key takeaway from this study is that a lot of biodiversity is not scientifically described. It doesn't have a name, it can't be cultured, and because it can't be cultured, it's difficult to study," explained Dr. Daniel Spalink, assistant professor at Texas A&amp;M.



The team's high-tech DNA analysis allowed them to create an inventory of bacteria and fungi, even if the microbes themselves weren't active. 



Surprisingly, they found traces of several pathogens known to cause disease in humans, as listed by the World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>).



"It doesn't tell us if they are going to be able to infect us and make us sick," Spalink cautions, "But at least the DNA of several pathogenic bacteria and fungi were identified in the African dust."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change-on-sahara-dust">Impact of climate change on Sahara dust</h2>



Climate change is altering weather patterns globally. This transformation affects dust storm behavior, leading to variations in their frequency and intensity. 



In 2020, the United States experienced the most massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/sahara-dust-plume-moves-toward-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saharan dust</a> storm ever recorded, which experts named "Godzilla." 



This event highlighted the potential for increasing occurrences of such dust invasions. "The whole dynamics of the Saharan dust coming to Houston is primarily driven by atmospheric processes," said Dr. Sourav Das, a former student of Dr. Chellam.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-connection-of-sahara-dust">Global connection of Sahara dust</h2>



Sahara dust storm travels far beyond the borders of North America, affecting global environmental systems in profound ways. 



This dust, originating from the vast Sahara Desert, embarks on transcontinental journeys that influence climate, ocean biology, and ecosystems far removed from its source. 



The Saharan dust plays a critical role in climate regulation. As it travels across oceans and continents, it reflects sunlight back into space, cooling the Earth's surface. 



This natural phenomenon acts as a counterbalance to the warming effects of greenhouse gases, showcasing how desert dust can influence global temperatures. 



However, the dust also carries microorganisms and nutrients, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-phosphorus-will-limit-growth-of-the-amazon-rainforest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phosphorus</a>, that fertilize remote ecosystems, from the Amazon rainforest to the Caribbean Sea, demonstrating nature's complex nutrient cycles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-to-oceans">Benefits to oceans</h2>



Ocean biology benefits from the nutrient-rich dust as well. When Saharan dust settles on ocean waters, it delivers essential minerals that stimulate the growth of phytoplankton. 



These microscopic plants form the foundation of the oceanic food chain, supporting a diverse array of marine life. 



The influx of nutrients from the Sahara can thus boost marine productivity, affecting fish populations and the global fishing industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2>



The impact of Saharan dust is not universally beneficial. In ecosystems unaccustomed to the influx of foreign particles and nutrients, the dust can disrupt local environments. 



For example, excessive dust deposition can smother coral reefs, blocking sunlight and hindering photosynthesis. This can stress coral ecosystems, leading to bleaching events and loss of biodiversity.



Moreover, the health implications of Saharan dust extend across continents. The dust carries not only nutrients but also pollutants and pathogens that can affect air quality and public health. 



Communities in the path of these dust plumes may experience increased respiratory issues, allergies, and diseases, highlighting the need for global health monitoring and preparedness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-insights">Study insights</h2>



It's crucial to gather data across multiple <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dust-storms-in-the-gulf-of-alaska-help-shape-the-global-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust events</a>, spanning many years, to get a clearer picture of these airborne microbial communities and how they might transform over time.



While a lot remains unknown, research like this shines a spotlight on the hidden travelers swirling in the air we breathe -- travelers who might be affecting our health in surprising ways. 



The next time you catch a glimpse of a dust storm rolling in, remember the globe-trotting microbes it carries!



The findings of the study are published in <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c04158" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Sahara desert dust storms carry harmful bacteria and fungi around the globe

We often dismiss springtime allergies as reactions to local pollen....

Our brains are incredible machines. Over time, they change along with our bodies. It's no surprise that as we pile on the years, our mental sharpness and social awareness can take a hit. But what if there's a way to slow down this decline? This is where the compelling study from the Singapore University of Technology and Design (<a href="https://sutd.edu.sg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SUTD</a>) on <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/babies-in-bilingual-homes-have-cognitive-advantages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bilingual</a> brain becomes relevant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-reserves">Cognitive reserves</h2>



Cognitive reserve provides an alternative perspective on brain function, emphasizing the brain's capacity to form various pathways and implement backup systems to maintain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-babies-cognitive-advantages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> health. 



This concept suggests that some individuals possess a more extensive network of these pathways, enabling them to manage cognitive challenges more effectively.



Professor Yow Wei Quin from SUTD noted, "These reserves highlight the brain’s flexibility and resilience. An individual with greater reserves is likely to maintain good cognitive function in aging.”



Here's the surprise -- bilingualism might be a major key. Imagine the workout your brain gets switching between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-storage-learn-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">languages</a>. 



Previous studies have shown that bilinguals tend to have better mental flexibility, focus, and memory -- vital skills for understanding others' thoughts and emotions (known as "theory of mind").



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-having-a-bilingual-brain">Benefits of having a bilingual brain</h2>



But here's the burning question: could these social benefits protect the aging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-children-have-lasting-cognitive-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>? That's what Prof. Yow and Dr. Li Xiaoqian from SUTD set out to explore. 



The team suspected that learning a second <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/language-impact-perception-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> early in life could reshape our brains to create those precious cognitive reserves.



"There is evidence that learning and using a second language results in structural and functional changes in the bilingual brain," explained Dr. Li. It's a little like building an extra wing on your mental mansion!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bilingual-brains-show-deeper-empathy-and-connection">Bilingual brains show deeper empathy and connection</h2>



The study revealed that, in fact, people who learned a second <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-begin-to-learn-language-before-they-are-even-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> early actually did have a leg up. Specifically, the research pointed out significant increases in brain volume in key areas responsible for a set of crucial functions.



First, there's the area related to understanding mental states. This is where our capacity to infer what others are thinking and feeling resides. 



It's a fundamental aspect of human interaction, allowing us to empathize and connect with people on a deeper level. 



The study found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-children-learn-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early bilinguals</a> have greater volume in this part of the brain, suggesting they might be better equipped at navigating social landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-and-language-control">Cognitive and language control</h2>



Then, there's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/computer-models-can-mimic-human-language-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language control</a>. This is the engine behind our ability to switch between languages seamlessly, without confusion or delay. 



It's what enables bilinguals to flip from one language to another, almost effortlessly. The research shows that those who learn a second language early have a more developed area of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-language-is-specially-stored-in-the-brain-for-easy-access/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> dedicated to this function.



Cognitive control is another area where early bilinguals shine. This function is essential for focusing attention, especially in environments filled with distractions. 



It's about being able to maintain concentration on a task at hand, disregarding irrelevant information. The study reveals that early bilingualism contributes to greater brain volume in regions associated with cognitive control.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bilingual-education-and-brain">Bilingual education and brain</h2>



What's particularly striking is that the earlier a person learns a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/speaking-multiple-languages-slows-down-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">second language</a>, the more pronounced these brain benefits appear to be. 



This insight is groundbreaking because it suggests that the timing of bilingual education can influence the degree to which it fortifies the brain against age-related decline. 



Essentially, the study posits that early bilingualism doesn't just teach a child <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/best-ages-learn-language/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">another language</a> -- it builds a more resilient brain.



But the magic didn't stop there. The earlier a person learned that second language, the more benefits their brains seemed to reap. This supports the idea that early bilingualism could establish a strong cognitive reserve, shielding a person from age-related decline. Isn't that mind-blowing?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



"Our findings highlight the potential social-cognitive benefits associated with acquiring a second language early in life," stated Dr. Li. This research has the potential to change how we view education and even the ways we approach healthy aging.



While it's clear that picking up a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-brains-can-switch-between-languages-with-ease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">second language</a> early makes a difference, that doesn't mean all is lost for the rest of us. The researchers plan to dive deeper into the topic, exploring whether bilingualism can benefit everyone's social cognition as they age.



This research is a reminder of the incredible power and adaptability of our brains. Even small choices, like learning a new language, may have long-lasting positive benefits. 



Until the science catches up, it's never too late to give your brain a workout – start with a few words of Spanish, a touch of French, or a dive into any language that sparks your curiosity.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-48710-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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A bilingual brain maintains its youthfulness with age

Our brains are incredible machines. Over time, they change along...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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