<p>Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy.</p>



<p>This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yellowstone-aspens-and-elk">Yellowstone, aspens, and elk</h2>



<p>In the 1920s, people <a href="https://www.yellowstone.org/wolf-project/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eliminated wolves in Yellowstone</a>. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right thing to do.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/from-wolves-to-dogs-did-domestication-begin-without-human-help/">Without wolves</a>, elk herds grew very large. Elk love to eat aspen shoots - the tender young growth is highly palatable to them.</p>



<p>For roughly 70 years, elk browsed aspen sprouts down to stub height, and the trees couldn't grow. </p>



<p>If you had walked through Yellowstone in the 1980s, you would have seen many tiny aspen shoots covering the ground, but almost no young trees gaining height. </p>



<p>The forest's regeneration was stalled. Old trees died, and no new ones replaced them.</p>



<p>In 1995 and 1996, park managers reintroduced wolves into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-supervolcano-eruption-study-sparks-new-debate-on-where-and-when-it-will-erupt/">Yellowstone Park ecosystem</a>. Scientists hoped and wondered whether this would change anything for the trees.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-aspen-matter-to-yellowstone">Why aspen matter to Yellowstone</h2>



<p>Aspen groves provide habitat for many species. Birds nest in them. Beavers eat the bark and use the wood for dams. Butterflies and moths lay eggs on the leaves. </p>



<p>Their canopy admits enough light for wildflowers and shrubs to grow beneath. When it rains, aspen groves hold water in the soil better than some other forest types.</p>



<p>In short, when aspen return, dozens of other species benefit. More trees support more insects, which in turn support more birds, enriching the ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-checking-the-trees-three-decades-later">Checking the trees three decades later</h2>



<p><a href="https://fwcs.oregonstate.edu/users/luke-painter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luke Painter</a>, an ecologist at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>, sought clear answers. His team returned to 87 aspen stands across Yellowstone that scientists had previously surveyed. </p>



<p>They measured thousands of young trees, looked for bite marks, and counted how many stems were tall enough that elk could no longer reach the tips.</p>



<p>About a third of these stands now have many tall young aspens pushing toward the canopy. </p>



<p>"About 26 of the 87 aspen stands we examined had large numbers of tall saplings throughout, a remarkable change from the 1990s when surveys found none at all," Painter said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolves-matter-to-yellowstone-aspens">Why wolves matter to Yellowstone aspens</h2>



<p>Breaking it all down, the conclusions of this study are pretty simple. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wolves-move-pups-across-mountains-to-adapt-to-climate-pressure/">Wolves hunt elk</a>. When wolves came back, two things happened. First, elk numbers declined from unusually high levels. Second, elk changed their behavior. They spent less time in the same areas feeding.</p>



<p>With fewer elk and shorter feeding bouts, more aspen shoots survived long enough to exceed the browsing zone - about six to seven feet high. </p>



<p>Once a sapling reaches that height, elk cannot easily reach the growing tip. The tree continues to grow.</p>



<p>"The reintroduction of large carnivores has initiated a recovery process that had been shut down for decades," Painter explained.</p>



<p>Scientists call this a <a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/trophic-cascades-across-diverse-plant-ecosystems-80060347/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trophic cascade</a> - when adding or removing one species causes changes that ripple through the whole system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-places-recover-others-don-t">Some places recover, others don't</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, not every aspen stand has recovered yet. Some valleys still have many short, heavily browsed shoots, because it's not only elk eating them anymore. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstones-iconic-bison-have-merged-into-a-single-herd/">Bison herds have grown</a>, and bison browse on aspen as well. They are strong enough to break young trees. </p>



<p>"Increasing numbers of bison may be emerging as a new constraint to aspen in some areas," Painter confirmed.</p>



<p>Additionally, winter snow depth varies; droughts stress trees; bears and mountain lions also hunt elk; and hunting outside the park influences elk distribution. </p>



<p>All of these factors interact, which is why some sites show strong recovery, others show moderate recovery, and a few have changed very little.</p>



<p>The key pattern is that places with many tall saplings experience little browsing, and aspen groves that remain popular eating grounds today stay short. </p>



<p>This fact is the strongest indication that tree recovery is linked directly to wolf presence, not solely to weather or soil conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proof-in-the-measurements">Proof in the measurements</h2>



<p>Painter's team did not rely on casual observation. They used the same methods as earlier researchers, measuring the same plots. </p>



<p>They counted recruitment - when young trees surpass browsing height and begin progressing toward maturity. This measure is crucial. Sprouts are insufficient if they never grow; without recruitment, the forest cannot replace itself.</p>



<p>The results are robust. After being stalled for most of a century, Yellowstone's aspens are increasing in height. In recovering stands today, you will see saplings - six, eight, or ten feet tall - that were not present in the 1990s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-yellowstone-s-aspens">The future of Yellowstone's aspens</h2>



<p>"This is a remarkable case of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-viruses-found-in-yellowstones-hot-springs-may-be-near-the-root-of-all-life-on-earth/">ecological restoration</a>," Painter concluded. "Wolf reintroduction is yielding long-term ecological changes contributing to increased biodiversity and habitat diversity."</p>



<p>Trees grow slowly, so even with wolves restored, it will take decades for these young aspens to form a full-grown forest. </p>



<p>Some areas might never fully recover if bison numbers continue to rise or if the climate becomes too hot and dry.</p>



<p>Thanks to the work of Painter and his team, scientists are now certain that restoring the Yellowstone predator has restarted aspen forest regeneration. Not everywhere and not perfectly, but enough to be measured, creating hope for the future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112725004499?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Forest Ecology and Management</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Yellowstone's aspen trees are growing again thanks to the reintroduction of wolves

Young aspen trees in Yellowstone are doing something they have not done in almost 100 years. Rather than sprouting and being eaten back to nubs by elk and bison, they're actually growing into tall, adult forest trees rising up towards the canopy. This matters more than it might seem, because it shows what happens when a missing piece of an ecosystem returns. Yellowstone, aspens, and elk In the 1920s, people eliminated wolves in Yellowstone. At the time, with limited scientific knowledge, managers believed it was the right...

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> have proposed a new way to determine when babies gain consciousness. This is an exciting prospect, and their method could help provide some long-sought answers.</p>



<p>Think back to when you were a tiny, squalling bundle of joy. Do you remember those first moments? Did you have a sense of being…well, <em>you</em>? Most of us don't, but deep down, we all want to know when that spark of self-awareness ignited. When did we transform from biological beings into conscious ones?</p>



<p>The idea of pinpointing when a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-movements-seem-random-but-help-with-coordination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baby</a> develops consciousness has fascinated philosophers and scientists for centuries. In the 1600s, philosopher René Descartes theorized that infants might think, but in simpler terms than adults. Even now, it's a question that leaves many of us scratching our heads.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-babies-give-clues-on-their-consciousness">Can babies give clues on their consciousness</h2>



<p>Spoiler alert: they can't. At least, not verbally. This makes studying infant consciousness a real challenge. "We can’t just ask <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-talk-sets-the-stage-for-speech-production-in-infants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a> when they become conscious." Sadly, no baby is going to break their silence with a thoughtful, "Hmm, I'd say around 6 months, actually," explained Dr. Henry Taylor.</p>



<p>Since we can't get answers directly from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-the-best-way-to-soothe-a-crying-baby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infants</a>, researchers suggest looking for scientifically identifiable "markers" of consciousness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consciousness-markers">Consciousness markers</h2>



<p>Think of it like this: you're trying to understand when your best friend started liking a new band. You can't read their mind, but you can look for markers - things like when they started humming the band's tunes, dressing in their merch, etc.</p>



<p>The same applies to consciousness. "For example, imagine that in adults, we know that a certain very specific behavior, or a specific pattern of brain activation always comes along with consciousness," said Dr. Taylor.</p>



<p>"Then, if we can identify when this behaviour or brain activation arises in babies, we have good reason to think that this is when consciousness emerges in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microwaving-baby-food-containers-releases-billions-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">babies</a>. Behaviours and brain activations like this are what we call ‘markers’ of consciousness."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-babies-markers-of-consciousness">Babies markers of consciousness</h2>



<p>A recent study proposed four specific markers of consciousness – some present even before birth. This indicates that consciousness emerges early, maybe even in the third trimester of pregnancy. </p>



<p>However, researchers Dr. Taylor and Professor Andrew Bremner suggest this is overly simplistic. They point to another set of markers that appear later in development:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pointing">Pointing</h3>



<p>This isn't just about chubby toddler fingers. It's about bringing someone's attention to something and checking if they're also focused on it. This social awareness shows a developing sense of self and others.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intentional-control">Intentional control</h3>



<p>Think of a baby deliberately pulling a blanket to get a toy that was out of reach. As Professor Bremner says, this planned action – "intentional means-end coordination of actions" – is a possible marker of consciousness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explicit-memory">Explicit memory</h3>



<p>The ability to remember and copy actions later (like playing pretend weeks after seeing someone do it) reveals more complex awareness. It's what researchers call "deferred imitation of actions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complications-with-babies-consciousness">Complications with babies consciousness</h2>



<p>"One of the complicated issues is that it does not look like all the markers point to the same age for the emergence of consciousness," said Dr. Taylor.</p>



<p>Some suggest consciousness arises in those last months of pregnancy, while others hint at around the one-year mark. And let's not forget those super-advanced markers that only crop up in 3-4 year olds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-roadmap-for-consciousness-research">A roadmap for consciousness research</h2>



<p>Professor Bremner urges us to consider a wider range of markers to create "clusters." He explained: "We propose that a broad approach to markers, including those that emerge in early and late stage, is needed."</p>



<p>"We also recommend that a range of developmental models of the onset of consciousness should be considered. For instance, it may be that some markers emerge in one cluster in early development, with others in a later cluster. As well as this there may be a continuous and gradual emergence of certain markers stretching over gestation and throughout early life.”</p>



<p>"We think that by clustering this broad selection of markers, we may finally be able to answer the question which has given us pause for thought for thousands of years. But it’s important to bear in mind that the answer may not be a simple one!” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-significance">Research significance</h2>



<p>Understanding the dawn of consciousness isn't just a fun mental puzzle. It opens a huge discussion about the rights of babies and how we care for them. It could change everything from medical practices to our overall understanding of the human experience. </p>



<p>We're one step closer to uncovering the mystery of how that little bundle of reflexes eventually turns into the unique, self-aware <em>person</em> they become.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/cognitive-sciences/abstract/S1364-6613(24)00007-X?rss=yes">Trends in Cognitive Sciences</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

When do babies start gaining their consciousness?

Researchers at the University of Birmingham have proposed a new...

Smile,,Happy,And,Coffee,Shop,Young,Woman,Enjoying,A,Cup

<p>Recent research has unveiled the potential health benefits of trigonelline -- a natural molecule found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>, fenugreek, and the human body. </p>



<p>This discovery is pivotal in the quest to improve muscle health and functionality, especially as it pertains to the condition known as sarcopenia.</p>



<p>Sarcopenia is characterized by the gradual weakening of muscles due to cellular changes associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>. This leads to a significant decline in muscle mass, strength, and ultimately, a reduction in physical independence. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-trigonelline-and-the-secrets-of-aging">Coffee, trigonelline and the secrets of aging</h2>



<p>One of the critical factors in the progression of sarcopenia is the decrease in the cellular cofactor NAD+ and a reduction in energy production by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-cells-batteries-leaking-causes-inflammation-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitochondria</a>, the cells' power generators.</p>



<p>The international research team, which , discovered that older individuals suffering from sarcopenia have lower levels of trigonelline. </p>



<p>In pre-clinical models, supplementation with trigonelline not only increased NAD+ levels but also enhanced mitochondrial activity, thus aiding in the preservation of muscle function during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>.</p>



<p>This revelation is part of a broader investigation into the mechanisms of human sarcopenia and builds on previous studies that uncovered novel aspects of this condition. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nad-the-molecular-fountain-of-youth">NAD+: The molecular fountain of youth</h2>



<p>The research highlights the importance of NAD+ and its precursors, such as the amino acid L-tryptophan (L-Trp) and various forms of vitamin B3 (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside, and nicotinamide mononucleotide), in maintaining muscle health.</p>



<p>Assistant Professor Vincenzo Sorrentino from <a href="https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NUS Medicine</a>'s Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme commented on the significance of these findings. </p>



<p>"Our findings expand the current understanding of NAD<sup>+</sup> metabolism with the discovery of trigonelline as a novel NAD<sup>+</sup> precursor and increase the potential of establishing interventions with NAD<sup>+</sup>-producing vitamins for both healthy longevity and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-discovered-in-plant-leaves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-associated</a> diseases applications," Sorrentino explained.</p>



<p>The study underscores the role of nutrition and physical activity in sustaining muscle health as we age. Jerome Feige, Head of the Physical Health department at <a href="https://www.nestlenutrition-institute.org/research-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nestlé Research</a>, expressed his enthusiasm about the collaborative effort's outcome. </p>



<p>"We were excited to discover through collaborative research that a natural molecule from food cross-talks with cellular hallmarks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-aging-molecule-extends-lifespan-by-improving-cellular-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a>. The benefits of trigonelline on cellular metabolism and muscle health during ageing opens promising translational applications," Feige elucidated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trigonelline-and-the-future-of-aging-and-muscle-health">Trigonelline and the future of aging and muscle health</h2>



<p>In summary, this intriguing research, led by Nestlé Research and the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine at NUS, underscores the significant potential of trigonelline. </p>



<p>This natural molecule found in everyday foods like coffee and fenugreek, is pivotal in combating the effects of sarcopenia and enhancing muscle health as we age. </p>



<p>Their discovery deepens our understanding of muscle aging and NAD+ metabolism while opening exciting new doors for nutritional and lifestyle interventions aimed at promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy aging</a> and managing age-associated diseases. </p>



<p>As we move forward, the implications of these findings promise to revolutionize our approach to maintaining muscle strength and physical independence, offering hope for a future where aging is associated with vitality rather than decline.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-trigonelline-and-coffee">More about trigonelline and coffee</h2>



<p>As discussed above, trigonelline is a betaine form of niacin (vitamin B3). Its chemical name, N-methyl nicotinate, hints at its structure -- a nicotinic acid derivative with a methyl group attached. </p>



<p>This configuration is crucial for its biological activities and its role in plant metabolism. In coffee beans, trigonelline contributes to the aroma and flavor, particularly during the roasting process, where it undergoes chemical changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-trigonelline">Health benefits of trigonelline</h3>



<p>Research has unveiled multiple potential health benefits of trigonelline, making it a compound of interest in nutrition and medicine. It shows promise in several key areas.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-sugar-regulation">Blood sugar regulation</h4>



<p>Studies suggest that trigonelline has a beneficial effect on blood sugar levels. It appears to enhance glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, making it a potential ally in managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-linked-type-2-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neuroprotective-effects">Neuroprotective effects</h4>



<p>Trigonelline also exhibits neuroprotective properties. It may safeguard neural cells against damage and degeneration, offering potential pathways for treating conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-particles-in-air-pollution-may-lead-to-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anticancer-properties">Anticancer properties</h4>



<p>Preliminary research indicates that trigonelline may possess anticancer capabilities. It seems to inhibit the growth of certain cancer cell lines, although more research is needed to understand its full potential and mechanisms.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-health">Heart health</h4>



<p>By influencing lipid metabolism and reducing inflammation, trigonelline might play a role in heart health. Its potential to lower cholesterol levels and protect against cardiovascular diseases is an area of active research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-sources-and-supplements">Dietary sources and supplements</h3>



<p>For those interested in the benefits of trigonelline, there are several dietary sources and supplements available. </p>



<p>Coffee is the most well-known source, with its content varying based on the type of coffee and preparation method. </p>



<p>Fenugreek seeds, often used in culinary and medicinal applications, are another rich source. Trigonelline supplements are also available for those seeking targeted intake.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-for-trigonelline-and-coffee-research">Future directions for trigonelline and coffee research</h3>



<p>The road ahead for trigonelline research is exciting and full of potential. As scientists delve deeper into its mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic applications, we may discover more about how this compound can contribute to human health and wellness. Ongoing and future studies will likely illuminate the full spectrum of benefits trigonelline has to offer.</p>



<p>In summary, trigonelline is a compound with significant health-promoting potential. From regulating blood sugar to offering neuroprotective effects, its range of benefits is broad and promising. </p>



<p>As research continues to unfold, trigonelline may find its place not only in our cups but also in our overall approach to health and wellness.</p>



<p>The international research team behind this transformative study includes experts from the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a>, <a href="https://www.unimelb.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Melbourne</a>, <a href="https://ut.ac.ir/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tehran</a>, <a href="https://www.southalabama.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Alabama</a>, <a href="https://www.u-toyama.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toyama</a>, and <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42255-024-00997-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Metabolism</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Molecule found in coffee, trigonelline, keeps muscles young

Recent research has unveiled the potential health benefits of trigonelline...

<p>In a fascinating exploration of speech planning, research led by the <a href="https://med.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU Grossman</a> School of Medicine reveals how our brains prepare to speak before we actually verbalize our thoughts. </p>



<p>The study, conducted among individuals undergoing surgery for epilepsy treatment, is pivotal for advancing our understanding of speech <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-can-predict-human-speech-before-we-say-a-word/">production</a>. It unveils significant insights into the brain's mechanisms behind speech planning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-brain-s-blueprint-for-speech">The brain's blueprint for speech</h2>



<p>The study delves into the roles of the inferior frontal gyrus and motor cortex - two regions situated in the outer layers of the cerebral cortex. These areas are pivotal for controlling the muscles involved in speech production, influencing our selection of words and sounds.</p>



<p>The researchers examined <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-advanced-brain-mapping-yet-reveals-how-we-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain-mapping</a> recordings from 16 patients, aged 14 to 43, at NYU Langone Health over the period from 2018 to 2021. These individuals were undergoing pre-surgical evaluations for epilepsy.</p>



<p>The process involved stimulating brain regions to pinpoint and conserve areas critical to speech while targeting seizure-inducing tissue for removal. </p>



<p>Importantly, a key innovation of this research lies in measuring the brief time intervals, less than two seconds, between brain stimulation and its impact on speech. This approach offers fresh perspectives on the cortex's role in speech planning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-speech-production">Exploring speech production</h2>



<p>The researchers have unveiled new insights into the organization of speech within the brain. They found that the delays before speech disruption, known as latencies, vary across different brain regions. This discovery highlights the brain's complex role in speech production and its elaborate mechanisms. </p>



<p>"Our study adds evidence for the role of the brain's motor cortex and inferior frontal gyrus in planning speech and determining what people are preparing to say, not just voicing words using the vocal cords or mouthing the words by moving the tongue and lips," stated Dr. Heather Kabakoff, a speech pathologist at NYU Langone. </p>



<p>Furthermore, Dr. Adeen Flinker, the study's senior investigator and a neuroscientist, explained: "Our results show that mapping out the millisecond time intervals, or latencies, between electrical stimulation in parts of the brain to the disruption or slurring of words and eventual inability to speak can be used to better understand how the human brain works and the roles played by different brain regions in human speech." </p>



<p>Dr. Flinker emphasized the clinical implications of these findings. Additionally, he suggested that this research could pave the way for improved surgical techniques to protect speech functions during brain surgeries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-next-frontier-in-speech-and-brain-research">The next frontier in speech and brain research</h2>



<p>The team is now expanding their focus, setting their sights on broader horizons. Consequently, they aim to unravel the roles of other brain parts in speech and auditory processing.</p>



<p>The researchers are studying real-time brain corrections of speech errors to enhance our understanding of speech control and modification. This endeavor marks another step forward in decoding the complexities of human communication.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The process of speech planning</h2>



<p>The process of speech planning in the brain is a complex, multi-step process involving various brain regions working in coordination. It includes several key stages:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conceptualization</h3>



<p>This is the initial stage where the intent or idea of what one wants to communicate is formed. It involves abstract thinking and decision-making processes in the prefrontal cortex, where the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-implant-may-allow-people-to-communicate-through-their-thoughts/">brain</a> decides on the message it wants to convey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Lexical selection</h3>



<p>Once the concept is formed, the brain selects the appropriate words to express the idea. This involves the temporal lobe, particularly the left temporal lobe for most people, where language comprehension and vocabulary are managed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Syntactic processing</h3>



<p>After selecting the words, the brain organizes them into a grammatically correct structure. This involves Broca's area, located in the left frontal lobe, which is responsible for speech production and the grammatical aspects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-begin-to-learn-language-before-they-are-even-born/">language</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Phonological processing&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This stage involves planning the sounds that need to be produced to articulate the words. This involves the interaction between Wernicke's area, which is involved in language comprehension and the processing of phonological (sound) information, and Broca's area for the motor aspects of speech production.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Motor planning</h3>



<p>Before speech occurs, the brain must plan and coordinate the specific movements of the mouth, tongue, vocal cords, and lungs that produce speech.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This involves the motor cortex, which controls voluntary muscle movements, and the cerebellum, which coordinates the timing and precision of these movements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Execution</h3>



<p>Finally, the motor cortex sends signals through the nervous system to the speech organs, executing the planned movements and producing speech. This involves intricate coordination of muscles and breathing to articulate words and modulate voice.</p>



<p>Throughout this speech planning process, the brain also relies on feedback mechanisms involving auditory and somatosensory systems to monitor and adjust speech production in real-time. This ensures accuracy in articulation and intonation.</p>



<p>The exact neural pathways and interactions between these areas are still a subject of ongoing research, as the brain's processes for managing speech are incredibly complex and vary from person to person.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/braincomms/article/6/2/fcae053/7627918" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brain</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Speech planning: How our brains prepare to speak

In a fascinating exploration of speech planning, research led by...

Plastic,Bottle,Dirty,Around,River,With,Children,Sitting,On,Ground

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global warming</a> and plastic pollution, two critical environmental challenges, now clearly intertwine, forming a vicious circle where each exacerbates the other.</p>



<p>Researchers in Sweden have published a comprehensive study in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46127-9">Nature Communications</a>, revealing the mutually reinforcing relationship between these issues. This cycle not only intensifies global warming and material degradation but also increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-waste-kills-person/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic waste</a> and toxic chemical leakage into our environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vicious-circle-between-warming-and-plastic-pollution">Vicious circle between warming and plastic pollution</h2>



<p>The study was led by Xinfeng Wei, from the <a href="https://www.kth.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KTH Royal Institute of Technology</a> in Stockholm. With rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a>, plastics - materials we depend on daily - deteriorate more quickly. </p>



<p>This deterioration demands the production of more plastics. Additionally, it significantly increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, further heating our planet.</p>



<p>"A self-reinforcing cycle is formed, creating a vicious circle between climate change and plastic pollution," Wei explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emissions-on-the-rise-the-plastic-contribution">Emissions on the rise: The plastic contribution</h2>



<p>In 2019, the OECD reported that plastics contributed to 3.4% of global greenhouse gas emissions, about 1.8 billion tons, primarily due to their production and fossil fuel conversion. Alarmingly, this figure is expected to more than double by 2060.</p>



<p>The research underscores the interconnected escalation of heat, moisture, and the weakening of polymers - materials like plastic and rubber, which consist of long molecular chains.</p>



<p>Wei highlights the issue, stating: "The higher the increase in temperature, the more the materials' properties are compromised."</p>



<p>With common plastics such as polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyvinyl chloride, a temperature rise from 23°C to 40°C leads to a stiffness decrease of over 20%. Consequently, items made from these polymers, like clothing, auto parts, and appliances, require more frequent replacement, driving up manufacturing demands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effects-of-global-warming-and-plastic-pollution">Ripple effects of global warming and plastic pollution </h2>



<p>The repercussions extend far beyond manufacturing challenges. Increased temperatures and plastic deterioration lead to several issues. Specifically, they cause unreliable food packaging, fouled waterways, and a surge in microplastics contaminating fish habitats.</p>



<p>Moreover, the study documents the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other hazardous substances, such as lubricants and plasticizers, into the air, soil, and water. Heat exacerbates this issue by accelerating their diffusion, evaporation, and leaching.</p>



<p>Wei noted the compound effects of increasing heat and moisture from global warming. A warmer atmosphere enhances moisture evaporation and water vapor capacity, posing challenges for polymers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-united-for-change-a-call-to-action">United for change: A call to action</h2>



<p>To confront the intertwined crises of plastic pollution and global warming, the study emphasizes the need for urgent attention. It advocates for concerted action across all sectors involved in the plastic lifecycle.</p>



<p>It's clear that mitigating these escalating threats requires a holistic and collaborative approach. There is a critical need for innovation and regulation in addressing one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about plastic pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution has far-reaching impacts on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Here are some key facts about plastic pollution:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scale of the problem</h3>



<p>Every year, about 380 million tons of plastic are produced globally, and a significant portion of this ends up in the oceans. It's estimated that up to 12 million tons of plastic enter the oceans each year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Longevity of plastics</h3>



<p>Plastics can take anywhere from 20 to 500 years to decompose in the environment, depending on the type of plastic. This longevity contributes to the accumulation of plastics in our oceans, waterways, and landscapes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on marine life</h3>



<p>Marine animals, including fish, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals, can ingest or become entangled in plastic debris, leading to injuries, starvation, and death. It's estimated that over 100 million marine animals are killed by plastic waste each year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Microplastics</h3>



<p>These are tiny plastic particles less than 5mm in size, which result from the breakdown of larger plastic waste or are manufactured for use in products like cosmetics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Microplastics have been found in tap water, bottled water, and even in the air we breathe, posing potential health risks to humans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic costs</h3>



<p>The economic impact of plastic pollution affects tourism, fisheries, and shipping industries. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimates the economic damage of plastic pollution to marine ecosystems at $13 billion per year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Recycling challenges</h3>



<p>Despite efforts to improve waste management and recycling, only about 9% of all plastic waste ever produced has been recycled. The rest is incinerated, dumped in landfills, or ends up in the environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Legislation and initiatives</h3>



<p>Many countries and regions have introduced legislation to reduce plastic waste, such as banning single-use plastics (e.g., plastic bags, straws, and cutlery) and implementing plastic bag levies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, there are global and local initiatives aimed at cleaning up plastic pollution and promoting alternatives to plastic.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Role of individuals</h3>



<p>Individuals can make a difference by reducing their plastic use, recycling properly, participating in beach clean-ups, and supporting policies and organizations that aim to tackle plastic pollution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46127-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Plastic pollution and global warming are linked in a vicious cycle

Global warming and plastic pollution, two critical environmental challenges, now...

<p>Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown the capability to identify COVID-19 from lung ultrasound images with a precision likened to how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">facial recognition</a> technology can pinpoint a face in a crowded space. </p>



<p>This advancement signifies a significant leap in AI-driven medical diagnostics. Additionally, it brings the medical community closer to achieving quick and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-death-toll-of-covid-19-pandemic-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">accurate diagnoses</a> of COVID-19 and other pulmonary diseases. </p>



<p>This is made possible through the use of sophisticated algorithms that analyze ultrasound imagery for disease indicators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assisting-overworked-doctors">Assisting overworked doctors</h2>



<p>The study, recently published in <em>Communications Medicine</em>, marks the culmination of efforts initiated early in the COVID-19 pandemic. During this time, clinicians urgently needed efficient tools to quickly assess numerous patients in crowded emergency departments.</p>



<p><a href="https://engineering.jhu.edu/faculty/muyinatu-bell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Muyinatu Bell</a>, the study's senior author and Johns Hopkins University's John C. Malone Associate Professor, introduced the tool. </p>



<p>"We developed this automated detection tool to assist doctors in emergency settings with high caseloads of patients who require prompt and precise diagnoses, akin to the earlier stages of the pandemic," Bell stated. </p>



<p>She also highlighted the goal of allowing patients to monitor COVID-19 progression at home with wireless devices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-covid-19-and-the-future-of-wearable-health-tech">AI, COVID-19, and the future of wearable health tech</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/details/tiffany-fong" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tiffany Fong</a>, an assistant professor of emergency medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine and co-author of the study, discussed the technology's potential. </p>



<p>She highlighted its application in developing wearables for diseases like congestive heart failure, which shares <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-reveals-how-to-prevent-covid-19-from-ever-returning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 symptoms</a> such as fluid accumulation in the lungs.</p>



<p>Fong envisions, "An ideal use case would be wearable ultrasound patches that monitor fluid buildup and alert patients when they need a medication adjustment or a doctor's visit."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-this-ai-tool-detects-covid-19">How this AI tool detects COVID-19</h2>



<p>The AI tool operates by analyzing ultrasound images of the lungs to identify features known as B-lines. These features, appearing as bright, vertical lines, signal inflammation commonly seen in patients with pulmonary issues. </p>



<p>To achieve accurate detection, the AI merges computer-generated images with actual patient ultrasounds. This includes images from individuals treated at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins</a>.</p>



<p>Bell explained the complex process, stating, "We had to accurately model the physics of ultrasound and acoustic wave propagation to create believable simulated images. Subsequently, we trained our computer models to interpret real scans from patients with lung complications using these simulated data."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-early-obstacles">Overcoming early obstacles</h2>



<p>The journey to this breakthrough encountered significant obstacles. Initially, the scarcity of patient data and a limited understanding of COVID-19's effects posed a challenge to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-proves-very-useful-to-doctors-when-diagnosing-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI's diagnostic accuracy</a>. </p>



<p>However, by developing software that leverages both real and simulated data, Bell's team enhanced the AI's ability to identify signs of COVID-19 in ultrasound scans. </p>



<p>This improvement is attributable to deep neural networks. This type of AI mimics the brain's pattern recognition capabilities, resulting in a significant performance boost.</p>



<p>Lingyi Zhao, the study's first author and a former member of Bell's team, is now with <a href="https://novateur.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Novateur Research Solutions</a>. </p>



<p>She observed, "The early shortage of COVID-19 ultrasound images limited our development and testing. But with computer-generated datasets, we've achieved a high accuracy level in detecting COVID-19 features."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-study-of-ai-and-covid-19-diagnosis">Implications and future study of AI and COVID-19 diagnosis</h2>



<p>This incredible technological advancement demonstrates the powerful capabilities of artificial intelligence (AI) in transforming medical diagnostics, specifically in the rapid and accurate detection of COVID-19 and other pulmonary diseases through lung ultrasound images. </p>



<p>By harnessing the potential of AI-driven tools and developing innovative solutions like wearable devices for continuous monitoring, researchers at Johns Hopkins University pave the way for a future where healthcare professionals can diagnose and manage diseases more efficiently. </p>



<p>This advancement streamlines the diagnostic process in emergency settings and offers promising avenues for patient self-monitoring, highlighting the significant strides made in integrating technology with healthcare to improve patient outcomes.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-024-00463-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Medicine</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

AI can detect COVID-19 from ultrasound images with incredible accuracy

Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown the capability to identify COVID-19...

<p>Sandy soil <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/top-3-coolest-underground-reptiles/">reptiles</a>, once considered able to withstand against global warming, now face an increased risk of extinction and substantial habitat loss due to climate change.</p>



<p>Consequently, this stark revelation stems from a detailed study on ten lizard and snake species across three South American biomes. Contrary to earlier beliefs that rising global temperatures would benefit these reptiles, Brazilian researchers have revealed a more alarming reality.</p>



<p>The findings reveal the unforeseen vulnerabilities of these creatures. This challenges the notion that warmer climates would expand their suitable habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-findings">Unexpected findings</h2>



<p>“We concluded that climate change will modify the geographical distribution of reptiles and lead to the extinction of some species. That’s the opposite of the usual prediction,” said Júlia Oliveira, lead author of the study. </p>



<p>The research was a significant part of Oliveira's master's project at the State University of Maranhão (UEMA). It feeds into a broader study titled “Evolution and biogeography of the herpetofauna: patterns, process, and implications for conservation in a scenario of environmental and climate changes,” coordinated by Professor Thaís Guedes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-or-extinction-survival-in-the-sands">Adaptation or extinction: Survival in the sands</h2>



<p>“The species we studied have the peculiarity of being adapted to sandy soil habitats, which confers traits such as reduced or absent limbs, reduced eyes, and raised rostral scales," Guedes explained. Initially seen as beneficial, these unique adaptations now suggest imminent danger for the species amid fast-changing climate conditions.</p>



<p>The study's detailed analysis of the South American Diagonal of Open Formations paints a grim future for sandy soil reptiles. By blending current climate data with future projections, the researchers revealed the likely habitat loss and extinction risks faced by these reptiles.</p>



<p>“Some of the species for which we predict major losses and even extinction wouldn’t even be endangered according to the current criteria used in this kind of threat assessment. The criteria must be changed for the next assessment,” said Oliveira, highlighting the need for revised conservation criteria.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-protecting-the-sands-of-time">Conservation challenges: Protecting the sands of time</h2>



<p>The experts recommend establishing and expanding protected areas to meet the species' current and future needs. However, despite the creation of 27 new protected areas in the last six years, less than 16% suit the targeted reptiles. This fact highlights the inadequacy of current conservation efforts in the face of shifting climate dynamics.</p>



<p>The findings present a stark warning but also provide hope by identifying potential new habitats for the reptiles. This dual perspective underscores the critical need for incorporating future climate scenarios into conservation planning. It ensures the survival of sandy soil reptiles in a rapidly changing world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about sandy soil reptiles&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Reptiles that inhabit sandy soil environments have evolved unique adaptations to thrive in these conditions. Sandy soils, characterized by loose granular structures, are often found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burrowing-animals-in-the-mojave-desert-escape-the-heat-of-climate-change/">deserts</a>, beaches, and certain forested areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These environments pose challenges such as limited water availability, extreme temperature fluctuations, and loose footing for movement. Here are some general characteristics and examples of reptiles adapted to sandy soil environments:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adaptations</h3>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Burrowing</h4>



<p>Many sandy soil reptiles are adept at burrowing. This behavior helps them escape the extreme heat of the surface, hide from predators, and sometimes hunt for prey.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The physical adaptations for burrowing can include wedge-shaped heads, strong forelimbs, and flattened bodies.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Temperature regulation</h4>



<p>Reptiles are ectotherms, relying on the environment to regulate their body temperature. Sandy soil reptiles often have behavioral adaptations like basking in the sun to raise their body temperature or burrowing to cool down.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading">Water conservation</h4>



<p>Reptiles in sandy environments have developed efficient means of conserving water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This can include a highly efficient kidney that recycles water, scales that minimize water loss, and behaviors such as drinking dew.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of sandy soil reptiles&nbsp;</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sand Viper (Cerastes cerastes)</h3>



<p>Found in the deserts of North Africa and the Middle East, this viper is well adapted to sandy environments. Its coloration blends perfectly with the sand, and it can bury itself in the sand to ambush prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Gopher tortoise (Gopherus genus)</h3>



<p>Native to the southeastern United States, the gopher tortoise digs extensive burrows in sandy soils. These burrows provide shelter for the tortoise and numerous other species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fringe-toed lizards (Uma notata)</h3>



<p>These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coexisting-lizards-challenge-what-we-know-about-natural-selection/">lizards</a> have specialized scales on their toes that help them move quickly across loose sand, resembling snowshoes. They inhabit desert and sandy areas in North America.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Horned lizards (Phrynosoma)&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Adapted to desert and arid environments with sandy soils, horned lizards have a flat, rounded body and colors that mimic their surroundings, offering camouflage against predators.</p>



<p>Reptiles living in sandy soil environments exemplify the remarkable adaptability of life. Each species has developed a set of traits that allow it not only to survive but to thrive in conditions that might initially seem inhospitable.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S014019632300188X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arid Environments</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Sandy soil reptiles face extinction threat due to climate change

Sandy soil reptiles, once considered able to withstand against global...

<p>Anyone who's endured rush-hour bumper-to-bumper traffic knows how unpleasant the air can get. Between fumes, dust, and all those exhaust pipes, it's definitely not a nature lover's paradise. But what if those trees and bushes lining our highways weren't just there for decoration? </p>



<p>What if they were secretly cleaning the air you breathe? Well, a new study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Georgia State University</a> says they just might be.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-trees">The power of trees</h2>



<p>We all know trees are vital for the environment. They turn carbon dioxide into oxygen and give us shade – essentials for the planet. However, scientists have uncovered another lesser-known benefit of roadside greenery, and it may have you looking at those leafy medians in a whole new light.</p>



<p>"Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem," said Roby Greenwald, lead researcher on the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trees-near-highways">Trees near highways</h2>



<p>Think of plants along the highway as a giant, organic filter system. Their leaves and branches create a massive surface area. Air pollution particles, some so tiny you couldn't even see them individually, get trapped on these surfaces, effectively taking them out of circulation. These include:</p>



<ul>
<li>Soot:&nbsp;Those black, carbon-filled particles that turn your fingers grimy if you live in a polluted city.</li>



<li>Ultrafine particles:&nbsp;Microscopic nasties invisible to the naked eye, but they can do serious damage to your respiratory system if you breathe them in over time.</li>
</ul>



<p>The Georgia State study measured the air quality around busy Atlanta highways, comparing sites with plentiful trees to those without. </p>



<p>Impressively, they found a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% reduction in ultrafine particles where trees and bushes were present.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-health-connection">The health connection</h2>



<p>Air pollution is a bad news for our health. "A growing body of evidence has linked motor vehicle pollution to conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, and heart attacks," said Greenwald.</p>



<p>It's especially worrying for the 45 million Americans living, working, or studying within a stone's throw of a major highway. Children are particularly vulnerable, as their lungs are still developing. </p>



<p>So, anything that helps reduce their exposure, even a little, is a win for public health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-a-miracle-solution">Not a miracle solution</h2>



<p>While this is fantastic news, it's important to be realistic. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trees</a> aren't going to magically make all our pollution problems go away. "Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by&nbsp;motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem," said Greenwald.</p>



<p>Greenwald emphasizes that for a truly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-greening-is-a-powerful-weapon-against-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comprehensive approach</a>, we need to tackle the root cause of the problem: our dependence on cars. This means making public transport more accessible and convenient, and investing in better cycling and pedestrian infrastructure. </p>



<p>Getting people out of their cars and onto bikes or buses is the ultimate way to improve air quality for everyone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-trees-alongside-highways">Planting trees alongside highways</h2>



<p>So, the next time you're stuck in traffic, give a little thanks to those unassuming trees along the road. They're working hard to make your commute that tiny bit healthier. As Greenwald noted: "We should plant more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics."</p>



<p>This doesn't excuse us from finding real ways to ditch our car dependency. However, sometimes progress happens in small steps, and every cleaner breath we take thanks to some strategically placed greenery is a step in the right direction.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Trees and bushes near highways improve air quality

Anyone who's endured rush-hour bumper-to-bumper traffic knows how unpleasant the...

<p>Have you ever wondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microgravity-causes-big-problems-with-human-gene-expression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a> keep their muscles in peak condition, even as they float around in zero-gravity? Well, now there's a way to find out in real-time using MyotonPRO. </p>



<p>An international team of researchers, including the <a href="https://www.charite.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> and led by <a href="https://www.charite.de/en/">Charité University in Berlin</a>, has successfully used the simple handheld device to monitor astronauts' muscles during spaceflight. </p>



<p>This technology also opens new doors for tracking muscle conditions right here on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-working-out-in-microgravity">Working out in microgravity</h2>



<p>In space, under conditions of microgravity, our bodies don't get the same workout as they do with Earth's gravity constantly pulling on us. Without that regular resistance, muscles start to shrink and bones can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-lettuce-and-salads-in-space-is-a-bad-idea-according-to-a-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lose density</a>. </p>



<p>Astronauts can experience a shocking 20% decrease in muscle mass in just a month. To keep their bodies strong, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/watermeal-may-become-an-essential-food-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a> aboard the International Space Station (ISS) follow dedicated exercise routines typically lasting around two hours a day. </p>



<p>However, until recently, there was no way to precisely track how effective these workouts were for individual muscles during the mission itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-muscle-monitoring-marvel">A muscle-monitoring marvel</h2>



<p>The MyotonPRO device is a pocket-sized powerhouse of muscle analysis. It works by sending a gentle mechanical impulse into muscle tissue and measuring how the muscle responds. From this, the device can tell scientists a whole range of information:</p>



<ul>
<li>Stiffness: Muscles need the right stiffness level to support movement and prevent injury.<br></li>



<li>Tone: This refers to the muscle's readiness to work.<br></li>



<li>Elasticity:&nbsp;How well a muscle can stretch and return to its original shape.</li>
</ul>



<p>Researchers had twelve <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/">ISS</a> astronauts use the MyotonPRO on specific parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-takes-a-greater-toll-on-astronauts-brains-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">their bodies</a> throughout their missions – before the flight, during their stays of 4-11 months, and up to three months after returning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myotonpro-space-muscle-verdict">MyotonPRO space muscle verdict</h2>



<p>The results paint a mixed picture. Astronauts' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-for-first-mars-colonists-space-travel-is-proven-to-weaken-the-immune-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise programs</a> seem to do a great job of maintaining muscle stiffness - an indicator of strength - in most parts of the body like the shoulders, neck, back, and thighs. However, the lower leg caused concern.</p>



<p>The tibialis anterior, a muscle along your shin that lifts your foot, showed weakness in all the astronauts despite their workouts. </p>



<p>Some of the calf muscles, essential partners to the tibialis anterior for walking and balance, also showed signs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-microbiome-health-is-crucial-to-future-space-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deteriorating</a>. </p>



<p>The worry? This weakness could make astronauts more prone to injury when readjusting to gravity after their spaceflight.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myotonpro-significance">MyotonPRO significance</h2>



<p>“Being able to perform inflight muscle health checks will allow the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-microbiome-health-is-crucial-to-future-space-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">astronauts</a> to see which muscles are losing strength and adjust their exercise program accordingly,” explained Professor Maria Stokes, UK lead of the project. </p>



<p>Individualized exercise routines are especially important as we look towards longer missions to places like the Moon and Mars.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthcare-revolution-on-the-horizon">Healthcare revolution on the horizon</h2>



<p>"The MyotonPRO technology and the assessment protocol used in space could also bring about a step-change in healthcare back on Earth," said <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5wybsj/professor-maria-stokes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Maria Stokes</a> OBE, UK lead of the project from the University of Southampton.</p>



<p>Imagine a world where patients with conditions like Parkinson's Disease, stroke, or those recovering from severe injuries can easily track muscle changes between doctor appointments. That's the potential of the MyotonPRO. </p>



<p>Instead of relying on subjective reports, both patients and doctors can have precise, real-time information on muscle health to fine-tune treatment plans.</p>



<p>"Widespread uptake could revolutionize healthcare in neuro-musculoskeletal, critical care and geriatric medicine, rehabilitation, and precision medicine,” added <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/people/5wzytn/doctor-martin-warner" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Martin Warner</a>, co-senior author of the research paper.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>This study is just the beginning. More research can lead to tailored exercise plans for astronauts that keep those lower leg muscles strong. </p>



<p>With time, the use of portable muscle monitoring devices may become routine for astronauts and those of us on Earth. </p>



<p>After all, whether in space or at home, everyone deserves a healthy, strong body!</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54759-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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New device helps astronauts maintain their muscles in microgravity

Have you ever wondered how astronauts keep their muscles in...

<p>A popular product Nemaslug, created to kill pesky agricultural slugs, could be deadly to one of the Pacific Northwest's native sideband snail. </p>



<p>Scientists at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> released a study revealing this shocking discovery. The study urges caution as the product aims for approval in the United States. </p>



<p>It's a reminder that even seemingly helpful solutions can have unanticipated consequences for our delicate ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nemaslug-and-sideband-snails">Nemaslug and sideband snails</h2>



<p>The product, called Nemaslug, relies on a microscopic parasitic worm (<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/nematodes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nematode</a>). These tiny assassins are a farmer's friend when battling slimy crop-munching slugs. </p>



<p>However, OSU's research reveals the dark side: these same nematodes could infect and kill native Pacific sideband <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-sea-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snails</a> – and possibly other innocent gastropods, including the iconic banana slug.</p>



<p>The Pacific Northwest's misty climate is a paradise for snails and slugs. It's a biodiversity hotspot for these often overlooked creatures. Sadly, threats like habitat loss and rising temperatures already plague these unique animals, making the Nemaslug discovery even more concerning.</p>



<p>"This finding is a big deal because there are strong efforts to bring this commercialized nematode to U.S. markets to control invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-pest-will-spread-northward-as-soil-temperatures-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>, such as the gray field slug, that cause damage to a variety of agricultural crops,” explained Dee Denver, head of OSU's Department of Integrated Biology</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-nemaslug-affects-snails">How Nemaslug affects snails</h2>



<p>Nematodes might be tiny, but they're ruthless. They exploit natural openings in a slug's body, sneaking inside like microscopic ninjas. </p>



<p>Once within, they release a deadly bacteria, and the slug's fate is sealed. The nematodes multiply rapidly, and when their victim perishes, they burst out like a scene out of a horror movie, ready to find their next snail or slug to conquer.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, those nematodes don't seem to know the difference between a pesky agricultural slug and a harmless native snail. </p>



<p>If Nemaslug becomes widely available in its current form, scientists fear it could wreak havoc on the local snail populations in our backyards and forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-past">Lessons from past</h2>



<p>Farmers understandably need solutions to protect their livelihoods. But protecting those delicate ecosystems is a responsibility we all share. Good intentions in pest control have often gone wrong throughout history.</p>



<p>“Terrestrial slugs and snails make up more than one-third of the total documented animal species extinctions since the year 1500.” said Denver.</p>



<p>Remember, in Hawaii, well-meaning scientists introduced a snail to control another invasive snail species. Tragically, it led to the extinction of hundreds of native Hawaiian snail species. This sobering example proves the unforeseen dangers of tinkering with ecosystems without rigorous study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-field-research-on-nemaslug-and-snails">Field research on Nemaslug and snails</h2>



<p>Clearly, more research is crucial. Scientists must study Nemaslug's effects on snails and slugs in the wild, not just in labs. </p>



<p>Are there ways to modify it to target only the harmful invasive slugs? Are there <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alternative pest control</a> methods that are safer for our native snails? These questions need answers before Nemaslug gets approval for widespread use in the U.S.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-you-do">What can you do?</h2>



<p>Following steps could help in conserving snails:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-to-know-your-local-snails">Get to know your local snails</h3>



<p>Diving deeper into understanding and protecting our slimy companions starts with a simple curiosity about the mollusks that inhabit our local environments. </p>



<p>By conducting a bit of online research, you might be amazed to discover the diversity of snail and slug species living right in your backyard or local park. This newfound knowledge transforms these often-overlooked creatures into familiar neighbors, fostering a deeper connection and a personal stake in their well-being.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the Word </h3>



<p>Knowledge is most powerful when shared. By discussing what you've learned about local mollusks and the broader implications of indiscriminate pest control practices with friends and family, you create a ripple effect. </p>



<p>Informed citizens are more likely to demand environmentally responsible pest management solutions from local authorities and gardening centers, emphasizing the importance of preserving our delicate ecosystems for future generations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-wildlife-conservation">Support wildlife conservation</h3>



<p>Beyond individual actions and spreading awareness, supporting organizations dedicated to wildlife conservation is a vital step in protecting our natural world. These organizations work on the front lines to safeguard habitats, conduct essential research, and advocate for policies that benefit biodiversity. </p>



<p>Your contributions, whether financial or volunteering your time, empower these efforts. They also provide a means for you to be part of a larger community committed to environmental preservation.</p>



<p>Let's not let our beautiful Northwest snails become casualties of careless pest control.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298165" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS ONE</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Pest control product 'Nemaslug' could harm beneficial snails

A popular product Nemaslug, created to kill pesky agricultural slugs,...

<p>Scientists have recently uncovered a surprising balance between natural ecosystems. Leaves drift from towering trees into the water, where they become a feast for aquatic creatures. Insects, nourished within the stream, take flight and sustain birds and bats that call the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> their home. </p>



<p>The term allochthony, derived from the Greek words for "other" and "origin," best describes this ongoing flow of energy and resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recognizing-the-ecosystems-balance">Recognizing the ecosystems balance</h2>



<p>A global team led by <a href="https://www.psu.edu">Penn State</a> researchers embarked on an ambitious project to analyze data from 149 studies. The goal was to quantify and understand allochthony in forest-stream ecosystems around the world. This large-scale approach sought to uncover patterns and principles governing this fundamental ecological process.</p>



<p>The findings revealed that forests and streams engage in an equal exchange of energy. "This was a really interesting and unexpected result because we know that there’s way more energy flowing into streams in the form of leaves that fall from trees than what comes out in the form of emergent aquatic insects," stated Dr. Daniel Allen, the study's lead author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-quality-in-ecosystem-balance">Nutritional quality in ecosystem balance </h2>



<p>This observation seems counterintuitive: more energy appears to flow into streams than flows out. However, the study revealed a surprising truth: aquatic and terrestrial organisms consume near-equal amounts of resources originating from the opposite <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carnivores-healthy-ecosystem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. </p>



<p>The researchers propose that nutritional quality likely plays a major role in maintaining this ecosystem balance. Aquatic creatures receive a large amount of energy from leaves. Insects emerging from the stream have a higher nutritional value that compensates the aquatic creatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-variations-in-ecosystem-balance">Variations in ecosystem balance</h2>



<p>The research team further explored how allochthony patterns differ among various species groups and across diverse climates:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-players">The players</h3>



<p>Aquatic invertebrates (including various insect species), fish, terrestrial arthropods (insects, beetles, spiders), and terrestrial vertebrates (birds, rodents), all participate in this energy exchange. </p>



<p>However, the strength and pathways of this exchange vary significantly across these groups. For instance, land-dwelling vertebrates seem to rely less on resources originating from the stream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate">The role of climate</h3>



<p>Arid climates exhibit strikingly different patterns from tropical zones. In dry regions, aquatic invertebrates engage in nearly twice the amount of energy exchange compared to their counterparts in tropical environments. </p>



<p>Interestingly, fish across different climates maintain relatively consistent levels of allochthony. Understanding such climate-driven variations provides important clues about how these intricate exchanges might shift in response to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"Most people don’t think about streams and forests being interrelated, but the organisms those habitats support are dependent on energy and resources that come from outside their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/groundwater-is-a-keystone-ecosystem-vital-for-our-planets-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>," noted Dr. Allen.</p>



<p>The balance of ecosystems is often underappreciated. By quantifying allochthony across the globe and under diverse conditions, this study highlights the delicate dependence between seemingly separate environments. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-takeaway">Key takeaway</h2>



<p>Our daily lives often obscure the intricate web of ecosystems that supports us. This study shines a light on the beautifully balanced exchange between forests and streams, a powerful reminder of nature’s interconnectedness. </p>



<p>It urges us to protect these vital environments so they can continue to thrive. Ultimately, it reveals a simple truth: everything in nature is linked. The connection between forests and streams is but one example of the countless ways our world achieves balance. </p>



<p>As stewards of this planet, we must understand, cherish, and protect these delicate connections. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The team behind the discovery</h2>



<p>The research was a collaborative endeavor, with contributions from Veronica Saenz, Kierstyn Higgins, and Alice Belskis of Penn State, among others from institutions such as the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a> and universities across the globe. </p>



<p>This diverse team brought together expertise from various fields, underscoring the study's comprehensive approach to understanding ecosystem interactions.</p>



<p>Supported by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. National Science Foundation</a>, this research not only advances our scientific knowledge but also serves as a reminder of the intricate connections that sustain life on Earth.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Nature's ecosystems constantly share energy to achieve balance

Scientists have recently uncovered a surprising balance between natural ecosystems....

Zodiacal,Light,And,Night,Sky,In,Santuari,De,La,Mare

<p>The night sky holds countless wonders, one of which is the enigmatic glow known as the zodiacal light. This faint, diffuse light, visible in the vast space between the planets, has captivated observers for centuries. </p>



<p>Recent research led by a 45-member team sheds new light on the origins of this celestial phenomenon, challenging long-held beliefs and unveiling the pivotal role of heat in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-dust-may-contain-signs-of-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dance of dust</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigma-of-the-zodiacal-cloud">Enigma of the zodiacal cloud</h2>



<p>The zodiacal cloud, a term that may sound esoteric to some, is essentially the light that we see reflected from a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-on-earth-may-have-blown-in-from-outer-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic dustbin</a> filled with debris from comets. These particles scatter sunlight, painting a faint glow across the canvas of our night sky called the zodiacal light.</p>



<p>Traditional theories suggested that these particles were the result of high-speed collisions that pulverized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cryovolcanic-comet-explodes-again-as-it-heads-in-earths-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet ejecta</a>. However, this view has been turned on its head by recent findings published in the journal <em>Icarus</em>.</p>



<p>Dr. Peter Jenniskens is a meteor astronomer at the <a href="https://www.seti.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SETI Institute</a> and a leading figure in this research. "Comets eject most debris as large sand-grain to pebble-sized particles, called meteoroids," Jenniskens explains. </p>



<p>"While these meteoroids are behind the meteors in our meteor showers, the zodiacal cloud is mostly composed of much finer particles, akin to tobacco smoke, which are challenging to detect," he continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-pebbles-and-zodiacal-light">Disappearing pebbles and zodiacal light</h2>



<p>A key question that puzzled researchers was why these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-reveals-the-complexity-of-fomalhauts-dust-belts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pebble-sized particles</a> disintegrate over time. </p>



<p>“Meteor showers show us this loss of pebbles over time, because older showers tend to contain fewer bright meteors than young showers,” said Jenniskens. “We set out to investigate what is responsible.”</p>



<p>To tackle this mystery, Jenniskens spearheads the NASA-sponsored <a href="http://cams.seti.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CAMS network</a>, a global initiative that uses low-light video security cameras to monitor the night sky for meteors. </p>



<p>This effort, supported by a dedicated team of researchers and citizen scientists, has significantly advanced our understanding of meteor showers.</p>



<p>Peter S. Gural, a detection specialist on the team, developed sophisticated software that plays a crucial role in this research. </p>



<p>“We developed software that detects meteors in videos recorded from different locations and then triangulates their trajectory in the atmosphere,” Gural explains. “Meteors arriving from the same direction each day belong to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-lost-meteor-shower-named-andromedids-offers-a-celestial-surprise-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteor shower</a>.”</p>



<p>The culmination of 13 years of observations has recently been published as the "Atlas of Earth’s Meteor Showers," a comprehensive guide that maps out the trajectories of meteors and provides invaluable insights into each known meteor shower.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culprit-behind-the-zodiacal-light-curtain">Culprit behind the zodiacal light curtain</h2>



<p>One of the team's significant discoveries was the role of heat in the disintegration of comet debris. </p>



<p>Initially, it was thought that proximity to the Sun, leading to more collisions, would result in the rapid destruction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-building-blocks-may-have-formed-near-newborn-stars-and-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pebble-sized particles</a>. </p>



<p>However, the research revealed a surprising twist: these pebbles were far more resilient than anticipated.</p>



<p>“Because there is more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devil-comet-is-hurtling-towards-earth-but-poses-no-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">comet dust</a> closer to the Sun, we had expected collisions there would pulverize the pebbles that much faster,” Jenniskens clarifies. “Instead, we found that the pebbles survived better than expected.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meteor-clusters-show-evidence-of-thermal-breakdown">Meteor clusters show evidence of thermal breakdown</h2>



<p>This process of thermal stress is evident near Earth and extends all the way to the orbit of Mercury. In the extreme environment within Mercury's orbit, the intense heat causes the particles to disintegrate by shedding material.</p>



<p>A fascinating manifestation of this phenomenon is the observation of meteor clusters. “Here at Earth, we sometimes see that process in action when in a short time of say 10 seconds we detect ten or twenty <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meteoroid-burn-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meteors</a> in part of the sky, a meteor cluster, the result of a meteoroid having fallen apart by thermal stresses just before entering Earth’s atmosphere,” Jenniskens concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zodiacal-light-interplay-of-light-dust-and-heat-in-space">Zodiacal light: Interplay of light, dust, and heat in space</h2>



<p>In summary, the fascinating research led by Dr. Peter Jenniskens and his international team has revolutionized our understanding of the zodiacal light. These brilliant scientists discovered that heat, rather than collisions, plays a pivotal role in shaping the cosmic dust between the planets. </p>



<p>By utilizing advanced technology and global cooperation, the team has unveiled the intricate processes that govern the disintegration of comet debris, challenging previous theories and opening new avenues for astronomical research. </p>



<p>This discovery enriches our knowledge of the cosmos and highlights the dynamic interplay of forces that craft the beauty of our night sky, offering a deeper appreciation for the celestial phenomena that surround us.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103524000939?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Icarus</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Zodiacal light’s mysterious origin is finally discovered

The night sky holds countless wonders, one of which is...

<p>Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a surprising combatant in urban greening near highways. </p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu/">Georgia State University</a> has shown that these natural elements do more than just enhance the visual appeal of the area. They also play a crucial role in mitigating the pollution caused by motor vehicles.</p>



<p>Thie study highlights the importance of finding effective ways to combat air pollution. It underlines the potential of integrating vegetation into our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-urban-environments-promote-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environments</a> for health and aesthetic benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-leafy-shield-against-pollution">A leafy shield against pollution</h2>



<p>For the investigation, the researchers conducted air quality tests over six months at various metro Atlanta highway sites. They discovered that areas with trees and bushes experienced a significant decrease in pollutants. </p>



<p>Specifically, there was a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% decrease in ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to health and are linked to serious diseases like asthma and lung cancer.</p>



<p>Study lead author Professor Roby Greenwald stated: “Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-need-for-greener-solutions">Growing need for greener solutions</h2>



<p>The need for solutions is critical, given that around 45 million people in the United States live, work, or attend school within 300 feet of a major highway. This proximity exposes them to elevated levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/">pollution</a>.</p>



<p>Consequently, the study shows that roadside vegetation can effectively reduce particulate air pollution. It achieves this through mechanisms such as offering a large surface area for small particles to adhere to. </p>



<p>The research built upon previous findings by incorporating an extended sampling period. Additionally, it included a model that accounted for variables like wind direction, traffic volume, and proximity to the highway.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-transportation-methods">Alternative transportation methods</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald noted the limitations of roadside vegetation, noting that it does not reduce carbon dioxide emissions or ozone pollution.</p>



<p>Therefore, to achieve a more comprehensive mitigation of health hazards associated with highways, the study suggests that municipalities should focus on enhancing the viability of alternative transportation methods. </p>



<p>This effort could include expanding public transportation and upgrading infrastructure for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-travel-can-greatly-reduce-co2-emissions-in-the-city/">bicycles</a> and pedestrians. Such improvements would make it safer, more pleasant, and convenient for individuals to travel without depending on motor vehicles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-the-seeds-of-change">Planting the seeds of change</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald emphasized the value of roadside trees. "We should plant more trees along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics." </p>



<p>Yet, Greenwald warned against seeing this as a complete solution to vehicle emissions, advocating for a comprehensive approach to the issue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Additional benefits of urban greening</h2>



<p>Urban greening is a multifaceted approach with benefits that touch on every aspect of urban life, from enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services to improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-and-green-spaces-are-beneficial-in-all-stages-of-life/">human well-being</a> and economic vitality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Environmentally, urban greening helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect, which is the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to human activities and the prevalence of concrete and asphalt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trees and plants provide shade and release moisture into the air through transpiration, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-measures-the-cooling-effect-of-shade-in-urban-areas/">cooling</a> urban areas. Additionally, green spaces can improve air quality by filtering pollutants and dust from the air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Societal benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>From a social perspective, urban greening has been linked to improved mental health and well-being. Access to parks and natural environments in urban settings offers residents spaces for recreation and relaxation, which can reduce stress and improve mood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, these green spaces can foster a sense of community by serving as gathering places for social interactions and community events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Economically, urban greening can enhance property values. Properties adjacent to or near well-maintained parks and green spaces are often more desirable and can command higher prices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, green infrastructure, such as green roofs and walls, can reduce energy costs by providing natural insulation and cooling, leading to savings on heating and cooling expenses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Biodiversity benefits</h3>



<p>Urban greening also plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation within cities, providing habitats for various species and contributing to the maintenance of ecological balance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS One</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Urban greening is a powerful weapon against air pollution

Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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