<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

Symphysodon,Discus,In,An,Aquarium,On,A,Green,Background

<p>The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define survival strategies and influence biodiversity. Among these, curiosity is a critical personality trait that impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/species-survival-adapt-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal adaptation</a> and survival. It compels animals such as cichlids to explore new areas within their habitats, diversifying their experiences and potentially their genetic makeup, although it also increases their vulnerability to predators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-cichlids-and-biodiversity">Exploring cichlids and biodiversity </h2>



<p>Nestled in the heart of Africa, Lake Tanganyika functions as an exceptional natural laboratory for exploring the complexities of biodiversity. This expansive lake hosts a myriad of cichlid species, each distinguished by its unique shape, diet, habitat, and coloration. </p>



<p>The incredible range of these characteristics among cichlids enables them to adapt to different ecological roles within the lake’s ecosystem. By filling various niches, these fish effectively spread out across different environmental zones, which reduces direct competition for resources among them. </p>



<p>This adaptation not only helps maintain ecological balance but also fosters a rich diversity within the lake, making it an ideal subject for scientific study.</p>



<p>Recent research led by Professor Walter Salzburger from the <a href="https://www.unibas.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Basel</a> focuses on these cichlids to understand how curiosity contributes to the emergence of new species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cichlid-curiosity">Cichlid curiosity</h2>



<p>Dr. Carolin Sommer-Trembo, the lead author of the study, dedicated nine months to closely observing 57 different cichlid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cichlid-fish-transform-their-shape-to-handle-environmental-changes/">species</a> along the southern shores of Lake Tanganyika. </p>



<p>She utilized large experimental ponds to examine the exploratory behavior of these cichlids, all of which were initially captured from the lake and subsequently returned to their natural habitat.</p>



<p>Upon returning to Basel, Sommer-Trembo analyzed video recordings to assess how each species adapted to these new environments. She identified significant variations in exploratory behavior that remained consistent even in controlled laboratory settings.</p>



<p>"Large differences in exploratory behavior were observed between the cichlid species," Sommer-Trembo noted, emphasizing a strong connection between behavior, habitat preference, and physical traits. </p>



<p>Notably, bulkier cichlids found closer to the shores exhibited greater curiosity compared to their more elongated counterparts in open waters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-insights-into-cichlid-curiosity-and-biodiversity">Genetic insights into cichlid curiosity and biodiversity</h2>



<p>The research team took an innovative approach to explore the genetic foundations of these behaviors, developed in collaboration with Dr. Milan Malinsky of the <a href="https://www.unibe.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bern</a>. </p>



<p>They discovered a genetic variant strongly linked to curiosity, characterized by a specific "T" in the DNA sequence, which almost perfectly predicts increased exploratory behavior, while a "C" suggests less curiosity.</p>



<p>Using CRISPR-Cas9, a cutting-edge gene-editing technology, the researchers successfully induced mutations in this specific DNA region, thereby enhancing the cichlids' curiosity. </p>



<p>Additionally, they employed artificial intelligence to provide predictive insights into the exploratory behaviors of cichlid species that had not previously been studied.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-from-fish-to-humans">Broader implications: From fish to humans</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the genetic variant identified is located near the gene cacng5b, which is active in the brain and is also present in other vertebrates, including humans. </p>



<p>This gene is associated with neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.</p>



<p>"This puts the focus back on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-change-makes-animals-alter-their-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal behavior</a> as a driving force behind key evolutionary processes," says Sommer-Trembo.</p>



<p>The implications of this research extend beyond the aquatic borders of Lake Tanganyika, suggesting potential insights into the biological foundations of personality traits in humans.</p>



<p>As the study of cichlids in Lake Tanganyika continues to reveal the intricate connections between genetics, behavior, evolution and biodiversity, it may also offer a glimpse into the mechanisms of human behavioral traits, potentially linking our own evolutionary story to those of the curious cichlids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-cichlid-fish-beyond-their-curiosity">More about cichlid fish beyond their curiosity</h2>



<p>As discussed above, cichlid fish are a remarkably diverse group of freshwater fish, primarily found in tropical regions of Africa and Central and South America. </p>



<p>Their diversity is not just limited to their coloration and body shapes but extends to their behavior, reproductive strategies, and environmental adaptations, making them a favorite subject of study in evolutionary biology.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins and distribution</h3>



<p>Cichlids are most notably abundant in African lakes, with Lake Malawi, Lake Victoria, and Lake Tanganyika being the most famous for their cichlid populations. </p>



<p>Each of these lakes harbors hundreds of cichlid species, many of which are endemic - meaning they are found nowhere else on Earth. </p>



<p>Lake Tanganyika, in particular, is considered one of the oldest lakes in the world and hosts some of the most ancient cichlid lineages.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Morphological diversity</h3>



<p>The physical diversity of cichlids is astounding. They vary greatly in size, from just a few centimeters to over 30 centimeters in length. </p>



<p>Their bodies can be slim and elongated or short and stocky, adapted to different types of water flow and predation pressures. </p>



<p>The coloration of cichlids is equally varied and often plays a role in mating rituals; bright colors can attract mates or intimidate rivals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Behavioral adaptations</h3>



<p>Cichlids exhibit a wide range of behaviors that have adapted to their environments. Some species are known for their complex mating dances and elaborate breeding behaviors, including mouthbrooding, where the female or even the male carries fertilized eggs in their mouths to protect them until they hatch. Others have developed unique feeding strategies like filter feeding, scraping algae, or cracking open shells.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological roles</h3>



<p>Cichlids fill a wide array of ecological niches within their environments. Some are predators, eating smaller fish or invertebrates, while others may graze on algae or detritus on the lakebed. </p>



<p>This specialization helps to reduce direct competition for resources and is a driving force behind the speciation and high biodiversity observed in their habitats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation concerns</h3>



<p>Despite their adaptability, many cichlid species are threatened by environmental changes, including pollution, habitat loss, and the introduction of non-native species. </p>



<p>In Lake Victoria, for example, the introduction of the Nile perch in the 1950s led to the extinction or near-extinction of numerous cichlid species due to predation and competition.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Scientific importance beyond cichlid curiosity</h3>



<p>Cichlids are a key model group in studies of evolutionary biology, especially in understanding speciation, the process by which new species evolve. Their rapid rates of speciation and diverse adaptations make them ideal for studying genetic, ecological, and behavioral evolution.</p>



<p>Overall, cichlids not only contribute significantly to the biodiversity of their native habitats but also offer valuable insights into the evolutionary processes that drive the diversity of life on Earth.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj9228" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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Animal curiosity boosts biodiversity in global ecosystems

The animal kingdom is replete with varied behaviors that define...

<p>Marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-plankton-hold-a-long-record-of-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plankton</a>, particularly the single-celled organisms known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-oceans-colder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foraminifera</a>, have populated the oceans for hundreds of millions of years. These microscopic, hard-shelled creatures are more than just tiny specks in the vast ocean; they are fundamental to the marine food chain and serve as a historical archive that helps scientists predict changes in global biodiversity related to our warming climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plankton-predicting-biodiversity-changes">Plankton predicting biodiversity changes</h2>



<p>Recently, an extensive study utilizing a high-resolution global dataset of planktonic foraminifera fossils - one of the richest biological archives available - has revealed crucial insights. </p>



<p>Researchers have discovered that major environmental stresses leading to mass <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-are-on-track-for-a-catastrophic-extinction-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinctions</a> were consistently preceded by subtle changes in the composition of these marine communities. These shifts act as an early warning system for potential future extinctions.</p>



<p>The study was led by Anshuman Swain, a researcher in the <a href="https://socfell.fas.harvard.edu/about" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Society of Fellows</a>, who is also affiliated with the Museum of Comparative Zoology. </p>



<p>Swain, initially trained as a physicist, applies network analysis to biological and paleontological data. Collaborating with co-first author Adam Woodhouse at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, Swain investigated the ancient global community structure of marine plankton to develop predictions for the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monitoring-ocean-life-through-underwater-soundscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harnessing-the-past-to-protect-our-future">Harnessing the past to protect our future</h2>



<p>Swain emphasized the importance of historical data in understanding contemporary challenges. “Can we leverage the past to understand what might happen in the future, in the context of global change?” </p>



<p>He noted that his previous work on the impact of polar ice cap formations on marine plankton over the last 15 million years provides valuable context for how biodiversity responds to global climatic shifts, particularly during periods of global warmth, which mirror projections for future warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plankton-population-and-biodiversity">Plankton population and biodiversity</h2>



<p>Using the Triton database, crafted by Woodhouse, the team analyzed how the composition of foraminifera plankton communities evolved over extensive periods, far longer than those typically studied. </p>



<p>The focus was the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, a significant phase of high global temperatures that occurred after the age of dinosaurs. This period is comparable to modern worst-case global warming scenarios.</p>



<p>The researchers found that prior to an extinction event around 34 million years ago, marine communities across the globe became highly specialized - except in southern high latitudes.</p>



<p>This suggests a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whales-in-the-southern-ocean-are-losing-weight-due-to-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mass migration</a> of micro-plankton to cooler, higher latitudes and away from the tropics. The pattern is indicative of significant ecological shifts detectable in the fossil records well before actual biodiversity extinctions took place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paleoinformatics-and-future-biodiversity">Paleoinformatics and future biodiversity</h2>



<p>The importance of monitoring biological community structures to predict future extinctions cannot be overstated. The insights gleaned from plankton studies pave the way for broader biodiversity research on other marine organisms, including sharks and even insects. </p>



<p>This burgeoning field, known as paleoinformatics, harnesses large, spatiotemporally resolved databases of fossil records to offer new perspectives on Earth’s future.</p>



<p>By studying the past with sophisticated tools and databases, scientists like Swain and Woodhouse are not only uncovering the secrets of ancient marine ecosystems but are also providing essential tools to anticipate and potentially mitigate future biodiversity losses due to climate change. </p>



<p>Their work underscores the critical role of historical ecological data in environmental conservation efforts and the broader understanding of our planet’s complex climate system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-plankton-biodiversity">Marine plankton biodiversity</h2>



<p>Marine plankton biodiversity encompasses a vast range of microscopic organisms that play crucial roles in ocean ecosystems. Here are a few key aspects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-plankton">Types of plankton</h3>



<p>There are two main groups of marine plankton: phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton, like algae, are photosynthetic and form the base of the marine food web. Zooplankton, which include foraminifera, are often tiny animals or protists that eat phytoplankton and other small particles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-importance">Ecological importance</h3>



<p>Phytoplankton produce about half of the oxygen we breathe and absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to regulate the climate. Zooplankton, including krill and copepods, are a vital food source for larger marine animals such as fish, whales, and seabirds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-biogeochemical-cycles">Impact on biogeochemical cycles</h3>



<p>Plankton are central to biogeochemical cycles. They help cycle nutrients through the ocean by breaking down and redistributing organic and inorganic matter. This includes the carbon cycle, where plankton influence carbon storage and release in the oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indicators-of-environmental-change">Indicators of environmental change</h3>



<p>The diversity and distribution of plankton can indicate changes in the environment, such as water temperature, salinity, and pollution levels. Shifts in plankton populations often reflect broader ecological changes that can impact fisheries, water quality, and global climate patterns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-monitoring">Research and monitoring</h3>



<p>Scientists study marine plankton to monitor the health of marine ecosystems and predict ecological shifts due to factors like climate change. Advanced technologies, such as remote sensing and automated underwater vehicles, are used to collect data on plankton populations over large areas and extended periods.</p>



<p>Understanding the biodiversity of marine plankton is critical, as these organisms are foundational to marine ecosystems and global environmental health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07337-9">Nature</a></em></em>.</p>



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Plankton help predict ocean biodiversity losses

Marine plankton, particularly the single-celled organisms known as foraminifera, have...

<p>Recent research has revealed a startling connection between plastic production and pollution, with every 1% increase in plastic production leading to a corresponding 1% rise in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic environmental pollution</a>. The study, published in <em>Science Advances</em>, marks the first robust quantification of this global relationship.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corporate-culprits-in-plastic-production">Corporate culprits in plastic production</h2>



<p>The investigation was conducted by an international team from the United States, Australia, the Philippines, New Zealand, Estonia, Chile, Sweden, Canada, and the United Kingdom. </p>



<p>The findings point to 56 global companies, mainly in the food, beverage, and tobacco sectors, as being responsible for more than half of all branded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-plastics-treaty-tackles-the-pollution-problem-directly-at-the-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution. </p>



<p>Notably, The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coca-cola-pepsi-among-top-contributors-to-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coca-Cola Company</a> emerges as the top polluter, responsible for 11% of branded waste, followed by PepsiCo at 5%, and both Nestlé and Danone at 3%.</p>



<p>This significant and disturbing study utilized data from over 1,576 brand audits spanning 84 countries, gathered over five years by more than 200,000 volunteers through initiatives like Break Free From Plastic and 5 Gyres’ TrashBlitz app. </p>



<p>These brand audits involve volunteers conducting waste clean-ups and documenting the brands on the collected pollution, providing a ground-level view of the impact of plastic production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-plastic-production">Reducing plastic production</h2>



<p>The pervasive nature of plastic pollution across diverse geographical locations and waste management systems indicates that a reduction in plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-must-be-phased-out-to-stop-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">production</a>, especially within the fast-moving consumer goods sector, could dramatically lessen global plastic pollution. </p>



<p>As discussions unfold at the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/nations-agree-end-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Plastics Treaty</a> negotiations this month in Ottawa, Canada, this research could greatly influence the adoption of high-ambition, legally binding provisions focusing on corporate accountability and the promotion of sustainable practices like reuse and refill systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-community-explains-the-study-s-significance">Scientific community explains the study's significance</h2>



<p>“When I first saw the relationship between production and pollution, I was shocked… But it gives me hope that reducing plastic production and shifting towards more durable and reusable products would have a strong positive impact on the environment,” stated Win Cowger, researcher at the <a href="https://mooreplasticresearch.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Moore Institute for Plastic Pollution Research</a>.</p>



<p>“I urge world leaders at INC-4 to listen to the science, and to consider the clear link between plastic production and pollution during negotiations for a Global Plastics Treaty,” added Dr. Lisa Erdle of The 5 Gyres.</p>



<p>Sybil Bullock from <a href="https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Break Free From Plastic</a> calls attention to the persistent shortcomings of major corporations in reducing their plastic impact, advocating for, “a legally binding Global Plastics Treaty that mandates significant cuts in plastic production and stops corporations from flooding the planet with single-use plastic.”</p>



<p>Dr. Jorge Emmanuel critiques the often-misguided blame placed on poorer countries for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastic-pollution-has-become-a-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global plastic pollution</a>. He reflects on the role of global companies since the 1960s in introducing single-use plastics that displaced traditional, sustainable practices.</p>



<p>Dr. Kathy Willis highlights the major role that single-use packaging plays in branded plastic pollution, stressing the importance of, “data [that] can help inform ways to address plastic production and reduce plastic waste ending up in the environment.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-systematic-reform-and-policy-change">Urgent need for systematic reform and policy change</h2>



<p>The comprehensive results of this study distinctly illustrate the direct correlation between plastic production and environmental pollution, while emphasizing the pressing necessity for systemic reforms. </p>



<p>These changes are crucial not only for improving current conditions but also for ensuring long-term environmental sustainability.</p>



<p>Promoting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/markets-punish-corporations-that-ignore-climate-environmental-pollution-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corporate accountability</a> and supporting sustainable methods can lead to substantial ecological advantages. By adopting responsible production practices and reducing plastic waste, companies can make a meaningful impact on global pollution levels.</p>



<p>Furthermore, as international discussions progress, the findings of this study are invaluable in pushing for effective and binding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental policies</a>. </p>



<p>This research equips policymakers and advocates with the evidence needed to implement stringent regulations that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/big-chemical-companies-hide-pollution-behind-subsidiaries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hold corporations accountable</a> and foster a shift towards more sustainable industrial practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-to-reduce-plastic-production">Strategies to reduce plastic production</h2>



<p>Reducing plastic production involves a multifaceted approach that incorporates regulatory, corporate, and community actions. Here’s a detailed breakdown of each strategy:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implement-regulations">Implement regulations</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ban single-use plastics:</strong> Some governments have started banning or restricting the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-biggest-environmental-impacts-of-single-use-plastics-are-largely-overlooked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use plastic</a> items like straws, bags, and food containers.</li>



<li><strong>Quotas and tariffs:</strong> Implementing quotas on the amount of plastic that can be produced and imposing tariffs on plastic imports can reduce the availability and affordability of plastics.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promote-sustainable-alternatives">Promote sustainable alternatives</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Research and development:</strong> Investing in the development of alternative materials such as plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-plastic-straws-degrade-faster-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bioplastics</a> that degrade more quickly and have a lower environmental impact.</li>



<li><strong>Support for alternatives:</strong> Providing subsidies or tax breaks for companies producing and using alternative, sustainable materials.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhance-recycling-programs">Enhance recycling programs</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improve recycling infrastructure:</strong> Upgrading facilities and technologies to handle a broader range of plastic products and improve the efficiency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-recycling-day-creating-a-healthier-planet-for-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling processes</a>.</li>



<li><strong>Standardize recycling practices:</strong> Creating uniform guidelines for recycling across regions to maximize participation and effectiveness.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corporate-responsibility">Corporate responsibility</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Product redesign:</strong> Companies can redesign products to use less plastic or replace plastic with other materials. For example, using glass or metal which are more easily recyclable and often more sustainable.</li>



<li><strong>Extended producer responsibility:</strong> Implementing policies where manufacturers are responsible for the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-breakthrough-plastics-that-wont-make-us-sick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifecycle of their products</a>, including disposal and recycling.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consumer-awareness-on-plastic-production">Consumer awareness on plastic production</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Educational Campaigns:</strong> Conducting campaigns to educate the public about the impacts of plastic pollution and how to reduce plastic use.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting Reuse:</strong> Encouraging consumers to use reusable items, like shopping bags, water bottles, and containers.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-incentives">Economic incentives</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Grants and Loans:</strong> Offering financial support to start-ups and businesses that are developing plastic alternatives or improving recycling technologies.</li>



<li><strong>Penalties for High Plastic Use:</strong> Imposing fines on companies that exceed a certain level of plastic use or waste, incentivizing them to find greener solutions.</li>
</ul>



<p>By integrating these strategies, communities, nations, and businesses can significantly cut down on plastic production, leading to a cleaner and more sustainable environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-pollution-and-the-path-towards-sustainability">Plastic, pollution, and the path towards sustainability</h2>



<p>In summary, this important study has exposed the undeniable link between plastic production and pollution, pinpointing the fast-moving consumer goods sector as the key contributor to this global crisis. </p>



<p>As world leaders convene to negotiate a Global Plastics Treaty, this research serves as a crucial plea for decisive action. We must demand corporate accountability, prioritize plastic production reduction measures, and promote reuse and refill systems. </p>



<p>The path forward is clear: by holding corporations responsible for their role in the plastic pollution predicament and focusing on reducing production, we can work towards a cleaner, more sustainable future for our planet. The time for action is now.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj8275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Every increase in plastic production results in identical increase in plastic pollution

Recent research has revealed a startling connection between plastic production...

Aerial,View.,Wild,Forest,Lake,In,Russia,,Caucasus.

<p>Climate change, often seen as a formidable adversary, poses a significant threat to humanity and the natural environment, particularly impacting the diversity of our vital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-use-social-distancing-to-promote-forest-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>. </p>



<p>Historical research has painted a grim picture, highlighting a decline in forest productivity amidst global warming and persistent droughts, suggesting a precarious future for these diverse ecosystems.</p>



<p>A recent collaborative study involving researchers from multiple international institutions, including <a href="https://www.kyoto-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kyoto University</a>, has shed light on a hopeful scenario. </p>



<p>They discovered that forests characterized by high trait diversity are not only better equipped to cope with climate change, they may actually flourish under such conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-s-role-in-forest-health">Diversity's role in forest health</h2>



<p>Led by Han YH Chen from <a href="https://www.lakeheadu.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lakehead University</a>, the research team delved into the significance of tree functional trait diversity. This crucial aspect of biodiversity enhances the ability of forests to adapt to environmental stressors. </p>



<p>Their findings stem from an extensive analysis of 57 years of inventory data collected from dryland biomes across Canada, spanning from 1958 to 2015. </p>



<p>"In the face of environmental stress, these diverse trees have been shown to maintain higher productivity levels, in contrast to monoculture forests," Chen explains. </p>



<p>Consequently, this study underscores the resilience that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-biodiversity-benefits-from-large-herbivores-like-elephants-and-moose/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> can confer to forest ecosystems, particularly in dryland areas which are notoriously susceptible to climate impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-future-forest-management">Climate change and future forest management</h2>



<p>The study meticulously accounted for variables such as vegetation recovery from natural disturbances, local climate variations, and soil drainage characteristics.</p>



<p>This robust statistical approach not only highlights the resilience of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diverse-forests-are-more-resilient-and-productive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse forests</a> but also paves the way for future explorations into the long-term dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity.</p>



<p>"Our robust statistical approach to the large-scale data may lead to future opportunities for further exploring the long-term dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity," said Masumi Hisano, the first author of the study and affiliated with <a href="https://www.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hiroshima University</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-forest-diversity-impact">Natural forest diversity impact</h2>



<p>The concept of nature-based solutions is gaining momentum within climate policy circles as a means to mitigate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/complex-canopies-help-forests-recover-from-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a> vulnerabilities. </p>



<p>Furthermore, this study contributes to the ongoing debate about the ability of biodiversity to enhance ecosystem resistance against short-term droughts and other climatic adversities.</p>



<p>"Due to limited evidence from multi-decade long-term observation, synthesizing several direct observations is essential for generalizing dynamic ecological patterns," Hisano noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultivating-hope-through-ecological-diversity">Cultivating hope through ecological diversity</h2>



<p>The study illuminates the intricate relationships among forest diversity, how ecosystems operate, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-species-diversity-shaped-by-climate-change-for-21000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. It highlights how various species within a forest interact and support each other, enhancing the whole ecosystem's ability to withstand climatic shifts.</p>



<p>These findings offer promising strategies for strengthening forest resilience, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a wide range of species. </p>



<p>By encouraging diversity, forests are better prepared to face environmental changes, potentially leading to healthier and more robust ecosystems.</p>



<p>As the severity of climate challenges increases, the role of diverse forests becomes increasingly critical. Their health and endurance are essential for their own survival and for the countless species, including humans, that depend on them. </p>



<p>In summary, preserving diverse forest ecosystems is pivotal for maintaining biodiversity, ensuring ecosystem services, and supporting overall planetary health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-benefits-of-rich-forest-diversity">Additional benefits of rich forest diversity</h2>



<p>Forest diversity offers numerous benefits beyond enhancing resilience to climate change. Here are some key advantages:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Increased productivity</strong>: Diverse forests often exhibit higher productivity than monocultures because different species utilize resources such as light, water, and nutrients in varying ways, reducing competition and increasing overall efficiency.</li>



<li><strong>Disease and pest resistance</strong>: A diverse forest is less susceptible to pests and diseases. With a variety of species, it's less likely that all will be affected by the same threats, preventing widespread devastation.</li>



<li><strong>Improved soil health</strong>: Different trees contribute differently to soil structure and nutrient content. This variety helps in maintaining healthy soil, which supports more robust plant growth and better water retention.</li>



<li><strong>Wildlife habitat</strong>: Biodiversity in forests provides varied habitats, which can support a wider range of wildlife. This is crucial for maintaining ecological balances and supporting species survival.</li>



<li><strong>Cultural and recreational value</strong>: Diverse forests attract more tourists and nature enthusiasts, providing recreational, educational, and aesthetic benefits. They are also vital to many cultures that rely on various forest species for traditional practices and medicines.</li>



<li><strong>Carbon sequestration</strong>: Forests with a high diversity of tree species have been shown to store more carbon than less diverse forests, playing a critical role in mitigating global warming.</li>



<li><strong>Water cycle regulation</strong>: Forests influence local and regional water cycles. Diverse forests are more effective at regulating water flow and purification, contributing to cleaner rivers and streams and more consistent rainfall patterns.</li>



<li><strong>Resilience to fire</strong>: Diversity can reduce the vulnerability of forests to fires by including species that are less flammable or that can help to regulate the forest microclimate.</li>
</ul>



<p>These benefits highlight the importance of preserving and promoting forest diversity as part of broader environmental conservation and sustainability efforts.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn4152" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Forests with rich tree diversity adapt better to changing climate

Climate change, often seen as a formidable adversary, poses a...

<p>In certain corners of the world where climate catastrophes strike with alarming regularity, the impact on marginalized communities can transform their perception of daily life. A recent study from the <a href="https://www.ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas</a> has shed light on the impact of frequent exposure to severe weather conditions. This exposure has led to the formation of what could be termed a "disaster subculture" in a poverty-stricken neighborhood in Seoul, South Korea.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disaster-subculture-helps-to-normalize-hardship">Disaster subculture helps to normalize hardship</h2>



<p>A disaster subculture refers to a set of shared attitudes, behaviors, and practices that develop among a group of people frequently exposed to natural disasters. This concept is often observed in communities that regularly experience events like hurricanes, floods, or earthquakes. </p>



<p>These communities adapt to their challenging circumstances by developing unique coping mechanisms, knowledge, and survival strategies that are transmitted across generations, helping them manage the psychological and physical impacts of living in high-risk environments. </p>



<p>Essentially, the disaster subculture helps residents normalize and endure their hazardous conditions, often leading to a resigned acceptance of their situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disaster-subculture-in-seoul-s-jjokbang-chon">Disaster subculture in Seoul's Jjokbang-chon</h2>



<p>Residents of Jjokbang-chon, a district marked by extreme <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/india-poverty-is-key-source-of-global-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">poverty</a>, endure the harsh realities of climate change from the confines of cramped, 70-square-foot living spaces. Throughout a year of immersive ethnographic research, Joonmo Kang, an assistant professor of social welfare, delved deep into the lives of these individuals to understand disaster subculture. </p>



<p>Kang discovered that many residents have become so accustomed to severe weather that it shapes their entire outlook on life. The study uncovers a poignant narrative of indifference and acceptance among the residents. Despite living in conditions that many would find unbearable, they often express a fatalistic acceptance of their situation. </p>



<p> "All year around, all four seasons are filled with distress; every day is a disaster… the weather doesn't matter," stated one of the residents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-social-work-and-climate-justice">Challenges in social work and climate justice</h2>



<p>The implications of this study related to disaster subculture are profound for social work and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ipcc-climate-action-urgently-needed-to-end-human-suffering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate justice</a>. "This research focused on how people make meaning of extreme weather. The findings revealed they developed a ‘disaster subculture'… It is what it is,” Kang noted. </p>



<p>This acceptance and normalization of hardship reflect a significant challenge in addressing the needs of these communities. A community organizer working with the residents offered insight into their mindset, suggesting that the residents' acceptance might also be an expression of their efforts to cope. </p>



<p>"It might also be their way of telling us, ‘I am trying my best to adjust,’ and at the same time even though they have a desire to get out of here, they might just be saying that because they don't have the resources or the means to turn things around," the organizer explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-disaster-subculture">Understanding disaster subculture </h2>



<p>Understanding these lived experiences is crucial for social work professionals who aim to serve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hurricane-related-deaths-on-the-rise-especially-in-vulnerable-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable populations</a> effectively. Kang’s research emphasizes the need to address the root causes of such living conditions and to listen closely to those directly affected. </p>



<p>Kang draws an analogy with the boiling frog metaphor, suggesting that unlike the frog, people in these extreme conditions offer valuable insights into potential solutions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocating-for-marginalized-communities">Advocating for marginalized communities </h2>



<p>Kang plans to further explore how to empower and advocate for marginalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-communities-on-river-deltas-will-be-hit-hard-by-coastal-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> in addressing the daily impacts of climate change. “The folks who live these experiences know best. They have agency, and we need to listen to them."</p>



<p>His approach suggests a shift towards a more inclusive and responsive strategy in social work and climate justice, emphasizing the importance of listening and responding to the needs and desires of those most affected.</p>



<p>In conclusion, this study not only highlights the resilience and adaptability of marginalized populations in the face of environmental extremes but also calls for a reevaluation of how social agencies engage with and support these communities. </p>



<p>By acknowledging the distress and suffering of the disaster subculture in Jjokbang-chon, we must recognize an urgent need to address the broader implications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-increases-poverty-in-asia-pacific-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> on a deeply personal level.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijsw.12650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Social Welfare</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Disaster subculture' helps people cope on the frontline of the climate crisis

In certain corners of the world where climate catastrophes strike...

<p>Dust emissions in Central Asia have surged as the Aral Sea continues its dramatic decline. Once the world's fourth-largest lake covering an expansive 68,000 square kilometers, the Aral Sea has drastically diminished since the 1960s.</p>



<p>Originally, the lake was fed by the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, drawing their waters from the mountain ranges of Pamir and Tian Shan. It thrived until unsustainable agricultural practices in the mid-20th century began to divert its essential water sources. </p>



<p>This transition ultimately transformed the once vast lake into the Aralkum Desert, a major source of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric dust</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-dust-from-the-aral-sea">Rising dust from the Aral Sea</h2>



<p>Recent research highlights a troubling trend: over the last three decades, Central Asia has become 7% dustier. This increase corresponds with a near doubling of dust emissions, escalating from 14 million tons in 1984 to 27 million tons by 2015.</p>



<p>The study, conducted by a team from the <a href="https://www.tropos.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research</a> and the <a href="https://www.fu-berlin.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Free University of Berlin</a>, suggests that these figures are likely underestimated. Traditional satellite observations often fail to detect two-thirds of dust emissions, as they frequently occur under cloudy conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-effects-of-increased-dust-emissions">Far-reaching effects of increased dust emissions</h2>



<p>The widespread effects of increased dust emissions from the Aralkum Desert are significant and have consequences across Central Asia. The fine dust particles released into the atmosphere pose serious health hazards to local populations such as respiratory issues and cardiovascular problems. </p>



<p>This degradation of air quality isn't confined to areas close to the desert; it extends to urban centers like the capitals of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, which are notably far from the source.</p>



<p>The dust has environmental impacts beyond just air quality. It lands on glaciers, darkening their surfaces which leads to faster absorption of sunlight. This accelerates the melting process, contributing to a quicker reduction in glacier volumes.</p>



<p>As these glaciers are crucial water sources for the region, their melting intensifies the existing water scarcity issues, affecting agriculture, drinking water supplies, and the overall ecological balance in the area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aral-sea-dust-dynamics">Aral Sea dust dynamics </h2>



<p>To better understand these phenomena, the researchers utilized the COSMO-MUSCAT atmospheric dust model to simulate emissions and their effects. One of the challenges they faced was the lack of comprehensive data on the soil and surface characteristics of the Aralkum Desert. </p>



<p>Another challenge involved varying wind patterns, which influence the distribution and intensity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-dust-storms-carry-harmful-bacteria-and-fungi-around-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dust storms</a>. Westerly winds tend to dominate this dust storm activity. The researchers noted that as the Arctic warms, westerly wind currents could become even more frequent in winter, with consequences for people east of the desert.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radiative-effects-of-dust-over-aral-sea">Radiative effects of dust over Aral Sea</h2>



<p>"Looking at the changes between the past and the present, the near doubling of dust emissions over the Aral Sea/Aralkum region has led to an increase in both radiative cooling and heating at the surface and in the atmosphere," said lead researcher Dr. Jamie Banks.</p>



<p>These phenomena do not persist year-round but occur in episodes, profoundly influencing the seasonal climate dynamics. </p>



<p>"Aralkum dust increases the air pressure at ground level in the Aral region, altering large-scale weather patterns," noted Dr. Banks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-central-asian-dust-conference">Central Asian dust conference</h2>



<p>The findings were presented at the Second Central Asian Dust Conference in Nukus, Uzbekistan, near the former Aral Sea shores. As the research continues, the scientific community aims to refine these models and deepen our understanding of dust's climatic impacts. </p>



<p>The establishment of the "OLALA" research group at TROPOS focuses on enhancing the remote sensing of mineral dust, a crucial step for global climate monitoring.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-environmental-management">Global environmental management</h2>



<p>This case study of the Aral Sea underscores the broader environmental challenges faced by regions around the world, where desertification and degradation pose immediate threats to ecosystems and human health.</p>



<p>The situation in Central Asia highlights the complex and delicate interplay between human activities and the health of our planet. The ongoing expansion of the Aralkum Desert, which is directly linked to previous unsustainable agricultural practices and water management, underscores how human interventions can lead to severe ecological consequences. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-cautionary-tale">A cautionary tale </h2>



<p>The increasing dust emissions from the Aralkum Desert are not just a local problem; they represent a broader environmental signal warning us of the critical need for sustainable practices.</p>



<p>As the desert grows and its dust impacts air quality, human health, and even climate patterns far beyond its immediate surroundings, it serves as a powerful cautionary tale. Without adopting and enforcing better practices, similar ecological and health crises could unfold in other parts of the world. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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Aral Sea dust emissions have doubled, with major climate impacts

Dust emissions in Central Asia have surged as the Aral...

<p>Rivers serve as vital lifelines across the planet, sustaining ecosystems, human populations, and economic activity. Understanding their dynamics, including the amount of water that is stored and discharged by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-deltas-are-threatened-by-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>, is essential for effective freshwater resource management. </p>



<p>A recent <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>-led study provides novel insights into these dynamics, highlighting regions experiencing significant water stress.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-river-water-storage-amount">River water storage amount</h2>



<p>Historically, obtaining accurate and reliable estimates of the total volume of water stored in rivers worldwide has posed significant challenges due to limitations in measurement techniques and data availability. </p>



<p>The recent research conducted by NASA has made significant strides in addressing this issue. By employing a combination of advanced computational models and extensive stream-gauge measurements, the study estimates that Earth's rivers collectively hold about 539 cubic miles (2,246 cubic kilometers) of water. </p>



<p>The volume of water in rivers, although small, is significantly important. It represents a fraction of the total freshwater resources, which are only 2.5% of Earth's water. Yet, this amount is essential for management of the global water cycle.</p>



<p>River water supports ecosystems, agriculture, and human populations extensively. Its impact is much greater than its volume implies. This knowledge is crucial for those managing water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-millions-of-river-segment-simulations">Millions of river segment simulations</h2>



<p>The research team integrated traditional stream-gauge measurements with advanced hydrological computer simulations. This method involved analyzing approximately 3 million river segments across the globe, representing a comprehensive effort to map <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mahakam-river-in-east-kalimantan-indonesia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> dynamics more accurately than ever before.</p>



<p>The researchers observed important discrepancies between the runoff simulated by their hydrological models and the actual data from stream gauges. These differences highlighted the need for adjustments in their computational models to more accurately mirror real-world conditions. By addressing and reconciling these discrepancies, the researchers refined their models to improve calculations of river water volumes. </p>



<p>The ability to calculate both storage and discharge with greater precision is vital for understanding the balance of water within river systems, assessing the sustainability of water use, and planning for future water management strategies under changing climatic conditions. </p>



<p>This innovative blend of empirical measurement and simulation represents a major step forward in hydrological science, providing a clearer picture of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-respiration-is-a-lot-like-breathing-in-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">riverine</a> water dynamics that are essential for both science and policy-making.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-s-river-water-storage-amount">Amazon's river water storage amount</h2>



<p>The Amazon River basin has been highlighted as a particularly significant area in the recent study, demonstrating its substantial role within the global hydrological system. </p>



<p>This vast basin, which is the largest river system in the world by volume, was found to contain approximately 38% of the world's total river water storage. This significant figure not only illustrates the sheer volume of water that the Amazon holds but also emphasizes its crucial role in maintaining global water balance.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study found that the Amazon basin accounts for 18% of the total river discharge into the world's oceans. This high percentage of discharge reflects the Amazon's pivotal function in transporting freshwater from land to sea, influencing oceanic salinity, currents, and ultimately global climate patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-areas-of-water-stress">Areas of water stress</h2>



<p>"These are locations where we’re seeing fingerprints of water management,” said lead author Elyssa Collins, who conducted the analysis as a <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPL</a> intern and doctoral student at North Carolina State University in Raleigh.</p>



<p>The study pinpoints regions where intensive human water use results in reduced river discharge. Notable areas include the Colorado, Amazon, Orange, and Murray-Darling river basins. This analysis identifies potential hotspots where careful water resource management is paramount.</p>



<p>"We don't know how much water is in the account, and population growth and climate change are further complicating matters," said JPL’s Cédric David, a co-author of the study. "There are many things we can do to manage how we’re using it and make sure there is enough water for everyone, but the first question is: How much water is there? That’s fundamental to everything else.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remote-sensing-for-river-monitoring">Remote sensing for river monitoring</h2>



<p>The recent launch of NASA's Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) satellite offers valuable new data for water resource monitoring. SWOT's ability to map global surface water elevations, including river heights, complements the findings of this study, enhancing potential for refined analysis and informed management decisions.</p>



<p>This comprehensive study advances our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-new-insights-into-the-dynamics-of-meandering-rivers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">river</a> water dynamics and pinpoints regions facing increasing amounts of water scarcity. These insights emphasize the need for proactive freshwater resource management strategies to ensure the continued health of these vital systems and the communities they sustain.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01421-5"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA</p>



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What amount of water do Earth's rivers hold?

Rivers serve as vital lifelines across the planet, sustaining ecosystems,...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> have made a significant breakthrough in understanding how certain viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, spread through the air. The findings reveal that carbon dioxide (CO2) levels play a critical role in the lifespan and transmission of airborne <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-new-virus-put-an-end-to-the-global-amphibian-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co2-increases-virus-lifespan">CO2 increases virus lifespan</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-can-either-help-or-harm-their-hosts-immune-systems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viruses</a> are known to spread through tiny droplets expelled when we breathe, sneeze, or cough. These droplets carry viruses from one person to another through the air. However, recent research explores how the chemical makeup of droplets influences the lifespan of a virus.</p>



<p>Under normal circumstances, the fluid in these droplets is slightly alkaline. This alkalinity works against virus survival, deactivating viruses gradually like a microscopic defense mechanism.</p>



<p>The study introduces a critical variable: CO2. When CO2 is present in the air, it interacts with the moisture in the droplets, acting like a mild acid. This interaction is crucial because it decreases the natural alkalinity of the droplets by making them less alkaline.</p>



<p>In environments with high CO2 levels, like poorly ventilated rooms or crowded spaces, the acidity in droplets increases. This disrupts their natural self-cleaning process. </p>



<p>By reducing alkalinity, CO2 creates more favorable conditions for viruses. This allows them to stay infectious longer. The extended virus lifespan increases the chances that more people will be infected. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-co2-virus-connection">Significance of the CO2-virus connection</h2>



<p>This research provides valuable insights into how and why viruses are transmitted more effectively in certain environments, highlighting the following key points:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crowded-poorly-ventilated-spaces">Crowded, poorly ventilated spaces</h3>



<p>These areas are often found in public transport, offices, or indoor events. They tend to have high CO2 levels because many people breathe in close proximity. The study suggests that high CO2 levels decrease the natural alkalinity of respiratory droplets and prolong the life of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-virus-lingers-body-two-years-after-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> within them. </p>



<p>This chemical shift likely leads to higher virus transmission rates. Crowded spaces that are poorly ventilated are known hotspots for spreading diseases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ventilation">Ventilation </h3>



<p>Fresh air has always been considered beneficial for respiratory health, but this study quantifies just how crucial good ventilation is in controlling virus spread. By introducing outdoor air, we can effectively dilute the concentrations of both CO2 and airborne viruses indoors. </p>



<p>This reduces the overall viral load and speeds up virus deactivation. Improving ventilation or opening windows enhances public health safety in crowded spaces.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The broader environmental context of this research cannot be ignored. As global CO2 levels continue to rise due to human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation, the implications for public health could be profound. </p>



<p>Increased atmospheric CO2 could mean that even outdoor environments might someday mimic the less alkaline conditions typically found in crowded, poorly ventilated indoor spaces. </p>



<p>This could increase the stability and transmissibility of respiratory viruses worldwide. It highlights a dire need for robust public health strategies to address both environmental and health policy challenges. This approach is crucial to mitigate the risks of future pandemics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-co2-virus-connection">Implications of CO2-virus connection</h2>



<p>The study has far-reaching implications for public health measures to help prevent airborne <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-virus-threatens-global-chocolate-supply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virus</a> transmission. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-ventilation">Enhanced ventilation</h3>



<p>Indoor air quality emerges as a pivotal factor in mitigating the transmission of viruses. Enhancing ventilation is essential, particularly in shared and frequently occupied spaces such as offices, schools, and public transportation. This can be achieved through several methods:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Natural ventilation:</strong> Simply opening windows can significantly improve air exchange and reduce CO2 levels, making this one of the most accessible methods.</li>



<li><strong>Mechanical ventilation:</strong> Upgrading HVAC systems to ensure they are not only circulating air but effectively replacing it with fresh air from outside.</li>



<li><strong>Air filtration systems:</strong> Implementing HEPA filters or other air purification technologies can help remove viral particles from the air, complementing the dilution of CO2.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-co2-levels">Monitoring CO2 levels</h3>



<p>Monitoring CO2 levels in indoor environments provides a practical way to assess air quality in real-time. High CO2 levels often indicate inadequate ventilation, signaling a higher risk for prolonged virus transmission in these spaces. </p>



<p>Therefore, CO2 monitors can serve as an early warning system, prompting necessary adjustments to ventilation practices, particularly in crowded or enclosed areas like conference halls and classrooms.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continued-importance-of-masking">Continued importance of masking </h3>



<p>Physical barriers such as masks remain crucial in controlling the spread of respiratory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-have-eyes-and-ears-on-their-hosts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>. Masks effectively block a significant portion of respiratory droplets from being inhaled or expelled, thereby reducing the overall risk of virus transmission. </p>



<p>This protective measure is particularly important in settings where ventilation improvements are impractical or insufficient.</p>



<p>While the research is ongoing, the findings from this study contribute to a new understanding of airborne virus lifespan and transmission in the face of rising CO2 levels.</p>



<p>"We are now gaining a much more complete picture of the role exhaled respiratory aerosols play in transporting infectious viruses between people and the mechanisms that control their survival," said co-author Professor Jonathan Reid.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47777-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Virus lifespan and transmission boosted by high CO2 levels

Scientists at the University of Bristol have made a significant...

<p>A landmark scientific investigation has revealed a shocking truth: a select group of multinational companies are the primary contributors behind the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/9936-chemicals-found-in-plastic-products-used-for-food-packaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> waste crisis. This study lays bare the need for urgent corporate action on plastic reduction and waste management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-plastic-waste">Consequences of plastic waste</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution represents a severe and escalating threat to the health of our planet. It not only mars the natural beauty of our coastal regions, creating sprawling and unsightly waste areas along our beaches, but also necessitates expensive and extensive cleanup operations. When left unchecked, plastic waste can transform vibrant beach landscapes into litter-strewn environments.</p>



<p>Further complicating the issue, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-win-the-battle-of-planet-vs-plastic-drastic-changes-are-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution severely impacts our aquatic systems. It clogs rivers, lakes, and streams, hindering the free movement of water and thereby increasing the risk of flooding. This obstruction also complicates navigation, making waterways less safe and efficient for transportation. </p>



<p>More critically, the accumulation of plastics in these waters chokes marine ecosystems, trapping and killing aquatic life, and disrupting the balance of these habitats.</p>



<p>The consequences of plastic pollution extend into our food supply as well. Tiny particles of plastic, known as microplastics, have infiltrated marine life, entering the food chain through fish and shellfish. </p>



<p>There is growing concern that microplastics might also be making their way into agricultural produce through contaminated soils and water used in farming. This introduces a direct pathway for plastics to enter human bodies, with potential health implications that are not yet fully understood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-origins-of-plastic">Understanding the origins of plastic </h2>



<p>Addressing this crisis demands a thorough understanding of its origins. Recognizing where and how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-kills-ocean-embryos-during-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> pollution starts enables us to tackle the problem more effectively, targeting the sources and mechanisms through which plastics are entering and harming our ecosystems. </p>



<p>By tracing plastic pollution back to its roots, we can implement strategic interventions to prevent its escalation and mitigate its impacts on our environment and health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-waste-contributors">Plastic waste contributors</h2>



<p>Thanks to a global citizen science initiative, researchers have meticulously tracked the sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> waste. This project harnessed the power of public participation, with volunteers in 84 countries conducting over 1,500 "brand audits" between 2018 and 2022. </p>



<p>The dedicated individuals collected over 1.8 million pieces of plastic pollution, meticulously documenting the brands of each item. This unprecedented data set offered a unique window into the corporate origins of plastic pollution, allowing researchers to link specific waste items back to their source producers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-polluters-from-plastic-waste-contributors">Major polluters from plastic waste contributors</h2>



<p>The study's findings were staggering, illustrating a disturbing concentration of power within the plastic waste crisis. A mere handful of major companies shoulder responsibility for a massive portion of the world's plastic waste. </p>



<p>The Coca-Cola Company leads with a staggering 11 percent of identified branded plastic pollution, closely followed by PepsiCo at 5 percent. Nestlé, Danone, and Altria also bear significant responsibility, contributing 2-3 percent each. </p>



<p>Astonishingly, only five corporations generated almost a quarter (24%) of the branded plastic pollution detected globally. The lack of labeling on much of the remaining trash suggests that the true impact of these corporate giants is likely even larger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-use-packaging">Single-use packaging</h2>



<p>“The companies above the trend line were typically food and beverage companies, while the companies below the trend line were mostly household and retail companies,” noted the study authors, led by Dr. Win Cowger. </p>



<p>A clear trend emerged: companies specializing in single-use, disposable packaging and "on-the-go" products are the primary drivers of plastic pollution. The study reveals a strong connection between a product's intended lifespan and the likelihood that it becomes pollution. </p>



<p>Short-lived, single-use items are designed for rapid disposal, overwhelming waste management systems and polluting the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-call-for-corporate-action">The call for corporate action</h2>



<p>Reduced plastic production is the primary solution to curb plastic pollution. The responsibility now rests with major corporations to drastically overhaul their production and packaging methods to address this issue effectively. Here's what this transformation entails:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phasing-out-single-use-plastics">Phasing out single-use plastics</h3>



<p>It's essential for companies to move away from disposable plastic items. They should focus on enhancing reusable product delivery systems and investing in the creation of innovative packaging solutions that do not rely on plastics. This shift not only reduces waste but also encourages a move towards more sustainable consumption patterns.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transparency-and-accountability">Transparency and accountability</h3>



<p>Companies must implement clear labeling and robust reporting systems to accurately track and report their plastic production and disposal methods. This transparency is vital for monitoring progress and ensuring that corporations are held accountable for their environmental impact. </p>



<p>Effective tracking and reporting enable stakeholders, including consumers and regulatory bodies, to verify that companies are actively reducing their plastic output and contributing to a more sustainable future.</p>



<p>While individuals play a role in plastic reduction, the study highlights that without systemic corporate change, this crisis will continue. The time for incremental adjustments has passed. The major plastic waste contributors behind the world's insatiable plastic habit must lead the way to a cleaner future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj8275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Coca-Cola, Pepsi among top contributors to plastic waste

A landmark scientific investigation has revealed a shocking truth: a...

<p>The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is a unique ecosystem renowned for its rich biodiversity. Home to over 11,000 animal species, some of which are endemic, this basin is now facing a significant challenge: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-lionfish-have-arrived-in-the-south-atlantic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasion of lionfish</a>.</p>



<p>A comprehensive study conducted by researchers from Wageningen University and Research, the Netherlands, has shed light on the rapid spread of lionfish in the Mediterranean and the potential ecological impacts of this invasive species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venomous-spines-and-unconventional-beauty">Venomous spines and unconventional beauty</h2>



<p>Lionfish possess a striking appearance that sets them apart from other marine fish species. Their body bears a series of distinctive vertical stripes, alternating between dark brown or maroon and white. These stripes act as a warning coloration, signaling to potential predators that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/targeted-removal-of-lionfish-may-prove-helpful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lionfish are venomous</a>. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a complex system of venomous spines along their dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. Their spines contain venom glands that can deliver a painful and potentially dangerous sting to humans and other predators. </p>



<p>The fins of lionfish are large and elongated, giving them a majestic and flowing appearance as they swim through the water. Their head features a series of elaborate, antennae-like projections called cirri, which add to their unique and striking appearance. </p>



<p>Lionfish can grow up to 18 inches (45 cm) in length and weigh up to 2.6 pounds (1.2 kg), making them a substantial presence in the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ravenous-lionfish-appetite-quickly-destroys-ecosystems">Ravenous lionfish appetite quickly destroys ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish are opportunistic and voracious predators that consume a wide variety of prey. Their diet primarily consists of small fish, crustaceans, and mollusks. </p>



<p>They use their large, fan-like pectoral fins to corral and trap their prey before swiftly engulfing them with their expandable stomachs. They're also known to consume prey up to half their own body size, allowing them to take advantage of a broad range of food sources. </p>



<p>Lionfish have a high metabolism and can consume substantial amounts of prey in a single feeding session. Studies have shown that lionfish can reduce the abundance of native fish populations by up to 80% in heavily invaded areas. </p>



<p>Their indiscriminate appetite and ability to adapt to various prey species make them a significant threat to the biodiversity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/functional-eradication-may-be-the-best-approach-to-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems they invade</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seas-under-siege-as-lionfish-spread-around-the-world">Seas under siege as lionfish spread around the world</h2>



<p>The new study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University and Research</a>, published in the open-access journal <em>NeoBiota</em>, reveals that the lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> has significantly expanded its territory in the Mediterranean since the invasion began around a decade ago.</p>



<p>Lead author Davide Bottacini is very impressed by the adaptability of these predators. Expressing his astonishment, he explained, "After years studying these predators, I find it amazing how they can easily adjust to so many different environments and be successful in areas that are so different from the ones where they evolve."</p>



<p>Originally from the Indo-Pacific region, lionfish species <em>Pterois miles</em> and <em>Pterois volitans</em> are considered the most successful <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive fishes</a> in marine ecosystems. They have established a presence in the eastern Mediterranean, with observations now extending to colder waters previously thought to be unsuitable for the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-show-remarkable-resilience-in-new-ecosystems">Lionfish show remarkable resilience in new ecosystems</h2>



<p>Lionfish exert a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lionfish-invasion-is-the-fastest-ever-reported-in-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant ecological impact</a> on the ecosystems they invade through their predatory behavior. As generalist predators, they voraciously consume a wide variety of native fish species, including those of high conservation value and endemic to the region.</p>



<p>Bottacini notes, "It is always impressive to see how such a flamboyant and–to us–conspicuous predator can approach its prey without being noticed." Native prey species, unaccustomed to lionfish, usually do not flee from this new predator.</p>



<p>Lionfish's indiscriminate appetite can drastically alter local fish communities and threaten biodiversity in invaded areas. Their efficient hunting tactics, combined with the naivety of native prey species unfamiliar with this new predator, allow lionfish to catch their prey with ease.</p>



<p>The presence of lionfish can lead to a decline in the abundance and diversity of native fish populations, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of the ecosystem.</p>



<p>The impact of lionfish extends beyond their immediate prey, as they may compete with other predators for food resources and alter the structure of the food web.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-the-red-sea-to-the-mediterranean">From the Red Sea to the Mediterranean</h2>



<p>Genetic studies have revealed that the lionfish found in the Mediterranean originate from the Red Sea and likely entered through the Suez Canal. </p>



<p>This finding underscores the importance of monitoring and regulating the movement of species through artificial waterways to prevent the introduction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> into vulnerable ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study identifies gaps in our understanding of the lionfish's interactions with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean ecosystems</a> and proposes future research directions to address these challenges. </p>



<p>Such information is vital for biodiversity conservation and will have practical implications for policymakers aiming to devise effective mitigation plans.</p>



<p>The researchers also highlight the crucial role of citizen science initiatives in tracking and reporting lionfish sightings. </p>



<p>Community involvement provides valuable data that supports ongoing research efforts and is essential for enhancing our understanding of the invasion dynamics and devising effective control measures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lionfish-and-the-future-of-earth-s-marine-ecosystems">Lionfish and the future of Earth’s marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>In summary, the lionfish invasion in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-in-the-mediterranean-are-moving-to-deeper-water-to-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean Sea</a> demands immediate attention and action. As these adaptable predators continue to expand their territory and threaten the region's unique biodiversity, we must prioritize research efforts to better understand their ecological impact and develop effective mitigation strategies. </p>



<p>By fostering collaboration among scientists, policymakers, and local communities, we can work towards controlling the spread of lionfish and protecting the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. </p>



<p>The future of this remarkable sea and its countless species depends on our collective commitment to conservation and our willingness to confront the challenges posed by invasive species head-on.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/110442/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a></em>.</p>



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Invasive lionfish continue conquering global marine ecosystems

The Mediterranean Sea, the largest enclosed sea on Earth, is...

White-tailed,Deer,(odocoileus,Virginianus),Sniffs,Behind,Fawn's,Ears,-,Captive

<p>The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild expanse of trees and waterways – is undergoing a stealthy transformation. White-tailed deer, icons of more southerly landscapes, are migrating northward. </p>



<p>This slow-motion <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deer-migration-is-driven-by-springtime-vegetation-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a>, meticulously tracked by scientists at the University of British Columbia (<a href="https://ok.ubc.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UBC</a>) Okanagan and their partners, is rewriting the rules of the forest, putting a beloved species, the woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/largest-on-earth-caribou-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, at further risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-landscape-from-migrating-white-tailed-deer">Changing landscape from migrating white-tailed deer</h2>



<p>The boreal forest is no stranger to cold, but climate change is making those winters milder. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/energy-development-disrupts-mule-deer-migration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deer</a>, those less extreme conditions mean a better chance of finding food and avoiding harsh weather.</p>



<p>Our activities, from logging to energy exploration, inadvertently create open patches and young forests – a buffet for browsing deer.</p>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Rob Serrouya, a key member of the research team.</p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serrouya continued.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migrating-white-tailed-deer-are-disturbing-caribou">Migrating white-tailed deer are disturbing caribou</h2>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-deer-are-protected-from-deadly-disease-by-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deer</a> are ecosystem disruptors in the northern boreal forests," explained Melanie Dickie, a doctoral student at UBC Okanagan's <a href="http://atford.weebly.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Restoration Ecology Lab</a>. The following steps threaten caribou survival:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deer-population-increases">Deer population increases</h3>



<p>Climate change and human activities are transforming habitats. This creates favorable conditions for white-tailed deer in the boreal forest. Their population grows as a result. </p>



<p>Milder winters make survival easier for deer, boosting their numbers. Forestry and energy exploration activities also modify the landscape and clear old forests and introduce new food sources. These changes further support the deer population boom.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolf-surge">Wolf surge</h3>



<p>The increase in deer provides a plentiful food source for predators, including wolves. Wolves, being opportunistic feeders, thrive with the abundance of deer, which become their primary prey. </p>



<p>This surge in wolf population is directly linked to the availability of deer, as they rely on them for sustenance throughout the year.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-decline">Caribou decline</h3>



<p>With more wolves in the forests, the pressure on other native species, particularly the woodland caribou, intensifies. Caribou are less equipped to handle predation pressure due to their slower reproductive rates and specific habitat requirements. </p>



<p>As wolves expand their hunting to include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-migratory-behavior-is-reflected-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a>, especially when deer are sparse or in areas where caribou are more accessible, the survival of this already threatened species becomes even more precarious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-climate-change">Impact of climate change</h2>



<p>The research team spent years meticulously monitoring the situation. They strategically deployed 300 wildlife cameras across a huge swathe of the boreal, gathering motion-triggered snapshots of the forest's inhabitants. </p>



<p>This massive data, once analyzed, revealed those key findings: harsh winters put a natural limit on deer expansion, and while human habitat changes matter, they pale in comparison to the transformative power of a changing climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caribou-migrating-white-tailed-deer-and-climate-change">Caribou, migrating white-tailed deer, and climate change</h2>



<p>“The trick is that human land use and climate are often intertwined. As we move northward, the climate becomes harsher and human land use decreases, making it difficult to isolate these two factors,” says Dr. Serrouya, UBCO and Biodiversity Pathways researcher. </p>



<p>“The debate over the relative effect of climate or habitat change isn’t unique to deer in the boreal, either; it’s one of the most pressing issues facing applied ecologists globally," Serroyua concludes.</p>



<p>The white-tailed deer invasion spotlights the interconnectedness of ecosystems – tug on one thread, and distant parts of the web might quiver. Woodland <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caribou-help-rare-plants-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caribou</a> are already facing an uphill battle, and this added challenge throws their future into greater doubt.</p>



<p>The northward march of the deer is a reminder that even subtle climate-driven changes can have ripple effects we must work to understand and mitigate. As researchers continue their work, wildlife management faces a new layer of complexity in their quest to preserve Canada's iconic caribou.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17286" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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White-tailed deer are migrating north into caribou country due to warming climate

The boreal forest of Western Canada – a vast, wild...

<p>Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our winterscapes; it's a dynamic and multifaceted element of nature. </p>



<p>At first glance, describing snow seems straightforward - it's cold, white, and ubiquitous in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-winters-are-getting-colder-while-world-is-getting-warmer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter</a> landscapes. </p>



<p>However, beneath its simple appearance lies a complex nature that has recently attracted significant scientific attention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-deep-dive-into-the-complexity-of-snow">A deep dive into the complexity of snow</h2>



<p>A recent doctoral thesis defended at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU</a>) in Gjøvik delves deep into the optical properties of snow. </p>



<p>The researcher, Mathieu Nguyen, has conducted an extensive study analyzing over a thousand images of snow to understand how it interacts with light.</p>



<p>Nguyen explained: "Snow reflects all wavelengths of light and can appear very different depending on the conditions and the angle at which light hits it. The age and density of the snow and air pollution also affect what it looks like. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-humidity-snowmelt-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Snow’s appearance</a> is a very complicated matter."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-sparkling-snow">The science of sparkling snow</h2>



<p>One of Nguyen's primary interests has been how snow absorbs and reflects sunlight, causing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-science-of-snowflakes-and-their-astonishingly-predictable-movement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow crystals</a> to sparkle spectacularly on sunny days. </p>



<p>These crystals act like tiny mirrors, reflecting sunlight directly at viewers and creating a "spark" effect in the landscape. This phenomenon is not only beautiful but also potentially very useful.</p>



<p>"Understanding how snow sparkles can help us in many practical ways, from improving road clearance decisions to enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/traces-of-a-glacier-avalanche/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">avalanche</a> monitoring in mountainous regions," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-potential-for-future-technologies">The potential for future technologies</h2>



<p>The implications of Nguyen's research are broad. He believes that this understanding could be crucial for the development of sensor technologies, especially in countries like Norway, where snow is a significant part of the landscape. </p>



<p>Such technologies could make winter travel safer, particularly with the advent of autonomous vehicles.</p>



<p>Furthermore, Nguyen's work could lead to more accurate methods for classifying different <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/six-different-types-snowflakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">types of snow</a> from images - a capability that is currently lacking. </p>



<p>"If we are to have fully autonomous cars here in Norway, this type of technology will also contribute to safer travel on winter roads," he noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-perspective-is-necessary">A global perspective is necessary</h2>



<p>To refine these classifications, Nguyen emphasizes the need for a more extensive dataset, ideally with images from various global locations. </p>



<p>"It will be important to get images from other places where the environment is different. Understanding how different levels of pollution play a role in the appearance and properties of snow will be crucial," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-in-digital-and-future-realities">Snow in digital and future realities</h2>



<p>The digital representation of snow, as seen in video games and simulators, often falls short of capturing its true complexity. </p>



<p>Nguyen's findings promise to bridge this gap, offering a more realistic depiction of snow that could enhance virtual experiences, especially as global climates change and snow becomes less prevalent in many regions.</p>



<p>Nguyen's dedication to his research could not only revolutionize our understanding of snow but also help us prepare for a future where snow might be a rarer sight. </p>



<p>"If we are to teach someone who may never have seen snow before what it is, we must be able to reproduce it in all its complexity," said Nguyen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-snow-research">The future of snow research</h2>



<p>With climate predictions suggesting significant reductions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/accurately-measure-snowfall-new/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowfall</a> across the Northern Hemisphere, Nguyen's work is timely. </p>



<p>By improving our understanding of snow's properties and enhancing its digital representation, this research not only satisfies scientific curiosity but also prepares us for a changing world where the familiar sight of winter snow may become a precious memory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about snow</h2>



<p>Snow is a form of precipitation that occurs when water vapor in the atmosphere freezes into ice crystals. These crystals form unique, six-sided structures and can clump together to create snowflakes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Snow is distinct from other forms of winter precipitation such as sleet or freezing rain, primarily due to its soft, fluffy texture. It typically falls during colder months when the air temperature is at or below freezing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The presence of snow can influence an area's climate and ecosystem, providing moisture essential for many regions, and it is a key component of winter sports and recreational activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The insulating properties of snow also affect soil temperatures and plant life, impacting agriculture and wildlife patterns. Snow's reflective surface helps regulate the Earth's temperature by reflecting sunlight, thus playing a role in the global climate system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3263/14/2/35" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Geosciences</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Secrets of snow complexity can improve winter safety

Snow isn't just the pristine, fluffy blanket that covers our...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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