Sediment hidden under ice for millennia is seeing daylight again as glaciers melt. At first, those fresh minerals mop up carbon dioxide. But over time, they switch roles and start leaking gases that trap heat in the air.



<a href="https://geology.ufl.edu/directory/dr-jonathan-martin/">Jonathan Martin</a>’s University of Florida team, along with colleagues from the <a href="https://www.umaryland.edu/">University of Maryland</a> traced that flip in Kobbefjord, Greenland. 



Researchers compared young glacial meltwater with soil water that had been exposed for about 10,000 years. Their <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02404-z">work</a> shows why every newly uncovered valley enters a long, slow countdown from sink to source.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-after-glaciers-melt-methane-rises">After glaciers melt, methane rises</h2>



Lead author <a href="https://www.umces.edu/andrea-pain">Andrea Pain</a> and co‑author <a href="https://geology.ufl.edu/directory/dr-jonathan-martin/">Jonathan Martin</a> sampled streams that draw melt straight from small glaciers and others fed by seeps through mature tundra soils. 



The two waters could be told apart by their oxygen isotopes and by how clear they were. Meltwater ran chalky with rock flour, while seep water ran tea‑colored from dissolved organics.



“Our central hypothesis was that the transfer of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gases</a> between landscapes and the atmosphere has changed since the Last Glacial Maximum about 15,000 years ago,” said Martin.



Field data upheld that hunch, showing glacial streams still scrubbing carbon dioxide while older soils were busy making methane.



Freshly ground carbonates and silicates react with carbonic acid in cold meltwater, locking up carbon as bicarbonate. 



Once microbes colonize the maturing soil, they chew on buried plant matter and turn it into methane through <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/methanogenesis">methanogenesis</a>, reversing the sign of the gas ledger.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-melt-reshapes-gas-timing">Glacier melt reshapes gas timing</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-new-source-of-methane-emissions-discovered-glacial-fracking-arctic/">Methane</a> packs a bigger punch than carbon dioxide, trapping about 28 times more heat over a century. <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532922/">Nitrous oxide</a>, the third‑place greenhouse gas, is even fiercer, with a global warming potential of 273 on the same scale.



Those numbers mean that a late rise in methane can wipe out the early carbon‑dioxide savings that bare sediment briefly earns. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">Climate models</a> trying to look centuries ahead need that timing baked in, or they risk undercounting the payback later in the game.



Martin’s crew found that the window of net uptake might last only a few centuries in the high Arctic. That’s just a blink compared to the ten‑thousand‑year age of most post‑ice soils. That insight adds a moving target to projections of future warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-s-valley-tells-all">Greenland’s valley tells all</h2>



Kobbefjord lies about six miles southwest of Nuuk and covers roughly 12 square miles. Only 1.7 percent of the watershed still holds glacier ice, yet the lingering meltwater strongly flavors the downstream chemistry.



During a clear July stretch, meltwater from nearby glaciers ruled the flow, and carbon dioxide in the main channel stayed close to atmospheric equilibrium. 



A week later, cloudier weather cut the glacier melt pulse; seep water took over, and methane levels at the outlet jumped more than fourfold.



That flip also showed up in the strontium isotope gap between water and bedload sediment, a geochemical clock for weathering progress. 



Values near zero in seep streams told of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-and-ice-may-reveal-where-rare-earth-elements-are-hiding/">minerals</a> already well chewed, while high values in the icy headwaters marked rock that had barely started to dissolve.



Field calculations revealed a net sink of 64 millimoles of carbon dioxide equivalents per second during the melt‑dominated period. 



Just days later, the same outlet turned into a 44-millimole-per-second source as methane outran the shrinking weathering sink.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reading-the-gases">Reading the gases</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/">Carbonic acid weathering</a> of carbonates and silicates pulls carbon from the air, but sulfuric acid weathering of carbonates can add it back.



The balance between those paths hinges on how much fresh mineral surface and dissolved organic carbon each water source carries.



Runoff from glaciers had lower organic carbon, yet it was more labile, fueling acid generation that sped up mineral reactions. 



Seep water, richer in tougher humic carbon, fostered anaerobic pockets where methane‑making microbes thrived.



The study underscores that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-ice-fossil-tundra-discovery-stuns-and-worries-scientists-sea-level-rise/">melting ice</a> and deglaciation is not a single event but a sequence of chemical stages. Understanding which stage a watershed occupies helps predict whether it will cool or warm the planet in any given decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-builds-after-glacier-melt">Warming builds after glacier melt</h2>



Pain and Martin now plan to test nitrous oxide dynamics in the same valley, because that gas can warm the air <a href="https://www.epa.gov/ghgemissions/nitrous-oxide-emissions" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">200 times faster</a> than carbon dioxide if it escapes.



Preliminary lab work hints that nitrous oxide might peak earlier than methane, suggesting a still more complex hand‑off among the three gases.



Other researchers are already noticing similar trends elsewhere: on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-the-roof-of-the-world-keeps-rising-over-time/">Tibetan Plateau</a>, lakes that no longer receive melt from glaciers emit about three times more methane than glacier‑fed lakes.



As more high‑altitude or high‑latitude basins lose ice input, those findings imply a widespread tilt toward methane dominance.



Martin cautions that rapid, human‑driven warming could briefly revive the negative feedback by boosting meltwater flow. 



Yet the reprieve would be short‑lived. Once the last ice patches vanish, soils everywhere will settle into the methane‑rich phase that the Kobbefjord team measured.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02404-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a>.



-----



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Land exposed by melting glaciers transforms into a greenhouse gas emitter

Sediment hidden under ice for millennia is seeing daylight again as glaciers melt. At first, those fresh minerals mop up carbon dioxide. But over time, they switch roles and start leaking gases that trap heat in the air. Jonathan Martin’s University of Florida team, along with colleagues from the University of Maryland traced that flip in Kobbefjord, Greenland. Researchers compared young glacial meltwater with soil water that had been exposed for about 10,000 years. Their work shows why every newly uncovered valley enters a long, slow countdown...

Deep in the desert, where water is rare and plants fight to stay alive, a tiny moss called Syntrichia ruralis holds on. Unlike other plants, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/takakia-has-lived-on-earth-400-million-years-but-it-may-not-survive-climate-change/">moss</a> can survive without water for a long time.&nbsp;



Syntrichia ruralis dries up completely, but when it rains again, it comes back to life. This amazing ability to survive tough conditions made scientists from <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> curious to learn about it.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drying-without-dying">Drying without dying</h2>



Plants, especially mosses and some other species, have a remarkable ability to withstand extreme dryness, almost losing all of their water content. This doesn't kill them, but puts them in a kind of dormant state where they barely function.&nbsp;



When water becomes available again, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-capture-plant-communication-on-video/">plants</a> wake up and start growing and functioning normally as if nothing ever happened. This ability, called "drying without dying," is not just a quirk but a crucial survival strategy that allows some plants to live in very dry places where water is scarce and unpredictable.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-special-proteins">Two special proteins</h2>



The researchers discovered two crucial sets of genes in the moss Syntrichia ruralis that enable it to adapt to weather dry spells. These genes code for proteins that play a vital role in the moss's survival during dehydration.



LEA proteins, found in many plants, act as cellular protectors against drying. They function by stabilizing essential cellular components like proteins, membranes, and even DNA. This ensures these elements remain operational even when water is limited.



The other group, ELIP proteins, are typically associated with response to bright light. However, in S. ruralis, they offer an additional layer of protection during dry periods. These proteins shield the delicate machinery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/">photosynthesis</a> from damage caused by excessive light, especially under water scarcity conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transcription-factor">Transcription factor</h2>



Joining the moss's defense team in this drought survival strategy is a protein aptly named R2R3 MYB transcription factor. This protein acts like the master conductor, controlling the genes vital for the moss's resilience against dehydration.



Similar to protein supervisors, transcription factors dictate which "instructions" are followed in the cell. They do this by attaching to specific regions of the moss's DNA, essentially turning "on" or "off" the production of proteins encoded by those genes. By orchestrating a response to the stress of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/">drought</a>, the proteins allow S. ruralis to adapt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-novel-discovery-nbsp">A novel discovery&nbsp;</h2>



The experts discovered a protein named MYB55 in the moss. This protein plays a crucial role in how the moss manages stress, particularly during dry periods. MYB55 acts as a regulator, similar to a brake, on other genes that become active when the moss experiences dryness. This helps the moss maintain a balanced response, effectively dealing with the dry conditions without causing harm to itself.



MYB55 has a fine-tuning mechanism, preventing the moss from overreacting to drought. This ensures the moss doesn't waste energy or damage its cells by attempting an overly aggressive response. Moreover, it helps the moss avoid overreaction to stress. In plants, an excessive stress response can be detrimental, and MYB55 helps ensure the defensive mechanisms are proportionate to the level of stress encountered.



According to Cornell University’s postdoctoral researcher Xiaodan Zhang, the discovery of MYB55 "provides insights into the evolution of plant stress responses and how certain key genes have been preserved and repurposed throughout evolutionary time."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



Understanding how mosses cope with drought could help us develop crops with similar tolerance, improving food security and sustainability, especially in regions facing increasing drought due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-increased-premature-birth-risk-by-60/">climate change</a>. While the idea of learning from mosses for hardier crops might raise eyebrows,&nbsp;



Dr. Melvin Oliver is a retired USDA researcher and current adjunct professor at the University of Missouri-Columbia who has studied these mosses for 40 years.



"I'd take this dried up little piece of moss and put it in their hand and then squirt a bit of water on it, and thirty seconds later you've got this bright little green plant that's perfectly alive… It's basically, how do plants survive drying?" said Dr. Oliver.



Furthermore, the research also aids in developing strategies to adapt to climate change. It emphasizes the importance of biological research in mitigating the impact of environmental changes.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.19620" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Phytologist</a>.



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Drying without dying: Desert moss holds the key to drought tolerance

Deep in the desert, where water is rare and plants...

Vegan,Protein,Source,Top,View.

A popular food guide has undergone a revolutionary change, moving away from traditional food groups, including meat and dairy, to emphasize the significance of plant-based proteins in your diet and how they impact your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-carbon-footprint-urban-farms-and-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> footprint. 



This shift indicates a new direction in nutritional advice, highlighting a growing awareness of the health and environmental impacts of our food choices. 



However, the broader effects of transitioning from animal to plant proteins in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-dietary-changes-could-offset-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human diets</a> remain a topic of exploration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-diet-impacts-your-carbon-footprint">How diet impacts your carbon footprint</h2>



Recent research conducted by <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a>, in partnership with the <a href="https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine</a>, sheds light on this issue, providing clear evidence that replacing animal proteins with plant-based alternatives can lead to increased life expectancy and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. 



This study, and the major shift in <a href="https://food-guide.canada.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canada's Food Guide</a>, underscores that the benefits derived from such dietary changes depend on the specific animal proteins being substituted.



Published in Nature Food, the research utilized data from a national nutrition survey to assess the dietary habits of Canadians. 



It focused on the outcomes of replacing 25% and 50% of red and processed meat or dairy with plant proteins such as nuts, seeds, legumes, tofu, and fortified soy beverages. 



These replacements were evaluated based on their impact on nutrition, health, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-seafood-has-one-sixth-the-carbon-footprint-of-red-meat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-diets-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions">Plant-based diets and greenhouse gas emissions</h2>



The study reveals that red and processed meat, along with dairy, are significant contributors to Earth's diet-related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. 



A striking finding is that by substituting half of the red and processed meat consumption with plant-based proteins, an individual's carbon footprint from their diet could decrease by 25%. 



Dairy substitutions, however, resulted in a lesser impact, showing reductions of up to 5%.



Olivia Auclair, the study's lead author and a recent PhD graduate from <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill's Department of Animal Science</a>, explains: 



"We show that co-benefits for human and planetary health do not necessarily require wholesale changes to diets, such as adopting restrictive dietary patterns or excluding certain food groups altogether but can be achieved by making simple partial substitutions of red and processed meat, in particular, with plant protein foods."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lowering-your-carbon-footprint-can-extend-your-life">Lowering your carbon footprint can extend your life</h2>



The research also highlights the health implications of such dietary shifts. High consumption of animal products is linked to increased risks of heart disease, diabetes, and certain cancers. 



The study estimates that replacing half of the red and processed meat in one's diet with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant protein</a> foods could extend life expectancy by nearly nine months, primarily due to a lower risk of chronic diseases. 



Men, in particular, could see greater benefits in terms of life expectancy compared to women. However, replacing dairy with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant proteins</a> showed smaller increases in life expectancy and posed a potential risk of calcium inadequacy, increasing by up to 14%.



Senior author Sergio Burgos, Associate Professor at McGill's Department of Animal Science, expresses his hope that the study's findings will guide consumers towards healthier and more sustainable food choices and inform future food policies in Canada.



“I hope our findings will help consumers make healthier and more sustainable food choices and inform future food policy in Canada,” says Burgos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-towards-a-sustainable-dietary-future">Towards a sustainable dietary future</h2>



As the pursuit of sustainable and health-conscious diets gains momentum, this study offers valuable insights, empowering individuals to make choices that are beneficial for both their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-significantly-reduce-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> and the environment. 



Patricia Eustachio Colombo is the co-author and Honorary Research Fellow at the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine. He emphasizes, “Increasing the consumption of plant-based foods alongside reductions in red and processed meat would have considerable benefits for health and the environment and would involve relatively small changes in diets for most people.”



In summary, the shift towards plant-based proteins, as evidenced by the latest research from McGill University and the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine, presents a promising path for enhancing both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-great-for-weight-loss-regardless-of-the-type/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human health</a> and environmental sustainability. 



By adopting simple dietary substitutions, particularly replacing red and processed meats with plant-based alternatives, people can significantly reduce their carbon footprint and extend their lifespan. 



This study underscores the minimal changes required for substantial benefits in several areas, while serving as a pivotal guide for informed, healthier, and more sustainable food choices. 



This research initiative marks a critical step forward in our collective journey towards a more resilient and eco-conscious society.



This study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-024-00925-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Food</a>.



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Small changes in diet can greatly reduce your carbon footprint

A popular food guide has undergone a revolutionary change, moving...

Eastern,Chimpanzee,At,Kibale,Forest,,Uganda

In the heart of Africa's lush landscapes, a climate crisis is unfolding that threatens some of our planet's most majestic inhabitants: the African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-can-understand-the-gestures-of-other-great-apes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>. Sharing over 98% of their DNA with humans, these remarkable creatures are facing an unprecedented challenge. 



Recent research spearheaded by Razak Kiribou at <a href="https://www.haramaya.edu.et/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Haramaya University</a> in Ethiopia, published in the open-access journal PLOS Climate, reveals a troubling future. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impending-reality-of-great-apes-and-climate-change">Impending reality of great apes and climate change</h2>



The study predicts that within the next thirty years, great apes will frequently face extreme climate events -- from wildfires and heatwaves to flooding -- endangering their very survival.



The serenity of Africa's forests, alive with the calls of wildlife, stands on the brink of disruption. Wildfires, scorching heat, and sudden floods could soon shatter this tranquility, as detailed by the study's thorough investigation. 



This climate scenario is not a mere possibility but an impending reality for the African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playful-teasing-among-apes-suggests-that-humor-has-ancient-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>, demanding our immediate attention and action.



Undertaking an ambitious analysis, the researchers examined data from 363 sites across Africa, focusing on temperature and rainfall records from 1981 to 2010. 



By applying two climate change scenarios, they projected future conditions for African great apes from 2021 to 2050 and then from 2071 to 2099. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heatwaves-and-havoc-climate-forecast-for-great-apes">Heatwaves and havoc: Climate forecast for great apes</h2>



The results issued a compelling call to action, revealing that nearly half of the sites have already experienced higher than average temperatures between 2007 and 2016. 



Eastern chimpanzees are a particularly vulnerable species of African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-malaria-impact-wild-african-apes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>, having faced the most severe heat extremes. 



The study's future projections are even more alarming, with both scenarios predicting soaring temperatures across all sites, leading to widespread wildfires and crop failures. 



An estimated 84% of sites could experience frequent heatwaves, and 78% could face devastating flooding over the next 30 years. 



The situation for our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-recognize-long-lost-friends-after-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great ape</a> cousins could deteriorate further should global temperatures rise by 3°C, intensifying the severity and frequency of these climate events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-as-a-human-imperative">Conservation as a human imperative</h2>



This pioneering study is the first to concretely illustrate the climate change impacts currently affecting African apes and to forecast the increased frequency of extreme weather events they will endure. 



The stark implications highlight the urgent need for swift conservation actions to bolster the resilience of ape populations, without which we may see profound biodiversity and ecosystem health losses.



The authors emphasize the critical necessity of integrating climate change adaptation strategies into conservation planning for African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-may-have-begun-walking-upright-to-eat-leaves-not-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a>. 



This directive extends beyond conservationists to all of humanity, reflecting the interconnected fate of these apes and our shared environmental challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-strategy-for-great-ape-survival">Climate strategy for great ape survival</h2>



In summary, this study illuminates the immediate threats African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-evolved-shoulders-as-brakes-to-safely-climb-down-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great apes</a> face from climate change, including an uptick in extreme climate events. 



The scientists outline the projected climate impacts under two scenarios, forecasting a rise in temperatures, wildfires, and crop failures, alongside significant variability in heatwaves and flooding. 



These findings underscore the critical need for conservation strategies that protect apes while adapting to the evolving climate landscape.



As observers of these changes, the urgency to act is undeniable. We are called upon to engage in a concerted effort to protect our closest living relatives from the looming threats of climate change. 



Through education, conservation, and global cooperation, we have the opportunity to forge a resilient future for African great apes and the rich ecosystems they call home. Their important research serves as a warning and a guide for transformative action, urging us to respond before it's too late.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/climate/article?id=10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Climate</a>.



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Great apes will suffer through frequent and extreme climate events

In the heart of Africa's lush landscapes, a climate crisis...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indoor-plants-can-quickly-remove-dangerous-toxins-from-air/">Plants</a> are surprisingly adaptable. They can adjust to various challenging environments, including areas with high levels of salt and warm temperatures.&nbsp;



This has been a mystery to scientists for a long time, but a recent study from <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en/wageningen-university.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University</a> has revealed some of the remarkable ways that plants change their root structure to survive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lateral-roots">Lateral roots</h2>



Plants rely heavily on their side roots, or lateral roots, to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/">roots</a> branch out, expanding the reach of the root system and allowing the plant to access resources from different areas and depths.&nbsp;



This flexibility is crucial for plants to adapt to changing conditions in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-erosion-rates-have-exploded-in-the-midwestern-us/">soil</a>, such as changes in water availability or nutrient levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-salinity">High salinity</h2>



The researchers examined how plants adapt their root systems in salty soil. They focused on a gene called LBD16 and how it gets activated without the usual plant hormone, auxin.&nbsp;



"Plants need lateral roots to absorb water and nutrients. The hormone that regulates the growth of lateral roots is called auxin. Salt hampers the plant's ability to recognize the signals this hormone emits, causing the development of lateral roots to fall short. And fewer lateral roots means the plant's general health suffers," explained study co-author Dr. Christa Testerink.



The team used a small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/">flowering plant</a> called Arabidopsis thaliana for the study. They altered the plant's genes to see how the changes affected the roots in salty conditions.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plants-manage-stress">How plants manage stress</h2>



The researchers found that LBD16 plays a vital role in the growth of side roots. This is especially important when the plant is facing high levels of salt in its environment. LBD16 helps the plant adjust the way its roots grow, allowing it to take in water and nutrients more effectively under these stressful conditions.



Interestingly, under high salinity, LBD16 activates through a different pathway that does not involve auxin. This shows that plants have alternative ways to manage stress, independent of the usual hormone signaling methods.



The experts found a molecule called ZAT6 that plays a crucial role in how plants respond to salt stress, independent of the usual method involving auxin. ZAT6 acts like a switch, turning on the gene LBD16. This, in turn, triggers changes in the plant's cell walls, allowing roots to continue growing even in salty conditions.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-under-stress">Growth under stress</h2>



In a related study, the researchers also explored how warm temperatures and slightly limited water availability (mild water stress) cause roots of Arabidopsis thaliana to grow longer. They conducted experiments where they grew plants under different combinations of water and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/">temperature</a> conditions to see how root growth changed.&nbsp;



The experts specifically looked at how certain genes and proteins, called SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3, and COP1, affect a molecule called HY5 in root cells, and how this impacts the stability of HY5.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-response-nbsp">Stress response&nbsp;</h2>



The findings revealed that Arabidopsis thaliana grows longer roots under warm conditions with slightly limited water availability. The scientists discovered that SnRK2s and COP1 are involved in how plants respond to these conditions.&nbsp;



SnRK2s are important for a stress response pathway, while COP1 helps regulate the stability of another molecule called HY5. Interestingly, COP1 and SnRK2s have opposite effects on HY5 stability, depending on the presence of mild water stress.



When it's warm and slightly dry, COP1 levels decrease, allowing HY5 to remain stable. This stable HY5 is then crucial for the extra root growth observed under these conditions. The study suggests that the combination of warm temperature and mild water stress works together to reduce COP1, leading to HY5 stabilization and ultimately promoting root elongation.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



"This protein (LBD16) takes over auxin's role as regulator. This discovery provides a critical basis for further studies into similar local molecular networks in lateral roots that help plants function in stressful situations. Not just under saline conditions but also in times of drought or heat. This could help plant breeders to alter the plants' root growth to create more resilient varieties," said Dr. Testerink.



Ultimately, the research has the potential to address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carolina-azolla-plant-could-help-reduce-global-food-insecurity/">global food security</a> concerns by creating crops that can grow in difficult conditions, such as salty, dry, or hot soil. This is especially important as climate change, rising sea levels, and land degradation pose increasing threats to our food supply.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The team is working with other organizations in the field of agriculture to find practical solutions to the challenges that climate change poses to farming.



"We uncovered several molecular factors that play a role. But, in order to predict how plants handle this combination of stress factors, a more extensive study is required. In the first five years of the CropXR project, we will focus on Arabidopsis," said Dr. Testerink.



"During the next five years, we will apply the knowledge gained to food crops. We hope this will enable us to develop practicable solutions in collaboration with partners in the field."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koad317" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Plant Cell</a>.



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Plants change their roots to survive harsh conditions 

Plants are surprisingly adaptable. They can adjust to various challenging...

A recent study paints a chilling picture of West Antarctica's Thwaites Glacier, the so-called "Doomsday Glacier." Research by Julia Wellner, an associate professor of geology at the <a href="https://www.uh.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Houston</a>, and James Smith, marine geologist at the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a>, reveals disturbing changes in the glacier's history.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The study highlights the urgent need to understand climate change and the looming threat of catastrophic sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doomsday-glacier">Doomsday Glacier</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-the-rapid-retreat-of-the-thwaites-glacier/">Thwaites Glacier</a>, a massive glacier covering an area similar to Florida, is located in West Antarctica. The Doomsday nickname reflects the potential for catastrophic flooding if the glacier were to completely collapse.



Thwaites acts as a crucial barrier, preventing the flow of ice from the Antarctic interior towards the ocean. The glacier already contributes significantly to sea level rise, accounting for about 4%, and its melting rate has been accelerating in recent decades.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



Scientists discovered that a major retreat of the glacier began in the 1940s. This timeframe is interesting because it aligns with a powerful El Niño event, a natural occurrence that causes warming.&nbsp;



The research suggests that El Niño may have played a part in starting the glacier's retreat. The glacier was already vulnerable at that time, and El Niño might have pushed it to a point where it began losing ice much faster.



While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/">El Niño</a> may have sparked the melting, other factors such as climate change are now causing the glacier to melt continuously and lose ice at an even faster pace.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-signs-of-recovery">No signs of recovery</h2>



Researchers are concerned that Thwaites Glacier isn't bouncing back from its retreat, unlike most glaciers that naturally grow and shrink over time. In the past, these changes were caused by things like snowfall and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-fluctuations-have-reshaped-earths-water-cycle/">temperature fluctuations</a>.&nbsp;



However, Thwaites seems to be stuck in a shrinking phase, suggesting something has significantly changed. This inability to recover points towards a long-term shift in how the glacier interacts with its environment.



The situation is likely to get worse because of global warming. Human activity is causing the Earth's atmosphere and oceans to heat up, melting ice worldwide and upsetting the natural balance that allows glaciers to recover. 



This warming is melting Thwaites from both the top and bottom, making it even harder for the glacier to regrow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-sea-level">Global sea level</h2>



Every year, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">melting glaciers</a> add massive amounts of water to the oceans, but scientists are most worried about the possibility of the entire glacier collapsing. 



This collapse could raise sea levels by over two feet, which would have devastating consequences. In addition to flooding coastal areas and harming economies, it would also make storm surges more dangerous.



Thwaites Glacier plays a crucial role by acting like a dam, holding back a much larger ice sheet that would lead to a significant sea level rise if it melted.&nbsp;



If Thwaites collapses, it could trigger a domino effect. Other glaciers in the region would become unstable and melt even faster, creating a chain reaction that could cause a much bigger impact on sea level rise. This scenario would have catastrophic consequences for the entire world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-synchronized-retreat-of-the-doomsday-glacier">Synchronized retreat of the Doomsday Glacier</h2>



The Pine Island Glacier is a giant among West Antarctica's glaciers. Together with the Thwaites Glacier, it contributes significantly to rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/">sea levels</a>. Both glaciers are retreating at the same time, suggesting a common cause rather than independent events.&nbsp;



“If both glaciers are retreating at the same time, that’s further evidence that they’re actually being forced by something,” Dr. Wellner said in a <a href="https://edition.cnn.com/2024/02/26/climate/doomsday-glacier-antarctic-ice-melt-climate-intl/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">press release</a>.



This synchronized retreat is likely driven by broader environmental factors, such as warmer ocean water or changing sea currents. These changes might be connected to global climate events like El Niño. 



The evidence suggests that the melting is not limited to these specific glaciers, but rather driven by larger climate shifts throughout West Antarctica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doomsday-glacier-and-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet">Doomsday Glacier and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet</h2>



The West Antarctic Ice Sheet, a giant sheet of ice covering part of Antarctica, is crucial for its potential impact on global sea levels. This sheet relies heavily on the Doomsday Glacier for its stability.



The size and location of Thwaites are critical because its health directly affects the rest of the ice sheet. Similar to a keystone in an arch, if Thwaites melts or retreats, it could destabilize the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet. 



The glacier currently acts like a barrier, preventing ice from the continent's interior from flowing freely into the ocean. As Thwaites weakens, more ice flows outward, accelerating sea-level rise.



The potential collapse of Thwaites and the destabilization of the ice sheet are concerning due to the massive amount of ice involved. 



If the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet melted, it could raise sea levels by over 10 feet, submerging low-lying areas like coastal cities and entire countries, leading to widespread displacement and economic damage.



While this scenario is not an immediate threat, it represents a long-term risk that grows with ongoing global warming and ice sheet deterioration.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



The findings warn the world about the urgent threat of climate change, focusing on the rapid changes in Antarctica. This specific example shows how even the most stable and remote parts of Earth are being affected by rising temperatures. 



The dramatic retreat and potential collapse of the Doomsday Glacier highlight the need for stronger scientific research and international cooperation to understand and address climate change.&nbsp;



“Humans are changing the climate and this study shows that small continuous changes in climate can lead to step changes in glacier state,” said Martin Truffer, a physics professor at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, who was not involved in the research.



Furthermore, changes in Antarctica can impact global weather and sea levels, affecting people worldwide. This emphasizes the need for a united global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, shift towards sustainable energy sources, and implement effective climate policies.&nbsp;



The planet's destiny depends on whether we heed its warning and collaborate as a united force. Will we rise to the challenge, or succumb to the rising tides?



The study is published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 



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Doomsday Glacier seems to have lost its ability to recover

A recent study paints a chilling picture of West Antarctica's...

Fresh,Green,And,Urban,Buildings

In an enlightening study by Texas A&amp;M University's School of Public Health, researchers have uncovered a pivotal connection between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-in-greener-areas-slows-the-cellular-aging-process/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban green</a> spaces and the mental well-being of city residents. 



Spearheaded by <a href="https://sph.tamu.edu/directory/maddock.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Jay Maddock</a>, Regents Professor of Environmental and Occupational Health, and his team from the <a href="https://centerforhealthandnature.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Health and Nature</a>, the findings reveal that individuals with greater access to urban greenery exhibit a reduced need for mental health services.



This important research, detailed in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, utilizes a novel approach to assess urban greenness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-green-space-in-cities-to-mental-health">Linking green space in cities to mental health</h2>



The study employs <a href="https://www.naturequant.com/naturescore/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NatureScore</a>, an innovative tool that amalgamates data on air, noise, and light pollution, along with the presence of parks and tree canopies, to evaluate the natural environment of any given address in the United States and beyond. 



NatureScore classifies areas on a scale from "Nature Deficient" (0-19 points) to "Nature Utopia" (80-100 points), providing a comprehensive measure of urban greenery.



The study's methodology involved analyzing mental health visit data from the <a href="https://www.dshs.texas.gov/texas-health-care-information-collection/health-data-researcher-information/texas-outpatient-public-use#:~:text=The%20Texas%20Outpatient%20Public%20Use,released%20through%20fourth%20quarter%202022." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas Hospital Outpatient Public Use Data Files</a>, spanning 2014 to mid-2019. 



This data, aggregated by ZIP code, included a range of demographic information but ensured patient anonymity. 



Focusing on adult outpatient encounters for conditions such as depression, emotional disorders, stress, and anxiety, the study encompassed over 61 million records from urban areas across Texas.



“The association between exposure to nature and better mental health is&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32571202/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well established</a>&nbsp;in the United States and elsewhere, but most studies use just one or two measurements of this exposure,” Maddock said. 



“Our study was the first to use NatureScore, which provides more complex data, to study the correlation between urban&nbsp;<a href="https://vitalrecord.tamhsc.edu/new-state-wide-health-and-nature-collaborative-aims-to-get-texans-outdoors-for-their-healths-sake/">nature exposure and mental health</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-threshold-naturescore-and-mental-health">Green threshold: NatureScore and mental health</h2>



The results were telling, with a median NatureScore of 85.8 across the sampled ZIP codes, and a notable finding that neighborhoods with higher NatureScores reported significantly lower rates of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/park-improves-mood-boosts-happiness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> encounters.



The analysis highlighted a stark contrast: areas with NatureScores above 60 experienced approximately 50% fewer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/access-to-nature-improves-the-mental-health-of-older-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> visits than those with lower scores. 



Moreover, residents in the highest scoring categories of NatureScore benefited from substantially lower rates of mental health issues, underscoring the protective effect of ample green spaces.



Dr. Maddock further elucidates, "A NatureScore above 40, which we consider 'Nature Adequate,' appears to be a critical threshold for maintaining good mental health. Individuals in these areas have notably lower risks of depression and emotional disorders."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-urban-planning-with-mental-health-in-mind">Bridging urban planning with mental health in mind</h2>



Omar M. Makram, the study's lead author, points to the broader implications of their findings for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-shape-bird-characteristics-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban development</a>. 



“Increasing green space in cities could promote well-being and mental health, which is critically important given that&nbsp;more than 22 percent&nbsp;of the adult population in the United States with a mental health disorder,” he said.



In summary, the Texas A&amp;M University study compellingly demonstrates the critical role <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parks-play-an-integral-role-in-the-fight-against-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban green</a> spaces play in enhancing mental health among city dwellers. 



By leveraging the innovative NatureScore tool, researchers have established a quantifiable link between access to natural environments and reduced dependence on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-spaces-decline-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> services. 



This revelation sheds light on the protective benefits of greenery against mental health issues while pointing out the necessity for urban planners to integrate nature into the heart of city designs. 



With over 22% of the U.S. adult population grappling with mental health disorders, the study's findings advocate for a greener, more sustainable approach to urban development, highlighting the profound impact of green spaces on public health and well-being.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/21/2/168" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health</a>.



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City residents have better mental health with access to green space

In an enlightening study by Texas A&amp;M University's School of...

Walleye, a prized catch for freshwater sportfishing enthusiasts and a staple in Midwestern cuisine, also play a vital role in the cultural traditions of many Indigenous communities.&nbsp;



However, according to a new study led by the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, walleye populations are now facing challenges due to the increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lakes-are-struggling-to-maintain-oxygen-as-temperatures-rise/">temperatures</a> in the waters of the Midwest United States and Canada.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inability-of-walleye-to-adapt">Inability of walleye to adapt</h2>



The experts shed light on one important aspect of the problem: walleye's inability to adapt to rapidly changing seasonal conditions, especially the shift in winter's timing.&nbsp;



According to lead author Martha Barta, a research technician at the UW-Madison, the timing of walleye <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-light-pollution-from-coastal-cities-is-damaging-coral-reefs/">spawning</a> (when the fish mate and lay their eggs) has historically been tied to the thawing of frozen lakes each spring.&nbsp; Recently, due to climate change, walleye have been “unable to keep up with increasingly early and more variable ice-off dates."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-spawning-season">Disrupted spawning season</h2>



The study reveals that the crucial period following the melting of a lake's ice, which signals the start of the walleye spawning season, is being disrupted by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



"Climate change is interrupting the historical pairing of ice-off and walleye spawning, and that threatens the persistence of walleye populations across the Upper Midwest," Barta said, emphasizing the urgency of the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-mismatches">Universal mismatches</h2>



To understand the impact of these changes, Barta and her team analyzed data on walleye populations from 194 lakes across Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered almost universal "mismatches" between the timing of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-lakes-melting-earlier/">ice melt</a> and spawning, with the rate of change in ice-off dates outpacing the slight adjustments in spawning times three times faster.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-delicate-balance-nbsp">A delicate balance&nbsp;</h2>



Zach Feiner, a fisheries scientist affiliated with both the UW–Madison Center for Limnology and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, explained the delicate balance that normally exists.&nbsp;



"In an average ice-off year, you have this nice progression of events," said Feiner. "The ice goes off, you get light and warmer water that creates a bloom of small plant life called phytoplankton."&nbsp;



"And then tiny animals called zooplankton emerge and eat the phytoplankton, and usually, the walleye spawning is timed for them to hatch when zooplankton are around in high abundance and can serve as fish food for the baby walleye."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasingly-unpredictable-timing">Increasingly unpredictable timing</h2>



However, the study found that the timing of these ecological events is becoming increasingly unpredictable, often leaving newly hatched walleye without the necessary zooplankton food sources.&nbsp;



Feiner noted the "weird" nature of recent yearly thaws, with lakes thawing earlier on average but also experiencing an increase in late-thawing winters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-walleye">Broader implications for walleye</h2>



The implications of this research are significant not only for walleye but also for the broader ecosystem and human communities that rely on them.&nbsp;



Feiner highlighted the importance of identifying lakes that can act as refuges during challenging years and the potential for management strategies to bolster walleye resilience in the face of climate change.



“There is a need now to find places where, through management of things we can control - like land use, fish harvest and invasive species - we can buffer or boost their resiliency to be able to handle stuff we can’t control, like climate change,” he explained.



Furthermore, the study prompts questions about the effects of changing winter patterns on other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/">fish species</a> that spawn in the spring, underscoring the need for expanded research to understand and mitigate the impacts of climate change on freshwater ecosystems.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lol2.10383" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Limnology and Oceanography Lessons</a>.



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Walleye are struggling to adapt to rapid seasonal changes

Walleye, a prized catch for freshwater sportfishing enthusiasts and a...

In an eye-opening study from <a href="https://www.purdue.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a>, researchers have discovered that cooking on a gas stove emits more nano-sized particles into the air than the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-pollution-impairs-brain-network-connectivity/">exhaust</a> from gas or diesel vehicles, potentially elevating the risk of developing asthma and other respiratory illnesses. 



This revelation underscores a significant source of indoor air pollution that might have been underappreciated until now. Based on their findings, the researchers recommend turning on a kitchen exhaust fan while cooking on a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-to-gas-stoves-in-homes-is-worse-for-your-health-than-secondhand-smoke/">gas stove</a>.&nbsp;



The study was led by Brandon Boor, an associate professor in Purdue’s Lyles School of Civil Engineering.



“Combustion remains a source of air pollution across the world, both indoors and outdoors. We found that cooking on your gas stove produces large amounts of small nanoparticles that get into your respiratory system and deposit efficiently,” said Professor Boor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-amounts-of-tiny-nanoparticles">Large amounts of tiny nanoparticles</h2>



The study was focused on tiny airborne nanoparticles that are only 1-3 nanometers in diameter. These particles are perfectly sized to reach deep into the respiratory system and potentially spread to other organs, posing significant health risks.



The researchers noted that children living in homes with gas stoves have a higher likelihood of developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/specific-air-pollutants-linked-to-asthma-attacks-in-urban-children/">asthma</a>, a concern that has been echoed in previous studies. However, the focus on particles smaller than 3 nanometers, known as nanocluster aerosol, is relatively new due to the challenges in measuring such minuscule particles.



“These super tiny nanoparticles are so small that you’re not able to see them. They’re not like dust particles that you would see floating in the air,” said Professor Boor. “After observing such high concentrations of nanocluster aerosol during gas cooking, we can’t ignore these nano-sized particles anymore.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



Utilizing advanced air quality instrumentation from the German company GRIMM AEROSOL TECHNIK, the researchers conducted experiments in a "tiny house" lab, known as the Purdue zero Energy Design Guidance for Engineers (zEDGE) lab.&nbsp;



This lab, equipped with sensors to monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/twenty-years-of-air-quality-improvement-erased-by-wildfires/">air quality</a> impacts from everyday activities, allowed for the precise measurement of these tiny particles during realistic cooking scenarios. Collaborating with Gerhard Steiner, a senior scientist and product manager for nano measurement at GRIMM AEROSOL, the team managed to collect extensive data on the presence of nanocluster aerosol particles in indoor air during cooking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-results">Alarming results</h2>



The findings were startling. The researchers estimated that up to 10 quadrillion nanocluster aerosol particles could be emitted per kilogram of cooking fuel, a figure that matches or even exceeds the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/">particle emissions</a> from vehicle exhausts.&nbsp;



This comparison suggests that individuals could be inhaling 10-100 times more nanocluster aerosol from indoor cooking on a gas stove than from car exhaust on a busy street.



“You would not use a diesel engine exhaust pipe as an air supply to your kitchen,” said study co-lead author Nusrat Jung, a professor of Civil Engineering who designed the tiny house lab with her students.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-billions-of-particles-ingested">Billions of particles ingested</h2>



The study also highlights the persistence of these particles, with models showing significant emissions within 20 minutes of cooking activities like boiling water or making grilled cheese sandwiches.&nbsp;



Many of the particles rapidly diffused to other surfaces, but the models indicated that approximately 10 billion to 1 trillion particles could deposit into an adult’s head airways and tracheobronchial region of the lungs. Among children, these doses would be even more concentrated.&nbsp;



“Since most people don’t turn on their exhaust fan while cooking, having kitchen hoods that activate automatically would be a logical solution,” said Professor Boor.&nbsp;



“Moving forward, we need to think about how to reduce our exposure to all types of indoor air pollutants. Based on our new data, we’d advise that nanocluster aerosol be considered as a distinct air pollutant category.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae044" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a>.&nbsp;



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Gas stoves release more harmful nanoparticles than vehicle exhaust

In an eye-opening study from Purdue University, researchers have discovered...

A preliminary study has established a significant link between pesticide exposure and the incidence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-plays-an-unexpected-role-in-movement-and-parkinsons-disease/">Parkinson’s disease</a> in the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains regions of the United States. 



The research was led by Dr. Brittany Krzyzanowski of the <a href="https://www.barrowneuro.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barrow Neurological Institute</a> in Phoenix, Arizona. The results highlight the complex interplay between environmental factors and neurological health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regional-levels-of-pesticide-use">Regional levels of pesticide use</h2>



“We used geographic methods to examine the rates of Parkinson’s disease across the United States and compared those rates to regional levels of pesticide and herbicide use,” said Dr. Krzyzanowski.



“Our methods enabled us to identify parts of the nation where there was a relationship between most pesticides and Parkinson’s disease and subsequently pinpoint where the relationship was strongest so we could explore specific pesticides in that region."&nbsp;



"In the Rocky Mountain and Great Plains region, we identified 14 pesticides associated with Parkinson’s disease.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



Dr. Krzyzanowski said the most affected region includes parts of Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah and Wyoming. This part of the country emerged as a focal point due to its alarming association with Parkinson’s disease.



For the investigation, Dr. Krzyzanowski and her team analyzed the health records of 21.5 million individuals enrolled in Medicare in 2009. The goal was to compare the regional Parkinson’s disease rates with the use of 65 different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/">pesticides</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-and-concerning-trend">Clear and concerning trend</h2>



The findings are alarming: pesticides and herbicides such as simazine, atrazine, and lindane were strongly linked to increased rates of Parkinson’s disease.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-simazine">Simazine</h3>



In particular, the study revealed that residents in counties with the highest levels of simazine application were 36% more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease compared to those in areas with minimal exposure.&nbsp;



According to the results, in the counties with the highest exposure to simazine, 411 new Parkinson’s disease cases developed per every 100,000 people. This is significantly higher than the rate of 380 cases in the counties with the lowest exposure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atrazine">Atrazine</h3>



The results also showed that individuals exposed to the highest amount of the herbicide atrazine were 31% more likely to have Parkinson’s disease compared to those with the lowest exposure.&nbsp;



In the counties with the highest exposure to atrazine, 475 new Parkinson’s disease cases developed per every 100,000 people compared to 398 cases in the counties with the lowest exposure.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lindane">Lindane</h3>



Furthermore, individuals with the greatest exposure to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insecticide-responsible-for-major-crayfish-kill-in-australia/">insecticide</a> lindane were 25% more likely to develop the disease. 



Across counties with the highest exposure to lindane, 386 new Parkinson’s disease cases developed per every 100,000 people compared to 349 cases in the counties with the lowest exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-urgently-needed-nbsp">Further research is urgently needed&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers said that even after they adjusted for other factors that could affect the risk of Parkinson’s disease, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-increases-the-risk-of-non-lung-cancers-too/">air pollution</a> exposure, the results remained the same.



“It’s concerning that previous studies have identified other pesticides and herbicides as potential risk factors for Parkinson’s, and there are hundreds of pesticides that have not yet been studied for any relationship to the disease,” said Dr. Krzyzanowski.&nbsp;



“Much more research is needed to determine these relationships and hopefully to inspire others to take steps to lower the risk of disease by reducing the levels of these pesticides.”



The study was supported by Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson’s Research. The results will be presented at the 76th Annual Meeting of the <a href="https://www.aan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Academy of Neurology</a>, scheduled from April 13–18, 2024.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parkinson-s-disease">Parkinson's disease</h2>



Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement, leading to symptoms that worsen over time.&nbsp;



The disease is caused by the degeneration and loss of neurons in the brain, particularly in an area called the substantia nigra, which is crucial for controlling movements. These neurons produce dopamine, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-helps-us-learn-from-positive-and-negative-experiences/">neurotransmitter</a> that plays a key role in sending messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. 



As Parkinson's disease progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases, leaving a person unable to control movement normally.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symptoms">Symptoms</h3>



The symptoms of Parkinson's disease are varied and can include tremors (shaking), bradykinesia (slowness of movement), limb rigidity, and problems with balance and coordination. These symptoms can lead to difficulty with walking, talking, and completing simple tasks.&nbsp;



Parkinson's can also cause non-motor symptoms, including sleep disturbances, mood disorders, cognitive impairment, and autonomic dysfunction, which can affect blood pressure, bowel and bladder function, and sexual performance.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-causes">Possible causes</h3>



The exact cause of Parkinson's disease is unknown, but it's believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.&nbsp;



Exposure to certain toxins, such as pesticides, has been linked to an increased risk of developing the disease, and some genetic mutations have been identified that contribute to its development, though these are less common.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-treatments">Treatments</h3>



There is currently no cure for Parkinson's disease, but treatments are available to help manage its symptoms. Medication therapy, most notably levodopa combined with carbidopa, is used to increase dopamine levels in the brain or mimic its actions, helping to control motor symptoms.&nbsp;



Other treatments can include deep brain stimulation (DBS), physical therapy, and occupational therapy, aimed at improving quality of life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-research-nbsp">Ongoing research&nbsp;</h3>



Research into Parkinson's disease is ongoing, with scientists looking for better ways to treat the disease, manage its symptoms more effectively, and ultimately find a cure.&nbsp;



Experts like Dr. Krzyzanowski are studying the potential links between pesticide exposure and other environmental factors and the development of Parkinson's disease. This may ultimately lead to the development of new treatment options that target the underlying causes of the disease rather than just its symptoms.



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Pesticide exposure increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease 

A preliminary study has established a significant link between pesticide...

Scientists from <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Edinburgh</a> have made a worrying discovery about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-slow-antarctica-ice-melt-with-sunlight-reflecting-particles/">Antarctica</a>. The huge platforms of ice that surround the continent are getting thinner much faster than ever before. This accelerated melting increases the planet's vulnerability to the effects of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-ice-shelves">Role of ice shelves</h2>



In Antarctica, massive sheets of ice called ice shelves stretch out from the land, covering the ocean. These impressive formations start as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">glaciers</a>, which are slow-moving rivers of ice flowing from the center of the continent towards the coast. When they reach the coast, instead of stopping, the glaciers keep spreading out over the water, eventually forming these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ice-shelves-are-much-thinner-than-previously-estimated/">ice shelves</a>.



Ice shelves play a critical role in the environment of Antarctica, serving as natural barriers that slow down the flow of ice from land into the ocean. This process is essential for maintaining the stability of the entire ice sheet and keeping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-last-ice-age-shows-how-rising-sea-levels-will-transform-coastal-habitats/">sea levels</a> stable around the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinning-points">Pinning points</h2>



For nearly 50 years, scientists have been analyzing satellite images of Antarctica. They were particularly interested in tracking the fate of "pinning points," underwater mountains that act like anchors, keeping the ice shelves stable.&nbsp;



By carefully examining the images, they observed changes in these pinning points over time. The findings were alarming: the crucial anchors are disappearing, suggesting that the ice shelves are thinning and becoming less stable.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-data-of-ice-shelves">Historical data of ice shelves</h2>



The study revealed a concerning trend of ice shelves melting over time.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1973-1989">1973-1989</h3>



The thinning of ice shelves was limited to small, localized areas, primarily concentrated in the Amundsen Sea Embayment and the Wilkes Land coastline. 



During this period, only 15% of pinning points showed a reduction in size. This initial phase suggested a period of relative stability for Antarctic ice shelves, with minimal loss of their ability to hold back ice flow (buttressing potential).



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-1989-and-2000">1989 and 2000</h3>



The picture changed significantly during this time. Thinning became more widespread, indicating an acceleration in the deterioration of ice shelves. This period also saw a jump in the proportion of pinning points losing size, with the number rising to 25%. 



The rapid increase in thinning suggested the ice shelves were becoming more vulnerable to climate change, potentially leading to faster movement of ice into the ocean.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2000-to-2022">2000 to 2022</h3>



The most recent period continued the worrying trend. Thinning remained widespread, affecting even larger areas of ice shelves. Notably, the percentage of pinning points showing a decrease in size further increased to a concerning 37%.&nbsp;



This significant loss highlights an accelerated degradation of ice shelf stability. The weakening of pinning points directly impacts the ice shelves' ability to hold back ice, potentially leading to increased ice discharge and, consequently, a greater contribution to rising sea levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-climate-change">The role of climate change</h2>



Rising temperatures due to climate change are having a significant negative impact on Antarctica's ice shelves. These massive platforms of ice are being attacked from multiple angles.



Hotter air temperatures directly melt the surface of the ice shelves. This melting from above thins the ice, further reducing its ability to act as a barrier against the land ice flowing into the ocean.



Warming <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-were-a-driving-force-behind-2023s-record-heat/">ocean temperatures</a> are causing the water surrounding and beneath the ice shelves to become warmer. The warmer water melts the ice from the bottom, weakening its structure and making it easier to break apart.



Moreover, climate change is also altering snowfall patterns over Antarctica. While increased snowfall might seem helpful initially, it can add too much weight and cause the shelves to collapse. Conversely, decreased snowfall can reduce the overall mass of the ice shelves, making them less effective as barriers.



These combined effects highlight how climate change poses a major threat to the stability of Antarctica's ice shelves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-action">Urgent need for action</h2>



“What we are seeing around Antarctica is a sustained attack by climate warming to the buttresses, that slow the conversion of ice melting, into global sea-level rise. This reinforces the need for us to take action where we can to reduce global carbon emissions," said study co-author Professor Robert Bingham.



Potential strategies include switching to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and choosing sustainable transportation options. Additionally, supporting ongoing research is vital to predict future changes and to inform crucial policy decisions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07049-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.&nbsp;



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Antarctica's protective ice barriers are melting at double the pace

Scientists from The University of Edinburgh have made a worrying...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/">Forests</a> play a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle, yet their capacity to sequester carbon might be significantly overestimated by some current models, warns Professor Runsheng Yin from <a href="https://msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan State University</a>. 



In his new book - <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003436652" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Forest Carbon: Policy, Economics and Finance</a> - Yin delves into the complexities of utilizing forests as nature-based solutions to combat climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heavy-investment-in-reforestation-nbsp">Heavy investment in reforestation&nbsp;</h2>



Yin advocates for a recalibration of how carbon credits from forest-related activities are calculated, suggesting that the present models do not align well with the goals of the Paris Agreement.



"Companies worldwide are investing heavily in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/success-story-reforestation-has-helped-keep-the-eastern-us-relatively-cool/">reforestation</a> strategies, and while vital this is not going to be enough to remove the amount of carbon created in making timber, and the results won’t be quick enough to counteract the carbon output created by cutting down the trees in the first place,” Yin cautions, highlighting a gap in the current understanding and approach towards forest carbon sequestration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-rigorous-assessments-are-needed">More rigorous assessments are needed</h2>



Yin calls for "more rigorous accounting and assessments for local forest carbon storage and sequestration schemes," emphasizing the importance of considering the lifecycle of timber products and the duration of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-forests-are-unexpected-heroes-of-carbon-capture/">carbon</a> storage.&nbsp;



He suggests the establishment of intermediary agencies to better coordinate the contributions of local smallholders, aiming for a more impactful management of forest carbon at both national and international levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-co2-emissions-nbsp">Rising CO2 emissions&nbsp;</h2>



The urgency of addressing rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-earth-was-heated-by-extreme-levels-of-atmospheric-co2/">atmospheric CO2</a> levels is underscored by the 2015 Paris Agreement, which aims to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius.&nbsp;



"Nations, corporations and individuals are turning to nature-based solutions to try to offset their greenhouse emissions. As the practice becomes increasingly monetized, it is crucial that the accounting is done accurately," Yin said, pointing out the critical need for precision in environmental accounting amid the worsening climate crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-forest-carbon-dynamics-nbsp">Complex forest carbon dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



Yin's research, which analyzed a pine plantation in the southern United States, revealed that the potential for carbon offset credits was exaggerated by a factor of at least 2.76. This discrepancy highlights the need for a more nuanced understanding of forest carbon dynamics, especially considering the varied lifespans of wood products and their implications for long-term carbon storage.



"Properly accounted for, forest carbon offsetting is important and deserves to be seriously promoted and financially rewarded. But my research shows that its potential may not be as great as some analysts have claimed," Yin added, critiquing the overly optimistic projections of some studies. He emphasizes the necessity of integrating local carbon offset schemes within broader, government-led strategies that align with international climate commitments.



This call for a reevaluation of forest carbon sequestration's potential and methodology underscores the complexity of relying on forests as a solution to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/">climate change</a>, urging a balanced, well-informed approach to harnessing their benefits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-carbon-offsetting-schemes">Forest carbon offsetting schemes</h2>



Forest carbon offsetting is a mechanism that aims to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby combating climate change. It involves the protection, restoration, or sustainable management of forests to increase their capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the air.&nbsp;



Trees and other vegetation naturally capture carbon dioxide through photosynthesis, storing it in their biomass and in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-soil-boosts-crop-growth-by-over-50/">soil</a>. By increasing forested areas or enhancing the health of existing forests, carbon offset projects can sequester additional carbon dioxide, offsetting emissions made elsewhere.



Entities, such as businesses or individuals, can invest in forest carbon offset projects to compensate for their own carbon emissions. This is often part of a broader strategy to achieve carbon neutrality or reduce one's carbon footprint.&nbsp;



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Reforestation cannot offset carbon emissions from harvesting wood

Forests play a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle,...

The air we breathe, the weather we play in, the world we know – it's all changing fast. Unfortunately, kids are the first to feel it. Climate change is the culprit behind this rapid shift in the wellbeing of children. 



To understand how it impacts children's health, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a> embarked on an innovative study.



The team took a massive data dive, scouring scientific databases for connections between any type of climate change and any kind of health concern in children under 18.



“We’ve crunched the data to show how certain types of future weather events will worsen particular medical issues in the population,” explained study co-author Professor Corey Bradshaw of Flinders University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-children-and-climate-change">Studying children and climate change</h2>



The study reveals a worrying 60% surge in the risk of preterm birth associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ticks-are-highly-resilient-to-extreme-temperatures/">temperature extremes</a>. Preterm birth, occurring before 37 weeks, is not only a leading cause of infant death, but also carries lifelong health and developmental repercussions for children.



This isn't just a personal tragedy, it's a societal one. Premature births translate to higher healthcare costs, longer hospital stays, and a cascade of challenges for families and communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-air-pollution-nbsp">Impact of air pollution&nbsp;</h2>



Children are more vulnerable to air pollution from climate change than adults. Their developing bodies, especially their lungs, are affected by the harmful effects of air pollution. This study shines a light on the invisible dangers lurking in car fumes, factory smoke, and even dust, revealing a devastating impact on young lives.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-oxides">Nitrogen oxides</h3>



Nitrogen oxides, spewed by vehicles and factories, top the list of culprits. These invisible gases inflame delicate lung airways and worsen asthma. For children, this translates to stunted growth and a lifetime of breathing difficulties.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smoke-and-fine-dust">Smoke and fine dust</h3>



The study also exposes the silent threat of fine dust, a ubiquitous enemy that triggers infections, exacerbates asthma, and throws a wrench into lung development. Smoke from burning materials, another common foe, adds to the misery, causing bronchitis and further hindering young lungs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lifetime-of-health-challenges-nbsp">Lifetime of health challenges&nbsp;</h3>



The message is clear: air pollution, in all its forms, is a silent menace for children. It's not just about coughs and wheezes; it's about stolen breaths, stunted growth, and a lifetime of health challenges. We can't afford to ignore this invisible enemy any longer.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ticks-are-highly-resilient-to-extreme-temperatures/">Extreme temperatures</a>, both hot and cold, pose a significant threat to children's health, according to the study. Hospital and emergency room admissions for children spiked during these periods, which were instigated by climate change. Tragically, extreme temperatures are also claiming the lives of children. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immediate-action-is-needed">Immediate action is needed</h2>



Moreover, children from low-income families face a heightened risk of illness due to temperature fluctuations. This exposes them to greater vulnerability in the face of climate change's impacts on health.



Children, particularly those in poverty-stricken nations, bear the brunt of climate change's burden. The study reveals a troubling research gap in poorer regions, suggesting that the true impact on children's health might be significantly worse than what we currently know.



Climate change acts as a health inequity amplifier, jeopardizing the well-being of young lives. The researchers are calling for immediate global action to mitigate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/">climate change</a> and prioritize support for vulnerable children.



“Our research recognizes some important areas where children are most vulnerable to climate change,” said Dr. Lewis Weeda, who led the study. “The development of public health policies to counter these climate-related diseases, alongside efforts to reduce anthropogenic climate change, must be addressed if we are to protect current and future children.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-un-sustainable-development-goals-nbsp">UN Sustainable Development Goals&nbsp;</h2>



The research makes it clear: we absolutely need to put the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) at the top of our list if we want to protect children from the adverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-the-mental-health-impacts-of-wildfires/">health effects</a> of climate change.&nbsp;



These goals, created by the UN, were designed to make the world a better place by 2030, a world without <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-imagery-used-to-map-global-poverty/">poverty</a> that is filled with peace and good things for everyone.&nbsp;



To make this big dream come true, they created a plan with 17 connected goals that tackle the hardest problems everyone faces.



Some of the SDGs include:



<ul>
<li>Zero Hunger: Ending hunger, achieving food security, and promoting sustainable agriculture are crucial because climate change disrupts food production and availability, directly impacting children's nutrition and health.</li>



<li>Good Health and Well-being: Guaranteeing healthy lives and promoting well-being for all ages is essential, as research confirms the detrimental effects of climate change on children's health, including increased respiratory illnesses, higher mortality rates, and more hospitalizations.</li>



<li>Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensuring access to clean water and sustainable sanitation for all is paramount for preventing diseases worsened by climate change.</li>



<li>Decent Work and Economic Growth: Sustainable, inclusive economic growth, full employment, and decent work for all are key to providing the infrastructure and healthcare services needed to mitigate the impacts of climate change on children.</li>



<li>Sustainable Cities and Communities: Building inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable cities and human settlements is crucial. Urban planning and infrastructure development that consider climate change impacts can protect children in urban areas.</li>



<li>Responsible Consumption and Production: Achieving sustainable consumption and production patterns is vital. This highlights the need to reduce the environmental footprint of human activities that contribute to climate change.</li>



<li>Climate Action: Taking urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts is essential. This directly addresses the need to protect vulnerable populations, including children, from the effects of climate change.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights-on-children-and-climate-change">Critical new insights on children and climate change</h2>



“We identified many direct links between climate change and child health, the strongest of which was a 60% increased risk on average of preterm birth from exposure to temperature extremes. Respiratory diseases, mortality, and morbidity, among others, were also made worse by climate change,” noted Professor Bradshaw.



“The effects of different air pollutants on children’s health outcomes were smaller compared to temperature effects, but most pollutants still had an effect of some type, so the news is concerning. The children’s health issues we identified depend on weather extremes - cold extremes give rise to respiratory diseases, while drought and extreme rainfall can result in stunted growth for a population.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-climate-change-s-impact-on-children">Broader implications of climate change's impact on children</h2>



The study emphasizes the urgent need to understand the far-reaching effects of climate change on children's health. It seeks to measure the extent of this impact, pinpoint areas most vulnerable to climate-related illnesses, and establish a framework for identifying risks specific to different populations.&nbsp;



“Given that climate influences childhood disease, social and financial costs will continue to rise as climate change progresses, placing increasing pressure on families and health services. For example, asthma has been estimated to cost as much as US$1.5 billion due to a single fire season in the future, while another study estimated the costs of a single case of childhood asthma at up to US$23,573 in the coming years,” said Professor Bradshaw.



The analysis forms a crucial step in tackling this ecological and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/">health crisis</a>. By providing evidence-based insights, it paves the way for effective interventions and policies to safeguard child health amidst a changing climate.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170944" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of the Total Environment</a>.



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Climate change takes a major toll on children's health

The air we breathe, the weather we play in, the...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

[sendtonews key="uwirCufwYv-2012371-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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