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Sea levels have risen and fallen since Earth first held oceans. Until recently, scientists could only measure these shifts over million-year increments. 



Now, researchers from Utrecht, the UK, and the United States have mapped sea level changes across much shorter timeframes - spanning thousands of years and covering the last 540 million years.



Published in&nbsp;the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, the study combines paleoclimate data, sediment records, and orbital modeling.



"Taking these rapid sea level variations into account is important for understanding the structure of the subsurface and the applications to green energy resources," said Dr. Douwe van der Meer, guest researcher at <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utrecht University</a> and lead author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-sea-level-rise">Measuring sea level rise</h2>



Sea level changes depend on two main factors: plate tectonics and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/land-exposed-by-melting-glaciers-transforms-into-a-greenhouse-gas-emitter/">land ice</a>. Tectonics control the shape of ocean basins. Ice determines how much water fills them. 



Previously, scientists could detect 200-meter (656 feet) swings in sea level over million-year periods using fossil and rock records.



"In time steps of about a million years, you can derive an average sea level for as far back as there are fossils, about 540 million years," said Van der Meer.



"That varied by as much as 200 meters. We suspected that sea level could go up and down enormously in much shorter periods as well, but there is not enough data to make those shorter time steps."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-orbit-affects-sea-level">Earth’s orbit affects sea level</h2>



To track faster <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/a-simple-guide-to-understanding-sea-level-rise/">changes</a>, researchers used a clever method. They matched sediment records with Earth’s orbital cycles, called Milankovitch cycles, that change climate on scales of 20,000 to 400,000 years. These wobbles trigger glacial and interglacial phases, which affect sea levels.



"We see alternations, especially when the global climate is cold, and there is ice on the poles," said Van der Meer. 



"Then, the rhythmic wobbling of Earth's spin axis creates ice ages that last only tens of thousands of years, during which the sea level can go up and down by as much as 100 meters (328 feet)."



This new approach calculated how much ice volume could change due to orbital variations. Then, the researchers estimated how those changes would affect sea level during the last 540 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenhouse-vs-icehouse-worlds">Greenhouse vs. icehouse worlds</h2>



During warm, ice-free periods like the mid-Cretaceous, sea levels stayed relatively stable. In contrast, colder times like the late Carboniferous or modern ice age showed huge sea level swings.



Modeling showed that orbital cycles in the icehouse phases could cause sea levels to shift by over 328 feet within a few thousand years.



During the Permo-Carboniferous, for example, global temperatures may have ranged from 17°C (62.6°F) during interglacials to 10°C (50°F) during glacials. 



Such shifts drove large expansions and retreats of ice sheets, influencing sediment layers and fossil patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-sea-level-rise-helps-planning">Past sea level rise helps planning</h2>



Knowing when and how sea levels changed helps scientists better understand Earth’s climate and geography. These findings can also improve models for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geothermal-energy-is-cheap-and-clean-and-having-its-moment/">geothermal energy</a>, hydrogen storage, and radioactive waste disposal.



"High or low sea levels, it's all happened before in the geological past," said Van der Meer.



Sandstone, laid down during low sea levels, makes a good reservoir for storing gases or heat. Claystone, formed during high sea levels, can seal these reservoirs. Mapping these layers globally can help in safe subsurface use.



"If we know that at a certain time global sea level was high, we also know that a relatively continuous layer of claystone would have been deposited," said Van de Meer.



"We can use that information to create a global layer map of sand and claystone, which helps us in the safe use of the subsurface."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-sea-level-rise-patterns">Ancient sea level rise patterns</h2>



The researchers tested their new model against known sedimentary records. For the Silurian, their orbital-scale sea level variation estimates - around 230 feet - match compiled data from five paleo-continents.



Similar matches appear in Cretaceous and Devonian records, with fluctuations ranging from 50 to 230 feet.



The model shows especially large short-term sea level swings during the late Ordovician, Permo-Carboniferous, and the past few million years. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/earth_sea-level-history_graphic_credit-EPSL_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/earth_sea-level-history_graphic_credit-EPSL_1s.webp" alt="Paleogeographic reconstructions. A) Last Glacial Maximum (∼20 ka), an example of maximum glacial extent, low global mean sea level and more exposed continental shelf. As a result of changing continental ice-cover, glacio-eustasy results in changes in eustasy and flooding of continents. B) Present-Day, as example of an Interglacial with relatively high sea level. Long-term sea level reconstructions do not consider short-term changes in sea level due to orbital-scale variations. Credit: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2025)" class="wp-image-1978010"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Paleogeographic reconstructions. A) Last Glacial Maximum (∼20 ka), an example of maximum glacial extent, low global mean sea level and more exposed continental shelf. As a result of changing continental ice-cover, glacio-eustasy results in changes in eustasy and flooding of continents. B) Present-Day, as example of an Interglacial with relatively high sea level. Long-term sea level reconstructions do not consider short-term changes in sea level due to orbital-scale variations. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Earth and Planetary Science Letters (2025)</figcaption></figure>



In contrast, during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jurassic-rocks-reveal-new-details-about-earths-climate-system/">Jurassic</a> and mid-Cretaceous, the shifts were much smaller, generally under 164 feet.



Some older reconstructions show higher variability, up to 328 feet, even during greenhouse phases. The new study argues that such large estimates may be inflated and not supported by physical models or isotope data.



Instead, this new work provides more grounded estimates using physics-based ice models, stratigraphy, and isotope geochemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-climate-and-geology-research">Future climate and geology research</h2>



This approach can help resolve long-standing questions about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-climate-shift-sheds-light-on-future-global-warming/">ancient climates</a>, sedimentary patterns, and biodiversity changes. It also offers new tools for identifying reliable storage sites in the subsurface.



The authors suggest refining the method with non-linear models and more paleoclimate simulations. For now, their work marks a turning point in how we study ancient sea levels.



It is not just about history. It is a guide to understanding our dynamic planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X25003243?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a>.



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New model reveals dramatic swings in Earth's sea levels

Sea levels have risen and fallen since Earth first held oceans. Until recently, scientists could only measure these shifts over million-year increments. Now, researchers from Utrecht, the UK, and the United States have mapped sea level changes across much shorter timeframes - spanning thousands of years and covering the last 540 million years. Published in&nbsp;the journal Earth and Planetary Science Letters, the study combines paleoclimate data, sediment records, and orbital modeling. "Taking these rapid sea level variations into account is important for understanding the structure of the...

Oregon’s Cascade Range is not just a scenic landscape of volcanic peaks - it also hides a massive underground aquifer filled with water.&nbsp;



Scientists from the <a href="https://www.uoregon.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oregon</a> and their collaborators have mapped this extensive water storage beneath the central Oregon Cascades and found it to be at least 81 cubic kilometers in size.&nbsp;



This discovery is significant because it reveals a water resource nearly three times the capacity of Lake Mead and more than half the volume of Lake Tahoe, reshaping our understanding of regional water supplies and volcanic processes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-water-tower-beneath-the-cascades">“Big water tower” beneath the Cascades </h2>



The newly mapped aquifer lies beneath volcanic rocks at the crest of the central Cascades, acting like a giant, continental-sized lake stored in the mountains.



“It is a continental-size lake stored in the rocks at the top of the mountains, like a big water tower,” said Leif Karlstrom, an Earth scientist at the University of Oregon and lead author of the study.



Karlstrom and his team suggest that similar large volcanic aquifers likely exist elsewhere in the Cascade Range, potentially making it one of the largest aquifer systems of its kind in the world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-the-cascade-landscape">Evolution of the Cascade landscape</h2>



The discovery emerged from research originally aimed at understanding the evolution of the Cascades landscape and the movement of water through it. During this investigation, the team uncovered critical information about the sheer volume of water stored underground and how it relates to volcanic activity in the region.



“We initially set out to better understand how the Cascade landscape has evolved over time, and how water moves through it,” explained co-author Gordon Grant, a geologist with the <a href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Forest Service</a>.&nbsp;



“But in doing so, we discovered important things that people care about: the incredible volume of water in active storage in the Cascades and also how the movement of water and the hazards posed by volcanoes are linked together.”



This research enhances our understanding of the region’s geology and water resources, particularly as climate change drives increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a> and reduces snowpack - a primary source of recharge for the aquifer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-water-underground-nbsp">Mapping the water underground&nbsp;</h2>



To gauge the size of the aquifer, researchers tapped into historical geothermal drilling data from the 1980s and 1990s. Those earlier projects, aimed at finding geothermal energy sources, had drilled deep into the earth and recorded temperatures at various depths.&nbsp;



By analyzing these temperature records, Karlstrom’s team could infer how water moves through the volcanic rocks.



Normally, rock temperatures increase with depth, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundwater</a> flowing downward keeps deeper rocks cooler. By identifying where temperatures start to rise again in these drill holes, the team estimated how far groundwater penetrates, and thus, mapped out the aquifer’s volume.



Unlike past methods that only measured water coming out of springs or streams, this approach looked deep underground to reveal a far larger water reserve than previously thought.&nbsp;



Due to gaps in the data - since the original drill holes weren’t intended for mapping groundwater - the 81 cubic kilometer estimate is likely a lower bound, and the actual volume could be even greater.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-hazards-and-future-risks">Volcanic hazards and future risks</h2>



The presence of such a large volume of water at high elevations affects not only water supply but also volcanic activity. When magma interacts with groundwater, it can lead to more explosive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-and-trees-predict-volcano-eruptions-when-viewed-from-space-satellites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanic eruptions</a>, which change landscapes and impact air quality.&nbsp;



Understanding the size and flow of this aquifer helps scientists assess potential volcanic hazards in the Cascades.



However, the aquifer’s future is uncertain. It relies on snowpack for recharge, and climate change threatens to reduce the snow that feeds it. Warmer temperatures mean less snow and more rain, which can affect how much water is absorbed and stored underground.



“It is a big, active groundwater reservoir up there right now, but its longevity and resilience to change is set by the availability of recharging waters,” Karlstrom warned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-a-precious-resource">Managing a precious resource</h2>



While discovering this vast aquifer is encouraging, it also raises important questions about sustainability. As climate change alters precipitation patterns and reduces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snowpack</a>, the amount of water recharging the aquifer could decline.&nbsp;



Scientists like Gordon Grant and Leif Karlstrom are now focused on understanding these dynamics to manage the resource effectively.



“This region has been handed a geological gift, but we really are only beginning to understand it,” Grant said. “If we don’t have any snow, or if we have a run of bad winters where we don’t get any rain, what’s that going to mean? Those are the key questions we’re now having to focus on.”



The discovery underscores the vital role of scientific research in uncovering hidden resources and informs strategies for water management amid a changing climate.&nbsp;



As experts continue to study this “big water tower” beneath the Cascades, they aim to ensure that it remains a reliable resource for the region while also monitoring the interactions between groundwater and volcanic activity.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2415155122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Hidden water reservoir discovered beneath the Cascade mountains

Oregon’s Cascade Range is not just a scenic landscape of...

A new study from the Silent Spring Institute reveals a troubling reality: almost one-third of Americans have been exposed to unregulated contaminants in their drinking water.&nbsp;



These harmful chemicals, not covered by current federal safety rules, could affect people’s health.&nbsp;



The study also shows that Hispanic and Black communities are more likely to face unsafe levels of these pollutants, often living closer to sources of pollution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extent-of-contaminated-water-nbsp">Extent of contaminated water&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers analyzed data from the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) collected between 2013 and 2015. The team looked at 4,815 public water systems across the country.&nbsp;



The study revealed that 27% of these systems - serving about 97 million people - had detectable levels of at least one unregulated chemical.



Public water systems are required by law to test for nearly 100 specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-drinking-water-often-contains-unsafe-levels-of-toxic-contaminants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contaminants</a>. These tests ensure that dangerous levels of those substances do not enter our taps.&nbsp;



However, thousands of other chemicals are not regulated under the Safe Drinking Water Act. These unregulated chemicals can slip into groundwater and surface water, sometimes reaching the water we drink.



“We know there are thousands of other harmful chemicals that are not regulated that make their way into groundwater and surface waters, and some of these chemicals can ultimately end up in drinking water supplies,” explained Laurel Schaider, a senior scientist at the <a href="https://silentspring.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Silent Spring Institute</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-which-chemicals-are-in-our-water">Which chemicals are in our water?</h2>



Among the harmful substances found in drinking water are:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>1,4-dioxane: A solvent that is considered a probable human carcinogen. It can also be found in everyday consumer products.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-filtration-system-removes-forever-chemicals-from-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances): Chemicals used to make non-stick coatings and water-resistant fabrics. They are linked to various health issues, including cancer and thyroid problems.</li>



<li>Chlorodifluoromethane (Freon 22): A gas once used in refrigeration and manufacturing products like Teflon.</li>



<li>1,1-dichloroethane: A chemical used in making paints, plastics, and pesticides, which is also associated with cancer.</li>
</ul>



These chemicals are not regularly monitored by water systems, which means their levels could rise without triggering safety actions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disproportionate-impacts-across-communities">Disproportionate impacts across communities</h2>



The study found that communities with higher percentages of Hispanic and Black residents are more likely to have drinking water with these unregulated chemicals.&nbsp;



These communities often live closer to places that release pollution, such as industrial sites, waste treatment plants, airports, and military areas.



“Our findings show that the percentage of Hispanic and Black residents in a community is a consistent predictor of poorer water quality,” said Aaron Maruzzo, lead author of the study and a scientist at Silent Spring Institute.



This situation cannot be explained by income or socioeconomic status alone. The researchers suggest that systemic issues like racism and the historical practice of redlining - which led to placing industrial facilities near communities of color - contribute to the unequal distribution of pollution and contaminated water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contaminated-water-across-the-nation-nbsp">Contaminated water across the nation&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0442-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Past research</a> by Silent Spring Institute has shown that Hispanic residents are more likely to drink water with high nitrate levels, which can lead to health problems like colorectal and bladder <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trained-dogs-can-detect-bladder-cancer-in-other-dogs/">cancer</a>.&nbsp;



Other studies found that community water systems serving majority Hispanic and Black populations often have higher PFAS levels.



The new study is notable because it examines disparities in exposure to PFAS and other unregulated contaminants across all U.S. states, Tribal lands, and territories, offering a comprehensive look at nationwide water quality issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-growing-pfas-problem">The growing PFAS problem</h2>



PFAS chemicals are more widespread in drinking water than previously thought. As recent tests reveal, many more people may be affected by these substances than the data from 2013 to 2015 indicated.&nbsp;



This makes the study’s estimate of 97 million residents likely an undercount, highlighting an even larger problem.



In April 2024, the EPA set new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strict-pfas-limits-will-make-drinking-water-safer-for-100-million-americans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drinking water</a> standards for six PFAS chemicals, marking a step forward. However, the study underscores a larger need for federal action: regulating more harmful contaminants and addressing the disproportionate exposure that communities of color face.



“Ultimately, we need to do a better job at protecting source waters and reducing discharges of pollutants into water bodies that feed into our drinking water supplies,” Schaider emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-toward-safer-and-fairer-water-quality-nbsp">Moving toward safer and fairer water quality&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers hope that by making their inventory of unregulated contaminants publicly available, policymakers will be better equipped to create realistic plans for preventing and mitigating water contamination.&nbsp;



This data can guide efforts to ensure safe drinking water for everyone, especially those most at risk.



The study casts a spotlight on a critical public health issue: the uneven burden of contaminated drinking water on minority communities. 



Addressing this challenge involves not only setting stricter regulations for a wider range of chemicals but also tackling the environmental injustices that place these populations at higher risk. 



By improving source water protection and reducing pollution, society can work toward equitable access to safe drinking water for all Americans.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP14721" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Health Perspectives</a>.



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Nearly 100 million Americans exposed to contaminated drinking water

A new study from the Silent Spring Institute reveals a...

The Earth is a water planet, with over 71% of its surface covered by oceans. These vast bodies of water play a crucial role in regulating the planet’s climate, influencing weather patterns and distributing heat.



One of the most significant systems within this global ocean network is the&nbsp;Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), a massive conveyor belt of currents that moves warm and cold water between the tropics, poles, and continents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-amoc-on-climate">Impact of AMOC on climate</h2>



The AMOC has a profound impact on global weather and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>. It helps keep European winters milder, affects monsoon patterns in Africa and Asia, and supports marine ecosystems that millions of people depend on for food and livelihoods. 



However, scientists have long feared that climate change, particularly the melting of polar ice sheets, could weaken or even collapse the AMOC. 



A decline in the AMOC would lead to extreme weather shifts, including more severe storms, colder winters in some regions, and dramatic sea level rise along the U.S. East Coast. A complete collapse would be even more catastrophic, potentially triggering irreversible changes to the global climate.



Recent research, however, suggests that the AMOC may be more stable than previously thought. A study by scientists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) challenges earlier claims that the AMOC has been weakening over the past several decades.



The findings indicate that, contrary to previous studies, the AMOC has not declined over the last 60 years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-amoc-stability">New perspective on AMOC stability</h2>



For years, scientists have attempted to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-current-system-may-collapse-by-2037/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">track changes</a> in the AMOC by analyzing&nbsp;sea surface temperature (SST) data. 



A 2018 study, which concluded that the AMOC had significantly weakened over the past 70 years, relied heavily on this approach. 



However, researchers from WHOI now argue that SST-based reconstructions are less reliable than initially thought. Instead of using sea surface temperature as a proxy, they examined&nbsp;air-sea heat fluxes, which measure the exchange of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere.



Nicholas P. Foukal, adjunct scientist at <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/who-we-are/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHOI</a> and assistant professor at the University of Georgia, emphasized that the AMOC’s status today is different from what was previously believed. 



"Our paper says that the Atlantic overturning has not declined yet. That doesn't say anything about its future, but it doesn't appear the anticipated changes have occurred yet."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-amoc-behavior">Analyzing AMOC behavior</h2>



To improve the accuracy of their study, the researchers used&nbsp;data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), a collection of advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-and-arctic-mixing-is-crucial-for-earths-climate-stability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> models developed by the&nbsp;World Climate Research Program. 



The team analyzed 24 different climate simulations, which allowed them to refine their understanding of how the AMOC has behaved over time. The findings indicate that the AMOC remains stable and has not shown any long-term weakening over the past six decades.



Jens Terhaar, a senior scientist at the University of Bern, explained why the new method was necessary. "We've learned that sea surface temperature doesn't work as well as initially thought," he said. 



By focusing on air-sea heat fluxes instead, the researchers were able to build a more reliable picture of how the AMOC has evolved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-air-sea-heat-fluxes-matter">Why air-sea heat fluxes matter</h2>



The AMOC plays a key role in moving warm water from the tropics to the North Atlantic, where it releases heat into the atmosphere. This process helps regulate the climate of many regions. 



When the AMOC is strong, more heat is transferred from the ocean to the air. By measuring these&nbsp;air-sea heat exchanges, the researchers could track changes in AMOC strength with greater confidence.



Linus Vogt, a scientist at <a href="https://www.sorbonne-universite.fr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sorbonne Université</a>, highlighted the significance of these findings. "Based on the results, the AMOC is more stable than we thought. This might mean that the AMOC isn't as close to a tipping point as previously suggested." 



The research team concluded that&nbsp;the AMOC has remained steady between 1963 and 2017, reinforcing the idea that its collapse is not imminent.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-the-future">What this means for the future</h2>



Despite these findings, the study does not suggest that the AMOC is invariable. Nearly all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-major-ocean-system-would-cause-weather-chaos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> models agree that the AMOC will slow down in the future due to global warming. The real question is whether it will weaken gradually or collapse suddenly.



Foukal emphasized that the AMOC’s future remains uncertain. "It's almost unanimous at this point that the Atlantic overturning will slow in the future, but whether or not it will collapse is still up for debate. This work indicates that there is still time to act before we reach this potential tipping point."



While this study provides reassurance that we are not yet at a crisis point, it does not eliminate the long-term risks. 



As the planet continues to warm, melting&nbsp;polar ice sheets will introduce large amounts of freshwater into the North Atlantic, disrupting the delicate balance that keeps the AMOC functioning. 



If too much freshwater enters the system, the AMOC could weaken rapidly, leading to dramatic shifts in global weather patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uncertainties-and-limitations">Uncertainties and limitations</h2>



As with all climate research, this study has limitations. The findings rely on&nbsp;proxy data, meaning they are based on indirect measurements rather than direct observations of AMOC strength. 



Air-sea heat flux measurements from past decades are limited, which introduces some uncertainty into the results. However, the researchers believe their approach provides a&nbsp;more accurate reconstruction of AMOC behavior&nbsp;than previous methods.



Jens Terhaar acknowledged these limitations but remained confident in the study’s conclusions. "A decline in AMOC over the last 60 years seems very unlikely," he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bigger-picture">The bigger picture</h2>



If the AMOC were to collapse, the consequences would be devastating. Scientists predict that such a shutdown could lead to harsher winters in Europe, more intense hurricanes in the Atlantic, and major disruptions to monsoon systems in Africa and Asia. 



Additionally, the U.S. East Coast would experience rapid sea level rise, threatening major cities like New York and Miami.



Given these potential risks, continued monitoring of the AMOC is essential. While this study suggests that we&nbsp;still have time to act, it reinforces the urgency of addressing climate change. 



Reducing carbon emissions and slowing global warming remain critical to ensuring that the AMOC does not reach an irreversible tipping point.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The AMOC is one of the most important components of the global climate system. While past research suggested it was already in decline, this new study challenges that idea. 



Instead, the AMOC appears to have remained stable over the past 60 years. This does not mean that the AMOC is safe forever, but it does suggest that we may have more time than previously thought to prevent a worst-case scenario.



The future of the AMOC - and the climate as a whole - depends on human action. The world must continue to study, monitor, and mitigate climate change to ensure that this crucial ocean current remains stable for generations to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55297-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



Image Credit: NOAA AOML



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Critical ocean current may be more stable than previously thought

The Earth is a water planet, with over 71% of...

Recent modifications in the global water cycle are a significant concern, according to a study conducted by NASA scientists.



Over the past two decades, the experts have observed an unprecedented shift in the water cycle - which they believe is largely influenced by human activities such as farming.



These changes are not just an environmental concern but also impact ecosystems and pose challenges to water management.



"We established with data assimilation that human intervention in the global water cycle is more significant than we thought," said Sujay Kumar, a scientist at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center</a>.



The paper was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-water-cycle-changes">Impacts of water cycle changes </h2>



Radical shifts in the water cycle can have serious implications for communities all over the globe.



Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/californias-streamside-forests-are-threatened-by-water-management/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water management</a> practices like flood infrastructure or developing early drought indicators are usually based on the concept that the water cycle fluctuates only within a certain limit. 



“This may no longer hold true for some regions," said study lead author Wanshu Nie.



"We hope that this research will serve as a guide map for improving how we assess water resources variability and plan for sustainable resource management, especially in areas where these changes are most significant.”



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-a-major-influence-on-the-global-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human impacts on the water cycle</a> are perceptible in regions like North China, which is experiencing an ongoing drought. But vegetation in many areas continues to thrive, partially because producers continue to irrigate their land by pumping more water from groundwater storage, noted Kumar.



These interlinked human interventions often have intricate impacts on other water cycle variables like evapotranspiration and runoff.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-shifts-in-the-water-cycle">Distinct shifts in the water cycle</h2>



Nie and her team focused on three kinds of shifts in the cycle. First, they analyzed a change in trends - such as a reduction in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">groundwater</a> reservoirs.



Second, the team examined a shift in seasonal patterns like the typical growing season starting earlier in the year, or a premature snowmelt. The researchers also looked for changes in extreme events, such as “100-year floods” happening more frequently.



The scientists used remote sensing data from 2003 to 2020 that was collected by different NASA satellites.



These included precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission satellite, a soil moisture dataset from the European Space Agency’s Climate Change Initiative, and terrestrial water storage data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites. 



The researchers obtained data about vegetation health from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer satellite instrument.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-integrating-human-activities-into-future-models">Integrating human activities into future models</h2>



"This paper combines several years of our team’s effort in developing capabilities on satellite data analysis, allowing us to precisely simulate continental water fluxes and storages across the planet," noted study co-author Augusto Getirana.



The findings of the study suggest that the Earth system models currently used to predict the future global water cycle should be revised to factor in the ongoing effects of human activities. 



With more data and improved models, producers and water resource managers could better understand and plan effectively for the “new normal” of their local water conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnected-nature-of-the-water-cycle">Interconnected nature of the water cycle</h2>



The water cycle is a delicate and interconnected system that regulates the movement of water through the atmosphere, land, and oceans. 



Human activities, such as agriculture, urbanization, and industrial processes, are increasingly influencing this natural balance. 



When groundwater is over-extracted for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-irrigation-could-feed-feed-1-4-billion-more-people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">irrigation</a> or urban use, it disrupts the natural recharge process, leading to depletion and long-term consequences for regional water availability. 



Similarly, deforestation and land-use changes can alter precipitation patterns and runoff, exacerbating the risks of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/growing-risk-of-summer-droughts-linked-to-changes-in-river-flow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a> and floods.



Climate change further compounds these human influences by intensifying weather extremes and shifting regional precipitation patterns. Warmer temperatures accelerate evaporation rates, altering the distribution of water resources across the planet.



This has far-reaching consequences for ecosystems, food security, and the sustainability of freshwater supplies.



Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for developing adaptive water management policies. By integrating human impact data into hydrological models, policymakers and scientists can better predict future water challenges and implement sustainable solutions.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2403707121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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How humans are modifying the global water cycle

Recent modifications in the global water cycle are a significant...

Scientists have been mapping changes in the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard, where glaciers are withdrawing at alarming rates.&nbsp;



The experts used high-resolution satellite data to examine the edges of ice fields, revealing how one of the fastest-warming places on Earth continues to show visible marks of change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-patterns-of-glacier-retreat">Alarming patterns of glacier retreat</h2>



According to the recent <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-55948-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a>, 91% of Svalbard’s glaciers appear to be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-images-reveal-hidden-retreat-of-arctic-glaciers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrinking</a>, with an overall area loss of more than 500 square miles since 1985.



These findings indicate that more than half of these ice masses show distinct seasonal cycles in how they fracture and roll into the surrounding seas.&nbsp;



“The scale of glacier retreats over the past few decades is astonishing,” noted Dr. Tian Li, senior research associate in the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/geography/research/bgc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glaciology Centre</a> at the University of Bristol.



Svalbard’s northern latitude and relatively low-altitude ice fields leave it open to creeping warmth from ocean currents, while the air above is heating up to <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330857321_Climate_in_Svalbard_2100_Editors-a_knowledge_base_for_climate_adaptation_Title_Date" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seven times faster</a> than the global average.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascade-of-changes-in-the-arctic">Cascade of changes in the Arctic</h2>



The most striking acceleration in glacier retreat was pinpointed in 2016, when the ice shrunk faster in response to extreme air and ocean temperature spikes.



"The interannual variability of calving front retreat shows a strong sensitivity to both atmospheric and oceanic warming, with immediate responses to large air and ocean temperature anomalies in 2016 and 2019," noted the researchers.



The experts suggest that an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/first-ice-free-day-in-the-arctic-may-arrive-in-2027/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric feature</a> known as <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/atmospheric-blocking" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blocking</a> contributed to these conditions. This weather pattern often stalls normal airflow and can lead to unusually high temperatures in certain parts of the Arctic. This warming trend is not only driving glacier retreat but also influencing precipitation patterns, creating a cascade of changes throughout the Arctic environment. Precipitation trends in the Arctic, especially Svalbard, show a <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341146545_Measured_and_Modeled_Historical_Precipitation_Trends_for_Svalbard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">substantial increase</a> over recent decades.



As extreme weather events increase, glacier melt will accelerate, threatening ecosystems and marine species. Cold-water habitats may disappear, disrupting food chains and forcing species to migrate. 



Fish and other marine life rely on conditions with stable ice, and their survival is at risk as glaciers continue to retreat at increasing rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-calving-risks-with-glacier-retreat">Increased calving risks with glacier retreat</h2>



Falling shards of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-reshaping-landscapes-and-national-borders-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> that plunge into the sea during calving events are more than just a spectacle for passing ships.



Calving plays a key role in how glaciers keep or lose mass. Slight changes in water and air conditions can tip the balance toward more ice breaking off than freezing in place. 



Study co-author Professor Jonathan Bamber explained why current estimates for future sea-level rise still carry substantial uncertainties.



“Calving is a poorly modeled and understood process that plays a crucial role in the health of a glacier,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-for-the-arctic-environment">Consequences for the Arctic environment</h2>



Melting glaciers release fresh water and sediment into surrounding seas, which affects ocean circulation and marine ecosystems. These influxes alter local conditions, making it harder for certain animals to survive in their usual breeding grounds. 



Plankton communities also shift in response to changing salinity and nutrient levels. Locals who depend on fishing may find that their livelihoods become more difficult to sustain when familiar species migrate or diminish.



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-melting-arctic-sea-ice-could-disrupt-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice</a> retreats further, new shipping routes open up. While the additional routes potentially boost economic opportunities, they also also threaten marine ecosystems and fragile coastlines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-the-changes-ahead">Predicting the changes ahead</h2>



Regional officials and research groups are keeping a close eye on Svalbard’s glaciers, while governments weigh updates to climate adaptation strategies. 



Experts emphasize that reducing greenhouse gas emissions remains one of the most direct ways to slow changes. 



Scientists and policymakers are discussing ways to slow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/retreating-glaciers-unleash-a-world-of-ecological-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier loss</a>, but retreat is inevitable as temperatures continue to rise. Protective measures, like improving monitoring stations, may help to predict changes more accurately.



These stations can provide better forecasts of atmospheric blocking events, which cause sudden temperature spikes and accelerate ice melt.



"With more frequent blocking occurring and continued regional warming, future calving front retreats will likely intensify, leading to more significant glacier mass loss," noted the researchers.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-55948-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Astonishing glacier retreat in the Arctic signals climate disaster

Scientists have been mapping changes in the Norwegian archipelago of...

Freshwater ecosystems cover less than 1% of Earth's surface, yet they support 10% of all known species. 



A recent study published in the journal Nature warns that nearly a quarter of freshwater species face extinction. Thousands of fish, crab, and dragonfly species could disappear in the coming decades unless urgent conservation efforts take place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-extinction-threat">The extinction threat</h2>



A comprehensive assessment of almost 24,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-crisis-one-in-four-species-faces-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> species found that 24% are at risk. Among them, nearly 1,000 species are critically endangered, and 200 may already be extinct. 



However, these numbers might only scratch the surface. Scientists lack data on many species, making it difficult to assess their full extinction risk.



"Lack of data on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-a-sudden-drop-in-global-freshwater-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater biodiversity</a> can no longer be used as an excuse for inaction," said Catherine Sayer, the study’s lead author. She highlights how freshwater habitats support human life by providing drinking water, livelihoods, flood control, and climate change mitigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss-of-freshwater-species">Habitat loss of freshwater species</h2>



Freshwater environments are among the most threatened on Earth. As global demand for food, water, and resources rises, these ecosystems face increasing pressure. 



Wetlands, including bogs, mangroves, and salt marshes, have suffered immense losses. Since 1700, an area the size of India - 3.4 million square kilometers - has been destroyed.



The loss of wetlands does not only affect wildlife. These ecosystems play a crucial role in climate regulation, water filtration, and flood control. 



Other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-cycles-through-plants-with-unexpected-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">freshwater</a> sources, such as rivers, suffer from excessive water extraction and dam construction. Some, like the Colorado River, no longer reach the sea.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-threats-to-freshwater-species">Additional threats to freshwater species</h2>



Pollution further endangers freshwater species. Industrial waste, plastic debris, and agricultural runoff contaminate rivers and lakes. Many pesticides used to kill pests also harm aquatic creatures, especially during vulnerable life stages.



Despite these growing threats, freshwater species remain understudied. Dr. Topiltzin Contreras MacBeath, a co-author of the study, calls for increased investment in monitoring freshwater biodiversity to guide conservation efforts.



"It is essential that freshwater species data are actively included in conservation strategies and water use management to support healthy freshwater ecosystems," noted Dr. MacBeath.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-which-freshwater-species-are-most-at-risk">Which freshwater species are most at risk?</h2>



The study was focused on four groups that are deeply connected to freshwater ecosystems: decapods, odonates, mollusks, and fish.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decapods-crabs-lobsters-and-shrimp">Decapods: Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp</h3>



Decapods include crustaceans like crabs, crayfish, and shrimp. About 30% of freshwater decapods face extinction, primarily due to pollution. 



Pesticides used in farming contaminate waterways, harming crustaceans, especially when they molt.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-odonates-dragonflies-and-damselflies">Odonates: Dragonflies and damselflies</h3>



Dragonflies and damselflies spend much of their lives as aquatic nymphs before becoming airborne predators. Habitat destruction threatens over half of these species. 



Wetlands converted to farmland and deforestation have significantly reduced their numbers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mollusks-snails-mussels-and-oysters">Mollusks: Snails, mussels, and oysters</h3>



Mollusks, including freshwater snails and mussels, were not included in the study due to limited data. 



However, previous research suggests that about one-third of mollusk species are endangered. This omission likely means the true percentage of at-risk freshwater species is even higher.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-freshwater-fish">Freshwater fish</h3>



Fish populations suffer from habitat destruction, overfishing, and pollution. Dams fragment river systems, reducing breeding grounds and food availability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-freshwater-species-from-extinction">Saving freshwater species from extinction</h2>



Freshwater ecosystems - such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-amount-of-water-do-earths-rivers-hold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rivers</a>, lakes, wetlands, and streams - exist across multiple countries and continents. Since water flows freely across borders, conservation efforts in one place may not be effective unless neighboring regions also take action.



For example, if one country pollutes a river, the impact is felt downstream in other countries. This makes protecting freshwater species a global challenge, requiring cooperation between governments, conservation groups, and local communities.



To stop freshwater species extinctions, we need a united effort. Countries must work together to manage water use responsibly, ensuring that rivers and lakes do not dry up due to overuse.



Governments should enforce stricter laws to prevent industries from polluting water sources. Investing in conservation programs and restoring damaged ecosystems can also help protect species from disappearing.



Preserving freshwater ecosystems goes beyond safeguarding wildlife. These habitats are essential for providing clean drinking water, sustaining agriculture, and mitigating natural disasters like floods. 



They also support the livelihoods of millions, offering food and employment through activities like fishing and farming.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08375-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Thousands of freshwater species are threatened with extinction

Freshwater ecosystems cover less than 1% of Earth's surface, yet...

The Met Office has issued a dire warning: global warming is accelerating beyond control, pushing Earth off-track from meeting the 1.5°C (2.7°F) target set in the Paris Agreement. 



The latest data shows a rapid rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels and record-breaking temperatures - raising serious concerns about the future of our planet.



Scientists warn that without immediate and drastic action, we are heading toward a climate crisis that will be difficult to reverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-breaking-year-for-global-warming">Record-breaking year for global warming</h2>



The year 2024 officially became the hottest on record, with global average <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-the-world-is-on-track-for-a-catastrophic-level-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a> exceeding 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for the first time. This milestone highlights the increasing intensity of climate change and the urgent need for action. 



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"Last week, it was confirmed that 2024 was the warmest year on record, with annual average temperatures higher than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels for the first time," stated Professor Richard Betts, who led the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Met Office</a>’s forecast.
</blockquote>



Although this single year does not yet represent a complete failure to meet the Paris Agreement’s target - since long-term warming trends are the true measure of success - scientists warn that this marks a dangerous turning point.



While 2025 may be slightly cooler due to natural climate variations, the overall warming trend will continue unless CO2 emissions decrease dramatically.



The data aligns with findings from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), which reported that global temperatures in 2024 were 0.12°C (0.22°F) higher than in 2023, the previous record-holding year. This confirms that humanity is now dangerously close to breaching the Paris Agreement’s long-term warming limit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-very-large-rise-in-co2-levels">Very large rise in CO2 levels </h2>



Perhaps even more concerning than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/2024-confirmed-as-earths-hottest-year-in-recorded-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a> is the unprecedented increase in atmospheric CO2 levels. 



Measurements taken at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, revealed that CO2 concentrations rose by 3.58 parts per million (ppm) in 2024 - the fastest annual increase since records began in 1958. This increase far exceeded the Met Office’s prediction of 2.84 ppm, highlighting that emissions are outpacing even the worst-case scenarios.



Satellite data further confirmed a "very large rise" in CO2 levels globally. This increase is partly attributed to the El Niño phenomenon, which created widespread hot and dry conditions, reducing the ability of forests and ecosystems to absorb CO2. 



However, human activities - particularly the burning of fossil fuels - remain the primary driver of rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-surge-in-global-warming-may-have-an-unexpected-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions</a> and global warming.



To meet the 1.5°C goal, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a>) has stated that CO2 emissions must be reduced by 1.8 ppm per year. Instead, we are seeing an accelerating rise, making it increasingly difficult to stay within safe climate limits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-natural-climate-patterns">Role of natural climate patterns</h2>



Looking ahead, scientists predict that CO2 levels will continue to rise in 2025, though at a slightly slower rate. 



The Met Office estimates an increase of 2.26 ± 0.56 ppm, which is lower than the extreme rise seen in 2024. This expected decrease is linked to the transition from El Niño to La Niña conditions, which will help ecosystems absorb more CO2.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"La Niña conditions are expected to cause forests and other ecosystems to soak up more carbon than last year, temporarily slowing the atmospheric CO2 rise," explained Professor Richard Betts.
</blockquote>



While this temporary relief may slightly reduce the speed of warming, it is not nearly enough to counteract the long-term accumulation of greenhouse gases. As Betts warns, stabilizing global temperatures will require emissions to not only stop increasing but to reverse entirely.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"Stopping global warming needs the build-up of greenhouse gases in the air to come to a complete halt and then start to reduce. Large, rapid emissions cuts could limit the extent to which global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-climate-shift-sheds-light-on-future-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> exceeds 1.5°C. But this needs urgent action internationally," said Betts.
</blockquote>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-global-warming-and-temperature-rise">Long-term global warming and temperature rise</h2>



Although natural climate variations like El Niño contribute to short-term temperature fluctuations, scientists overwhelmingly agree that human activities are the main force behind long-term global warming. 



The continued burning of coal, oil, and gas is releasing vast amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, pushing the planet toward more extreme and unpredictable weather events.



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"This record needs to be a reality check. The climate is heating to levels we've spent years trying to avoid because countries are still burning huge amounts of oil, gas and coal," noted Dr. Friederike Otto, a climate policy expert from <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>.
</blockquote>



This statement highlights the failure of global leaders to take sufficient action to reduce emissions. While renewable energy sources like wind and solar are expanding, they are not replacing fossil fuels quickly enough to prevent further warming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dire-consequences-of-inaction">Dire consequences of inaction</h2>



If global warming continues at its current pace, the consequences will be severe. 



Rising temperatures contribute to more frequent and intense natural disasters, including heatwaves, wildfires, hurricanes, and flooding. In 2024 alone, extreme weather events linked to climate change caused devastation worldwide.



For example, the ongoing wildfires in Los Angeles serve as a grim reminder of what the future could hold if global temperatures continue to rise unchecked. Higher temperatures dry out vegetation, creating the perfect conditions for large, uncontrollable fires.



The rise of global warming also threatens food security, water supplies, and human health. Crops struggle to grow in extreme heat, while changing weather patterns lead to droughts and flooding.



Additionally, air pollution from fossil fuel combustion contributes to respiratory illnesses and premature deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-needs-to-happen-now">What needs to happen now?</h2>



Scientists warn that immediate action is necessary to cut greenhouse gas emissions. The shift to renewable energy is happening, but it must accelerate significantly. 



Governments, businesses, and individuals all have a crucial role to play in addressing climate change. Countries must phase out fossil fuels while expanding clean energy sources.



Protecting and restoring forests, wetlands, and oceans will help absorb more CO2. Reducing energy waste in industries, buildings, and transportation can lower emissions. 



Governments must enforce stricter regulations, support sustainable development, and invest in green technology. Public awareness is essential, as people must understand their impact and choose more sustainable lifestyles.



The world is running out of time to prevent catastrophic global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-has-regulated-earths-climate-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a>. The warnings from scientists are louder than ever, and the evidence is undeniable. The question remains - will humanity rise to the challenge before it’s too late?



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Global warming is accelerating beyond control as CO2 levels rise

The Met Office has issued a dire warning: global warming...

When the rain pours after a long, harsh drought, there is often a sudden influx of mosquitoes buzzing around and seemingly appearing out of nowhere. 



Despite grueling dry spells that last for weeks, mosquitoes manage to survive and bounce back quickly once the rain arrives. But how do these tiny creatures manage to make such a rapid comeback?



In a recent study, scientists at the<a href="https://www.uc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> University of Cincinnati</a> have unraveled some fascinating answers to this puzzling phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquitoes-bite-for-recovery">Mosquitoes bite for recovery</h2>



Mosquitoes are hardy insects - some of which are infamous for spreading diseases like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/african-leaders-call-for-urgent-action-on-malaria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">malaria</a> to humans.



While you might imagine that the mosquito population would dwindle during a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> as water sources dry up, the reality is quite the opposite. 



Mosquitoes have a unique survival strategy that entails quenching their thirst with blood. They <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-biting-season-extended-by-light-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bite more</a> frequently to keep up their hydration levels.



"We're finding that mosquitoes bite people more than we imagined, unfortunately," said Christopher Holmes, the study's lead author.



Climate change only adds to the challenge, as milder winters are advantageous to mosquito populations, noted Holmes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hungry-for-more-the-mosquito-s-lifeline">Hungry for more: The mosquito’s lifeline</h2>



Typically, female mosquitoes feed on a blood meal to produce eggs. Within four days of a blood feast, they lay their eggs and seek another blood target to repeat the cycle. However, when faced with a drought, they tweak this cycle.



Instead of waiting to lay their eggs after a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitos-use-unbreakable-system-to-track-human-blood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood</a> meal, drought-prompted mosquitoes feed more frequently to stay hydrated. This, in turn, increases the likelihood of spreading diseases like dengue, Zika, or malaria. It is a fascinating yet worrisome survival technique.



According to the researchers, people have assumed drought reduces mosquito populations and the spread of diseases. However, their study finds otherwise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-fittest">Survival of the fittest</h2>



To investigate how mosquitoes survive during droughts, the team studied genetically-altered individuals in which certain senses, such as the detection of carbon dioxide, were impaired. Mosquitoes use the presence of carbon dioxide to detect their prey.



The researchers made an interesting observation. If mosquitoes couldn't sense carbon dioxide, they couldn't locate a host to bite and consequently succumbed to the dry spell.



Furthermore, UC doctoral student Souvik Chakraborty pointed out a remarkable survival trait in mosquito eggs.



"The Aedes aegypti mosquito is resistant to drying out. Its eggs can survive, sometimes for as long as a year," said Chakraborty, adding that the mosquito eggs hatch instantly when touched by rainwater.



The researchers also found that some mosquito species can tolerate cold temperatures. They engorge themselves on nectar before winter, store huge lipid deposits, and lay eggs as soon as it gets warm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-survivors-with-a-deadly-bite">Ancient survivors with a deadly bite</h2>



The oldest known mosquitoes date back to the early Cretaceous period, about 125 million years ago.



Over this impressively long period, the mosquito's survival mechanisms have evolved to ensure its continued existence in the food chain - where it is food for a range of creatures including fish, birds and bats.



However, their survival comes at a cost to humans. Each year, diseases spread by mosquitoes claim more than 700,000 lives.



According to Benoit, understanding the biology of mosquitoes is crucial in comprehending their survival and reproduction mechanics.



As we progress in understanding the resilience of these insects, we move closer to taming the significant health challenges they present.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mitigating-the-mosquito-threat">Mitigating the mosquito threat</h2>



The University of Cincinnati research emphasizes the need to act on mosquito-borne diseases in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changing climate</a>.



As mosquitoes adapt to harsher conditions and expand their territories due to milder winters, public health strategies must evolve in tandem. 



New methods of mosquito control, such as eco-friendly repellents or genetic interventions, could reduce their population and disease transmission rates. 



Moreover, advanced surveillance systems that predict mosquito outbreaks based on climate patterns can empower communities to take preventive measures before the diseases spread. 



With continued research, scientists hope to come up with innovative solutions to protect human health while gaining a better understanding of how these durable insects remain so resilient.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(25)00019-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.



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Mosquitoes bite more often during droughts to stay hydrated

When the rain pours after a long, harsh drought, there...

The Swinhoe’s softshell turtle has long captivated conservationists because of its rarity and uncertain future. This freshwater reptile, also called the Yangtze giant softshell turtle, has only two confirmed individuals left on the entire planet.



Scientists have been searching far and wide to locate more.&nbsp;The latest tool in their arsenal is environmental DNA (eDNA) technology, which has shown promise in previous studies on amphibians and fish by detecting genetic remnants left behind in water samples.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-edna-test-for-rare-turtles">eDNA test for rare turtles</h2>



Swinhoe’s <a href="https://www.edgeofexistence.org/species/yangtze-giant-softshell-turtle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">softshell turtle</a> lives in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sea-turtle-day-celebrating-100-million-years-of-majesty/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large waterways</a>, and releases traces of genetic material into the water through urine, feces, and sloughed skin. The challenge is enormous because these particles disperse quickly and degrade over time.&nbsp;



Researchers needed a test that could identify minuscule DNA fragments right at the water’s edge. <a href="https://asianturtleprogram.org/meet-the-team/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tim McCormack</a>, Program Director of the Asian Turtle Program of Indo-Myanmar Conservation (ATP-IMC), began investigating eDNA applications in 2013.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensitive-and-specific-kit">Sensitive and specific kit</h2>



Researchers have now <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/edn3.70011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">launched</a> a portable eDNA system that relies on quantitative polymerase chain reaction (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24011054/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qPCR</a>), an established method for pinpointing species-specific DNA. 



There had been previous success in laboratory settings, though the wait time for results was often long. Field teams wanted speed and accuracy in places with limited equipment. 



“Our early data showed the feasibility that eDNA testing could be used to detect this turtle species in its natural environment,” said Tim McCormack at the end of his initial trials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-time-field-results">Real-time field results</h2>



Traditional eDNA methods have required sending water samples to specialized laboratories, where the analysis might take weeks. 



That gap proved frustrating for surveys aiming to verify the presence of a rare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-turtle-day-protecting-turtles-tortoises-and-their-vanishing-habitats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a>. This new portable approach compresses the timeframe significantly. 



A 2014 <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320714004443" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">review</a> suggested that eDNA could reshape conservation efforts by making the detection of elusive species more efficient. With this test, the field team can sample water, filter it, and run the qPCR analysis onsite.&nbsp;



“The portable eDNA test has allowed conservationists to be trained in and carry out the qPCR testing in real-time on the ground,” explained <a href="https://cres.edu.vn/en/about-cres/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Minh Le</a>, Head of Department of Natural Resources and Conservation at Vietnam’s Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (<a href="https://cres.edu.vn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRES</a>), at the end of a demonstration project.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-it-matters">Why it matters</h2>



Swinhoe’s softshell <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-sea-turtle-day-a-tribute-to-resilience-and-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">turtle</a> has persisted in pockets of Vietnam and China, yet little is known about these hidden populations.



One documented individual lives in Vietnam’s Dong Mo Lake, a 3,000-acre body of water that had confounded researchers in the past. Another resides in captivity in China.&nbsp;



Attempts at breeding have faced setbacks, and a female turtle died in 2019. Without additional turtles, the future of this species looks bleak. 



This new test is expected to guide survey teams in checking undervalued habitats, such as lesser-known lakes and reservoirs, with a level of speed not seen before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-success-of-edna-test-on-a-turtle">Success of eDNA test on a turtle</h2>



Researchers recently validated the portable kit’s accuracy by detecting eDNA from a living turtle in a large waterbody near Hanoi.&nbsp;



“This project proved that we could use eDNA to detect an extremely rare species in a very large lake, and demonstrates that portable eDNA testing can be applied as a conservation tool to help detect the rarest of the rare of species in a natural environment. This is truly groundbreaking for conservation research,” said <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tracie-Seimon" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Tracie Seimon</a>, Director of the WCS Zoological Health Program’s Molecular Laboratory and lead author of the project’s paper.



The technology also lowers costs. Conservationists can pool multiple water filters before a single test, covering broader areas with fewer resources. 



The results appear swiftly, which enables them to decide whether they should concentrate further effort in any positive location.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-edna-tests-for-turtles">Future of eDNA tests for turtles</h2>



Teams in Vietnam plan to continue scanning far-off lakes and little-known reservoirs for signs of the Swinhoe’s softshell turtle.



“By finding other individuals, we may succeed in our overall goal, which is to prevent the species from going extinct,” said <a href="https://cres.edu.vn/en/about-cres/staff/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thuy Hoang</a>, Director of WCS Vietnam, at the end of a talk at CRES. Even the discovery of one more turtle could push conservation steps forward.



Field teams are hopeful that other institutions will adopt the same strategy for other endangered species, since eDNA detection works for many life forms. This might include cryptic fish, amphibians, or even mammals in tricky habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-strategies">Refining strategies</h2>



Some improvements may still be needed. 



Scientists are testing the kit’s resilience in different water conditions and investigating how to preserve filter samples for extended trips. 



They also see value in pairing the eDNA method with established survey practices, such as visual observations and local knowledge. 



Collaborations across borders continue because conservation initiatives are rarely confined to a single country’s waterways.



Local communities have shown interest, particularly when they learn that sampling is quick and non-invasive. There’s no need to catch or disturb an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-impacts-the-size-of-sea-turtle-hatchlings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal</a>. 



Once the presence of the target eDNA is confirmed, researchers can decide whether more involved steps, such as camera traps or small-scale capture attempts, are justified.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-on-the-horizon">Hope on the horizon</h2>



Many face frustration and weariness from years of searching for this turtle. The portable eDNA test is bringing fresh optimism for turtle conservation. 



The two known Swinhoe’s softshell turtles might soon be joined by relatives if this tool is successful in uncovering hidden pockets where they survive.



Though the timeline remains uncertain, conservationists believe that persistence and collaboration will improve the species’ outlook. 



There is excitement about applying this simple, rapid, and targeted solution to other emergencies in wildlife protection.



The study is published in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/edn3.70011" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental DNA</a>.



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New eDNA tech locates animals in the wild in real-time

The Swinhoe’s softshell turtle has long captivated conservationists because of...

Arctic,Region,And,Greenland,Viewed,From,A,Satellite.,Physical,Map

Ecological warning lights have flashed across the Arctic for decades. New research on climate warming reveals that some of the most extreme shifts are happening in Siberia, Canada’s Northwest Territories, and Alaska.



The study, published in&nbsp;Geophysical Research Letters, offers a detailed look at how Arctic and boreal ecosystems are experiencing rapid and alarming transformations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-warming-hotspots">Arctic warming 'hotspots'</h2>



The research team - comprising scientists from Woodwell Climate Research Center, the <a href="https://www.uio.no/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oslo</a>, the <a href="https://www.umt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montana</a>, Esri, and the <a href="https://www.udl.cat/ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lleida</a> - analyzed over 30 years of geospatial data.



The experts assessed temperature, moisture, and vegetation changes to pinpoint regions facing severe climate stress.



“Climate warming has put a great deal of stress on ecosystems in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rock-weathering-drives-further-warming-in-the-arctic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high latitudes</a>, but the stress looks very different from place to place and we wanted to quantify those differences,” said Dr. Jennifer Watts, Arctic program director at <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woodwell Climate</a> and lead author of the study.



Using spatial statistics, the team detected regions of intense change, known as “hotspots.” These areas have experienced substantial shifts in recent decades, with permafrost being a common denominator.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-levels-indicate-vulnerability">Permafrost levels indicate vulnerability</h2>



Permafrost, ground that remains frozen year-round, is crucial for stabilizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-melting-arctic-sea-ice-could-disrupt-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> ecosystems. However, in the last few decades, these frozen landscapes have seen rapid warming and drying. The study found that all 20 of the most vulnerable regions contained permafrost.



“The Arctic and boreal regions are made up of diverse ecosystems, and this study reveals some of the complex ways they are responding to climate warming,” said Dr. Sue Natali, who leads the Permafrost Pathways project at Woodwell Climate.



“However, permafrost was a common denominator - the most climate-stressed regions all contained permafrost, which is vulnerable to thaw as temperatures rise. That’s a really concerning signal.”



The study revealed stark contrasts in climate impacts across different regions. While parts of Siberia and the Canadian Northwest Territories experienced drying, areas like Alaska’s Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta saw rising surface water and flooding. 



These changes are likely linked to thawing permafrost, which can destabilize ecosystems and release stored carbon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-localized-data">Importance of localized data</h2>



Rather than relying on broad regional averages, the research team emphasized the need for localized data to guide climate adaptation strategies.



“This study is exactly why we have developed these kinds of spatial statistic tools in our technology," said Dr. Dawn Wright, chief scientist at <a href="https://www.esri.com/en-us/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Esri</a>.



"We are so proud to be working closely with Woodwell Climate on identifying and publishing these kinds of vulnerability hotspots that require effective and immediate climate adaptation action and long-term policy. This is essentially what we mean by the ‘Science of Where.’”



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-hotspots_ecosystem-stress_map_credit-Christina-Shintani_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-hotspots_ecosystem-stress_map_credit-Christina-Shintani_1s.webp" alt="Map of areas that experienced ecosystem climate stress in the Arctic-boreal region between 1997-2020 as detected by multiple variables including satellite data and long-term temperature records. Credit: Christina Shintani/Woodwell" class="wp-image-1957096"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Map of areas that experienced ecosystem climate stress in the Arctic-boreal region between 1997-2020 as detected by multiple variables including satellite data and long-term temperature records. Credit: Christina Shintani/Woodwell</figcaption></figure>



Using detailed mapping, the researchers hope to provide land managers with more precise information, much like Covid-19 tracking data, which varies across communities. 



By focusing on localized climate patterns, decision-makers can implement targeted adaptation and conservation strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-saving-the-arctic-from-rapid-warming">Saving the Arctic from rapid warming</h2>



One of the most alarming findings of the study was the significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-ocean-warming-four-times-faster-than-global-average/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> across the Siberian boreal forest region. 



These forests, which have historically absorbed and stored carbon dioxide, are now under severe climate stress. This increases the risk of wildfires and carbon release, compounding global climate challenges.



“These forested regions, which have been helping take up and store carbon dioxide, are now showing major climate stresses and increasing risk of fire,” said Dr. Watts.



“We need to work as a global community to protect these important and vulnerable boreal ecosystems, while also reining in fossil fuel emissions.”



This research highlights an urgent need for action. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-sea-ice-is-headed-toward-a-historic-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> ecosystems are rapidly transforming, and their stability is crucial for the planet’s climate balance. 



Monitoring these changes with precision will help shape effective policies and conservation efforts. However, without global cooperation and immediate action, these warning lights may soon signal irreversible damage.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-if-we-do-nothing">What happens if we do nothing?</h2>



If Arctic warming continues unchecked, the consequences will be severe. Melting permafrost will release massive amounts of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas, accelerating global warming. 



Rising temperatures will cause more wildfires, destroying boreal forests and releasing stored carbon. Flooding and coastal erosion will threaten <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-ocean-warming-in-2024-is-a-warning-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a> communities, forcing people to relocate. 



Beyond the physical changes, Arctic warming has serious implications for wildlife and indigenous communities. 



Iconic animals like polar bears, seals, and walruses rely on ice for hunting, breeding, and protection. As their habitats shrink, these species struggle to survive, leading to declining populations and even extinction in some cases. 



Indigenous peoples who have lived in harmony with the Arctic environment for generations face challenges as their traditional ways of life are disrupted.



Scientists warn that ignoring these changes could push the planet past a tipping point, making climate recovery nearly impossible.



Doing nothing is not an option.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL108081" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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New Arctic map shows alarming changes in rapidly warming "hotspots"

Ecological warning lights have flashed across the Arctic for decades....

Our world is warming, and ecosystems are shifting in response. Some changes are obvious - like flowers blooming earlier - but many are subtle and complex. One of the most important factors in this transformation is phenology, the timing of natural events, such as seed germination and plant growth.



A new study from Holden Forests &amp; Gardens sheds light on how warming influences plant communities by altering germination timing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-germination-timing-in-plants">Role of germination timing in plants</h2>



Germination timing plays a crucial role in shaping entire ecosystems, not just individual plant species. When a seed starts growing, its timing determines how well it competes for resources like sunlight, water, and nutrients. 



Some plants adjust quickly to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warmer temperatures</a>, germinating earlier in the season, while others stick to their usual schedule. This shift in timing can disrupt the ecological balance, allowing certain species to dominate and altering the overall plant community.



If a species germinates earlier, it may grow larger and take up more space, outcompeting others that germinate later. Over time, this change can influence which species thrive and which decline - ultimately affecting animals, insects, and other organisms that depend on those plants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-germination-in-different-plant-species">Germination in different plant species</h2>



To better understand how climate change affects plant communities, a research team led by Emma Dawson-Glass from the <a href="https://holdenfg.org/katie-stuble-lab/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stuble Lab</a> conducted a controlled study. They focused on 15 plant species commonly found in old-field ecosystems. 



The researchers designed an experiment that simulated two temperature conditions: one reflecting current climate conditions and another 3°C warmer to mimic future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-extremes-in-2024-what-have-we-learned/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warming</a> scenarios.



This setup allowed them to observe how temperature changes influenced the timing of seed germination.



The main objective of the study was to determine&nbsp;which plant species germinate earlier under warming&nbsp;and how that shift affects plant interactions. 



When certain species sprout earlier, they may gain a competitive advantage, growing larger and outcompeting other plants for sunlight, nutrients, and water. This process can&nbsp;alter plant community compositionand disrupt ecological balance.



The findings provide strong evidence that&nbsp;climate change is already influencing ecosystems. Studying these patterns is crucial for predicting future shifts and developing strategies to manage and restore plant communities as the climate continues to warm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-winners-and-losers-in-a-warmer-world">Winners and losers in a warmer world</h2>



The study found that plants with greater phenological flexibility had a competitive edge. 



Plant species like&nbsp;curly dock (Rumex crispus), wrinkleleaf goldenrod (Solidago rugosa),&nbsp;and&nbsp;tall ironweed (Vernonia gigantea)&nbsp;grew significantly larger when they germinated earlier in a warmed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-defy-climate-change-through-acclimation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a>. 



Meanwhile, species such as&nbsp;spotted St. John’s wort (Hypericum punctatum), bristly buttercup (Ranunculus pensylvanicus),&nbsp;and&nbsp;Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis)&nbsp;performed better in current conditions, struggling when warming altered the timing of their establishment.



However, not all plants showed a clear response - some maintained stable growth regardless of warming. This variability suggests that climate change will not affect all species equally, creating an unpredictable future for plant communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-ecosystem-management">Implications for ecosystem management</h2>



"This work illustrates that warming can change the order of species arrivals, ultimately reshaping community composition,” said Dawson-Glass. These findings are crucial for conservationists and ecologists working to restore and manage plant communities in a rapidly changing world.



The study also highlights&nbsp;phenological sensitivity, the ability of species to adjust their timing in response to seasonal changes. 



“Our results provide a new perspective on how climate change is already shaping ecosystems in ways we’re only beginning to understand,” said Katharine Stuble.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-plant-germination">Future of plant germination </h2>



As climate change accelerates, shifts in germination timing are altering ecosystems by affecting&nbsp;food webs, species competition, and biodiversity. Some plants germinate earlier due to warming, gaining a competitive edge over others. 



This can lead to&nbsp;changes in plant community structure, where dominant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-soil-day-2024-protecting-our-planets-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> thrive while others struggle. Over time, these shifts impact herbivores that rely on specific plants for food, which in turn affects predators and the broader ecosystem.



The research at&nbsp;<a href="https://holdenfg.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Holden Forests &amp; Gardens</a>&nbsp;contributes to a growing understanding of how these changes unfold. 



By studying phenology - the timing of natural events - scientists can predict and manage the effects of climate change on plant communities. This knowledge is crucial for conservation efforts, helping land managers restore and maintain biodiversity.



As ecosystems continue to shift, understanding phenology will be essential in developing strategies to&nbsp;adapt to a warming world and protect ecological balance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4504" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology</a>.



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Climate warming alters plant germination and disrupts ecosystem balance

Our world is warming, and ecosystems are shifting in response....

Prolonged multi-year droughts, increasingly common since 1980, are set to intensify with ongoing climate warming, according to a new global study..&nbsp;



Led by the <a href="https://www.wsl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research</a> (WSL) in collaboration with the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), this study presents a forty-year quantitative inventory of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/megadrought-in-the-western-u-s-is-the-worst-in-at-least-1200-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">megadroughts</a>.



The goal is to better inform policy on human-induced climate change and uncover previously unnoticed drought events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-frequent-severe-megadroughts">More frequent severe megadroughts </h2>



The study reveals a worrying trend: megadroughts are becoming longer, more frequent, and more severe, affecting larger areas worldwide.&nbsp;



On average, since 1980, drought-stricken regions have expanded by an additional 50,000 square kilometers each year - roughly the combined area of Slovakia or the US states of Vermont and New Hampshire. This expansion has caused enormous damage to ecosystems, agriculture, and energy production.



“Each year since 1980, drought-stricken areas have spread by an additional fifty thousand square kilometers on average - that’s roughly the area of Slovakia, or the US states of Vermont and New Hampshire put together - causing enormous damage to ecosystems, agriculture, and energy production,” said Professor Francesca Pellicciotti, the principal investigator of the WSL-funded EMERGE Project.



One stark example of these trends is the fifteen-year megadrought in Chile, the longest in a thousand years. It has nearly depleted the country’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-reservoirs-are-shrinking-and-becoming-less-reliable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water reserves</a>, severely impacting agriculture and vital mining operations.&nbsp;



Despite their devastating effects, many droughts only gain attention when they visibly harm agriculture or forests, meaning subtler yet severe events often go unnoticed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-hidden-droughts">Identifying hidden droughts</h2>



To address the challenge of consistently identifying extreme multi-year droughts, the researchers analyzed global meteorological data from 1980 to 2018, using <a href="https://envidat.ch/#/metadata/global-standardized-drought-indicies" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CHELSA climate data</a> dating back to 1979 provided by WSL.&nbsp;



By calculating anomalies in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainfall-is-increasingly-unpredictable-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> and evapotranspiration - the combined evaporation and plant transpiration - they were able to map the occurrence of megadroughts across the planet, even in remote areas like tropical forests and the Andes.



“Our method not only mapped well-documented droughts but also shed light on extreme droughts that flew under the radar, such as the one that affected the Congo rainforest from 2010 to 2018,” explained Dirk Karger, a senior researcher at WSL and co-author of the study.



This approach allowed the team to detect droughts in less accessible regions, where limited observational data often left events unrecorded.&nbsp;



The findings highlight how ecosystems respond differently to drought, with temperate grasslands being most severely affected, while boreal and tropical forests initially showing resilience or unexpected responses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-impact-on-ecosystems">Varied impact on ecosystems</h2>



Megadroughts have contrasting effects on different ecosystems. Temperate grasslands have borne the brunt, suffering immediate impacts from prolonged dryness. 



The analysis identified hotspots including the western USA, southeastern Australia, and central Mongolia, where severe ecological droughts have been well-documented.



In tropical and boreal forests, responses are more complex. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-have-strategies-to-survive-in-nutrient-poor-soils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tropical forests</a> may temporarily buffer drought effects if they hold sufficient water reserves, but prolonged shortages can lead to tree death and long-lasting damage.&nbsp;



Boreal forests, on the other hand, have experienced paradoxical effects during drought onset due to warmer temperatures lengthening their growing season, though extended droughts could eventually overwhelm these systems.



“In the event of long-term extreme water shortages, trees in tropical and boreal regions can die, leading to long-lasting damage to these ecosystems. Especially, the boreal vegetation will likely take the longest to recover from such a climate disaster,” Karger noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clear-trends-of-intensification">Clear trends of intensification </h2>



The researchers produced the first globally consistent, high-resolution map of megadroughts and their vegetation impacts, capturing clear trends of intensification over the past forty years.&nbsp;



However, the long-term consequences of these events on the planet’s ecosystems are still largely unknown. While some areas, like the pan-Arctic, show increased greening, persistent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water shortages</a> could lead to irreversible damage.



“Currently, mitigation strategies largely consider droughts as yearly or seasonal events, which stands in stark contrast to the longer and more severe megadroughts we will face in the future,” Pellicciotti said.&nbsp;



“We hope that the publicly available inventory of droughts we are putting out will help orient policymakers toward more realistic preparation and prevention measures.”



By making their inventory publicly available, the team aims to guide policymakers in developing more accurate and effective drought mitigation and prevention strategies.&nbsp;



As part of this effort, Pellicciotti is also examining how mountain glaciers might buffer megadrought impacts through her <a href="https://data.snf.ch/grants/grant/216710" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">project</a> “MegaWat - Megadroughts in the Water Towers of Europe - From Process Understanding to Strategies for Management and Adaptation.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-frequent-megadroughts">Preparing for frequent megadroughts </h2>



This comprehensive inventory of megadroughts serves as a vital tool for understanding the evolving nature of drought in a warming climate. The findings emphasize the urgent need to reevaluate current drought mitigation strategies, which often fail to account for the prolonged and severe nature of future megadroughts.



The study not only changes our perception of drought but also highlights the critical need for improved preparation and policy measures to cope with increasingly severe and persistent drought conditions.&nbsp;



As climate change progresses, the insights gained from this research will be crucial in shaping a resilient future for ecosystems, agriculture, and water management worldwide.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.ado4245" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.&nbsp;



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Megadroughts are becoming more frequent and severe

Prolonged multi-year droughts, increasingly common since 1980, are set to...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Closeup,Of,Fresh,Green,The,Napier,Bush,Grass,As,Animal

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

[sendtonews key="6SdlLLbt0t-1988946-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NTU...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Ocean heat influences regional climate

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