Older adults do not just change what they eat, they often change when they eat. A new study tracked 2,945 people for more than 20 years and found that breakfast and dinner gradually shifted later with age. It also showed that later breakfast timing was tied to a small uptick in the risk of death.



Meal timing is not a niche topic for lab scientists. It sits at the crossroads of daily routine, sleep, and wider health. This makes it relevant for families and clinicians who are trying to spot early warning signs.



The research was led by Dr. Hassan S. Dashti, a nutrition scientist and circadian biologist at Massachusetts General Hospital, part of <a href="https://www.massgeneralbrigham.org/en/patient-care/services-and-specialties/find-a-location/our-hospitals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mass General Brigham</a>. His team looked beyond calories and nutrients to the clock on the wall.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meals-move-later-over-decades">Meals move later over decades</h2>



Participants were community-dwelling adults in Manchester and Newcastle in the United Kingdom, aged 42 to 94 at entry. They reported typical times for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, and provided details on sleep, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-blood-test-could-spot-health-risks-years-before-symptoms/">health symptoms</a>, and daily routines across repeated assessments.



At baseline, average mealtimes were about 8:22 a.m., 12:38 p.m., and 5:51 p.m. The researchers modeled change over decades, then linked those trajectories to illness patterns, genetics, and mortality.



Breakfast and dinner crept later with age. The midpoint of eating shifted later as well, while the daily eating window narrowed.



Two patterns emerged. One group tended to keep earlier meals, and another tended to eat later. The late eaters showed a 10-year survival of 86.7 percent versus 89.5 percent for early eaters.



The circadian rhythm acts like a 24-hour program for hormones and metabolism, and human studies show that the same meal is handled differently in the morning than in the evening, with evening responses often less favorable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-timing-linked-to-health">Breakfast timing linked to health</h2>



Each hour of later breakfast carried a modest increase in the risk of death over follow-up, even after accounting for many other factors. Later breakfast was also linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-gut-bacteria-morganella-morganii-could-cause-depression-not-a-brain-disorder/">depression</a>, fatigue, and oral health problems in the data.



“Our research suggests that changes in when older adults eat, especially the timing of breakfast, could serve as an easy to monitor marker of their overall health status," said Dr. Dashti. 



"Patients and clinicians can possibly use shifts in mealtime routines as an early warning sign to look into underlying physical and mental health issues.”



Genetic profiles related to an evening chronotype were tied to later breakfast, lunch, and dinner. That means people with a biological tendency to go to bed and wake up later also tended to eat later.



Practical barriers mattered too. Reporting difficulty preparing meals was associated with later breakfast and a shorter eating window, and worse sleep quality tracked with later meals. Together, these patterns suggest that both biology and daily life push the clock.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-late-meals-boost-hunger-fat-storage">Late meals boost hunger, fat storage</h2>



When people eat late, the body’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-could-be-the-key-to-better-metabolic-health/">metabolic </a>settings may not be primed for handling glucose efficiently. Controlled laboratory work shows that evening timing alone can lower glucose tolerance because of the internal clock, independent of what you eat or how long you slept.



Other experiments demonstrate that a late but otherwise identical meal can increase hunger and reduce calories burned, while shifting molecular pathways toward fat storage.



This was an observational study, not a randomized trial, so it cannot prove that late breakfast causes earlier death. It can show that later breakfast aligns with more illness and slightly higher risk over time, which makes it a useful flag to watch.



Breakfast timing also fits with prior population work. Large cohorts in the United States have linked skipping breakfast to higher cardiovascular mortality, even after adjusting for many lifestyle factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-habits-linked-to-survival">Breakfast habits linked to survival</h2>



Meal skipping and very short intervals between meals have been associated with higher all-cause and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/">cardiovascular</a> mortality in national data. This suggests that regular, spaced eating may be part of the picture.



That does not negate the value of personalized schedules, but it does argue for caution in older adults.



Historical cohort work in older adults in the U.S. also noted that not regularly eating breakfast correlated with higher mortality over many years, which underscores that this signal is not new.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-timing-and-aging-well">Breakfast timing and aging well</h2>



If an older adult begins drifting breakfast much later than usual, that change may coincide with fatigue, low mood, sleep problems, or oral discomfort. The timing shift may be easier to spot than a slow weight change or a subtle mood dip.



Consistency is the theme that emerges. In older adults, especially those with an evening chronotype, aiming for a steady morning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-time-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/">meal time</a> could support better alignment of eating with internal clocks, and it offers a simple metric to share with clinicians.



Trials that assign earlier or later breakfast times in older adults would help test causality. Studies that integrate food timing with sleep timing, medications, and oral health care could reveal which combination matters most.



For now, the timing signal is modest but measurable, and it is easy to track at home. That makes breakfast time a low effort part of the health conversation for aging well.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43856-025-01035-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Communications Medicine</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Eating breakfast later may signal hidden health risks

Older adults do not just change what they eat, they often change when they eat. A new study tracked 2,945 people for more than 20 years and found that breakfast and dinner gradually shifted later with age. It also showed that later breakfast timing was tied to a small uptick in the risk of death. Meal timing is not a niche topic for lab scientists. It sits at the crossroads of daily routine, sleep, and wider health. This makes it relevant for families and clinicians who are...

Many people struggle with anxiety or depression, and self-doubt often clouds how they see their abilities. These conditions can leave them trailing a lack of self-belief, making even everyday tasks feel overwhelming.



Scientists recently <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-57040-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studied</a> more than 500 people across two separate groups to get a clearer picture of why this happens. They uncovered intriguing clues about <a href="https://tll.mit.edu/teaching-resources/how-people-learn/metacognition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metacognition</a>, which is our ability to assess our own thought processes. 



Dr. Sucharit Katyal completed this work as a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://www.mps-ucl-centre.mpg.de" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck</a> UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research and is currently at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confidence-in-anxiety-and-depression">Confidence in anxiety and depression</h2>



Researchers asked participants to perform tasks that involved identifying details and remembering key information. They used a playful computer game with a fictional town named Fruitville, where folks needed help picking and sorting various fruits.



At different points, an auditor showed up to offer either positive or negative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-too-much-salt-may-contribute-to-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feedback</a> on how these tasks were handled. The team measured each person’s day-to-day confidence on specific jobs and compared it to an overall rating of how well they believed they did across all tasks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depression-makes-self-doubt-louder">Depression makes self-doubt louder</h2>



The experts found that individuals with significant anxiety or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-chronic-pain-have-high-rates-of-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> were not any worse at completing the tasks. Their actual results matched those of participants with lower symptoms of these conditions.



Despite this, people with anxiety or depression zeroed in on times when they felt less confident in their decisions. They largely brushed aside moments where they felt more assured, setting the stage for persistent low self-belief.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-overthinking-affects-daily-choices">How overthinking affects daily choices</h2>



Metacognition - how we think about our own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-related-brain-inflammation-linked-to-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thinking</a> - shapes many decisions we make every day. It influences whether we speak up in a meeting, try something new, or trust our memory in a conversation.



When this internal self-monitoring system is skewed, as it can be in people with anxiety or depression, it leads to hesitation, second-guessing, or avoidance. Even when the facts support success, the internal feeling of “not good enough” can win out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feedback-shifts-self-doubt-in-depression">Feedback shifts self-doubt in depression</h2>



Interestingly, everyone’s self-belief changed when they heard if they were right or wrong. Good news lifted people’s outlook, while critical comments lowered it.



Still, those with anxiety or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-have-lost-years-of-time-to-poor-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a> remained stuck in lower overall self-belief. They seemed to ignore the brighter spots of their performance, even after receiving the same mix of positive and negative messages as everyone else.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-depression-and-imposter-syndrome">Depression and imposter syndrome</h2>



“Overall, our findings offer a simple yet powerful message - that the persistent negative self-beliefs experienced by people with anxiety and depression are often illusory, and may be rooted in a dysfunctional view of how they evaluate themselves,” said Dr. Katyal. 



”This would also explain why anxiety and depression symptoms are also closely linked to <a href="https://www.sciencetheearth.com/uploads/2/4/6/5/24658156/2011_sakulku_the_impostor_phenomenon.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">imposter syndrome</a> where some people persistently doubt their achievements despite being competent.” 



Dr. Katyal emphasized the importance of not relying too heavily on our own self-judgments, especially when they tend to be overly critical. 



He suggested that people should be cautious about how much they trust their internal assessments. Instead, they might benefit from giving more weight to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feedback</a> from others.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-ease-self-doubt-in-depression">How to ease self-doubt in depression</h2>



<a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Anxiety</a> is a common mental health concern in the United States, and it can affect how a person perceives the future or reads social cues. <a href="https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Depression</a> can drain motivation and self-confidence, leading individuals to feel incapable of tasks they can actually handle well. 



These findings highlight an avenue where individuals might train themselves to notice accomplishments in a more balanced way. Checking in with trusted friends, teachers, or coworkers could help counter the tendency to overemphasize mistakes.



According to the researchers, future strategies might include personalized feedback sessions to reinforce positive progress. By doing so, people could gain more accurate perspectives on their abilities and cut down on needless self-criticism.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-rid-of-depression-and-self-doubt">Getting rid of depression and self-doubt</h2>



Struggles with self-confidence are common in classrooms and offices. A student may get high grades yet still feel like a fraud, while an employee might regularly meet deadlines and deliver results but second-guess every decision.



If people with anxiety and depression undervalue their own successful moments, they may be more prone to burnout, avoid promotions, or resist taking on new challenges. 



Interventions that help individuals trust their strengths could be especially important in high-pressure academic or work environments.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-57040-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

People with depression often hold tightly to self-doubt

Many people struggle with anxiety or depression, and self-doubt often...

Sao,Paulo,,Sp,,Brazil,-,April,20,2023:,Ayahuasca,Spell.

The Amazonian brew ayahuasca is attracting ever-greater scientific attention for its apparent ability to relieve depression, anxiety, and other forms of psychological distress. Yet, testimonials from users also include nights of terror, overwhelming sadness, or lingering feelings of isolation.



A large new analysis reveals that the effects of the psychoactive drink depend heavily on who is consuming it, where they drink, and how their experience is supported. These factors play a major role in determining whether the long-term outcome is healing or harmful.



The new study is led by Óscar Andión of <a href="https://researchsherpas.com/en/">Research Sherpas</a> together with colleagues at the International Center for Ethnobotanical Education, Research and Services (<a href="https://www.iceers.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICEERS</a>) and other institutions. 



The research applies both classic statistics and machine-learning algorithms to tease apart patterns that link immediate psychological reactions to longer-term wellbeing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-s-drinking-ayahuasca-and-why">Who’s drinking ayahuasca and why</h2>



The paper draws on data from the <a href="https://www.globalayahuascaproject.org/">Global Ayahuasca Survey</a>, an online questionnaire that reached more than 10,000 consumers on six continents. 



Earlier data showed over half of participants experienced adverse mental states after using the psychoactive drink. These difficulties were linked to a history of mental illness and using the drug in non-traditional settings.



In this study, of the original 10,836 respondents, 5,400 supplied complete information and were included in the final models. Among those participants, 14 percent reported a prior diagnosis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/">anxiety</a> disorder and nearly 20 percent a history of depressive disorder.



The investigators acknowledge that the survey’s voluntary, retrospective design introduces selection and recall biases. People with strong experiences are more likely to respond, and delayed recall can lead to inaccurate or distorted memories. Still, it’s the largest sample yet, spanning Amazonian rituals, Western retreats, and informal underground psychedelic circles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-ayahuasca-helps-or-hurts">When ayahuasca helps or hurts</h2>



The analyses confirmed that participants with pre-existing anxiety or depression were more likely to report challenging emotional states. This was especially true for those who consumed the psychoactive drink outside traditional or well-structured ceremonial settings.



Experiences such as visual distortions, though often labeled “adverse,” actually predicted better mental health scores at the time of survey. In contrast, lingering feelings like being down, disconnected, or energetically attacked were linked to poorer mental health later on.



Curiously, the machine-learning models suggested that not all difficult experiences should be dismissed as negative. Some initially unpleasant states were linked to improved mental health months later. This suggests that acute psychological struggle may lead to long-term benefits - but only under certain conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-protects-against-bad-outcomes">What protects against bad outcomes</h2>



Environmental and psychosocial variables emerged as powerful moderators. Participants who consumed the psychoactive drink in group ceremonies led by experienced facilitators were less likely to suffer harmful after-effects. Preparation and integration practices further enhanced the benefits, making adverse effects even less likely.



Age also played a role, with older users reporting fewer persisting problems. The authors interpret these findings to mean that a supportive “set and setting,” combined with life experience, may buffer vulnerable individuals from potentially destabilizing reactions.



Spiritual framing likewise appeared beneficial. Survey items that measured the importance of ceremonial symbolism, prayer, or ritual structure correlated with lower probabilities of post-session anxiety, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/confirmed-magic-mushrooms-can-effectively-treat-depression/">depression</a>, and social withdrawal.



“Our research also highlights that the spiritual significance of ayahuasca ceremonies plays a protective role, reducing adverse emotional states like anxiety, depression, and disconnection, thus contributing to overall mental health improvement,” the authors wrote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-treatment">What this means for treatment</h2>



Clinical enthusiasm for psychedelics has spurred efforts to translate ayahuasca - traditionally brewed from Banisteriopsis caapi vine and Psychotria viridis leaves - into standardized pharmaceutical formats. The new study cautions against overlooking the communal and cultural matrix that appears to scaffold positive outcomes.



“What stood out most to us was the significant difference in mental health outcomes between users who had supportive environments [during their use] and those who didn’t. This emphasizes the importance of a responsible and well-prepared setting for those seeking healing through ayahuasca,” explained corresponding author José Carlos Bouso, a scientist at ICEERS.



The authors therefore advocate supervised consumption of the ayahuasca, especially for people with mood-disorder histories. They urge future research to study real-world communal ceremonies, not just controlled lab settings, where most drinking happens.



“Ayahuasca use, when experienced in safe, supportive environments, may offer therapeutic benefits, particularly for individuals with a history of mood disorders, highlighting the importance of the ceremony's setting and the role of facilitators,” they observed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-difficult-experiences">Redefining difficult experiences</h2>



One of the paper’s striking conclusions is that common checklists for psychedelic side-effects may oversimplify complex emotional processes. Medical trials may label certain states as undesirable, while shamanic practice views them as essential stages of purging or insight.



“Our study reveals that the post-ayahuasca mental states, traditionally seen as adverse, can contribute to improved mental health, especially in individuals with previous anxiety and depressive disorders. This suggests the need for a more nuanced understanding of these states as potentially beneficial experiences,” the authors wrote.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-psychedelic-healing">Future of psychedelic healing</h2>



Despite limitations, the findings add clarity and detail to the debate on how to regulate and deliver psychedelic therapies. They underscore the interplay between personal history, ceremony design, and the subjective meaning of challenging experiences.



“The insights gathered from the Global Ayahuasca Survey (GAS) provided a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between ayahuasca use and mental health outcomes. It was particularly interesting to see how the setting, preparation, and integration practices play a pivotal role in shaping the overall experience,” Bouso explained.



Interest in psychedelic healing is outpacing the evidence base. Context-sensitive studies help maximize benefits and reduce potential harms. Practitioners are reminded that the brew’s power lies not just in its chemistry, but in the communal setting that holds the experience.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/mentalhealth/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmen.0000097">PLOS Mental Health</a>.

Psychoactive drink has healing power - but not for everyone

The Amazonian brew ayahuasca is attracting ever-greater scientific attention for...

Coffee is often seen as a simple pick-me-up. New work suggests regular coffee habits could be linked to better physical resilience during aging.



A group of scientists discovered that 4 to 6 cups (125 mL each) of coffee a day may help cut the odds of being physically frail. 



The research was led by Margreet R. Olthof, associate professor at the Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije <a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universiteit Amsterdam</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-muscles-and-frailty-risk">Coffee, muscles, and frailty risk</h2>



Our bodies go through natural changes as we get older. Some people experience problems with everyday tasks, because of low muscle strength or a tendency to feel more exhausted than usual.



This can lead to something known as frailty, a condition that can include slower walking and reduced activity levels. Finding easy ways to reduce these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-civet-day-2025-reveals-the-dark-side-of-a-luxury-coffee/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">effects</a> is a major goal for many people who hope to stay healthier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-may-protect-muscles">Coffee may protect muscles</h2>



Coffee contains several substances, including <a href="https://www.coffeeandhealth.org/health/health-conditions/type-2-diabetes/overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antioxidants</a>, which may help curb swelling in the body. Experts have noted the connection between chronic inflammation and muscle problems in older adults.



Previous research suggests that coffee’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-you-pour-coffee-changes-its-strength-and-flavor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">composition</a> could support better muscle integrity. The possibility of buffering inflammation might aid people who want to maintain a steady gait and avoid sudden weakness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daily-coffee-and-reduced-frailty">Daily coffee and reduced frailty</h2>



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-coffee-is-missing-these-five-brain-boosting-spices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drinking</a> coffee is a key part of many people’s daily routine, and as people age they are constantly looking for ways to maintain their health. Our findings highlight the possible beneficial association between daily coffee consumption and reduced risk of frailty in later life in the older population,” said Olthof.



These observations raise interesting questions about diet and lifestyle adjustments for older individuals.



Most experts suggest that moderate daily coffee consumption fits within a healthy lifestyle. The <a href="https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Food Safety Authority</a> puts 400 mg of caffeine (about 3-5 cups) as a daily limit for most adults.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-tools-for-healthy-aging">Practical tools for healthy aging </h2>



Some older folks already enjoy multiple cups of coffee a day. Others might wonder if switching to decaf is worth it for comfort or to lessen jittery feelings.



Future research could clarify which coffee types are more helpful, but the interest is strong. Coffee is widely <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-flavor-can-be-improved-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consumed</a> and might be a practical tool in aging well.



Many individuals also keep an eye on their meals and physical activities. Combining balanced eating with a few cups of coffee could boost a person’s odds of feeling spry.



“Coffee consumption may thus enhance healthy aging, but it is important we also explore further dietary interventions, to ensure older adults can continue to live fulfilling lives,” noted Olthof.



This perspective aligns with broader approaches to aging that include varied nutrition and regular exercise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-and-overall-well-being">Coffee and overall well-being </h2>



For people who love coffee, keeping an eye on cream, sugar, or sweet syrups is still wise. Health experts often advise against sugary add-ons that can pile on calories.



Moderation helps avoid side effects like jitters or trouble sleeping. Everyone is unique, so doctors sometimes weigh in on how much coffee is right for an individual.



Coffee often brings comfort, shared chats, and a sense of alertness. Those positive feelings could merge well with any physical advantages.



Some older adults might find that a warm beverage in the morning keeps them energized. Paired with a good diet and gentle movement, it might be one way to support overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-compounds-contribute-to-benefits">Coffee compounds contribute to benefits </h2>



Studies keep popping up, pushing our understanding of coffee’s role. Scientists analyze how coffee’s compounds interact with muscle cells and metabolic pathways.



Conversations will likely grow in the health community about coffee’s effects on aging. As more data emerges, guidelines could become clearer on daily intake for older adults.



Experts believe that coffee’s potential benefits come from a mix of factors, not just caffeine alone. <a href="https://www.coffeeandhealth.org/health/health-conditions/neurodegenerative-disorders/caffeine-and-cognitive-performance" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Polyphenols</a>, for example, have drawn attention for their influence on oxidative stress.



Lifestyle factors, including adequate rest and engaging activities, still matter a lot. Coffee alone isn’t a magic fix, but it may be a helpful piece in a bigger puzzle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coffee-may-support-healthy-aging">Coffee may support healthy aging</h2>



Many people already drink coffee daily. The findings offer a new perspective on an old favorite.



The potential for lowered frailty risk is an encouraging thought. Better muscle health may mean fewer struggles with day-to-day tasks.



Coffee isn’t a guarantee of a robust life in our later years, but it can be part of a balanced approach. There is still a need for personalized advice, especially for those with specific health concerns.



The investigation was funded by the Institute for Scientific Information on Coffee (<a href="https://www.coffeeandhealth.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISIC</a>).



The study is published in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00394-025-03683-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Journal of Nutrition</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Drinking coffee may reduce frailty in aging adults

Coffee is often seen as a simple pick-me-up. New work...

Nicotine pouches - small, flavored packets placed between the gum and lip - have become a fast-growing trend among teenagers. A new study shows that the use of these pouches by high school students in the U.S. nearly doubled between 2023 and 2024.



The research was conducted by scientists at the <a href="https://keck.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California</a>. The team surveyed more than 10,000 high school students across the country to understand their use of nicotine pouches and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-bans-could-help-prevent-1-2-million-lung-cancer-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tobacco</a> products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teen-nicotine-pouch-use-soars">Teen nicotine pouch use soars</h2>



The data highlights a worrying trend. In 2023, just 3% of 10th and 12th graders reported using nicotine pouches. By 2024, that number had jumped to 5.4 percent. More teens said they had used the pouches in the past month and past year, and the number who used both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-and-nicotine-use-during-pregnancy-linked-to-infant-mortality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine</a> pouches and e-cigarettes also increased during that period.



Interestingly, while pouch use went up, the number of teens who reported vaping declined slightly - from 20% in 2023 to 17.6% in 2024. 



But dual use rose, with 3.6% of teens saying they had used both products in the past year, up from 2.1% the previous year.



“This growing public health issue needs more attention," said Dae-Hee Han, PhD, the study's lead author. "Like flavored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/e-cigarettes-linked-to-increased-risk-of-heart-failure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">e-cigarettes</a> when they first emerged, use of this new oral nicotine product is becoming more widespread, particularly among adolescents.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-teens-most-at-risk">Teens most at risk</h2>



Some teens are more likely to use nicotine pouches than others. Boys, non-Hispanic white teens, and students in rural areas showed higher rates of use. These groups mirror the typical profile of smokeless tobacco users, like those who chew tobacco, according to the researchers.



“We’re finding that the risk profile differs quite a bit between nicotine pouches and e-cigarettes, which means we need prevention approaches that are targeted for each,” Han said.



The health risks of nicotine pouches are still unclear, but there are known concerns. Some users have reported mouth sores and gum irritation. And nicotine addiction itself is a real issue, especially for teens. 



Studies suggest that nicotine exposure during adolescence can hurt brain development and affect memory, attention, and learning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencers-and-fda-approval">Influencers and FDA approval</h2>



Part of the pouch popularity seems to be driven by social media. A wave of “Zynfluencers” - influencers promoting the Zyn brand - has helped tie pouch use to ideas of confidence, masculinity, and mental focus.



In January, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) gave Zyn permission to market flavored pouches to adults aged 21 and older. The decision was based on the idea that these products might be less harmful than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-vaping-help-people-quit-smoking-cigarettes-new-study-breaks-it-down/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cigarettes</a> for adults trying to quit. But unlike nicotine gum or patches, pouches are not approved as tools to stop <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cigarettes-accelerates-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoking</a>.



The same university behind the teen survey also found in a separate study that fewer than 1% of adults were actually using nicotine pouches. That raises a big question: Who is really buying them? 



“Parents, teachers, and pediatricians should be aware that teen nicotine pouch use is increasing across the nation,” said senior author Adam Leventhal, PhD.



“To reverse this trend, we need to heighten public awareness about pouches and educate youth about them. Policymakers might also consider ramping up regulation of the booming pouch market - including cinnamon, fruit, and other attractive flavors - to protect youth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-nicotine-pouch-use-among-teens">Monitoring nicotine pouch use among teens</h2>



The FDA’s decision relied partly on results from a different national survey, the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS). That survey did not find a statistically significant rise in monthly teen use of pouches. However, like the USC-led study, the NYTS did find a big increase in lifetime use among teens.



The FDA didn’t mention that rise in its decision, but researchers say it matters. Tracking lifetime and yearly use helps identify when teens are experimenting with substances, even if they aren’t using them often.



Monitoring pouch use again in 2025 will be key to understanding how the FDA’s authorization is affecting behavior. Future research should also track long-term use, when teens first start using pouches, how strong the nicotine is, and what health problems may follow.



Researchers say more attention is needed to see whether new policies and prevention programs are working - especially for groups at higher risk, like teens in rural areas or those using both pouches and e-cigarettes.



“Nicotine pouches are relatively new, so we need time to collect data on prevalence, policy, and prevention,” Han said.



The full study was published in the journal JAMA Network Open.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Nicotine pouches are a dangerous new trend among teens

Nicotine pouches - small, flavored packets placed between the gum...

African,Woman,,Portrait,And,Heart,Hands,On,Stomach,At,Gym,

The bacteria, fungi, and other gut microbes colonizing an animal’s intestines influence everything from digestion to immunity, yet scientists still know surprisingly little about how everyday foods reshape this inner ecosystem. 



A new investigation shows that switching the dominant source of dietary protein can upend both membership and metabolic duties of the gut microbiome in a single week.



This study, led by <a href="https://www.ncsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Carolina State University</a> and published by Alfredo Blakeley-Ruiz and colleagues, may help unravel why modern diets are often linked to chronic gastrointestinal disorders and could point the way toward new therapeutic or preventive strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-gut-s-response-to-protein">The gut's response to protein </h2>



To isolate the effect of protein <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-too-much-protein-greatly-increases-heart-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">source</a> alone, the researchers fed mice a series of highly defined diets that were identical in fat, carbohydrate, fiber and mineral content but differed in a single component: every seven days the sole protein came either from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-may-slow-memory-decline-and-support-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">egg</a> white, brown rice, soy or yeast. 



After each dietary phase, the team harvested intestinal contents and applied an “integrated metagenomics-metaproteomics” pipeline.



This combination of DNA sequencing and high-resolution mass spectrometry simultaneously identifies which microbial species are present and which proteins those microbes are producing - offering a rare window into the community’s actual functions rather than its potential.



“There’s something wrong with what we’re eating today, and we are not close to knowing what that is,” Blakeley-Ruiz noted. “Our lab wanted to know how different diets impact what lives in the gut, and to learn something about what those microbes are doing, functionally, in response to that diet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reshuffling-of-microbial-communities">Reshuffling of microbial communities</h2>



The results revealed striking volatility. Each new protein source triggered a noticeable turnover in microbial membership, but three diets - egg white, brown rice, and yeast - drove the most dramatic transformations.



“The composition of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-have-very-clever-ways-of-supporting-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut microbiome</a> significantly changed every time we changed the protein source,” Blakeley-Ruiz explained. 



Not only did some formerly minor species bloom to dominance, but entire metabolic pathways switched on or off, indicating that the microbes were quickly retooling their biochemical machinery to exploit the new nutrient landscape.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amino-acids-and-complex-sugars">Amino acids and complex sugars</h2>



When the scientists compared microbial proteins across diets, two functional categories showed the largest swings. 



The first, amino-acid metabolism, was expected: because proteins are built from amino acids, microbes respond to a fresh influx by either manufacturing more amino-acid-processing enzymes or dialing production down if the amino acids arrive pre-made.



In mice fed egg white or brown rice, the team saw a pronounced increase in enzymes that break down amino acids, suggesting that gut microbes were scavenging these building blocks directly from the diet rather than synthesizing them on their own. 



Blakeley-Ruiz cautioned that such degradation makes intuitive sense but may have hidden consequences, because certain amino-acid by-products can become toxic or influence brain signaling through the gut–brain axis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-changes-in-the-gut-microbiome">Dramatic changes in the gut microbiome </h2>



The second major change surprised the team: large shifts in enzymes that degrade glycans, the branching chains of sugar molecules that decorate many proteins. Diets rich in soy, rice, yeast and especially egg white boosted the expression of glycan-cutting enzymes, sometimes dramatically.



“This could be really meaningful, health-wise,” Blakeley-Ruiz said. In the egg-white group, a single bacterial species surged and switched on a broad suite of glycan-degradation genes. 



Laboratory tests showed this bacterium expressed a similar enzyme profile when grown in the presence of mucin, the slippery protein-sugar mixture that coats and protects the intestinal lining.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-erosion-of-the-gut-s-protective-barrier">Erosion of the gut’s protective barrier</h2>



Because mucin’s sugars resemble those on dietary proteins, microbes that learn to chew through egg-white glycans might also erode the host’s mucin layer, compromising the gut barrier and allowing inflammation or pathogens to take hold.



“I’m excited to explore this potential connection between the expression of glycan degrading enzymes in the egg white diet and the breakdown of mucin by the gut microbiome in future studies,” Blakeley-Ruiz said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



Manuel Kleiner, associate professor of plant and microbial biology and co-corresponding author, emphasized that the purified diets used here are intentionally artificial. Real meals include multiple protein sources and additional nutrients that could buffer or blunt the effects seen in mice. 



Nonetheless, the work spotlights egg white as an “extreme” modulator of microbial behavior and sets the stage for follow-up experiments that mix proteins in more realistic proportions.



“Our study shows not only which bacterial species are in the gut microbiome and their abundance, but also what they are actually doing,” Kleiner explained. 



By mapping the enzyme repertoires that microbes deploy for different proteins, the researchers have created a catalog of metabolic responses that future projects can mine to design precision diets or probiotics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrition-that-supports-gut-health">Nutrition that supports gut health</h2>



The findings arrive amid a surge of interest in how diet shapes the gut microbiome and, by extension, human health. Gastrointestinal diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease afflict millions worldwide, and many patients report symptom flares linked to particular foods. 



However, mechanistic explanations have been elusive. By revealing that protein source alone can rewire microbial communities in days - altering amino-acid breakdown and potentially stripping protective mucus - the NC State team provides new clues to this puzzle.



Further studies in animals and humans could determine whether certain protein-rich <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contamination-crisis-microplastics-found-in-88-of-protein-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">foods</a> contribute to disease by nudging the microbiome toward mucus-degrading, toxin-producing pathways, and whether alternative proteins or tailored fiber supplements can steer the gut back to a healthier state.



According to the scientists, there shouldn’t be a one-size-fits-all approach to dietary protein. Understanding how specific proteins influence microbial metabolism is a first step toward personalized nutrition that supports, rather than undermines, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-health-may-be-the-key-to-anxiety-relief/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut health</a>.



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/ismej/advance-article/doi/10.1093/ismejo/wraf048/8089909">ISME Journal</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

What protein-packed diets are really doing to your gut

The bacteria, fungi, and other gut microbes colonizing an animal’s...

Aging is not just about counting candles on a cake. While chronological age marks time, biological age reveals how your body is truly holding up. The two don’t always align. You might be 60 on paper but have the organs and cells of someone far younger - or older.



This difference can carry real <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organ-aging-can-predict-diseases-decades-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consequences</a>, especially for brain health. According to a major new study, people with higher biological ages than their chronological ones may face a greater risk of developing dementia.



The findings shed light on how our internal aging patterns could shape long-term cognitive outcomes.



This research gains urgency in the face of global dementia rates, which continue to climb. With longer life expectancies, understanding how to age <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/defying-time-three-ways-to-slow-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthily</a> becomes more important than ever. And this study offers a new lens through which to view prevention and early detection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biological-age-may-signal-dementia-risk">Biological age may signal dementia risk</h2>



Chronological age is simple - your age based on birthdate. Biological age is more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protein-changes-discovered-protect-humans-mammals-from-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex</a>. It reflects how your body's systems perform relative to typical aging. It draws on health indicators like lung function, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and even blood cell activity.



While this study does not prove causation, it reveals a compelling association between advanced biological age and dementia. 



That’s important, because it suggests biological age may be a useful warning sign for cognitive decline. It also raises hope - because biological age is more responsive to change than the passage of time.



“With the rising impact of dementia around the world, identifying risk factors and implementing preventive measures is essential,” said study author Dr. Yacong Bo of <a href="https://english.zzu.edu.cn/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zhengzhou University</a> in China.



“While none of us can change our chronological age, we can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/random-dna-mutations-shape-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influence</a> our biological age through lifestyle factors such as diet and exercise.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faster-aging-and-higher-dementia-risk">Faster aging and higher dementia risk</h2>



The researchers examined 280,918 individuals from a large UK database. At the start of the study, the average participant was 57 years old. 



Importantly, none had dementia when they joined the research. These individuals were then tracked for 14 years on average, allowing the team to observe who developed dementia and how biological age might relate to that outcome.



During the study period, 4,770 participants were diagnosed with dementia. Among those who developed the disease, their average chronological age was 65. 



But their average biological age stood at 55, suggesting their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-scientific-review-analyzes-the-potential-and-limitations-of-nmn-for-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bodies</a> had aged beyond their actual years. In contrast, people who did not develop dementia had an average chronological age of 57 and a biological age closer to 45.



These differences reflect more than numbers - they may signal stress on vital systems like the brain, heart, and immune system.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-biological-age-was-measured">How biological age was measured</h2>



To calculate biological age, the researchers used two distinct methods. Both factored in key aging biomarkers like lung efficiency, cholesterol, and blood pressure. But they also looked at deeper blood indicators, such as average red cell size and white blood cell count.



These tests offer insight into how the body’s internal systems - like metabolism, immunity, kidney and liver function, and cardiovascular health - are aging. When these systems wear out faster than normal, they may place the brain under greater stress.



When grouped by biological age, the participants with the oldest biological profiles were about 30% more likely to develop dementia compared to those with the youngest profiles. 



These results accounted for other variables like smoking, education, and baseline age, suggesting that biological age remained a strong predictor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faster-aging-linked-to-brain-shrinkage">Faster aging linked to brain shrinkage</h2>



The researchers didn’t stop at statistical risk. They also looked at brain imaging to find structural evidence of damage. People with advanced biological age showed signs of reduced gray matter volume - a known marker in many forms of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.



“These brain structure changes explain some, but not all, of the association between advanced biological age and dementia,” Bo said. 



“These results support the hypothesis that advanced biological age may contribute to the development of dementia by causing a widespread change in brain structures.”



The structural thinning of the brain may help explain why faster-aging bodies tend to suffer cognitive problems earlier. However, it also points to other unknown factors that may link the two.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-living-may-reduce-dementia-risk">Healthy living may reduce dementia risk</h2>



While we cannot pause time, this study hints that we might influence how our bodies age. Biological age appears more flexible than chronological age. That means good habits - like regular movement, plant-forward eating, low stress, and avoiding tobacco - could lower our biological age over time.



The authors emphasize this point. "While none of us can change our chronological age, we can influence our biological age," Bo said. This opens a promising window for public health efforts that target modifiable risk factors.



The study also raises new questions: Could slowing biological aging delay or prevent cognitive diseases? Would earlier screening based on biological age allow for better treatment or care? These are paths future research may explore.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-study">Limitations of the study</h2>



The researchers acknowledged some limitations of their study. Participants in the UK database were generally more health-conscious than the wider population.



This could skew the findings toward lower dementia risk overall, meaning the real-world numbers might differ. Still, the consistent patterns between biological age and cognitive decline remain relevant.



Importantly, this work was supported by both the Henan Province and Zhengzhou city governments in China, highlighting the growing international interest in brain aging research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learn-more-about-brain-health">Learn more about brain health</h2>



To better understand brain conditions and healthy aging, resources like <a href="https://www.brainandlife.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BrainandLife.org</a> offer science-backed information. 



Managed by the American Academy of Neurology, this platform connects patients, caregivers, and medical professionals with expert advice. The site includes articles, podcasts, and books covering topics from migraine to Alzheimer’s.



In summary, how fast your body ages may shape how well your mind holds up. And as this new research shows, staying biologically younger might offer powerful protection.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000213616" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Our biological age may predict dementia risk better than birth date

Aging is not just about counting candles on a cake....

Mental illnesses affect one in four people at some point in life. Yet, treatment often remains a guessing game. Traditional drugs target brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine, ignoring how the immune system may also affect the brain.



But many patients do not benefit. A new study from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> may explain why. The research links immune system activity to several neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression and schizophrenia.



This work, led by Dr. Christina Dardani and Professor Golam Khandaker, suggests we must think beyond the brain. Immune signals in the blood and brain both appear involved in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> illness. This insight could help develop new, more effective treatments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-brain-drugs-fail-for-some">Why brain drugs fail for some</h2>



Most mental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-the-risk-of-brain-diseases-by-up-to-54-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> drugs act on neurotransmitters. But these therapies fail in about one-third of patients. 



That failure points to deeper biological roots. Immune system involvement is one such possibility. Immune-activating drugs, for example, often trigger depression. Infections and autoimmune diseases are also linked with mental illness.



This new study used Mendelian randomization - a method that analyzes genetic data to find causal relationships. The researchers studied 736 immune-related proteins found in human blood and brain. They examined how these proteins relate to seven mental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-proteins-in-the-brain-and-blood">Immune proteins in the brain and blood</h2>



The researchers applied a three-tier system to assess causality. They looked at depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, ADHD, autism, and anxiety. 



From over 700 proteins, the team identified 29 linked with these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-the-brain-goes-silent-the-complex-reality-of-mind-blanking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disorders</a>. These findings met strict statistical and biological standards.



Among the 29, some were already known drug targets. Twenty of the proteins had drugs either approved or in trials for other diseases. These include ACE, CD40, AGER, TNFRSF17, and SERPING1. Their link with mental illness now opens paths for drug repurposing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-disorders-to-specific-proteins">Linking disorders to specific proteins</h2>



For schizophrenia, the experts identified 57 immune biomarkers. Four met the strictest Tier A standard. Notable ones included AGER, PDIA3, and NAGA. These genes are involved in glycosylation, a process tied to brain function.



Depression had 24 related proteins, including EP300 and FCN1. Bipolar disorder shared some markers with schizophrenia, especially CD40 and DNPH1.



Alzheimer’s disease showed 28 immune-related markers. APOC1 and CR1 were among the strongest candidates. These proteins had already been linked to Alzheimer’s in earlier studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-risk-of-mental-illness">The risk of mental illness </h2>



“Our study demonstrates that inflammation in the brain and the body might influence the risk of mental health conditions,“ noted Golam Khandaker, Professor of Psychiatry and Immunology.



“The findings challenge the centuries-old Cartesian dichotomy between the body and the mind, and suggests that we should consider depression and schizophrenia as conditions affecting the whole person.”



This viewpoint encourages treatment approaches that account for both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-air-pollution-fuels-alzheimers-and-brain-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> and body.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-biomarkers-to-medicines">From biomarkers to medicines</h2>



Drug development for mental health has slowed in recent decades. Many trials on anti-inflammatory drugs for depression and schizophrenia failed. 



A reason might be the poor selection of targets. This study narrows the field using strong genetic and molecular data.



ACE plays a role in both schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease and already has approved medications for heart conditions. 



CD40 is implicated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, and its involvement in multiple conditions suggests it could serve as a cross-disorder therapeutic target.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-immune-drugs-on-the-brain">Using immune drugs on the brain</h2>



Some biomarkers affect mental health through both blood and brain. For example, CD40 and ACE act in both tissues. But this could lead to side effects if drugs affect the wrong organs. 



CD40 has low tissue specificity, and ACE is mostly active in the gut. These features must be considered before using these targets in new treatments.



Some biomarkers influence multiple disorders. ACE may contribute to both schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s, perhaps by impairing memory. 



CD40 might increase risk for both bipolar and schizophrenia by promoting psychosis. Shared symptoms suggest overlapping biological roots.



But timing also matters. Schizophrenia begins early, while Alzheimer’s emerges much later. The effects of immune proteins may differ at each stage. Future research must examine this complexity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-treating-mental-illness">Hope for treating mental illness</h2>



The researchers plan to test their findings using health records, animal studies, and clinical trials. They also urge caution. Most data come from people of European ancestry. More diverse studies are needed.



The research paves the way for novel therapies. But success will depend on careful trial design, consideration of side effects, and better understanding of immune signaling.



By exploring the full biology of the immune system and brain, this work offers fresh hope for millions of people living with mental illness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-025-03032-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Molecular Psychiatry</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Mental illness is caused by the whole body - not just the brain

Mental illnesses affect one in four people at some point...

In 2018, a silent threat we encounter daily - plastic chemicals - may have played a role in over 356,000 deaths from heart disease. Unlike dramatic outbreaks or high-profile toxins, this danger came from everyday plastic use.



More specifically, from the chemical di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), used in everything from food containers and IV bags to flooring and plastic wraps. While most people remain unaware of these risks, the scientific community is sounding a loud and urgent alarm.



Recent research led by scientists at <a href="https://nyulangone.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU Langone Health</a> brings global clarity to an issue long debated in toxicology circles. Their analysis, grounded in population-level health data and environmental exposure surveys, shows just how far-reaching the consequences of DEHP exposure really are. 



And in doing so, it transforms an abstract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-normal-plastic-turns-into-dangerous-micro-and-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental worry</a> into a concrete human cost.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-chemicals-quietly-harming-the-heart-nbsp">Plastic chemicals quietly harming the heart&nbsp;</h2>



Phthalates like DEHP are used to make plastic flexible and durable. Over time, these chemicals leak from products and enter our bodies through food, water, and even the air. 



Once inside, they break down into several harmful metabolites: MEHP, MEHHP, MEOHP, and MECPP. These compounds affect hormonal systems, metabolism, and cardiovascular health.



The NYU study found that DEHP exposure was responsible for 13.497% of all cardiovascular deaths among adults aged 55–64 in 2018. This figure represents not just numbers but millions of years of life lost. 



The researchers estimated that globally, DEHP caused over 10.4 million years of life lost that year alone. These numbers offer a new lens through which to view our relationship with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-chewing-gum-may-be-full-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic</a> - not just as a pollution problem, but as a driver of premature death.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-linked-heart-deaths-in-asia">Plastic-linked heart deaths in Asia</h2>



One of the study’s most revealing findings is the stark global inequality in exposure. DEHP-related heart disease deaths were not evenly distributed. Nearly three-fourths of all such deaths occurred in Asia. 



India alone accounted for more than 103,000. China followed with over 60,000, and Indonesia ranked third. The researchers linked this concentration to rapid industrial expansion in these regions, combined with weaker environmental protections.



The Middle East and South Asia showed the highest DEHP exposure <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-treaty-is-a-historic-opportunity-to-stop-a-human-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">levels</a>, with some areas having six times the exposure seen in European countries. These areas also saw the highest percentage of cardiovascular deaths attributable to DEHP.



“There is a clear disparity in which parts of the world bear the brunt of heightened heart risks from phthalates,” said study senior author Leonardo Trasande.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-chemical-triggers-inflammation">Plastic chemical triggers inflammation</h2>



DEHP doesn’t act alone. It breaks down into metabolites that accumulate in the body and influence cardiovascular processes in several ways. 



They act as anti-androgens, interfere with lipid and glucose metabolism, and trigger inflammation in artery walls. These conditions are well-known drivers of heart attacks, strokes, and atherosclerosis.



Studies on human tissues have found microplastics lodged in blood vessels, sometimes near damaged or inflamed areas. This raises concerns that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-linked-to-health-issues-including-cancer-and-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> not only release harmful chemicals but may also act as physical irritants in the cardiovascular system.



To estimate risk, the NYU team analyzed data on DEHP exposure from urine samples collected globally in 2008. They then matched these exposure levels to mortality data from 2018, using established risk models. The result was a detailed map showing how different levels of DEHP exposure correlated with increased cardiovascular deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-damages-health-with-trillions-lost">Plastic damages health, with trillions lost</h2>



The toll of DEHP exposure doesn’t stop at lost lives. The study estimates the economic burden to range from $10.2 billion to as high as $3.74 trillion. These numbers include lost productivity, healthcare costs, and the societal value of years of life lost.



Different countries might calculate these costs in various ways. Some use a standard value per lost year of life; others calculate based on income levels. But whichever method is used, the conclusion is the same: phthalate exposure is costing humanity dearly.



“By highlighting the connection between phthalates and a leading cause of death across the world, our findings add to the vast body of evidence that these chemicals present a tremendous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">danger</a> to human health,” said lead author Sara Hyman.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exposure-levels-and-death-risks">Exposure levels and death risks</h2>



Even within a single country, some people face much higher risks from plastic chemicals. The study found wide gaps between those with the lowest and highest levels of DEHP exposure.



In the United States and Africa, individuals in the top 5% exposure group had up to 30% higher DEHP-related cardiovascular mortality than those with lower exposure.



In contrast, countries in South Asia and East Asia saw elevated risks across the board. That means even people with “average” exposure in these regions faced high mortality risks. This suggests that in such areas, phthalates are deeply embedded in everyday life - from packaging to air to water.



The inequality is not just geographic. It’s also environmental, economic, and systemic. Countries with poor waste management, lax regulation, and high plastic consumption suffer more, especially when older adults are more vulnerable to heart disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-gaps-and-delays">Regulatory gaps and delays</h2>



The timeline used in the study - 2008 exposure data and 2018 health outcomes - highlights another issue. Many countries implemented DEHP regulations only after 2018.



The European Union, Canada, Australia, and Japan had early restrictions in food packaging and childcare products. However, many countries had no such rules during the study period.



In recent years, some nations, including China and India, have started tightening controls. Yet even now, global regulation remains inconsistent. Many high-income countries continue to export plastic waste to lower-income nations, increasing exposure risks in already vulnerable regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-lives-from-plastic-chemicals">Protecting lives from plastic chemicals</h2>



The global community has taken some initial steps. In 2022, the UN began negotiations for a legally binding treaty to address plastic pollution. But efforts to limit production face strong resistance from petrochemical-producing countries.



This research provides key evidence to support stronger international policies. Reducing DEHP exposure will require more than bans on specific products. It will need coordinated action across supply chains, consumer behavior, waste management, and environmental justice.



Limiting exposure at the highest percentiles - those most affected - could yield the greatest health benefits. And extending bio-monitoring programs to regions without current data could help tailor interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-true-cost-of-plastic-comfort">The true cost of plastic comfort</h2>



Plastics have made life easier in many ways. But their hidden costs are now surfacing. This study, the first of its kind to model global plastic chemical DEHP-related heart disease mortality, shows the damage extends beyond pollution and into our arteries.



By exposing this connection, researchers have given the world a chance to act. Whether governments respond with decisive regulation or continue business as usual remains to be seen. But one thing is clear: the cost of ignoring plastic's effects on health is far too high.



Trasande and his team plan to investigate how reducing DEHP exposure might change mortality outcomes in the future. Their work lays the groundwork for safer, healthier policies around plastics. 



It is now up to global leaders to decide whether they will listen to the science - or continue to pay the price in lives lost.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(25)00174-4/fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EBioMedicine</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Hidden chemical in plastic may be taking years off your life

In 2018, a silent threat we encounter daily - plastic...

You grab a pre-made sandwich from the fridge, tear off the clear wrap, and toss the wrapper without a second thought. Yet that throwaway plastic film contains thousands of chemicals that can move into your lunch, enter your gut, and settle into your bloodstream.



Scientists have known for years that additives such as bisphenol A (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-plastic-items-pose-a-hidden-risk-to-childrens-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BPA</a>) and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/airborne-plastic-chemicals-have-reached-shocking-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phthalates</a> leach from containers, but recent studies show the list of migrating chemicals is far longer. 



The longer food rests against plastic, the more time those molecules have to move, and a microwave zap or a sun-soaked picnic only speeds the process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tangled-mix-of-chemicals-in-plastics">Tangled mix of chemicals in plastics</h2>



Plastics start as long <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-interlinked-crisis-of-plastic-pollution-and-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polymer chains</a>, but manufacturers tweak them with colorants, softeners, heat stabilizers, and other agents so the material bends, flexes, or shines on command. 



Impurities, leftovers from production, and by-products that form as the plastic ages or cracks add to the list, creating a mixture even chemists struggle to map.



None of these extra molecules are firmly locked in place. Heat, grease, ultraviolet light, and mechanical stress let them slip out.



This is why food-contact articles like bags, trays, squeeze bottles, and bottle liners top the list of concern. The warm interior of a delivery truck or the jet of steam from a dishwasher can do the job.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thousands-of-chemicals-one-sandwich-bag">Thousands of chemicals, one sandwich bag</h2>



“We found as many as 9936 different chemicals in a single plastic product used as food packaging,” noted Martin Wagner, a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.ntnu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTNU’s</a>) Department of Biology. 



His team examined 36 everyday items sold in the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Germany, and Norway, running high-resolution mass spectrometry screens to identify additives and breakdown products.



The researchers also exposed cultured human cells to extracts from those items. 



“In most of these plastic products, we found chemicals that can affect the secretion of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-hormones-rise-during-sleep-to-prepare-your-body-for-the-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hormones</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-metabolism-has-evolved-to-become-energetically-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>,” Wagner explained. 



Those cellular changes line up with national biomonitoring surveys showing BPA and phthalates in more than 90 percent of Americans, a prevalence mirrored in Europe and Asia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hormones-and-plastic-chemicals">Hormones and plastic chemicals</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hormones-may-slow-skin-aging-and-reduce-wrinkles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hormones</a> carry instructions between glands and organs. When those instructions are garbled, essential cellular functions such as growth, reproduction, and energy use can falter. 



In a second experiment, the NTNU group tested mixtures of plastic chemicals against 82 G-protein-coupled receptors - molecules that handle many of the body’s incoming signals. 



“We identified 11 chemical combinations from plastic products that affect these signal receptors,” said Associate Professor Wagner.



Even small tweaks to those pathways can ripple outward. A lab analysis linked phthalate exposure to about 350,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-worsens-cardiovascular-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular-related</a> deaths worldwide in 2018, with middle-aged adults carrying the heaviest burden. 



The authors warned that phthalates may increase risks tied to obesity and high blood pressure, suggesting the true health toll could be higher.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-bpa-and-phthalates">Beyond BPA and phthalates</h2>



When BPA drew fire, manufacturers shifted to related chemicals such as bisphenol S and bisphenol F. 



A 2024 study found these replacements cause the same cellular disruptions linked to obesity and diabetes, challenging the comfort offered by “BPA-free” labels on water bottles and baby cups.



With more than 13,000 known plastic chemicals - and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/4200-harmful-plastic-chemicals-hidden-in-everyday-objects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">many still unlisted</a> - scientists say a substance-by-substance approach cannot keep up. 



“These and previous findings show that plastic exposes us to toxic chemicals. They support the theory that we need to redesign plastic to make it safer,” Wagner continued.



Research teams are now testing plant-based polymers that break down quickly yet still block oxygen and moisture, two qualities valued by food producers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-momentum-for-safer-plastics">Global momentum for safer plastics</h2>



Negotiators from 175 countries met in Ottawa last year to shape a <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations treaty</a> aimed at ending plastic pollution “from source to sea.” 



Talks focused on additive databases and phase-outs for the most hazardous compounds, recognizing that pollution begins long before a bottle reaches the ocean. 



Delegates hope to finalize text at a fifth session later this year, setting the stage for formal adoption in 2026.



While the treaty inches ahead, some regulators are moving on their own. The <a href="https://echa.europa.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Chemicals Agency</a> has listed dozens of plasticizers as substances of very high concern, and several U.S. states now ban BPA in food-contact materials. 



Industry trade groups, meanwhile, are building open registries of additives to anticipate stricter disclosure rules, signaling that even manufacturers see change on the horizon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-now">What happens now?</h2>



Researchers are racing to map the many unknown plastic chemicals that standard tests miss. 



High-resolution mass spectrometry, machine-learning models that predict biological activity, and expanding open databases are shrinking that blind spot, but laws often trail the lab work by years.



In the meantime, practical steps can trim exposure: choosing fresh or frozen foods over canned, microwaving leftovers in glass, swapping scratched non-stick pans for stainless steel, and airing out that new-car smell before long drives. 



Small moves matter, because evidence suggests risk rises with every sip from a soft plastic bottle and every bite that rides down a plastic-lined conveyor. The wrapper may be tossed in seconds, but its chemistry can linger in the body for years.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c08250" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science and Technology</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Common plastic food packaging found to contain 9,936 harmful chemicals

You grab a pre-made sandwich from the fridge, tear off...

Humans have long accepted that we get one replacement set of teeth after our baby ones. The idea of sprouting another tooth by simply taking a pill has sounded like pure science fiction in everyday life.



<a href="https://www.dentinova.co.uk/2025/02/26/dr-katsu-takahashi-a-visionary-in-teeth-regeneration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Katsu Takahashi</a> and his team at the Medical Research Institute Kitano Hospital in Osaka, Japan, have been exploring the possibility of helping people grow new teeth. The clinical trial began in July 2024 in hopes of making the treatment publicly available by 2030.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missing-teeth-and-protein">Missing teeth and protein</h2>



An estimated <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24168-anodontia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anodontia</a> rate of around <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2004.00158.x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1%</a> of the general population presents a problem for those who cannot develop a complete set of permanent teeth. 



This condition can affect speech and eating from an early age. Traditional treatments often involve dentures or dental implants, but these approaches can carry inconveniences for young children.



Researchers believe the new therapy could help children aged 2 to 6 who lack adult teeth. They are examining a way to block a protein linked with limiting tooth growth in mammals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-blocking-breakthrough">Protein blocking breakthrough</h2>



Years ago, scientists discovered that the <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abf1798" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USAG-1 protein</a> plays a direct role in regulating the development of new teeth. When this protein is active, it can prevent additional teeth from forming. 



By crafting a medication to neutralize it, Takahashi’s team encouraged animals to grow teeth beyond their normal sets.



The researchers tested their medication on mice with missing teeth. They observed tooth development in those mice where none had grown before.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-discovery-matters">Why the discovery matters</h2>



Most people are born with two sets of teeth. Yet some animals - like sharks - regrow many sets as needed. Scientists once believed humans did not have any spare tooth buds beyond baby and adult teeth, but evidence now suggests we have a latent third set.



“The idea of growing new teeth is every dentist’s dream. I’ve been working on this since I was a graduate student. I was confident I’d be able to make it happen,” said Takahashi. 



Some individuals show a tendency toward <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/hyperdontia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hyperdontia</a>, which means they form extra teeth. One in three such cases involves growth of a third set.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-on-protein-and-teeth">Animal research on protein and teeth</h2>



Trials on <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32922570/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mice</a> paved the way for studies in ferrets. The medication spurred the growth of an extra front tooth, suggesting that ferrets - like mice - possess the capacity for additional sets. It showed that what was once dormant could be nudged into action with the right approach.



Researchers emphasize the potential impact for those with tooth agenesis, another term for missing teeth. Many with missing teeth struggle from an early age due to problems with speech and chewing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-human-benefits">Potential human benefits</h2>



Clinical trials in humans will aim to confirm the therapy’s safety. Takahashi believes an added set of teeth might someday become a realistic option for those who have lost teeth or never formed them in the first place. 



“In any case, we’re hoping to see a time when tooth-regrowth medicine is a third choice alongside dentures and implants,” said Takahashi.



Dentists typically turn to implants or dentures, which require maintenance and can be uncomfortable. The proposed medication seeks to offer a biological alternative.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-on-the-road-ahead">Challenges on the road ahead</h2>



Safe human testing remains a key goal. Regulatory reviews will be crucial to confirm there are no adverse effects. The team hopes that in six years, regrowing teeth for therapeutic purposes will be a common procedure.



Research in genetics has opened possibilities for medicine that once seemed too ambitious. Understanding how to spur a new set of teeth is a major step in combining genetics and dentistry for practical solutions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-the-future-of-dentistry">Shaping the future of dentistry</h2>



Scientists around the world have been intrigued by similar regenerative procedures. Some labs study <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/154405910408300703" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stem cells</a>, while others explore chemical triggers for tooth development. The search for a viable therapy has been active for decades.



Takahashi’s approach hinges on a well-defined protein target. If successful, it might also encourage the development of treatments for other dental conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-it-works">How it works</h2>



The medication contains an antibody designed to block USAG-1. When that happens, tooth buds have fewer barriers stopping them from maturing. 



By directing the body’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-happens-to-our-teeth-as-we-age-new-details-have-emerged/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural growth process</a>, researchers aim to produce strong and fully formed teeth.



The hope is that those who never had a complete set can finally grow a replacement. Many doctors see it as a potential game-changer in oral health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-optimism">Signs of optimism</h2>



In many cases, missing teeth lead to lifelong issues. Families handle multiple rounds of dental visits for children in need of prosthetics or implants. 



If these trials confirm the safety and effectiveness of the therapy, the days of coping with artificial replacements might become less common.



Though the journey from mouse studies to human trials can be long, Takahashi’s team is excited about the milestone. They view their discovery as a chance to rewrite what is possible for tooth restoration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



The research community will watch these clinical trials in Japan to see if the technique can be reliably repeated in people. 



If it works, it may shape a future where anyone could regrow a natural tooth. That prospect alone has generated plenty of curiosity and interest.



-----



Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Scientists successfully grow human teeth in a laboratory for the first time

Humans have long accepted that we get one replacement set...

In the global climate crisis, some effects shout louder than others - rising sea levels, scorched forests, and lost biodiversity dominate headlines. Yet beneath these urgent visuals lies a quieter devastation: education disrupted by tropical cyclones. 



For many children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), the storm does not end when the winds die down.



A new Stanford-led study reveals that these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-takes-a-major-toll-on-childrens-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate events</a> are quietly but deeply damaging schooling, especially for young girls.



Published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the study investigates the connection between exposure to tropical cyclones and decreased likelihood of attending school. 



The researchers examined over 5.4 million individual schooling records across 13 LMICs, covering five decades of data. The conclusions are alarming: children who face tropical cyclones at an early age are significantly less likely to start school at all.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-cyclone-exposure-alters-lifelong-outcomes">Early cyclone exposure alters lifelong outcomes</h2>



Tropical cyclones - storms known for violent winds and torrential rain - bring more than temporary ruin. They destroy homes and schools, block roads, and force families into survival mode.



In this environment, schooling is often pushed aside, particularly for children at the most critical stages of education. The study found that exposure at preschool age - around 5 or 6 years old - leads to a 2.5% increased risk of never attending school. After strong storms, this risk rises to as much as 8.8 percent.



“There’s a sweet spot - or maybe I should say a sour spot - where cyclones are intense enough but also rare enough to wreak havoc that causes children to lose out on the opportunity to attend school,” said study senior author Eran Bendavid, a professor of medicine and health policy at Stanford.



While some communities have learned to prepare for such disasters, others remain vulnerable due to infrequent exposure. These communities often lack the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2025-our-power-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resources</a> or infrastructure to recover quickly. 



Children, especially girls, are pulled from school to support household needs or because school buildings no longer exist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-girls-face-greater-educational-losses">Girls face greater educational losses</h2>



The impact of cyclones is not evenly distributed. Girls bear a disproportionate burden. 



When disasters strike, cultural and economic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2025-what-were-really-fighting-for/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">norms</a> often require girls to stay home, care for younger siblings, or help rebuild. The study reveals that girls experience a 0.6 percentage point increase in the likelihood of never attending school, compared to 0.3 for boys.



These findings reflect deeply embedded gender inequalities, especially in communities where education is already undervalued. In places with low baseline schooling rates, the losses are more severe. This creates a layered crisis: natural disasters compound existing disparities, making it even harder for girls to access education.



“Education is key to personal development, but tropical cyclones are depriving vulnerable populations of the opportunity to go to school,” said study lead author Renzhi Jing, a postdoctoral scholar at <a href="https://med.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford School of Medicine</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-which-communities-suffer-most">Which communities suffer most?</h2>



Interestingly, the research highlights that areas regularly hit by cyclones often experience fewer educational disruptions. 



Communities exposed to frequent storms may have adapted through stronger infrastructure or improved social resilience. They may rebuild schools faster or have systems to support displaced students. In contrast, areas with little past exposure suffer more because they have no such defenses.



The study classified exposure by frequency using “return periods.” Communities with a return period greater than 20 years - meaning storms happen rarely - were the most affected.



In these regions, cyclones increased the likelihood of no schooling by 0.7 percentage points. Communities with frequent exposure showed little or no impact, suggesting adaptation helps reduce educational loss.



In practical terms, this means that storms hurt the most where people least expect or prepare for them. As climate change alters weather <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-climate-change-is-impacting-infant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">patterns</a>, more regions may move into this dangerous “sour spot” of infrequent but severe cyclone exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cyclones-and-lost-years-of-education">Cyclones and lost years of education</h2>



The setbacks are not limited to whether a child starts school. The study examined long-term educational outcomes and found cascading consequences. 



Children exposed to tropical cyclones at preschool age were less likely to complete primary school or begin secondary education. Even among those who did enroll, storm exposure led to lower total years of schooling.



These trends show that even when families manage to get children back into school, the learning journey remains hindered. The effects do not fade with time. 



This has lifelong implications, not just for individual development but also for economic and health outcomes. Communities where education falters tend to remain trapped in poverty, reinforcing a cycle that’s difficult to break.



From 2000 to 2020, the researchers estimated that in the 13 study countries, cyclones prevented 79,000 children from starting school. The total loss amounted to 1.1 million years of education. If expanded to all LMICs, that loss could exceed 1.5 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regions-with-the-greatest-losses">Regions with the greatest losses</h2>



The greatest absolute losses occurred in countries with large populations and high cyclone exposure. India, Bangladesh, and Madagascar topped the list. 



India alone accounted for about 22,000 children missing school, followed by 17,000 in Bangladesh and 14,000 in Madagascar. These countries also saw the highest total years of schooling lost.



Girls in these regions were particularly vulnerable. The researchers found that in most countries, more girls were affected than boys, by a factor of 0.9 to 6.2. These gendered outcomes suggest that any education-focused disaster response must address existing inequalities to be effective.



Interestingly, countries like the Philippines, despite frequent storms, showed smaller educational losses. High baseline enrollment and better adaptation may explain this resilience. Frequent exposure, when met with proper response strategies, may reduce long-term harm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-start-of-school-matters-most">Why the start of school matters most</h2>



The preschool years, the researchers argue, are a pivotal window. Disruptions during this phase can set a child back permanently. 



Once behind, children rarely catch up. Even if they later enroll, they face challenges in attendance, performance, and grade completion. The data show no clear evidence that children eventually recover the lost schooling, even in adulthood.



In addition to school buildings and materials, children’s emotional readiness and family stability are often impacted by storms. The study speculates that without long-term social and financial help, children never regain the momentum needed to succeed academically.



The authors also noted that tropical cyclones have both direct and indirect effects. Immediate physical destruction is only part of the story. Displacement, increased domestic work, and household financial stress all contribute to reduced schooling.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-future-cyclones">Preparing for future cyclones</h2>



This research signals a critical need for targeted interventions. Disaster preparedness should go beyond food and shelter. It must include plans to maintain or restore access to education quickly. Girls need special attention, with policies that protect their right to return to school and thrive there.



The researchers argue that schools must be built to withstand storms, and communities must be educated on the importance of keeping children - especially girls - in school after disasters.



Government and international agencies need to invest in early recovery programs that prioritize education alongside physical reconstruction.



As climate change continues to increase the strength of tropical cyclones, the problem will grow. Without a shift in priorities, we risk raising a generation denied the right to learn - not by choice, but by storm.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2413962122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Tropical cyclones are preventing children from starting school

In the global climate crisis, some effects shout louder than...

Over the years, dogs have been the go-to choice for animal-assisted support. Now a rising interest in therapy cats has sparked fresh questions about how well our feline friends adapt to these roles.



Belgian researcher Joni Delanoeije from <a href="https://www.kuleuven.be/english/kuleuven" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KU Leuven</a> has been examining how cats compare to their canine counterparts in structured animal-assisted services.



The <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/1/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> suggests that while some cats can be calm and social in unpredictable settings, the story is not so simple.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapy-cats-can-adapt-to-loud-and-unfamiliar-places">Therapy cats can adapt to loud and unfamiliar places</h2>



Most cats prefer stable territory. They rely on scent markers and predictable surroundings to feel safe.



Clinical settings, care homes, or prison environments can be hectic, loud, and filled with unfamiliar faces.



Some felines cope better than expected under these conditions. A 2021 study found that nearly half of 42 cats tested showed a <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38224845/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">secure base effect</a>, which eased their stress when they reconnected with their caregiver.



The trait that sets these cats apart appears to be confidence in social contact. Experts also note that strong bonds with handlers might help cats endure noisy or disruptive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/therapy-dogs-on-campus-help-students-manage-stress-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scenarios</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-good-therapy-cats-are-sociable-and-tolerant">Good therapy cats are sociable and tolerant</h2>



In the 2025 <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/1/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> involving 474 cats, researchers found that therapy cats shared several behavioral traits. These included higher sociability, increased attention-seeking, and a greater willingness to tolerate being held or restrained.&nbsp;



They were also more likely to get along with other cats and showed stronger predatory behavior, which could be linked to confidence or curiosity. 



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petting-a-dog-might-be-the-easiest-way-to-reduce-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traits</a> might help the cats stay calm and alert in unfamiliar places, making them better suited for animal-assisted work.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-cats-handle-stress-better">Some cats handle stress better</h2>



Researchers say personal temperament matters. Findings suggest that therapy-ready felines tend to be more sociable, open to restraint, and unafraid of new faces.



These preferences may help explain why therapy cats work well with people who fear dogs. Cats are smaller, calm, and less likely to spark anxiety for those uneasy around large animals.



It also seems that highly interactive cats enjoy one-on-one attention. They can form trusting relationships, which is key in any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-that-like-attention-can-soothe-people-during-therapy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">therapy</a> setting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapy-cats-for-people-who-dislike-dogs">Therapy cats for people who dislike dogs</h2>



Dogs often charm participants with a wagging tail and enthusiastic greeting. Cats, though, offer something different for people who see themselves as cat people.



Dog people often crave group interaction and lively play, while cat fans prefer quieter settings. A cozy purr can be just as comforting as canine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-puppy-day-2025-where-happiness-meets-responsibility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">companionship</a>.



Therapy cats might work best with individuals who dislike bustling social settings or have less tolerance for a dog’s bounding energy. Handlers say that felines can also lift moods and reduce isolation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-personality-types-affect-animal-choice">How personality types affect animal choice</h2>



People who choose cats often share certain personality traits. <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364514082_Personality_Differences_between_Dog_People_and_Cat_People" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Studies</a> suggest cat lovers tend to be more introspective, creative, and open to experience compared to those who prefer dogs.



This could influence the kind of emotional support they seek. A reserved person might find comfort in a quiet animal that respects boundaries, while a more outgoing individual could thrive with an excitable, affectionate dog.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cat-purrs-may-help-reduce-stress">Cat purrs may help reduce stress</h2>



A 2001 <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272259095_The_felid_purr_A_healing_mechanism" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> found that domestic cats purr at frequencies that are tied to healing in humans. Some caregivers have observed that these soothing vibrations can help reduce tension. 



Although research in this area is still limited, many cat owners have reported that purrs are a key part of the calming effect.



Dogs might excel at physical, hands-on support. Cats, however, offer a gentler approach that can comfort those uneasy with bigger animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-therapy-cats-need-strong-bonds-nbsp">Future therapy cats need strong bonds&nbsp;</h2>



The newest <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/1/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> shows that cats in animal-assisted services have different behavior profiles than household pets.&nbsp;



This work highlights sociability, attention-seeking, and tolerance of handling as reasons certain cats fit this role well. Yet even the friendliest cat may need breaks from crowded places or frequent travel.



Experts say it’s crucial to respect each cat’s comfort zone. A strong bond with the handler also seems vital to successful therapy cat work.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15/1/33" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animals</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Why some cats make excellent therapy animals

Over the years, dogs have been the go-to choice for...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



-----

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



-----



Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.



-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"]</div>



Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"]</div>



Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"]</div>



Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"]</div>



Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

News coming your way