<p>In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears.</p>



<p>Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species, habitats, and ecological roles remain thinly studied.</p>



<p>The Biodiversity Unit at the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a> has made a specialty of unveiling this hidden diversity, describing new species each year, and building tools to slow global biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-living-lab-for-biodiversity">A living lab for biodiversity</h2>



<p>Kibale National Park offers a mosaic of habitats. These include tracts of largely undisturbed forest, areas recovering from past logging, and nearby farmland. That patchwork allowed researchers to ask a simple but powerful question: where, exactly, is the unknown diversity concentrated?</p>



<p>The team focused on ichneumonid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-parasitic-wasps-quietly-crossed-oceans-now-thriving-in-u-s-oak-trees/">wasps</a> - one of the most diverse animal groups on the planet - and, within it, the subfamily Pimplinae.</p>



<p>These wasps don’t just buzz around flowers. They regulate other species by parasitizing the immature stages of insects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-with-spiders-brain-suggests-arachnids-originated-in-the-sea/">spiders</a>, linking them tightly to the health of entire food webs.</p>



<p>“Ichneumonids are a very poorly known taxon in Africa - we estimate that over half of the species we found are new to science,” said doctoral researcher Emil Österman. </p>



<p>With so little baseline knowledge for tropical ichneumonids, the team used long-term, standardized sampling to see how Pimplinae diversity is distributed across Kibale’s different habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wasps-link-species-and-ecosystems">Wasps link species and ecosystems</h2>



<p>Because parasitoid wasps sit high in food webs, they are sensitive to disruptions below them. If the insects and spiders they rely on decline, parasitoids tend to follow. </p>



<p>That sensitivity makes Pimplinae useful indicators: shifts in their richness and abundance often mirror broader changes in biodiversity. The new work confirms what many ecologists have suspected but struggled to quantify in tropical Africa. </p>



<p>“Many of our finds weren't unexpected, but we didn't have data based on long-term collecting in the field," said Tapani Hopkins, a researcher with the Biodiversity Unit. </p>



<p>"Now we can tell in greater detail how many more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-owl-species-discovered-in-africa/">species</a> there are in natural forest, and to what extent disturbed or logged tropical forest can harbor species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farmland-cannot-match-forest-life">Farmland cannot match forest life</h2>



<p>The headline result is encouraging for conservation: intact forest in Kibale harbors especially rich Pimplinae communities. Secondary forest that is regrowing after logging also supports far more species than adjacent farmland.</p>



<p>In other words, protecting remaining forest is essential, and letting disturbed forest recover pays real biodiversity dividends.</p>



<p>“Our results clearly show that African forest, including forest that is recovering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/">logging</a>, maintains a species-rich Pimplinae fauna compared to, say, nearby farmland," Österman said. "Species-rich habitats can be considered especially valuable in conserving unknown dark biodiversity.” </p>



<p>That matters for policy and on-the-ground management. If you want to safeguard the most unknown species, prioritize forests - and don’t write off recovering stands. They’re already doing important work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-forests-store-hidden-diversity">Global forests store hidden diversity</h2>



<p>The team also asked a bigger biogeographic question: how does African tropical diversity stack up against the New World? </p>



<p>Drawing on their parallel long-term collections in western Amazonia and Brazil’s coastal forests, the researchers found hints that South American rainforests may host even higher Pimplinae richness than Africa. However, African forests still harbor a rich fauna.</p>



<p>“Conserving dark taxa effectively requires a detailed knowledge of how biodiversity is distributed, both locally and at a global scale,” said Professor Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, who leads the Biodiversity Unit.</p>



<p>The comparison underscores a simple lesson: tropical forests on multiple continents are irreplaceable reservoirs of poorly known life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-biodiversity-loss-accelerates">Forest biodiversity loss accelerates</h2>



<p>Parasitoid wasps are only one window into dark biodiversity. But they tell a familiar story: clearing or simplifying forests causes losses to ripple upward. Protecting or allowing forests to recover lets complex communities rebound - including species we haven’t named yet.</p>



<p>The Kibale study shows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-leaks-conservation-efforts-may-shift-harm-elsewhere/">conservation</a> can succeed despite limited taxonomy: protect habitats that concentrate hidden diversity. It also highlights the value of patient, long-term fieldwork in places where biodiversity is vanishing fastest.</p>



<p>“We will continue our field studies at different tropical forest sites, because that is where biodiversity is disappearing especially quickly. It is a fight against time. When a rainforest is destroyed, we lose countless species which we know nothing about,” Sääksjärvi concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/icad.70017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Insect Conservation and Diversity</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Wasps shine a light on 'dark biodiversity' in rainforests

In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears. Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species,...

<p>In a fast-paced world where change is constant, habitually experimenting and veering away from the known can be viewed as both clever and risky. </p>



<p>A fascinating new study reveals that this apparent curiosity is not exclusive to humans but is also shared with other animals.</p>



<p>The study from MIT suggests we have a built-in tendency to continuously tweak our methods to a task, despite having already mastered a successful approach - and, surprisingly, even when these alterations can lead to mistakes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-we-keep-experimenting">Why do we keep experimenting?</h2>



<p>When defined roles and rules seem to be in place, why do we still feel the need to adapt, explore, and deviate from the norm? </p>



<p>The answer, according to Mriganka Sur, the lead author of the study at <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, lies in two compelling reasons.</p>



<p>First, he says, simply because a task’s rules seem set one moment doesn’t mean they’ll stay that way in this uncertain world, so altering behavior from the optimal condition every so often could help reveal necessary adjustments.</p>



<p>Second, and of equal importance, continuous exploration could also offer a chance to discover something superior to our current best.</p>



<p>"If the goal is to maximize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-identify-rewards-and-punishments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reward</a>, you should never deviate once you have found the perfect solution, yet you keep exploring. Why? It’s like food. We all like certain foods, but we still keep trying different foods because you never know, there might be something you could discover," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-experiment-how-we-react-to-change">The experiment: How we react to change</h2>



<p>Former research technician Tudor Dragoi, now a graduate student at Boston University, led the study alongside fellow researchers in the Sur Lab. They investigated how humans and marmosets - a small primate - predict event timing.</p>



<p>Three humans and two marmosets participated in a straightforward task. They observed an image on a screen for a variable duration, within a set range, and had to respond by pressing a button as soon as the image disappeared.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marmosets-with-bold-personalities-are-faster-learners/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marmosets</a> tapped a tablet, while the humans clicked a mouse. Success was determined by reacting as quickly as possible but without responding prematurely.</p>



<p>Marmosets were rewarded with juice for correct responses. Although marmosets required more training than humans, all participants eventually adopted a similar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pandemic-restrictions-had-a-lasting-effect-on-behavior-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavioral pattern</a>.</p>



<p>The longer the image remained on the screen, the faster their reaction time was when it disappeared.</p>



<p>This aligns with the hazard model of prediction - if an image has a limited duration, the longer it stays visible, the more likely it is to disappear soon. With experience, reaction times improved overall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expectation-versus-experimenting">Expectation versus experimenting</h2>



<p>However, as the experiment progressed, the team observed an unexpected trend.</p>



<p>Mathematical modeling of the reaction time data revealed that both humans and marmosets adjusted their responses based on the previous trial’s outcome, despite already having learned the task. </p>



<p>If the image disappeared quickly in one round, participants slightly reduced their reaction time in the next, seemingly anticipating another short duration. </p>



<p>Conversely, if the image was visible for longer, they extended their reaction time, as if expecting another longer wait.</p>



<p>These findings build on a 2023 study from Sur’s lab, which revealed a similar pattern in mice. Even after mastering the rules of a different cognitive task, the mice occasionally deviated from the successful strategy. </p>



<p>As in this study, learning the optimal approach did not stop them from exploring alternatives - even at the expense of missing a reward.</p>



<p>"The persistence of behavioral changes even after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-it-comes-to-practice-and-learning-variety-is-key/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">task learning</a> may reflect exploration as a strategy for seeking and setting on an optimal internal model of the environment," concluded the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-link-between-learning-and-autism">The link between learning and autism</h2>



<p>The striking similarity between human and marmoset behaviors in the study carries profound implications for studies on autism spectrum disorders. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autism-diagnoses-have-almost-tripled-in-the-us-over-the-past-ten-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Autism</a> is often associated with differences in making environmental predictions. </p>



<p>As marmosets show higher cognitive abilities than mice and possess inherent social traits, they are increasingly used in autism studies. Hence, establishing that marmosets can model neurotypical human behavior in prediction is a significant stride. </p>



<p>This revelation strengthens the argument that marmosets can indeed be valuable models for autism-related studies.</p>



<p>The study reiterates the astounding intricacies of learning and adaptation in both humans and animals. It not only sheds light on the flexibility of our learning processes but also paves the way for more comprehensive research into autism.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982225001150" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Why humans and animals keep experimenting, even when there's no need

In a fast-paced world where change is constant, habitually experimenting...

<p>Glaciers have long been a crucial part of Earth's climate system, acting as reservoirs of freshwater and influencing global sea levels. However, recent studies reveal an alarming trend - glaciers are melting at an unprecedented rate and losing vast amounts of ice.</p>



<p>This loss not only threatens water supplies in many regions but also accelerates the rise of sea levels, putting coastal communities at risk.</p>



<p>A major international study involving 35 research teams has provided new insights into the extent of glacier loss over the past two decades. </p>



<p>The findings paint a troubling picture of rapid ice depletion across the world, with significant consequences for both local and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-reshaping-landscapes-and-national-borders-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global environments</a>.</p>



<p>The scale and speed of this transformation demand urgent attention from scientists, policymakers, and the global community.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-pace-of-ice-loss">Growing pace of ice loss</h2>



<p>Since the year 2000, glaciers outside of Greenland and Antarctica have collectively lost an average of 273 billion tons of ice per year. However, this loss has not remained constant.</p>



<p>Data shows a 36% increase in ice loss between 2012 and 2023 compared to the earlier period from 2000 to 2011. </p>



<p>This acceleration suggests that glaciers are becoming more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astonishing-glacier-retreat-in-the-arctic-signals-climate-disaster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vulnerable to climate change</a>, with rising temperatures pushing them past critical thresholds.</p>



<p>In the year 2000, glaciers spanned a total area of 705,221 square kilometers (272,287 square miles) and held approximately 121,728 billion tons of ice. </p>



<p>Over the past two decades, they have lost around 5% of their total volume. Some regions have experienced even greater losses, with Central Europe seeing a staggering 39% reduction in its glacier volume.</p>



<p>In contrast, glaciers in the Antarctic and Subantarctic islands have lost only 2% of their volume, highlighting the uneven impact of warming on different parts of the world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-glacier-and-ice-sheet-loss">Comparing glacier and ice sheet loss</h2>



<p>While much attention has been given to the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, the new research shows that glaciers are losing ice at an even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-half-of-the-worlds-glaciers-could-disappear-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">faster rate</a>. </p>



<p>The total glacier mass loss recorded during the study period was 18% higher than the loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet and more than double that of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. </p>



<p>This data challenges previous assumptions that glaciers contribute less to rising sea levels than polar ice sheets.</p>



<p>The increased glacier melt has profound consequences. As ice disappears, it not only reduces freshwater availability in some regions but also releases vast amounts of water into the oceans. </p>



<p>This process directly contributes to sea-level rise, intensifying the risks faced by low-lying coastal cities and island nations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glambie-glacier-monitoring">Glambie glacier monitoring</h2>



<p>To track these rapid changes, scientists turned to an ambitious research initiative called the Glacier Mass Balance Intercomparison Exercise, or Glambie. </p>



<p>This global effort, coordinated by the World Glacier Monitoring Service (<a href="https://wgms.ch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WGMS</a>) at the <a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Zurich</a>, brings together data from multiple sources to create a unified picture of glacier mass loss.</p>



<p>“We compiled 233 estimates of regional glacier mass change from about 450 data contributors organised in 35 research teams,” explained Michael Zemp, who co-led the study.</p>



<p>Glambie integrates information from field measurements as well as satellite data from missions such as the <a href="https://terra.nasa.gov/about/terra-instruments/aster" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US Terra/ASTER</a>, <a href="https://icesat-2.gsfc.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICESat-2</a>, the US-German <a href="https://grace.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/grace/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GRACE</a>, the German TanDEM-X, and ESA’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO/CryoSat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CryoSat</a>. </p>



<p>By combining optical, radar, laser, and gravimetry observations, scientists have created the most detailed annual record of glacier mass changes between 2000 and 2023.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-ice-melt-threatens-water-supplies">Glacier ice melt threatens water supplies</h2>



<p>Glacier melt is not just an environmental concern - it is a direct threat to freshwater availability.</p>



<p>Many communities depend on glacier-fed rivers for drinking water, agriculture, and hydropower. As glaciers shrink, their ability to provide a stable water supply diminishes, leaving millions of people vulnerable to shortages.</p>



<p>“To put this in perspective, the 273 billion tons of ice lost annually amounts to what the entire global population consumes in 30 years, assuming three liters per person and day,” noted glaciologist Prof. Zemp.</p>



<p>The loss of glacier ice is particularly concerning in regions such as Central Asia and the Central Andes, where glaciers play a crucial role in seasonal water supply. </p>



<p>During the warm and dry months, glacier runoff sustains river flows, ensuring communities and ecosystems receive enough water.</p>



<p>Without this natural reservoir, many regions could face severe drought conditions in the coming decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glaciers-ice-loss-and-rising-seas">Glaciers, ice loss and rising seas</h2>



<p>Beyond regional water concerns, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-may-collapse-sooner-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> melt is a significant driver of global sea-level rise. </p>



<p>Between 2000 and 2023, glaciers lost a total of 6,542 billion tonnes of ice, contributing 18 millimeters to rising ocean levels. </p>



<p>The rate of ice loss has surged from 231 billion tons per year in the early 2000s to 314 billion tons per year in the past decade.</p>



<p>Glaciers now rank as the second-largest contributor to rising sea levels, surpassed only by ocean warming. </p>



<p>They contribute more to sea-level rise than both the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets combined. This growing contribution underscores the urgency of addressing glacier melt in climate policy discussions.</p>



<p>“Glaciers are vital freshwater resources, especially for local communities in Central Asia and the Central Andes, where glaciers dominate runoff during warm and dry seasons,” said glaciologist Inés Dussaillant.</p>



<p>“But when it comes to sea-level rise, the Arctic and Antarctic regions, with their much larger glacier areas, are the key players. However, almost one-quarter of the glacier contribution to sea-level rise originates from Alaska.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-satellite-monitoring-for-future-research">Advancing satellite monitoring for future research</h2>



<p>The findings from this research demonstrate the value of long-term satellite monitoring. While satellites were not initially designed to track glacier loss, scientists have successfully adapted them to measure changes in ice volume over time.</p>



<p>“The research is the result of sustained efforts by the community and by space agencies over many years, to exploit a variety of satellites that were not initially specifically designed for the task of monitoring glaciers globally,” said Noel Gourmelen, who co-led the study.</p>



<p>Future missions such as Europe’s Copernicus <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/Copernicus/CRISTAL_prepares_to_sparkle#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRISTAL mission</a> will build on the work of ESA’s CryoSat, ensuring that glacier monitoring remains a top priority. </p>



<p>By improving data collection, these missions will help researchers better understand ice loss trends and their implications for global water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-immediate-action">Need for immediate action</h2>



<p>The study was funded primarily through ESA’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Applications/Observing_the_Earth/FutureEO" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FutureEO programme</a>, with additional support from the International Association for <a href="https://cryosphericsciences.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cryospheric Sciences</a> and various research institutions. Stephen Plummer, ESA Earth Observation Applications scientist, highlighted the importance of the research:</p>



<p>“We take great pride in supporting this vital research through our ESA Science for Society programme element as it brings together, for the first time, multiple estimates of glacier mass loss from different satellites and in situ observations through a community-driven approach," stated Plummer.</p>



<p>“These findings are not only crucial for advancing our scientific understanding of global glacier changes, but also provide a valuable baseline to help regions address the challenges of managing scarce freshwater resources and contribute to developing effective mitigation strategies to combat rising sea level," Plummer concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-critical-moment-for-glaciers">A critical moment for glaciers</h2>



<p>The release of this study is particularly timely as 2025 marks the United Nations’ International Year of Glaciers’ Preservation. </p>



<p>The coming decade, designated as the Decade of Action for Cryospheric Sciences, will be crucial for addressing glacier melt and its far-reaching consequences.</p>



<p>With continued scientific research, improved satellite monitoring, and decisive global action, there is still hope for mitigating the worst effects of glacier loss. </p>



<p>However, time is running out. The fate of the world’s glaciers - and the millions who rely on them - depends on the choices made today.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08545-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



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Glacier ice melting continues to accelerate, causing huge global problems

Glaciers have long been a crucial part of Earth's climate...

<p>Cancer cells have recently been shown to collaborate to obtain vital nutrients from their environment, a phenomenon that was overlooked in the past. </p>



<p>This unexpected discovery may offer new avenues to combat tumors by targeting how they share the resources essential for their survival and growth.</p>



<p>The study was carried out by researchers at <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a> led by Carlos Carmona-Fontaine, an associate professor of biology.</p>



<p>“We identified cooperative interactions among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-cancer-cells-have-a-molecular-switch-that-could-be-rewired-to-behave-normally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer cells</a> that allow them to proliferate,” Carmona-Fontaine said. “Thinking about the mechanisms that tumor cells exploit can inform future therapies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-cells-compete-and-collaborate">Cancer cells compete and collaborate</h2>



<p>For years, it has been well-established that cancer cells primarily compete for resources to gain an edge over neighboring cells. Eventually, this internal rivalry leads to increasingly aggressive tumors steered by the hardiest cells. </p>



<p>At the same time, ecologists point out that many organisms cooperate under stressful conditions - penguins crowd together for warmth in extreme cold, for instance, and yeast works collectively to search for nutrients when food is scarce.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Because cancer cells frequently inhabit low-nutrient environments, the researchers questioned whether these cells might also engage in cooperative behaviors for survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-that-cancer-cells-collaborate-nbsp">Signs that cancer cells collaborate&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To explore the possibility of cooperation, the team used a robotic microscope and specialized image analysis software to monitor various types of cancer cells as they grew. They varied both the density of the cell cultures and the levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-are-suffering-from-declining-plant-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a> available, observing how these conditions affected the cells over time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In doing so, they uncovered a strong tendency for tumor cells - when starved of key amino acids like glutamine - to band together in order to secure nutrients.</p>



<p>“Surprisingly, we observed that limiting amino acids benefited larger cell populations, but not sparse ones, suggesting that this is a cooperative process that depends on population density,”&nbsp; Carmona-Fontaine explained. “It became really clear that there was true cooperation among tumor cells.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sharing-nutrients-through-external-enzymes">Sharing nutrients through external enzymes</h2>



<p>Further examination of skin, breast, and lung cancer cells revealed that the tumors tapped into a shared source of amino acids from oligopeptides - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-model-esm3-creates-new-protein-that-simulates-500-million-years-of-biological-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein</a> fragments made up of short chains of amino acids - found outside the cell.</p>



<p>“Where this process becomes cooperative is that instead of grabbing these peptides and ingesting them internally, we found that tumor cells secrete a specialized enzyme that digests these peptides into free amino acids,” Carmona-Fontaine said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Because this process happens outside the cells, the result is a shared pool of amino acids that becomes a common good.”</p>



<p>By converting protein fragments into readily available nutrients outside the cell, cancer cells effectively create a collective resource, enhancing their growth potential.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-the-key-enzyme">Targeting the key enzyme</h2>



<p>The researchers pinpointed CNDP2 as the enzyme responsible for breaking down these oligopeptides. To confirm the importance of CNDP2, they tested different drugs for their ability to block cancer cells from transforming oligopeptides into amino acids.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The drug bestatin, a known CNDP2 inhibitor, prevented cancer cells from extracting nutrients and ultimately drove them to extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Next, the team employed<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-gets-a-revolutionary-upgrade-with-new-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> CRISPR gene-editing</a> technology to eliminate the CNDP2 gene entirely, thus stopping cells from producing the enzyme and disrupting their cooperative nutrient-sharing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-direct-hit-on-tumor-growth">A direct hit on tumor growth</h2>



<p>When these genetically modified cells were introduced into mice, they formed tumors at a greatly reduced rate compared to unaltered cells. Restricting amino acids in the diet amplified this effect, further limiting tumor development in cells lacking CNDP2.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, cells with normal CNDP2 could also be suppressed by combining bestatin with a low-amino-acid diet.</p>



<p>“Because we’ve removed their ability to secrete the enzyme and to use the oligopeptides in their environment, cells without CNDP2 can no longer cooperate, which prevents tumor growth,” Carmona-Fontaine said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Competition is still critical for tumor evolution and cancer progression, but our study suggests that cooperative interactions within tumors are also important.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hindering-tumor-collaboration-nbsp">Hindering tumor collaboration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that these insights could inspire treatments designed to disrupt cooperation among cancer cells. According to Carmona-Fontaine, their findings represent “a conceptual contribution that will have an impact in the clinic.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Bestatin, which has been used safely in humans for decades - particularly in Japan - as a supplement to chemotherapy, has shown limited effectiveness when given alone.</p>



<p>“We hope that a clearer understanding of this mechanism can help us make drugs more targeted and more effective,” Carmona-Fontaine said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By aiming therapies at this shared nutrient pool, clinicians could hamper cancer cell growth before the tumors evolve into more resistant forms. This approach of hindering tumor collaboration may offer a novel angle in the ongoing battle against cancer.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-08588-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: Carmofon lab/NYU</p>



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Cancer cells collaborate to survive challenging conditions

Cancer cells have recently been shown to collaborate to obtain...

<p>In 2018, a wildfire engulfed nearly two thousand hectares of shrubland in the ecologically critical area of Pichu Pichu volcano, located in Peru's Andean region. </p>



<p>Unlike Mediterranean ecosystems, vegetation on the volcanic soils of Arequipa - one of the world's driest regions - has not evolved to recover from fire disturbances.</p>



<p>A team of researchers from the Miguel Hernández University of Elche <a href="https://www.umh.es/?lang=EN" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">(UMH)</a> embarked on a study to assess the impact of wildfire events on such fragile ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprepared-for-wildfire">Unprepared for wildfire</h2>



<p>The researchers dug deep into the soil, collecting and examining samples from the fire-charred area, 3,700 meters above sea level.</p>



<p>The findings of the study, published in the <em>Spanish Journal of Soil Science</em>, reveal that the fire not only burned the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-vegetation-are-a-key-driver-of-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a>, but also scarred the soil. This was evident even four years after the event.</p>



<p>Post-fire erosion has resulted in a severe loss of soil organic carbon (SOC), which is an essential factor for soil fertility. The loss of SOC also leads to compaction, making the soil more inhospitable to new plant growth.</p>



<p>"The Peruvian Andes are not prepared for wildfires," noted Jorge Mataix Solera, a scientist who has spent over three decades studying post-fire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-effects-of-wildfires-on-soil-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil recovery</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-and-difficult-recovery-in-the-andes">Slow and difficult recovery in the Andes</h2>



<p>Solera further explained that the consequences of wildfires vary significantly based on the ecology of the region, but that in the Andes the combined effect of loss of vegetation and loss of soil organic carbon made recovery extremely difficult and slow.</p>



<p>The study highlighted that Pichu Pichu's soil was severely affected by the fire and showed substantial physical and chemical degradation, which further hampered the ecological recovery process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-burned-soil-lost-resilience">Burned soil, lost resilience</h2>



<p>The study identified the soil's natural propensity to repel water, which was aggravated by the loss of the vegetation, as a significant impediment to recovery.</p>



<p>Without vegetation to retain moisture, water just slides off the surface of the volcanic soil, leading to accelerated erosion.</p>



<p>"While well-structured and evolved soils, such as Mediterranean soils, have a high water-holding capacity, young volcanic Andean soils, which are naturally sandy, lose this ability after fire-induced organic matter loss," explained UMH researcher&nbsp;Minerva García Carmona.</p>



<p>With the soil's inability to hold water directly influencing its degradation, scientists need to understand the impact of fire on these young, fragile soils.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-species-and-soil-degradation">Plant species and soil degradation</h2>



<p>Of particular importance is the role of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-plant-species-remain-unphotographed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a>, which serve as the combustible material in wildfires and affect soil degradation.</p>



<p>The research focused on two native plant species that dominate the vegetation: <em>Berberis lutea</em>, known locally as "palo amarillo del Perú," and <em>Parastrephia quadrangularis</em>, or "tola."</p>



<p>The study revealed that soils under <em>Berberis lutea</em> bushes underwent greater degradation after a wildfire. This could have been due to the fact that this shrub is a larger plant with a higher biomass, which would have provided more fuel for combustion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfires-on-the-rise">Wildfires on the rise</h2>



<p>Peru’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-season-of-2023-redefined-what-is-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfire season</a> typically peaks between July and October, but recent years have seen a troubling surge in fire activity. </p>



<p>In September 2024, the Queimadas satellite monitoring project recorded an unprecedented 7,037 wildfire hotspots across the country - the highest on record.</p>



<p>This escalation in fire activity highlights the urgent need to understand how soil in fire-prone regions responds to these new fire regimes.</p>



<p>“In a region like Arequipa, located in a desert environment, understanding soil response under new fire regimes is essential for assessing ecosystem resilience to climate change,” noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-significance-of-wildfire-research">Global significance of wildfire research </h2>



<p>Solera emphasized the global significance of wildfire research. He believes that the more we study these impacts, the better we can design prevention strategies and post-fire treatments to mitigate the long-term effects of rising temperatures and prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-persistent-droughts-will-impact-wildlife-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a>.</p>



<p>“This is as critical in Peru as it is in Spain or California. Although fire is a natural phenomenon, the climate crisis is exacerbating these events, and we must do everything possible to restore and protect these ecosystems,” concluded Solera.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontierspartnerships.org/journals/spanish-journal-of-soil-science/articles/10.3389/sjss.2025.13983/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spanish Journal of Soil Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: Jorge Mataix Solera</p>



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Burned and barren: How wildfires transform volcanic soils

In 2018, a wildfire engulfed nearly two thousand hectares of...

<p>Health is often thought to be written in our genes, but a new study suggests otherwise. Researchers from Oxford Population Health have uncovered compelling evidence that environment plays a far greater role in determining health and longevity than genetic predisposition. </p>



<p>The experts analyzed data from nearly half a million UK Biobank participants to examine how environmental influences compare with genetic risk scores for major diseases.</p>



<p>The findings challenge the common belief that genetic makeup determines <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forming-healthy-habits-takes-much-longer-than-21-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health outcomes</a>. Instead, lifestyle choices, socioeconomic conditions, and early-life exposures appear to shape the risk of developing diseases and experiencing premature death. </p>



<p>This research provides fresh insight into how our environment affects biological aging and highlights opportunities to improve public health through changes in policy and personal habits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-affects-health-and-aging">What affects health and aging?</h2>



<p>The study showed that environmental factors explained 17 percent of the variation in mortality risk, while genetic predisposition accounted for less than 2 percent.</p>



<p>The researchers assessed 164 environmental factors and their effects on 22 major diseases, revealing that lifestyle and living conditions have a much stronger influence on long-term health than previously thought.</p>



<p>Among the key environmental factors identified, smoking, socioeconomic status, physical activity, and living conditions played the most significant roles in mortality and biological aging. </p>



<p>The research also showed that early-life exposures, such as childhood body weight and maternal smoking, have long-term consequences, affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-say-this-is-the-best-fruit-to-eat-for-a-healthier-liver/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a> and longevity decades later.</p>



<p>“Our research demonstrates the profound health impact of exposures that can be changed either by individuals or through policies to improve socioeconomic conditions, reduce smoking, or promote physical activity,” noted Professor Cornelia van Duijn, senior author of the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-lifestyle-in-health-and-aging">Role of lifestyle in health and aging</h2>



<p>The study examined how various lifestyle choices contribute to disease risk. Smoking emerged as a major factor, being linked to 21 different diseases. </p>



<p>Socioeconomic factors, including household income, home ownership, and employment status, influenced 19 diseases. Physical activity also played a critical role, with associations found in 17 diseases.</p>



<p>Importantly, the research indicated that 23 of the identified environmental factors are modifiable, meaning that changes in behavior or policy could significantly reduce the risk of age-related diseases and premature death. </p>



<p>The study also revealed that environmental influences had a greater effect on diseases affecting the lungs, heart, and liver, whereas genetic factors played a more prominent role in conditions such as dementias and breast cancer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-biological-aging">Measuring biological aging</h2>



<p>To assess how environmental exposures accelerate aging, the researchers used a novel measurement tool known as the “aging clock.” </p>



<p>This method tracks biological aging by analyzing blood protein levels, providing a more precise way to determine how fast an individual is aging.</p>



<p>“Our exposome approach allowed us to quantify the relative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-less-could-extend-your-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contributions</a> of the environment and genetics to aging, providing the most comprehensive overview to date of the environmental and lifestyle factors driving aging and premature death,” noted Dr. Austin Argentieri, lead author of the study.</p>



<p>This technique had already been validated in studies involving large cohorts from China and Finland, demonstrating its reliability in detecting age-related changes. </p>



<p>The findings reinforce the idea that aging is not solely dictated by genetics but is significantly influenced by external factors, many of which can be adjusted to improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-avocado-every-day-diet-quality-can-add-years-to-life-but-this-fruit-has-enemies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health outcomes</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poorer-environments-increase-health-risks">Poorer environments increase health risks</h2>



<p>One of the most striking aspects of the research is the impact of socioeconomic conditions on health and longevity. People with lower incomes, insecure housing, or unstable employment faced significantly higher risks of developing chronic illnesses and dying prematurely.</p>



<p>Professor Bryan Williams, Chief Scientific and Medical Officer at the <a href="https://www.bhf.org.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Heart Foundation</a>, stressed the urgent need for systemic change. </p>



<p>“Your income, postcode, and background shouldn’t determine your chances of living a long and healthy life. But this pioneering study reinforces that this is the reality for far too many people,” he stated.</p>



<p>The study highlights the need for stronger public health policies aimed at reducing socioeconomic disparities.</p>



<p>Addressing issues such as income inequality, access to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-fruits-and-vegetables-improve-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthcare</a>, and education could have a profound effect on overall health outcomes, giving more people the opportunity to lead longer, healthier lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-population-health">Improving population health</h2>



<p>Although individual lifestyle factors and environmental exposures each contribute to disease risk, their combined impact is even greater. The study found that the cumulative effect of these influences over a lifetime plays a major role in determining health outcomes. </p>



<p>This concept, known as the exposome, highlights how long-term exposure to multiple environmental factors collectively shapes aging and mortality.</p>



<p>This research paves the way for new strategies aimed at improving population health by identifying key environmental factors that contribute to common age-related diseases. </p>



<p>By understanding how different exposures interact, scientists and policymakers can develop more targeted interventions to reduce health risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linking-environment-to-major-health-risks">Linking environment to major health risks</h2>



<p>Professor van Duijn emphasized the need for a more comprehensive approach to studying environmental health. </p>



<p>“Studies on environmental health have tended to focus on individual exposures based on a specific hypothesis. While this approach has seen many successes, the method has not always yielded reproducible and reliable findings,” she noted.</p>



<p>Instead, the researchers used a broader approach, analyzing all available exposures without preconceived hypotheses. This method allowed them to uncover the most significant drivers of disease and mortality, offering a clearer picture of how different factors contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health outcomes</a>.</p>



<p>“We have made a big leap forward in understanding how to provide accurate evidence on the causes and consequences of age-related diseases by combining novel computational methods with clinical and epidemiological knowledge to explore the interplay between multiple exposures,<em>"</em> said Professor van Duijn.</p>



<p><em>"</em>In an ever-changing environment, it is critical that we combine these techniques with novel advances in smart technology to monitor lifestyle and environment, as well as with biological data, to understand the impact of the environment over time.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-health-and-aging">Rethinking health and aging </h2>



<p>The study’s findings provide a strong case for shifting focus toward environmental and lifestyle interventions to improve health outcomes. </p>



<p>There is still much to learn about how factors like diet, exposure to pollutants, and emerging infectious diseases affect long-term health. Researchers must continue investigating how different populations are impacted by environmental and genetic interactions.</p>



<p>“There are a lot of questions still to be answered related to diet, lifestyle, and exposure to new pathogens (such as bird flu and COVID-19) and chemicals (think of pesticides and plastics), and the impact of environmental and genetic factors in different populations,” said Professor van Duijn.</p>



<p>By shedding light on the profound impact of environmental factors on aging and disease, this study presents an opportunity to rethink how health is managed on both personal and policy levels. </p>



<p>With greater emphasis on reducing harmful exposures and improving living conditions, society has the potential to extend healthy lifespans and reduce premature mortality.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal<em> <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03483-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Medicine</a>.</em></p>



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Beyond genetics: The biggest factors that influence health and aging

Health is often thought to be written in our genes,...

<p>For decades, scientists believed that arachnids, a group that includes spiders, scorpions, mites, and horseshoe crabs, made a single transition from water to land. This long-standing view shaped evolutionary biology, influencing how researchers classified and studied these creatures. </p>



<p>However, a new study presents a different picture, suggesting that this transition happened multiple times rather than once.</p>



<p>The research also highlights the role of whole-genome duplication in shaping key traits in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australias-deadliest-spider-is-actually-three-different-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a> and scorpions, particularly silk production and venom synthesis. These genetic changes may have played a crucial role in their evolutionary success. </p>



<p>By challenging traditional ideas, this study reshapes the way we understand chelicerate evolution and provides new directions for future research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-details-about-arachnid-evolution">New details about arachnid evolution</h2>



<p>Dr. Efrat Gavish-Regev from The National Natural History Collections at <a href="https://en.huji.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Hebrew University</a> of Jerusalem and Professor Prashant P. Sharma from the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin</a> have taken a fresh approach to chelicerate evolution. </p>



<p>Their review explores how molecular phylogenetics, evolutionary developmental biology, and genomic research have transformed our understanding of these arthropods.</p>



<p>Traditionally, arachnids were classified as a monophyletic terrestrial group, meaning they descended from a single land-dwelling ancestor. However, recent phylogenomic studies challenge this notion. </p>



<p>The studies indicate that horseshoe crabs are not a separate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slingshot-spiders-listen-for-the-right-moment-to-launch-their-webs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lineage</a> but are actually nested within the arachnid group.</p>



<p>This suggests that arachnids did not evolve from a single land colonization event. Instead, different arachnid groups may have independently <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-fungus-gibellula-attenboroughii-infects-and-controls-spiders-turning-them-into-zombies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adapted</a> to life on land at different points in their evolutionary history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arachnid-groups-evolved-independently">Arachnid groups evolved independently </h2>



<p>“The idea that all arachnids share a single terrestrial ancestor has been widely accepted for decades, but the latest molecular evidence and a different interposition of some homologies points to a more complex scenario,” said Dr. Gavish-Regev.</p>



<p>“Instead of a straightforward transition from water to land, our research suggests that different arachnid groups may have independently adapted to terrestrial life at different points in their evolutionary history.”</p>



<p>This revelation raises important questions about how these adaptations occurred. If multiple groups of arachnids transitioned to land separately, then different environmental pressures and genetic changes must have influenced their evolution. </p>



<p>Some species may have gradually developed adaptations for land, while others may have made more sudden transitions. This multi-event hypothesis challenges existing evolutionary models and forces scientists to rethink how arachnids adapted to terrestrial life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-whole-genome-duplication">Role of whole-genome duplication</h2>



<p>One of the key findings of this study is the role of whole-genome duplication in arachnid evolution. This process, where an organism duplicates its entire genetic code, is a powerful driver of evolutionary change. </p>



<p>By having extra copies of genes, species can experiment with new traits while retaining essential functions.</p>



<p>In spiders and scorpions, whole-genome duplication may have played a direct role in the evolution of important characteristics like silk production and venom synthesis. </p>



<p>These traits have been crucial to the survival and diversification of arachnids, allowing them to hunt, defend themselves, and adapt to different environments. </p>



<p>Without whole-genome duplication, the vast diversity of spiders and scorpions seen today might not have been possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-evolutionary-changes-in-arachnids">Key evolutionary changes in arachnids</h2>



<p>“Arachnoid evolution has been shaped by a number of factors, including gene duplications that likely played a role in the development of key traits,” explained Professor Sharma.</p>



<p>“By combining phylogenetic research with new gene-editing tools, we are now in a position to explore these evolutionary changes in greater detail than ever before.”</p>



<p>With modern genetic research tools, scientists can now examine the effects of whole-genome duplication more closely. By studying these genetic changes, they can trace how certain genes evolved and what role they played in shaping arachnid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/save-a-spider-day-protecting-our-connection-with-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traits</a>. </p>



<p>This research not only improves our understanding of evolutionary biology but also provides insights into how genes influence the development of complex traits across different species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancements-in-chelicerate-phylogeny">Advancements in chelicerate phylogeny</h2>



<p>Understanding the evolutionary relationships between different chelicerate species has been a long-standing challenge. </p>



<p>Some relationships remain unresolved, but advances in genomic techniques are beginning to provide more clarity. As more high-quality genomic data becomes available, researchers expect to answer some of the remaining questions about arachnid evolution.</p>



<p>By mapping out the evolutionary tree of chelicerates, scientists can better understand how different species are related and how their traits evolved. This has broader implications for studying the diversity of life and the mechanisms that drive adaptation in different environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



<p>This research has significance beyond evolutionary biology. Understanding arachnid evolution has practical applications in various fields, including pest management, biomedicine, and bio-inspired materials.</p>



<p>By studying how certain traits evolved, scientists can develop new approaches to pest control, design medical treatments based on venom components, and create materials inspired by spider silk.</p>



<p>A growing body of genetic data continues to shape scientific understanding of evolutionary history. As new studies build on these findings, researchers will gain an even clearer picture of how arachnids adapted to their environments.</p>



<p>These discoveries could lead to new breakthroughs in biology, genetics, and even biotechnology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-research-on-arachnids">Evolutionary research on arachnids</h2>



<p>While this study provides valuable insights, it also opens up many new questions. </p>



<p>If arachnids transitioned to land multiple times, what environmental factors drove these changes? Were there specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-venom-has-hidden-biochemical-value/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic mechanisms</a> that made the transition easier for some groups? How do these findings compare to other arthropod lineages that also moved from water to land?</p>



<p>Future research will likely explore these questions using even more advanced genomic tools. As genetic sequencing technology improves, scientists will be able to examine ancient evolutionary events with greater precision. </p>



<p>This will help refine evolutionary models and improve our understanding of how life adapts to new environments.</p>



<p>The journey of arachnids from water to land is more complex than previously thought. By revising traditional evolutionary models, this study lays the foundation for new discoveries in evolutionary biology. As more data emerges, the fascinating story of arachnid evolution will continue to unfold.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ento-022024-011250" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Annual Review of Entomology</a>.</em></p>



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Rethinking arachnid evolution: The surprising history of spiders

For decades, scientists believed that arachnids, a group that includes...

<p>Orchids are among the most diverse and fascinating plants in the world. Their ability to adapt to different environments has allowed them to thrive in forests, grasslands, and even rocky terrains. </p>



<p>While most orchids rely on photosynthesis to produce their own food, a few species have taken a different path. Instead of creating their own energy, they survive by feeding on fungi.</p>



<p>This parasitic shift raises an intriguing question: why would a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adelopetalum-argyropus-new-orchid-species-discovered-resembles-small-cupcake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> abandon its ability to produce food and depend entirely on another organism?</p>



<p>Kobe University researchers explored this mystery by studying <em>Oreorchis patens</em>, an orchid that exists in both photosynthetic and parasitic forms. The findings suggest that this transition may not be a matter of necessity but rather an opportunity that arises under specific conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balancing-photosynthesis-and-parasitism">Balancing photosynthesis and parasitism</h2>



<p>Most orchids maintain a symbiotic relationship with fungi. The plants supply sugars produced through photosynthesis, while fungi provide water and essential nutrients. </p>



<p>This relationship benefits both organisms and is a key survival strategy for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/despite-their-incredible-adaptability-orchids-are-disappearing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orchids</a> in nutrient-poor environments. However, some orchids no longer contribute to this exchange. Instead of photosynthesizing, they take all their nutrients from fungi, effectively becoming parasites.</p>



<p>“I’ve always been intrigued by how orchids turn parasitic. Why would a plant give up its reliance on photosynthesis and instead ‘steal’ from fungi?” noted <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a> botanist Suetsugu Kenji.</p>



<p>This question led researchers to examine <em>Oreorchis patens</em>, a species that offers a rare glimpse into the transition from mutualism to parasitism.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-orchid-s-dual-strategy">An orchid’s dual strategy</h2>



<p>Unlike fully parasitic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-orchids-have-fingers-to-pollinate-themselves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orchids</a>, <em>Oreorchis patens</em> still retains its ability to photosynthesize. However, it can also absorb up to half of its nutrients from fungi. This makes it an excellent model for studying why some orchids partially abandon photosynthesis.</p>



<p>Suetsugu observed that some <em>Oreorchis patens</em> individuals develop unusual coral-shaped rootstalks. These structures resemble those found in orchids that rely entirely on fungi. </p>



<p>“I thought that this would allow me to compare plants with these organs to those with normal roots, quantify how much extra nutrients they might be gaining, and determine whether that extra translates into enhanced growth or reproductive success,” said Suetsugu.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wood-helps-orchids-absorb-fungi-nutrients">Wood helps orchids absorb fungi nutrients</h2>



<p>To uncover the role of fungi in this process, researchers examined orchids growing in different environments. Their study, published in <em>The Plant Journal</em>, revealed a fascinating pattern. </p>



<p>When <em>Oreorchis patens</em> grows near decomposing wood, it shifts its fungal partners to species that break down rotting material. This shift allows the orchid to extract significantly more nutrients from its fungal hosts.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, despite its increased reliance on fungi, the orchid does not stop photosynthesizing. Instead, the extra nutrients enhance its growth, making it larger and more robust. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orchid-parents-nurture-seedlings-through-fungal-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orchids</a> in these conditions also produce more flowers, indicating a clear reproductive advantage.</p>



<p>“In short, these orchids aren’t merely substituting for diminished photosynthesis, they’re boosting their overall nutrient budget,<em>"</em> noted Suetsugu.</p>



<p><em>"</em>This clear, adaptive link between fungal parasitism and improved plant vigor is, to me, the most thrilling aspect of our discovery, as it provides a concrete ecological explanation for why a photosynthetic plant might choose this path.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-all-orchids-become-parasites">Why don’t all orchids become parasites?</h2>



<p>Despite the apparent benefits, fewer than 10% of <em>Oreorchis patens</em> individuals exhibit parasitic behavior. The researchers noticed that parasitic orchids were only found near fallen and rotting tree trunks. </p>



<p>This suggests that switching to parasitism requires a specific set of conditions, particularly the presence of fungi that can handle an increased nutritional load.</p>



<p>These specialized fungi thrive in decaying wood but only at certain stages of decomposition. Since such conditions are rare and unpredictable, most <em>Oreorchis patens</em> individuals continue relying primarily on photosynthesis. </p>



<p>The transition to parasitism happens only when the right fungi are available, not necessarily when the orchid needs extra nutrients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Although this study sheds light on why some orchids turn parasitic, many questions remain. Scientists still do not know what triggers the development of the coral-like rootstalks in <em>Oreorchis patens</em>. </p>



<p>Environmental factors likely play a role, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Another question is how flexible the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orchid-bees-are-endangered-by-deforestation-in-the-amazon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">orchid</a> is in choosing its fungal partners and whether other species exhibit similar behavior.</p>



<p>Suetsugu sees this research as part of a larger effort to understand the full range of plant lifestyles. </p>



<p>“This work is part of a broader effort to unravel the continuum from photosynthesis to complete parasitism," said Suetsugu.</p>



<p>"Ultimately, I hope such discoveries will deepen our understanding of the diverse strategies orchids employ to balance different lifestyles, thereby aiding in the preservation of the incredible diversity of these plants in our forests."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-for-orchids">Conservation efforts for orchids</h2>



<p>Understanding how orchids interact with fungi is essential for conservation efforts. Many parasitic orchids depend on specific fungal species, which means changes in forest ecosystems could threaten their survival. </p>



<p>By studying these relationships, researchers can better predict how orchids will respond to environmental changes and how best to protect them.</p>



<p>This research was supported by the <a href="https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Japan Society for the Promotion of Science</a>, the Japan Science and Technology Agency (<a href="https://www.jst.go.jp/EN/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JST</a>), and the <a href="https://www.chikyu.ac.jp/rihn_e/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research Institute for Humanity and Nature</a>. </p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/tpj.70045" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Plant Journal</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Some orchids turn parasitic when conditions allow

Orchids are among the most diverse and fascinating plants in...

<p>The vastness of the universe holds countless mysteries, from the birth of galaxies to the intricate chemistry of interstellar space. Among the many molecular players shaping the cosmos, one stands out for its fundamental role in star formation and chemical evolution - trihydrogen, or H₃⁺.</p>



<p>Often called “the molecule that made the universe,” it plays a crucial role in interstellar chemistry, fueling reactions that contribute to the formation of stars and planets.</p>



<p>H₃⁺ is found across the universe, in everything from glowing nebulae to gas giants like Jupiter and Saturn. Scientists have long understood its primary formation mechanism: when molecular hydrogen (H₂) collides with its ionized form (H₂⁺), H₃⁺ is created.</p>



<p>Yet, researchers remain eager to explore alternative pathways leading to the formation of H₃⁺ and to get an estimate of its full abundance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-detecting-molecules-guide-diatoms-through-turbulent-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">across the cosmos</a>.</p>



<p>A recent study from Michigan State University (<a href="https://msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>) has shed new light on this puzzle. Led by researchers Piotr Piecuch and Marcos Dantus, the study provides insights into how H₃⁺ forms in compounds known as methyl halogens and pseudohalogens.</p>



<p>The findings build upon previous discoveries and open new avenues in astrochemistry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-pathways-to-h₃-formation">New pathways to H₃⁺ formation</h2>



<p>Until recently, scientists assumed that H₃⁺ primarily formed through well-known ionization reactions in space. However, the MSU team challenged this notion by investigating alternative sources.</p>



<p>Their earlier work revealed that H₃⁺ could emerge from a process known as the “roaming mechanism” in doubly ionized organic molecules.</p>



<p>Double ionization occurs when a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-molecules-found-throughout-the-universe-hint-that-life-began-in-deep-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecule</a> loses two electrons due to intense energy exposure, such as from cosmic rays or high-powered lasers. Traditionally, a doubly ionized molecule was expected to fragment violently due to repulsion between the two positive charges. </p>



<p>Instead, the researchers observed an unusual effect. The molecule did not break apart immediately. Instead, a neutral hydrogen molecule (H₂) formed within the structure, roamed around, and eventually captured an extra proton, leading to the creation of H₃⁺.</p>



<p>The study provided a fresh perspective on how H₃⁺ could arise in environments beyond the standard hydrogen ionization pathway. Building on this work, the team turned their attention to halogenated compounds, seeking to determine whether similar processes could occur in these substances.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methyl-halogens-and-pseudohalogens">Methyl halogens and pseudohalogens</h2>



<p>Methyl halogens and pseudohalogens are compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and halogen elements, such as fluorine, chlorine, or bromine.</p>



<p>These molecules exist in space and play a role in various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-discovery-water-molecules-will-force-chemistry-textbooks-to-be-rewritten/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical reactions</a>. The MSU researchers suspected that H₃⁺ might form within these compounds through double ionization and the roaming mechanism.</p>



<p>By using ultrafast laser spectroscopy and advanced computational modeling, the team observed the formation process in unprecedented detail. Their experiments confirmed that H₃⁺ could emerge from several methyl halogens and pseudohalogens, which provided new evidence of this alternative formation pathway.</p>



<p>Understanding these reactions is significant because it suggests that H₃⁺ may originate from a broader range of molecular sources than previously thought. If these mechanisms occur frequently in space, they could contribute significantly to the overall abundance of H₃⁺ in the universe.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-h₃-in-astrochemistry">Significance of H₃⁺ in astrochemistry</h2>



<p>“H₃⁺ is a small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-molecule-could-shape-the-future-of-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecule</a> that might not be as important to us on Earth as water or proteins, but it’s a molecule we truly want to understand in terms of its abundance in the universe, how it is produced, and how fast its chemical reactions are,” explained Piecuch.</p>



<p>“With our findings, we can communicate with others who are looking for sources of H₃⁺ and the molecules that can form it.”</p>



<p>The importance of H₃⁺ extends beyond its formation. It acts as a key reactant in many interstellar chemical reactions, and plays  a pivotal role in forming more complex organic molecules. These molecules, in turn, contribute to the chemistry that eventually leads to the building blocks of life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-of-doubly-ionized-molecules">Behavior of doubly ionized molecules</h2>



<p>Being “the molecule that made the universe” comes with significant expectations. Scientists have long recognized the essential role of H₃⁺, but the unexpected discovery of the roaming mechanism has reshaped how they think about molecular behavior under extreme conditions.</p>



<p>“H₃⁺ is essential for astrochemistry, from the birth of stars to the formation of many organic molecules,” said Dantus.</p>



<p>The team’s previous work had already suggested that doubly ionized molecules do not always explode apart as conventional wisdom predicted. </p>



<p>Instead, their experiments revealed that neutral hydrogen molecules can linger within the ionized structure, searching for a way to interact. The roaming H₂ then captures an additional proton, forming H₃⁺.</p>



<p>“We demonstrated that the hydrogen didn’t simply fly away, but it stuck around, sometimes for quite a long time,” Dantus added. “This was highly unusual.”</p>



<p>Piecuch compared this roaming effect to the expected Coulomb explosion, where two positive charges within a small molecule repel each other with great force. Instead, the study showed a more intricate and delicate process where charged and neutral components interact in unexpected ways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-searching-for-new-h₃-sources">Searching for new H₃⁺ sources</h2>



<p>The researchers did not stop at merely identifying compounds that produce H₃⁺. Equally important was recognizing which compounds failed to generate H₃⁺ under similar conditions. </p>



<p>By comparing successful and unsuccessful cases, they developed a set of predictive factors that could help identify other molecules capable of forming H₃⁺.</p>



<p>Turning their attention to halogens and pseudohalogens, Piecuch, Dantus, and their colleagues confirmed several more molecules that form H₃⁺ through double ionization. Just as crucially, they also identified those that do not.</p>



<p>To illustrate their findings, the researchers worked with Professor Benjamin Levine at Stony Brook University to create computer simulations of these reactions. The resulting animations, included in the study’s supplementary material, provide a visual representation of H₃⁺ formation in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advanced-techniques-in-chemistry">Advanced techniques in chemistry</h2>



<p>These discoveries were made possible through a combination of ultrafast laser spectroscopy and computational chemistry. </p>



<p>The ability to measure reactions occurring on femtosecond timescales - one quadrillionth of a second -allowed the researchers to capture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-molecule-detected-in-space-where-stars-are-born/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular movements</a> that would otherwise remain invisible.</p>



<p>Piecuch emphasized the importance of combining experimental and theoretical approaches.</p>



<p>“What was quite special about this project - to bring it to fruition - was the use of state-of-the-art techniques from each side, including high-level theory and experimentation,” he said.</p>



<p>By leveraging these tools, the researchers uncovered fundamental insights into how molecular ions behave - knowledge that could influence multiple fields of chemistry and physics in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-cosmic-chemistry">Understanding cosmic chemistry</h2>



<p>The findings have broad implications for astrochemistry. By establishing a set of governing factors for H₃⁺ formation, they provide a framework for future research. This knowledge can guide scientists in identifying other organic compounds that might contribute to H₃⁺ production.</p>



<p>“Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, so H₂ meeting H₂⁺ is still the key,” Dantus explained. “However, there are so many organic molecules in these diffuse molecular clouds that it’s possible a lot of H₃⁺ is still being formed by the processes we’ve studied.”</p>



<p>“Even if there are only a few percent more H₃⁺ molecules in the universe because of the small organic compounds we and others have studied, the models that scientists use to study processes such as star formation may have to be revisited,” Piecuch concluded.</p>



<p>As researchers continue to explore the origins and behavior of H₃⁺, they push the boundaries of what is known about the molecules that shape the universe. With each discovery, scientists come closer to understanding the fundamental chemistry that governs the cosmos.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-55065-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.</em></p>



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Seeking the origins of the molecule that made the universe

The vastness of the universe holds countless mysteries, from the...

<p>The chemicals in sunscreens are increasingly present in the ocean, but much about their impact on marine life remains poorly understood. This is the conclusion of a new study from Plymouth Marine Laboratory and the University of Plymouth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With sunscreen now integral not only to health care but also to various products - ranging from personal care to industrial materials - experts worry about the large-scale release of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-acid-in-our-skin-could-be-a-natural-sunscreen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">compounds</a> into coastal waters and the long-term consequences for aquatic ecosystems.</p>



<p>“This review highlights the mindboggling range of sunscreen-derived chemicals that we know are released into coastal marine environments – and demonstrates that our understanding of the effects of these toxic compounds on marine organisms is surprisingly limited,” said co-author Frances Hopkins, a marine biogeochemist at the <a href="https://pml.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plymouth Marine Laboratory</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-sunscreen-pollution-enters-the-ocean">How sunscreen pollution enters the ocean</h2>



<p>Sunscreens use UV filters - either organic (chemical-based) or inorganic (mineral-based) - to absorb or scatter ultraviolet rays. Beyond sunscreens, such filters are added to various items including shampoos, moisturizers, lipsticks, plastics, rubber, paint, and cement, helping protect them from solar damage.</p>



<p>Because of modern lifestyles, these compounds inevitably find their way into marine environments through direct and indirect exposure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Direct exposure occurs when people swimming or diving carry sunscreen-laden water off their skin directly into the sea. Indirect exposure happens when residue is washed off during showers, laundering towels, and even through urine.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, recycled wastewater plays a role, as some agricultural practices use treated water or sludge, which can deposit UV filter contaminants into soil and eventually run off into rivers and coasts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enormous-scale-of-sunscreen-pollution">Enormous scale of sunscreen pollution</h2>



<p>Traditional wastewater treatment cannot effectively remove many UV filter chemicals. Data show organic UV filters in 95% of wastewater effluents and 86% of surface waters worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They have been found not only in tourist-heavy beach areas but also in remote regions like Antarctica and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trace-amounts-of-sunscreen-found-at-the-north-pole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic</a>, highlighting their pervasive reach.</p>



<p>As global sunscreen sales are projected to reach $13.64 billion by 2026, researchers estimate 6,000-14,000 tons of UV filters wash into coral reef zones every year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Many filters, especially benzophenones, have been deemed persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic. Benzophenone-3, in particular, is on the <a href="https://echa.europa.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Chemical Agency</a>’s watch list as a potential hormone disruptor.</p>



<p>“There are increasing amounts and varieties of sunscreens entering the environment, and contaminants occur in all possible combinations,” said Awadhesh Jha, a professor in genetic toxicology and ecotoxicology at the <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Plymouth </a>and the study’s senior author.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is therefore imperative that we understand their bioaccumulation potential across the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-twilight-zone-stabilizes-the-marine-food-chain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food chain</a>, and the mechanisms through which they act at molecular and cellular levels, alone and in combination with other stressors.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-chemistry-with-unknown-effects">Complex chemistry with unknown effects</h2>



<p>A single sunscreen can contain three to eight UV filter compounds, adding up to 15% of the product’s mass. Organic filters - up to 55 different types exist - work by absorbing UV radiation, while inorganic filters like titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and zinc oxide (ZnO) reflect it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each compound has different properties, toxicities, and solubilities, complicating efforts to understand how these chemicals behave once in the ocean.</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117627" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Marine Pollution Bulletin</em></a>, involved a review of over 110 publications related to sunscreen, UV filters, and their ecological or toxicological impacts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers note that at least 25% of a sunscreen’s UV filters wash off during swimming, and a single busy beach can see up to 35 kilograms of sunscreen deposited into the water per day.</p>



<p>“We are essentially sitting on a ticking time bomb,” said study co-author Mahasweta Saha, a marine chemical ecologist at Plymouth Marine Laboratory. “It is crucial to exercise caution in introducing new substances, as they could exacerbate existing challenges.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-research-is-urgently-needed">More research is urgently needed</h2>



<p>Despite broad commercial use, little is known about the long-term ecotoxicological effects of these compounds, especially regarding their potential to bioaccumulate in the food chain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Marine ecosystems already face pressures such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-ocean-warming-in-2024-is-a-warning-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean warming</a>, acidification, marine heatwaves, and eutrophication. The addition of poorly understood chemicals could worsen the strain on marine organisms.</p>



<p>“It is therefore imperative that we understand their bioaccumulation potential across the food chain, and the mechanisms through which they act,” Jha emphasized. </p>



<p>This includes gauging effects at the molecular level - understanding if they disrupt hormones, reproductive cycles, or growth - and how multiple stressors might interact to amplify harm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-precautionary-measures-are-needed">Precautionary measures are needed</h2>



<p>The scientists call for coordinated, science-based policy actions to address the threats of sunscreen pollution.</p>



<p>They recommend improved wastewater treatments to remove UV filters, the development of biodegradable sunscreens, and enhanced monitoring to track sunscreen-derived pollutants in global coastal areas.</p>



<p>The study further recommends adopting a precautionary approach, acknowledging that while sunscreens protect human health, they also risk harming fragile marine life including corals, fish, and other sea creatures vital to the ecosystem.</p>



<p>Thus, as oceans become repositories for countless chemical compounds, unraveling the complex interactions among UV filters is critical. Failing to act could intensify existing stresses on marine habitats, with possible ramifications for seafood safety and the broader health of our planet’s waters.</p>



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Sunscreen pollution is invading the ocean - with unknown consequences 

The chemicals in sunscreens are increasingly present in the ocean,...

<p>A new study has identified 15 fundamental motives that drive human behavior, showing how these forces intertwine and relate to one another.</p>



<p>Analyzing these motives through an evolutionary lens clarifies how they guide our habits and interactions - ultimately shedding light on our emotional life and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/optimal-decision-making-is-a-balance-of-experience-and-knowledge/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making</a> processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-motives-beyond-social-needs">Human motives beyond social needs</h2>



<p>Psychological theories exploring why we do what we do have often focused on social or cultural drivers of behavior, with Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs being the most familiar.&nbsp;</p>



<p>But while Maslow’s pyramid emphasizes belongingness and other higher-level needs, it does not fully capture the significance of evolutionary pressures that once helped humans survive and now underlie our modern choices.</p>



<p>Seeking a deeper understanding, <a href="https://www.hse.ru/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HSE University</a> scientists, alongside colleagues at the <a href="https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine</a>, propose treating human motives as evolutionary adaptations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>If certain behaviors once aided survival in prehistoric environments, they reason, the motives behind those behaviors can still be detected today through standard psychometric techniques.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-a-catalog-of-core-motives">Creating a catalog of core motives</h2>



<p>To test this idea, the research team conducted an online survey of more than 500 participants. In the survey, respondents were asked to rate their agreement with 150 statements referencing routine preferences, worries, and social goals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The statements covered a spectrum of basic needs and impulses, such as “I enjoy going on roller coasters,” “Eating is less important to me than it seems to be for most people,” and “I spend a lot of time staying in touch with my friends,” among others.</p>



<p>Using network analysis, the team searched for stable clusters in participants’ motivations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The result was a catalog of 15 core motives, organized into five larger categories:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Environmental: Hoard, Create</li>



<li>Physiological: Fear, Disgust, Hunger, Comfort</li>



<li>Reproductive: Lust, Attract, Love, Nurture</li>



<li>Psychological: Curiosity, Play</li>



<li>Social: Affiliate, Status, Justice</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-motives-interact">How motives interact</h2>



<p>While identifying motives was a crucial step, the researchers also explored how these motives functionally interact with each other.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“For instance, the motives of Love and Nurture are positioned close to each other in the network, which makes sense from an evolutionary perspective, as caring for offspring enhances their chances of survival,” explained Albina Gallyamova, a junior research fellow at the HSE Center for Sociocultural Research.</p>



<p>By contrast, the motives <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-pathway-discovered-that-suppresses-fear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fear</a> and Curiosity often appear in tension with each other: Fear protects against potential dangers but, when too strong, can suppress Curiosity - needed for innovation and knowledge.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-motives-with-broad-impacts">Motives with broad impacts</h2>



<p>Two motives stood out for their broad impact on the entire network: Play and Status.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The motive for Status can facilitate achieving other goals by opening up access to valuable resources, which boosts an individual’s likelihood of success in multiple areas, including romantic relationships.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/minecraft-is-a-digital-playground-for-learning-and-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Play</a> aids skill development, which in turn helps a person maintain or improve their Status.</p>



<p>The study also revealed intriguing links, like how Justice correlates with both Nurture and Curiosity, implying that an individual’s concern for fairness may be partly driven by empathy for others (Nurture) and a desire to stay informed (Curiosity) about potentially antisocial behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-age-and-gender-differences">Age and gender differences</h2>



<p>Among other findings, the scientists noted important differences in how people of varying ages and genders prioritize certain motives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Women tended to rank Nurture and Comfort more highly, while men showed a greater focus on Status and Attract, a pattern that aligns with presumed evolutionary roles. Younger participants also gravitated to motives like Play and Status, while older individuals gave more weight to Fear and Comfort.</p>



<p>“These changes reflect different life stages: initially, we strive to secure our place in society, and later, we focus on safety and survival,” Gallyamova said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-practical-applications-of-the-research-nbsp">Practical applications of the research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Understanding these 15 fundamental motives can guide approaches in marketing, therapy, and AI development, the researchers say. For example, in targeted advertising, knowledge of which motives appeal to different demographics allows more precise messaging.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Younger individuals driven by Status and Play might respond to promotions involving social prestige and fun, whereas older audiences may value reliability and comfort.</p>



<p>Similarly, developers of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> could use an evolutionary perspective to build user interfaces that resonate with people’s core motivations - perhaps focusing on user autonomy, creativity, and social connectivity for younger audiences, while emphasizing convenience for an older group.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In therapy, counselors might find it helpful to identify whether a client’s motives for Fear or Curiosity are out of balance and address them accordingly, potentially mitigating excessive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-health-may-be-the-key-to-anxiety-relief/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anxiety</a>.</p>



<p>“Ultimately, understanding the evolutionary motives that drive our behaviour enables us to create solutions that make people’s lives more comfortable, safer, and more interesting,” Gallyamova concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2024.112921" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Personality and Individual Differences</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Human behavior is driven by fifteen key motives

A new study has identified 15 fundamental motives that drive...

<p>Does your dog ignore your gestures when it matters most? Many owners find that simple commands and gestures sometimes fall flat, especially when distractions creep into the picture.</p>



<p>Researchers have been testing how to capture a dog’s interest using high-tech gear that tracks eye movement. Dr. Christoph Voelter from the <a href="https://www.vetmeduni.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Veterinary Medicine</a> in Vienna led a team that has pinpointed a powerful combination for guiding a dog’s focus. </p>



<p>“The owner’s gaze and gesture are useful separately, but combined they are stronger,” said Dr. Voelter, lead author of the study. </p>



<p>His group designed special headgear to pinpoint precisely where dogs look under different conditions, and were able to shed light on what <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-learn-better-with-praise-and-petting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> really respond to and why that matters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-dogs-understand-human-gestures">How dogs understand human gestures</h2>



<p>Most people believe their pets can read basic cues, but scientists have been keen to explore how dogs interpret our gestures.</p>



<p><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.2765" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Researchers</a> in Austria tested multiple breeds of dogs that were fitted with helmets that tracked eye movements in real time. They found that dogs locked onto a target most reliably when a person simultaneously stared and pointed at the same object.</p>



<p>The findings line up with <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11926681/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">previous work</a> suggesting that domesticated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-personality-algorithm-will-improve-work-and-home-placement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> have learned to follow specific signals through centuries of living with humans. </p>



<p>In many cultures, pointing is used every day to show a pet where to go or what to do. Gaze, however, has not always been seen as a strong indicator on its own.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pointing-works-better-with-eye-contact">Pointing works better with eye contact</h2>



<p>Pointing by itself can guide a dog in the right direction. However, the new research noted that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-breed-does-not-define-performance-and-ability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> don’t always follow the point unless the human also looks directly at the object. Eye contact that is focused on the target seems to cement the dog’s understanding.</p>



<p>Fake throws - a playful tease that many owners try - were not nearly as successful. Eye trackers showed that dogs glanced toward the direction of the pretend toss but consistently failed to pick the correct spot.</p>



<p>This suggests that dogs need more than a big motion; they rely on precise visual hints to zero in on what you want them to see.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-through-ostensive-cues">Focus through ostensive cues</h2>



<p>Ostensive signals, such as calling the dog’s name or making clear eye contact, often signal that communication is about to happen.</p>



<p>Dogs appear to respond better when they sense we are talking to them directly. Adding a gesture, like pointing, clarifies the message. When pointing is paired with a gaze toward the object, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rewards-of-dog-ownership-outweigh-the-challenges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> show increased attention and are more likely to do what we ask.</p>



<p>Researchers in other <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982211013935">studies</a> have observed that dogs can follow a human’s gaze, though not as reliably as they follow a pointed hand. This difference might be rooted in what dogs experienced while growing up. </p>



<p>The more exposure they have to humans who use combined signals, the more these dogs will interpret eye contact and pointing as meaningful directions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eye-tracking-reveals-how-dogs-focus">Eye-tracking reveals how dogs focus </h2>



<p>Cutting-edge technology that straps onto a dog’s head may sound strange, but it gives valuable insight. It captures where a dog’s gaze lands within fractions of a second. If you think of it as a GPS for a dog’s eyes, you can see which parts of a person’s face or body the dog is looking at.</p>



<p>The researchers noticed that when dogs saw a scientist point and look, their line of sight jumped quickly between the pointing hand, the person’s face, and the correct object. This pattern did not appear when the scientist only pretended to throw a ball.</p>



<p>In this scenario, the dogs glanced in the broad direction but often missed the hidden treat, which backs up the idea that precise cues matter more than just big movements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-open-questions-and-next-steps">Open questions and next steps</h2>



<p>“Is it for them more like an imperative directive to go somewhere? Or do they understand it more in a communicative way?” Dr. Voelter hopes to explore these ideas further.</p>



<p>New research is looking at whether dogs also learn and memorize things better when people speak to them and give them pointed gestures at the same time.</p>



<p>Some experts think these insights could apply to practical training. If a dog trainer or veterinarian knows that eye contact plus gestures work best, they might incorporate both cues for faster results. </p>



<p>Many owners might not realize that a clear gaze cue can be the extra push that turns a confused dog into a confident companion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-dog-bond-in-everyday-life">Human-dog bond in everyday life</h2>



<p>Taking a step beyond tricks, the new study highlights just how much dogs pay attention to facial and body movements.</p>



<p>Many owners use a baby voice or wave their hands wildly to get attention, but the study suggests that clarity is key. A calm, purposeful look at the object while pointing may be more convincing than chaotic movements.</p>



<p>Behavioral experts say the results might help older dogs or rescue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-simple-technique-instantly-reduces-heat-stress-in-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> adjust to new homes. Clear signals could reduce stress, since the dog understands exactly what’s being indicated, rather than random commotion that leaves them guessing. </p>



<p>This approach also benefits people who rely on service dogs, where precise communication is crucial.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.2765" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Scientists learn how to make dogs 'pay attention' and focus more on what their humans want

Does your dog ignore your gestures when it matters most?...

<p>Magnesium is often overlooked in favor of more popular nutrients, yet it drives key processes that keep us mentally sharp and physically energized. </p>



<p>It helps regulate nerve and muscle activity, and can even play a role in smoothing out mood swings. Many people don’t realize how crucial it is for optimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-may-slow-memory-decline-and-support-brain-health/">brain health</a>.</p>



<p>One specific magnesium form appears especially helpful when it comes to protecting memory and brain function.</p>



<p>According to neurologist <a href="https://www.congresodepacientesonline.com/dr-alejandro-guillermo-andersson/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alejandro Andersson</a>, director of the <a href="https://www.neurologiainba.com.ar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology Institute of Buenos Aires</a>, magnesium threonate stands out for anyone seeking to support thinking skills and recall. </p>



<p>He described it as promising for treating neurodegenerative diseases and preventing neurological deterioration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnesium-and-brain-health">Magnesium and brain health</h2>



<p>Some folks associate magnesium solely with its role in muscle cramps or energy loss. However, low levels of this mineral can disrupt more than just athletic performance.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/neurotoxin" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurotoxins</a> and other challenges can strain our nerves when magnesium is in short supply. Keeping magnesium levels steady may protect the parts of the brain linked to reasoning and creativity.</p>



<p>Scientists at <a href="https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tsinghua University</a> showed that boosting magnesium levels in the brain could improve short- and long-term memory in animal models. </p>



<p>Researchers suggested that this mineral increases the number of functional connections between neurons.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-better-neural-connections">Building better neural connections</h2>



<p>A balanced amount of <a href="https://mhanational.org/what-glutamate" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glutamate</a> can support healthy communication between nerve cells. Too much of this chemical messenger might lead to overstimulation, so magnesium helps keep it in check.</p>



<p>At the same time, the mineral interacts with gamma-aminobutyric acid (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513311/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GABA</a>), known for its role in calming neural circuits. </p>



<p>By managing these signals, magnesium threonate may promote the creation of new pathways that strengthen learning capacity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnesium-linked-to-better-brain-power">Magnesium linked to better brain power</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.aan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Academy of Neurology</a> classifies magnesium as “<a href="https://n.neurology.org/content/78/17/1337" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">probably effective</a>” in reducing the frequency of migraines for those who get them regularly. </p>



<p>This stance comes from observed benefits in preventing attacks or reducing their duration.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38213402/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2018 meta-analysis</a> highlighted the link between adequate magnesium intake and fewer signs of depression. </p>



<p>Researchers reported that people who kept their magnesium levels up showed noticeable improvements in overall mood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautions-and-usage">Cautions and usage</h2>



<p>Andersson warns that individuals have their own ideal levels and it is important to clarify that magnesium is not a form of treatment but rather a supplement. </p>



<p>He also notes that you should not self-prescribe because it can have unwanted interactions with antibiotics or other medications and, therefore, can reduce <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11381753/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">absorption and effectiveness</a>.</p>



<p>Experts recommend talking with a healthcare provider before trying any new form of magnesium. They may suggest blood tests or dietary strategies to figure out an ideal plan for each person.</p>



<p>In many cases, magnesium is naturally available in nuts, legumes, and leafy green vegetables. Some individuals, though, may still need specialized forms like magnesium threonate to address specific neurological or cognitive concerns.</p>



<p>The National Institutes of Health <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-Consumer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suggest</a> that healthy adults typically require around 310 to 420 milligrams of magnesium daily. </p>



<p>Individual needs, however, can vary depending on age, gender, and existing medical conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-magnesium-threonate-is-better">Why magnesium threonate is better</h2>



<p>Magnesium threonate sets itself apart by slipping through the <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519556/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood-brain barrier</a> more easily than other forms of the mineral. </p>



<p>That quality seems to be the main reason for its potential advantages when supporting concentration and clear thinking.</p>



<p>A steady supply of this form could help neurons fire efficiently, possibly leading to sharper focus and improved recollection. </p>



<p>Researchers speculate that it influences both the architecture and chemistry of brain cells in ways that other magnesium supplements might not.</p>



<p>Supporters of magnesium threonate believe it can bolster <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brains-compensate-aging-dementia-recruiting-other-brain-regions-to-help/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain functions as people age</a>. They point to its capacity for maintaining neural connections and keeping memory intact over time.</p>



<p>Some health professionals see it as a smart addition when combined with good nutrition and adequate sleep. Ongoing studies continue to look at how it might help preserve cognitive well-being in older adults.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magnesium-the-brain-and-healthy-habits">Magnesium, the brain, and healthy habits</h2>



<p>Boosting magnesium levels doesn’t mean skipping standard advice for staying mentally sharp. Eating a balanced diet, moving regularly, and managing stress still form the backbone of any plan for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playing-instrument-lifelong-music-engagement-better-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">better brain performance</a>.</p>



<p>Anyone concerned about deficiency should seek guidance from a qualified professional. Simple blood work or dietary evaluations can offer insight into whether supplementation is necessary or desirable.</p>



<p>Even with magnesium’s benefits for the brain, moderation remains key. Too little can have negative effects, and too much might be just as troublesome.</p>



<p>Sticking to recommended guidelines and reputable products helps ensure safety. In the end, paying closer attention to minerals like magnesium might be a game-changer for those aiming to stay mentally agile.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20152124/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Neuron</em></a>.</p>



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Most neurologists say this supplement is the best one for brain health

Magnesium is often overlooked in favor of more popular nutrients,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



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<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



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Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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