<p>In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears.</p>



<p>Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species, habitats, and ecological roles remain thinly studied.</p>



<p>The Biodiversity Unit at the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a> has made a specialty of unveiling this hidden diversity, describing new species each year, and building tools to slow global biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-living-lab-for-biodiversity">A living lab for biodiversity</h2>



<p>Kibale National Park offers a mosaic of habitats. These include tracts of largely undisturbed forest, areas recovering from past logging, and nearby farmland. That patchwork allowed researchers to ask a simple but powerful question: where, exactly, is the unknown diversity concentrated?</p>



<p>The team focused on ichneumonid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-parasitic-wasps-quietly-crossed-oceans-now-thriving-in-u-s-oak-trees/">wasps</a> - one of the most diverse animal groups on the planet - and, within it, the subfamily Pimplinae.</p>



<p>These wasps don’t just buzz around flowers. They regulate other species by parasitizing the immature stages of insects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-with-spiders-brain-suggests-arachnids-originated-in-the-sea/">spiders</a>, linking them tightly to the health of entire food webs.</p>



<p>“Ichneumonids are a very poorly known taxon in Africa - we estimate that over half of the species we found are new to science,” said doctoral researcher Emil Österman. </p>



<p>With so little baseline knowledge for tropical ichneumonids, the team used long-term, standardized sampling to see how Pimplinae diversity is distributed across Kibale’s different habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wasps-link-species-and-ecosystems">Wasps link species and ecosystems</h2>



<p>Because parasitoid wasps sit high in food webs, they are sensitive to disruptions below them. If the insects and spiders they rely on decline, parasitoids tend to follow. </p>



<p>That sensitivity makes Pimplinae useful indicators: shifts in their richness and abundance often mirror broader changes in biodiversity. The new work confirms what many ecologists have suspected but struggled to quantify in tropical Africa. </p>



<p>“Many of our finds weren't unexpected, but we didn't have data based on long-term collecting in the field," said Tapani Hopkins, a researcher with the Biodiversity Unit. </p>



<p>"Now we can tell in greater detail how many more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-owl-species-discovered-in-africa/">species</a> there are in natural forest, and to what extent disturbed or logged tropical forest can harbor species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farmland-cannot-match-forest-life">Farmland cannot match forest life</h2>



<p>The headline result is encouraging for conservation: intact forest in Kibale harbors especially rich Pimplinae communities. Secondary forest that is regrowing after logging also supports far more species than adjacent farmland.</p>



<p>In other words, protecting remaining forest is essential, and letting disturbed forest recover pays real biodiversity dividends.</p>



<p>“Our results clearly show that African forest, including forest that is recovering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/">logging</a>, maintains a species-rich Pimplinae fauna compared to, say, nearby farmland," Österman said. "Species-rich habitats can be considered especially valuable in conserving unknown dark biodiversity.” </p>



<p>That matters for policy and on-the-ground management. If you want to safeguard the most unknown species, prioritize forests - and don’t write off recovering stands. They’re already doing important work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-forests-store-hidden-diversity">Global forests store hidden diversity</h2>



<p>The team also asked a bigger biogeographic question: how does African tropical diversity stack up against the New World? </p>



<p>Drawing on their parallel long-term collections in western Amazonia and Brazil’s coastal forests, the researchers found hints that South American rainforests may host even higher Pimplinae richness than Africa. However, African forests still harbor a rich fauna.</p>



<p>“Conserving dark taxa effectively requires a detailed knowledge of how biodiversity is distributed, both locally and at a global scale,” said Professor Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, who leads the Biodiversity Unit.</p>



<p>The comparison underscores a simple lesson: tropical forests on multiple continents are irreplaceable reservoirs of poorly known life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-biodiversity-loss-accelerates">Forest biodiversity loss accelerates</h2>



<p>Parasitoid wasps are only one window into dark biodiversity. But they tell a familiar story: clearing or simplifying forests causes losses to ripple upward. Protecting or allowing forests to recover lets complex communities rebound - including species we haven’t named yet.</p>



<p>The Kibale study shows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-leaks-conservation-efforts-may-shift-harm-elsewhere/">conservation</a> can succeed despite limited taxonomy: protect habitats that concentrate hidden diversity. It also highlights the value of patient, long-term fieldwork in places where biodiversity is vanishing fastest.</p>



<p>“We will continue our field studies at different tropical forest sites, because that is where biodiversity is disappearing especially quickly. It is a fight against time. When a rainforest is destroyed, we lose countless species which we know nothing about,” Sääksjärvi concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/icad.70017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Insect Conservation and Diversity</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Wasps shine a light on 'dark biodiversity' in rainforests

In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears. Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species,...

<p>As insect populations decline globally in a phenomenon some have described as an "insect apocalypse," biologists are racing to understand how insects are reacting to climate change. </p>



<p>A recent study of Colorado grasshoppers provides valuable insights into this issue, particularly how their size has changed over time.</p>



<p>While the answers are not straightforward, researchers believe they already possess much of the knowledge needed to make predictions about which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robotic-insects-may-be-the-future-of-farming-and-plant-pollination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> will thrive and which will struggle in the long term.</p>



<p>The findings stem from the rediscovery of 13,000 grasshoppers collected between 1958 and 1960 by a biologist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.</p>



<p>After the scientist's death in 1973, his collection was preserved by his son and eventually donated to the CU Museum. It remained untouched until 2005 when César Nufio, then a postdoctoral fellow, stumbled upon it. </p>



<p>Recognizing its potential, Nufio began curating the collection and revisiting the original sites to gather new specimens.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grasshopper-size-in-changing-climate">Grasshopper size in changing climate</h2>



<p>Nufio and his colleagues, including Caroline Williams, Lauren Buckley, and Monica Sheffer, analyzed how six species of grasshopper had changed in size over 65 years.</p>



<p>Since insects are cold-blooded and rely on external temperatures for development, their growth is highly sensitive to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-play-a-much-bigger-role-in-seed-dispersal-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental changes</a>. </p>



<p>Contrary to the assumption that animals might shrink to reduce heat stress, some grasshopper species actually grew larger over time. These species benefited from an earlier spring, allowing them to feed on fresh vegetation.</p>



<p>However, this advantage was limited to species that overwinter as juveniles, known as nymphal diapausers. These grasshoppers could take advantage of early spring conditions to grow faster. </p>



<p>In contrast, species that hatch from eggs laid in the fall - egg diapausers - did not fare as well. As vegetation dried up earlier in the season, these species became smaller over the decades.</p>



<p>"This research emphasizes that there will certainly be species that are winners and losers, but subgroups within those species populations, depending on their ecological or environmental context, will have different responses," noted Sheffer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-winners-and-losers">Predicting winners and losers</h2>



<p>The researchers based many of their predictions on the life cycles of the grasshoppers and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental conditions</a> of the study site. </p>



<p>By reviewing existing knowledge about the species' natural history and elevational gradients, they were able to anticipate some of the observed trends.</p>



<p>"We sat down and looked at all that was known about the system, such as elevational gradients and how that should modify responses and how different grasshoppers might respond, with all the wealth of information we knew about their natural history. And while not all our predictions were supported, many of them actually were," explained Williams.</p>



<p>Understanding which species will succeed or fail in a changing climate has been a significant challenge. According to Buckley, this study offers principles that could improve future predictions and help address ecosystem changes caused by climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-data-on-grasshopper-size">Historical data on grasshopper size</h2>



<p>The grasshopper collection was originally assembled by entomologist <a href="https://cumuseum-archive.colorado.edu/Research/Entomology/ento_coll_orthoptera.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gordon Alexander</a> during three summers in the late 1950s. He meticulously documented the timing of six life stages of the grasshoppers, creating a detailed record. </p>



<p>After his untimely death in 1973, the specimens were stored away until Nufio rediscovered them in 2005. Recognizing their value, he initiated a resurvey of the same areas, ultimately collecting around 17,000 new specimens.</p>



<p>Museum collections like Alexander's have proven invaluable for studying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemicals-are-changing-insects-in-subtle-yet-deadly-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>'s long-term effects. </p>



<p>For example, Joseph Grinnell's surveys of California wildlife from 1904 to 1940 provided a baseline for comparing changes a century later. Similarly, Nufio's work highlights the importance of preserving historical data for modern research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grasshopper-size-changes-across-elevations">Grasshopper size changes across elevations</h2>



<p>The researchers focused on short-horned grasshoppers from the Acrididae family, categorizing them based on their life cycles. </p>



<p>Nymphal diapausers, which mature as early as May, grew larger at lower elevations. In contrast, early and late emergers from overwintering eggs decreased in size over the decades at these elevations.</p>



<p>"For those that come out in late August, when it's very crispy and dry and we get very hot temperatures, we saw the most negative impacts of climate change," Williams noted.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, none of the species increased in size at higher elevations, despite greater summer warming in these areas. This may be due to snow delaying early-season plant growth, reducing food availability. </p>



<p>The findings align with experiments where grasshoppers were caged at various elevations to study their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-leaf-eating-insects-have-a-huge-impact-on-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adaptation</a> to heat and dryness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-research">Broader implications of the research </h2>



<p>The study's results suggest that some grasshoppers can benefit from warming by growing larger and emerging earlier, while others face stress and shrink in size. Similar trends have been observed in other insects, such as butterflies, according to Buckley. </p>



<p>"We find a pretty similar message with butterflies, which is hopeful to me, in that if we can consider some basic biological principles, we really increase our ability to predict climate change responses," she said.</p>



<p>The team plans to continue exploring the metabolic, biochemical, and genetic factors driving these size changes. </p>



<p>"Using those museum collections allowed us to go back in time to compare exactly the same sites - there hadn't been any changes in the land use over this 60-year period of warming - using exactly the same methodology," said Williams. </p>



<p>"Having those unique historical specimens enabled us to look at the changes through time."</p>



<p>This study highlights the complexity of predicting climate change impacts on ecosystems and highlights the critical role of long-term data in unraveling these challenges.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002805" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Grasshopper size changes in response to shifting climate

As insect populations decline globally in a phenomenon some have...

Artificial,Insemination,,In,Vitro,Fertilization,Ivf,Of,Human,Egg,Cell

<p>In a breakthrough achievement, a team of researchers has successfully engineered a bi-paternal mouse - a mouse with two dads - that survived until adulthood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts targeted specific imprinting genes to overcome key barriers that previously prevented unisexual reproduction in mammals.</p>



<p>More specifically, by modifying a set of genes involved in reproduction, the experts successfully bypassed developmental roadblocks that had historically halted bi-paternal embryo growth before birth.</p>



<p>The research team was led by Wei Li, a professor of genetic engineering at the <a href="https://english.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> (CAS) in Beijing.</p>



<p>“This work will help to address a number of limitations in stem cell and regenerative medicine research,” noted Professor Li.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-barriers-to-unisexual-reproduction">Genetic barriers to unisexual reproduction</h2>



<p>Scientists have attempted to create bi-paternal mice before, but previous efforts failed at early developmental stages. </p>



<p>The biggest challenge was associated with imprinting genes, which regulate gene expression and play a crucial role in mammalian reproduction.</p>



<p>“The unique characteristics of imprinting genes have led scientists to believe that they are a fundamental barrier to unisexual reproduction in mammals,” explained Qi Zhou of CAS, a corresponding author of the study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Even when constructing bi-maternal or bi-paternal embryos artificially, they fail to develop properly and stall at some point during development due to these genes.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-a-mammal-with-two-dads">Creating a mammal with two dads</h2>



<p>Earlier approaches involved generating oocytes (egg cells) from male pluripotent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-first-live-birth-of-a-chimeric-monkey-created-with-stem-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stem cells</a> using ovarian organoids. These artificially derived oocytes were then fertilized with sperm from another male.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, when homologous chromosomes - which separate during meiosis to form sperm and egg cells - came from the same sex, imprinting abnormalities emerged. This led to severe developmental defects.</p>



<p>To overcome this, the researchers targeted 20 key imprinting genes using various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-inspire-a-safer-method-of-editing-human-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gene-editing</a> techniques, including frameshift mutations, gene deletions, and regulatory region modifications.</p>



<p>This genetic modification not only enabled the successful creation of bi-paternal mice, but also improved stem cell pluripotency, making them more stable.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-in-unisexual-reproduction-nbsp">Breakthrough in unisexual reproduction&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By precisely modifying imprinting genes, the team enhanced embryonic stem cell viability, allowing the bi-paternal mice to survive until birth - a feat that had never been achieved at this scale.</p>



<p>“These findings provide strong evidence that imprinting abnormalities are the main barrier to mammalian unisexual reproduction,” said study co-author Guan-Zheng Luo of Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This approach can significantly improve the developmental outcomes of embryonic stem cells and cloned animals, paving a promising path for the advancement of regenerative medicine.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-many-challenges-remain">Many challenges remain</h2>



<p>Despite this success, the study acknowledges several significant challenges. The birth rate was low, with only 11.8% of viable embryos developing to term.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Health and lifespan concerns were evident, as many surviving mice exhibited growth abnormalities and shortened lifespans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, the bi-paternal mice that reached adulthood were sterile and unable to reproduce. However, they showed increased cloning efficiency, suggesting some unique biological properties.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-rates-of-bi-parental-embryos">Survival rates of bi-parental embryos</h2>



<p>The researchers aim to further refine imprinting gene modifications to improve the survival rates of mice with two dads.</p>



<p>“Further modifications to the imprinting genes could potentially facilitate the generation of healthy bi-paternal mice capable of producing viable gametes and lead to new therapeutic strategies for imprinting-related diseases,” said study co-author Zhi-Kun Li of CAS.</p>



<p>Additionally, the team plans to expand these experiments to larger mammals, including monkeys, to investigate whether this genetic engineering approach could be applied beyond rodents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, this transition presents a significant challenge, as imprinting gene combinations differ between species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-same-sex-human-couples">Implications for same-sex human couples</h2>



<p>If scientists one day manage to safely and ethically adapt <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-gene-editing-gets-a-revolutionary-upgrade-with-new-tool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this kind of technology</a> for human use, it could completely reshape how society views family. </p>



<p>The traditional definitions of parenthood might expand to include a broader range of family structures, reflecting a more inclusive understanding of what it means to be a family.</p>



<p>Of course, this possibility comes with a host of ethical and legal challenges. Society would need to have serious conversations about the long-term safety and health of children born through these methods.</p>



<p>In addition, laws would have to be written and revised around parental rights and consent for genetically <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-grow-models-of-human-embryos-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">engineered embryos</a>.</p>



<p>Beyond the legalities, this breakthrough would likely spark a cultural shift. It could challenge long-held beliefs about reproduction and gender roles, leading us to reexamine our values around what constitutes a family.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-stem-cell-research">Future of stem cell research</h2>



<p>The study raises critical ethical and scientific questions about the future of unisexual reproduction in mammals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While these results demonstrate the possibility of bi-paternal reproduction, applying similar technologies to human reproduction remains highly restricted.</p>



<p>The International Society for Stem Cell Research (<a href="https://www.isscr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISSCR</a>) explicitly prohibits heritable genome editing for reproductive purposes, as well as the use of human stem cell-derived gametes for reproduction, citing safety concerns and ethical implications.</p>



<p>As the field of stem cell engineering and reproductive genetics advances, this research marks a major milestone in understanding genetic imprinting, developmental biology, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-brittle-star-tissue-could-transform-regenerative-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regenerative medicine</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, many hurdles - both biological and ethical - remain before such breakthroughs could have practical applications beyond the laboratory.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.isscr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell Stem Cell</em></a>.</p>



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Mouse with two dads survives to adulthood,  major implications for same-sex human couples

In a breakthrough achievement, a team of researchers has successfully...

<p>A recent study has confirmed what scientists have long suspected - the devastating link between climate change, melting sea ice, and the decline of polar bears. </p>



<p>Unlike previous research that only highlighted correlations, this study presents a direct, measurable connection.</p>



<p>For the first time, researchers have developed a model that precisely demonstrates how shrinking sea ice leads to polar bear <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-doesnt-stick-to-polar-bear-fur-but-why/">population</a> collapse in Western Hudson Bay.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-polar-bears-are-starving">Polar bears are starving </h2>



<p>A changing climate has dramatically altered the Arctic landscape, forcing polar bears to spend more time on land instead of hunting seals on the ice. </p>



<p>As their primary food source becomes less accessible, the bears enter longer fasting periods, leading to declining health and population numbers.</p>



<p>“A loss of sea ice means <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bear-conservation-leaps-forward-with-new-tracking-technology/">bears</a> spend less time hunting seals and more time fasting on land,” said Louise Archer, a postdoctoral researcher and lead author of the study.</p>



<p>This prolonged fasting drains polar bears' energy reserves, reducing their ability to reproduce and raise cubs. Without enough stored fat, female bears struggle to give birth and nurse their young. Over time, this energy deficit has led to a sharp population decline.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-loss-in-polar-bears">Energy loss in polar bears</h2>



<p>To understand the impact of climate change on polar bears, researchers developed a “bio-energetic” model that measures how much energy the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bears-are-struggling-to-survive-longer-summers/">bears</a> gain from hunting and how much they need to grow and reproduce. </p>



<p>This model is unique because it tracks individual polar bears throughout their lives, from cubhood to adulthood.</p>



<p>The model uses over four decades of data from monitoring the Western Hudson Bay polar bear population between 1979 and 2021. </p>



<p>This long-term dataset allows researchers to analyze trends and predict how continued sea ice loss will affect polar bears in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-polar-bear-population-decline">Dramatic polar bear population decline</h2>



<p>The findings are alarming. The polar bear population in this region has dropped by nearly 50% over the past four decades. </p>



<p>Body mass has also declined significantly, with adult females weighing 39 kg (86 lbs) less than before and one-year-old cubs losing an average of 26 kg (47 lbs).</p>



<p>“Our model goes one step further than saying there’s a correlation between declining sea ice and population decline,” noted Péter Molnár, associate professor at <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/home/">University of Toronto Scarborough</a> and co-author of the study.</p>



<p>“It provides a mechanism that shows what happens when there is less ice, less feeding time and less energy overall. When we run the numbers, we get a near one-to-one match to what we’re seeing in real life.”</p>



<p>This level of accuracy confirms that climate change is the primary driver of polar bear decline, rather than other potential factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cubs-face-the-greatest-risk">Cubs face the greatest risk</h2>



<p>The research team, which includes experts from <a href="https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change.html">Environment and Climate Change Canada</a>, found that cubs are the most vulnerable to the changing conditions. </p>



<p>Their survival depends on their ability to gain enough weight before their first fasting period, but shorter hunting seasons make this increasingly difficult.</p>



<p>Archer explained that when hunting time is cut short, mother bears cannot produce enough milk, which puts cubs at greater risk. If a cub does not gain enough weight before winter, it has a much lower chance of survival.</p>



<p>Mothers are also giving birth to fewer cubs. Monitoring data shows that litter sizes have decreased by 11% over the past 40 years. Additionally, many mothers are now keeping their cubs for longer periods because the young <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bears-are-suffering-from-painful-ice-balls-stuck-on-their-feet/">bears</a> are not strong enough to survive on their own.</p>



<p>“It’s pretty simple - the survival of cubs directly impacts the survival of the population,” said Archer. Her research is supported by a Mitacs Elevate postdoctoral fellowship and the non-profit organization <a href="https://polarbearsinternational.org/">Polar Bears International</a>.</p>



<p>The reduced cub survival rate signals a troubling future for polar bears in Western Hudson Bay. If these trends continue, the population could face an even sharper decline in the coming decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-for-polar-bears-worldwide">Warning for polar bears worldwide</h2>



<p>Western Hudson Bay has long been seen as an indicator of how climate change affects polar bear populations globally. </p>



<p>The Arctic is warming at a rate four times faster than the global average, making the survival of these bears even more uncertain.</p>



<p>“This is one of the southernmost populations of polar bears, and it’s been monitored for a long time, so we have very good data to work with,” said Molnár, who specializes in how global warming affects large mammals.</p>



<p>“There’s every reason to believe what is happening to polar bears in this region will also happen to polar bears in other regions, based on projected sea ice loss trajectories. This model basically describes their future.”</p>



<p>With sea ice disappearing at an increasing rate, other polar bear populations will likely face the same challenges as those in Western Hudson Bay. </p>



<p>Experts warn that unless significant action is taken to address climate change, these majestic animals may struggle to survive in the coming decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-conservation">Need for conservation</h2>



<p>The researchers hope that their findings will contribute to ongoing conservation efforts and encourage policymakers to take stronger action against climate change.</p>



<p>The bio-energetic model developed for this study could be applied to other polar bear populations to predict future trends and inform conservation strategies. </p>



<p>By tracking energy intake and expenditure, scientists can gain a clearer picture of how climate change will impact different regions.</p>



<p>Polar bears have long been a symbol of the Arctic, but their future depends on how quickly humanity responds to the challenges posed by global warming. Without intervention, these animals will continue to struggle as their habitat disappears.</p>



<p>The study received funding from the <a href="https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/index_eng.asp">Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada</a> and the <a href="https://www.innovation.ca/">Canada Foundation for Innovation</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp3752"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Polar bears are suffering from an "energy deficit" that is devastating their populations

A recent study has confirmed what scientists have long suspected...

<p>The Arctic's frozen ground has long kept its secrets locked away beneath layers of ice and snow. But as researchers dive deeper into the complex workings of this remote landscape, they're uncovering startling revelations about how water moves beneath the surface. </p>



<p>A seemingly minor trickle of groundwater beneath Alaska’s tundra is quietly releasing vast amounts of carbon into the ocean.</p>



<p>This finding comes from researchers at <a href="https://www.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The University of Texas at Austin</a>, who discovered that this hidden process is adding an estimated 230 tons of organic carbon per day into the Beaufort Sea during summer. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-releasing-carbon">Groundwater releasing carbon</h2>



<p>Although groundwater accounts for only a small portion of the total water reaching the ocean, it is delivering as much carbon as the region’s rivers during the warmer months.</p>



<p>Cansu Demir, who led the research while completing her doctoral degree at the UT Jackson School of Geoscience, now works as a postdoctoral research associate at <a href="https://www.lanl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>.</p>



<p>“This study shows that there’s humongous amounts of organic carbon and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> released via fresh groundwater discharge in summer,” said Demir.</p>



<p>The researchers found that groundwater discharge in the Arctic is not only significant but may also play an increasing role in carbon release as permafrost continues to thaw.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-groundwater-in-climate-change">Role of groundwater in climate change</h2>



<p>While <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-system-captures-carbon-dioxide-directly-from-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a> from rivers, melting ice, and thawing permafrost are well documented, this study sheds light on a less recognized but equally important contributor. </p>



<p>As fresh groundwater reaches the ocean, it releases carbon dioxide (CO2) that can contribute to climate change. The presence of CO2 in seawater can also lead to ocean acidification, which has long-term consequences for marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>As the Arctic warms, the natural movement of groundwater is changing. The study shows that fresh groundwater is actively flowing into submarine environments along the coastline where the land meets the sea. </p>



<p>This contradicts earlier assumptions that freshwater submarine groundwater discharge in this region was extremely limited. The discovery raises concerns about the long-term effects of increasing groundwater discharge on carbon levels in the Arctic Ocean.</p>



<p>Demir and her team went further by separating freshwater from other groundwater sources. Unlike previous studies, which included recirculated saltwater that had seeped into the ground from the ocean, this research specifically identified sources of fresh groundwater.</p>



<p>The freshwater likely originates from rain, melting snow, thawed shallow ground ice, and possibly deeper permafrost layers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-s-contribution-to-carbon-release">Groundwater’s contribution to carbon release</h2>



<p>Through direct observations and numerical modeling, the researchers measured the volume of fresh groundwater entering the Beaufort Sea and compared it to river discharge.</p>



<p>They found that fresh groundwater accounts for 3-7% of the total discharge from three major rivers in the region during summer. This volume is surprisingly high for an Arctic environment and is comparable to groundwater discharge levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-carbon-sinks-are-being-pushed-to-their-limits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperate</a> regions at lower latitudes.</p>



<p>What makes this discovery even more striking is the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen contained in the groundwater. Despite its relatively small volume, groundwater carries nearly as much organic carbon and nitrogen as the rivers in the region.</p>



<p>“In that small amount of water, that groundwater carries almost the same amount of organic carbon and nitrogen as rivers,” Demir explained.</p>



<p>This means that even as Arctic rivers continue to flow and release carbon into the ocean, groundwater is quietly doing the same, adding to the overall impact of carbon release in the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-permafrost-and-its-impact">Permafrost and its impact</h2>



<p>Groundwater does not simply move through soil and sediment on its way to the sea. It interacts with permafrost, a frozen layer of soil and organic matter that has stored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-has-regulated-earths-climate-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> for thousands of years. </p>



<p>When permafrost melts, it releases stored carbon into the moving groundwater, which then transports it into the ocean.</p>



<p>This process is similar to how estuaries function, acting as natural reservoirs of organic matter and nutrients. However, permafrost is unique in that it holds a massive amount of trapped carbon. </p>



<p>When it melts, this carbon is no longer locked away but instead becomes part of the natural carbon cycle. The result is a significant increase in the amount of carbon reaching the ocean, which can further contribute to climate change.</p>



<p>“The Arctic coast is changing in front of our eyes,” said Bayani Cardenas, a co-author of the study and professor at the Jackson School’s <a href="https://eps.jsg.utexas.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a>. </p>



<p>“As permafrost thaws, it turns into coastal and submarine aquifers. Even without this thawing, our studies are among the first to directly show the existence of such aquifers.”</p>



<p>This transformation has far-reaching implications. If warming continues, even more permafrost will melt, increasing the amount of freshwater that moves underground and carrying even more carbon into the ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-ecological-consequences">Potential ecological consequences</h2>



<p>The effects of this newly recognized carbon pathway go beyond climate change. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-sinks-are-losing-their-ability-to-absorb-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increase in CO2 levels</a> due to groundwater discharge is likely to impact marine ecosystems, particularly in Arctic coastal environments.</p>



<p>One of the most concerning impacts of groundwater contributing to carbon levels is ocean acidification. As more carbon dioxide enters the ocean, it lowers the pH of seawater, making it more acidic. </p>



<p>This shift in acidity can weaken marine organisms such as crustaceans, clams, and snails, which rely on calcium carbonate to build their shells. Acidification can make these creatures more vulnerable, disrupting food chains that support both marine and human communities.</p>



<p>In addition to acidification, the large influx of organic carbon and nitrogen may alter nutrient balances in coastal waters. Changes in nutrient levels can affect marine plant life, algae growth, and the availability of food for larger marine species. </p>



<p>Such disruptions could have cascading effects throughout Arctic marine ecosystems, affecting everything from microscopic organisms to larger fish and mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-concern-for-the-arctic-s-future">Growing concern for the Arctic’s future</h2>



<p>As climate change accelerates permafrost thaw, the natural movement of groundwater is likely to increase. This means that more carbon will enter the ocean through submarine groundwater discharge, adding to the carbon already released by rivers and melting ice.</p>



<p>Understanding this process is essential for predicting future climate trends and ecological changes in the Arctic. Researchers are continuing to investigate how groundwater moves through permafrost regions and how its carbon content interacts with the ocean. </p>



<p>The findings from this study provide an important foundation for future research, highlighting the need to consider groundwater as a key factor in Arctic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-emissions-reduction-20-percent-possible-only-2-percent-economic-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a>.</p>



<p>While much remains to be explored, one thing is clear: groundwater is playing a larger role in Arctic carbon emissions than previously thought. </p>



<p>As the Arctic landscape continues to change, scientists will need to keep a close watch on how these hidden water flows influence both regional and global climate systems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL109142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.</em></p>



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Alaska’s groundwater releases a huge amount of carbon into the ocean

The Arctic's frozen ground has long kept its secrets locked...

<p>For centuries, humans have selectively bred dogs for specific tasks such as herding, hunting, guarding, and scent detection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The assumption has been that these breeds developed distinct physical traits, particularly in skull morphology, that make them superior at their assigned tasks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, a new study challenges this long-standing belief, suggesting that skull shape does not determine task performance, and that individual personality and behavior play a larger role than previously thought.</p>



<p>Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adq9590" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Advances</em></a>, the study was led by Nicholas Hebdon and Lindsay Waldrop.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-misconceptions-about-dog-performance">Misconceptions about dog performance </h2>



<p>The researchers used advanced 3D reconstruction techniques to analyze 117 skulls from 40 domestic dog breeds and 18 wild canid species. </p>



<p>The findings revealed substantial overlap in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-dogs-have-larger-brains-than-ancient-dog-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skull shape</a> across breeds, with no clear structural adaptations for tasks like bite work or scent detection. </p>



<p>Instead, the research suggests that human breeding preferences have primarily focused on visual traits rather than functional specialization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-skull-shape-and-task-performance">Dog skull shape and task performance</h2>



<p>The study analyzed dog breeds commonly used for bite work and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-nose-is-a-clever-smell-prediction-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scent detection</a>, including those in law enforcement and military roles, where dogs are trained for patrol and tracking.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers compared functional groups as classified by organizations like the <a href="https://www.akc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Kennel Club</a> (AKC) and the <a href="https://www.ukcdogs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Kennel Club</a> (UKC).</p>



<p>Despite the diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-habits-shaped-the-skulls-of-humans-and-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skull shapes</a> in domestic dogs, the study found high morphological overlap in areas related to function, such as the jaw and nasal structures. This suggests that breeds selected for specific tasks are not as physically specialized as once believed.</p>



<p>For example, bite force measurements showed no significant differences between breeds trained for bite work and those that were not, while scent-detection breeds did not have noticeably enhanced olfactory structures compared to other breeds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-and-specialized-tasks">Dogs and specialized tasks</h2>



<p>“In the past 200 years, humans have created hundreds of dog breeds that look really different and are pretty specialized at some tasks like herding, protecting, and detecting odors,” said Lindsay Waldrop, an assistant professor of biological sciences at <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman University</a>.</p>



<p>“We have assumed that these dogs look different because they are structurally specialized at these tasks, but our study shows that, at least for their skulls, they are not specialized for tasks that involve the skull, such as biting tasks and scent work.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-myths-about-dangerous-breeds">Myths about “dangerous” breeds</h2>



<p>One of the most notable findings refutes a common misconception: that certain dog breeds, such as pit bulls, have unique jaw structures that make them inherently more dangerous.</p>



<p>Waldrop noted that there are many news stories about dogs attacking people badly, and often, specific breeds are targeted in this reporting - such as pit bulls.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Some people claim that these dogs bite harder than others of the same size or have special features like ‘locking jaws’ that make them especially dangerous to people. Our study shows that this is simply not true. Dogs bred to bite things aren’t structurally different than dogs bred to do other things,” said Waldrop.</p>



<p>Similarly, no distinct skull adaptations were found in dogs bred for scent detection, suggesting that behavioral traits and training play a more significant role in a dog’s ability to track odors than skull morphology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-preferences-and-dog-morphology">Human preferences and dog morphology</h2>



<p>The one exception to the pattern was brachycephalic breeds (e.g., bulldogs and pugs), which have shortened snouts due to human-driven aesthetic selection. However, these modifications were not tied to functional advantages.</p>



<p>“I was most surprised by the overall similarity we see in most of the dog skulls,” said lead author Nicholas Hebdon, a postdoctoral research associate at Chapman University.</p>



<p>“Humans have done so much breeding work to alter the visual appearance of these animals that I honestly expected to see really marked groupings of some kind, and we really didn’t see much of that.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-shapes-skull-morphology">Evolution shapes skull morphology </h2>



<p>In contrast, the study found strong differences between domesticated dog skulls and wild canids, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gray-wolves-are-a-crucial-component-of-the-american-west/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wolves</a> and foxes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Wild canids have longer snouts relative to their cranial length - a feature typical of species that rely on acute senses, such as smell. This suggests that evolution, rather than selective breeding, shapes skull morphology in ways that align with natural survival needs.</p>



<p>Interestingly, fox skulls showed significant overlap with some terrier breeds, which were historically bred for pest control. This structural similarity may reflect functional convergence between wild predators and domestic dogs specialized for hunting small prey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeds-and-working-dog-selection">Breeds and working dog selection</h2>



<p>The study challenges the notion that physical traits alone determine working dog ability, emphasizing that behavioral traits and training are more influential.</p>



<p>Recent research has shown that breed-associated behaviors are partially heritable, meaning that some behavioral tendencies - such as herding instincts or scent-tracking abilities - may have genetic components.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the new findings suggest that observable behavior and trainability are more critical factors than skull structure in determining a dog's suitability for specialized tasks.</p>



<p>This could impact how working dogs are bred and selected, particularly in fields such as law enforcement, search and rescue, and service dog training.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Rather than selecting dogs based on physical traits alone, trainers may benefit from assessing personality, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cracking-canine-cognitive-code-everyday-dog-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive ability</a>, and responsiveness to training as primary selection criteria.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-perspective-on-canine-evolution">New perspective on canine evolution</h2>



<p>The study’s findings redefine how we understand dog specialization and selective breeding. While humans have significantly altered the visual appearance of domestic dogs over centuries, functional adaptations may not be as pronounced as previously thought.</p>



<p>By debunking misconceptions about breed-based functional superiority, these findings open the door for more effective, evidence-based approaches to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-training-is-more-effective-when-nice-voice-tone-is-used/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog training</a>, breeding, and working dog selection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Rather than focusing on appearance-based stereotypes, future studies and breeding programs may place greater emphasis on behavioral and cognitive traits - a shift that could benefit both dogs and the people who depend on them.</p>



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Dog breed does not define performance and ability 

For centuries, humans have selectively bred dogs for specific tasks...

<p>Sharks and rays have inhabited Earth’s oceans for about 450 million years. These cartilaginous fish have survived five mass extinctions, adapting to environmental changes that wiped out countless other species.</p>



<p>Despite their resilience, modern threats endanger their survival like never before. Overfishing and habitat destruction have placed more than a third of all species at serious risk. Now, climate change introduces another challenge to sharks and rays.</p>



<p>A team of international researchers led by palaeobiologist Manuel A. Staggl from the University of Vienna sought to understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-constantly-reshuffling-earths-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past climate fluctuations</a> affected the biodiversity of sharks and rays. </p>



<p>They focused on the Jurassic (200-143 million years ago) and Cretaceous (143-66 million years ago) periods, a time when these species thrived in diverse environments. </p>



<p>By analyzing fossilized teeth and comparing them to climate records, they identified key environmental factors that influenced shark populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-climate-change-shaped-shark-evolution">How climate change shaped shark evolution</h2>



<p>The evolution of sharks and rays has always been closely linked to environmental conditions. During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, the oceans underwent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-is-accelerating-beyond-control-as-co2-levels-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant changes</a>. </p>



<p>The expansion of shallow coastal waters created new habitats, while rising global temperatures affected marine ecosystems. These periods saw an explosion in shark and ray diversity, demonstrating their ability to adapt to shifting conditions.</p>



<p>Fossil evidence suggests that the diversity of these species fluctuated with environmental changes. The researchers found that three main factors influenced their survival.</p>



<p>Higher global temperatures and an increase in shallow water areas had a positive effect, allowing sharks and rays to expand into new regions. </p>



<p>However, a third factor - rising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels - had a clearly negative impact. This discovery sheds new light on how future climate change might affect these species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-co2-and-shark-diversity">Rising CO2 and shark diversity </h2>



<p>One of the most significant findings of the study was the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">negative effect of CO2 concentrations</a> on shark and ray biodiversity. Higher CO2 levels in the ocean have long been suspected to harm marine life, but this study provides clear evidence of its impact.</p>



<p>This is the first time that the negative impact of CO2 in the ocean has been so clearly described. While the exact mechanisms remain unclear, laboratory studies on modern sharks and rays suggest direct physiological consequences.</p>



<p>Increased CO2 can alter their sensory abilities, affecting their ability to navigate and hunt. It can also influence skeletal development during embryonic stages, potentially leading to deformities.</p>



<p>The fossil record confirms that past increases in CO2 levels contributed to the extinction of certain shark and ray species. This suggests that current climate change, driven by human activity, could have similar long-term consequences. If CO2 levels continue to rise, the survival of many species may be at risk.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-opportunities-for-sharks">Climate opportunities for sharks</h2>



<p>Despite the dangers, climate change may not be entirely detrimental to sharks and rays. In previous geological periods, rising sea levels and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasing temperatures</a> actually benefited their populations. </p>



<p>Expanding warm-water regions and the creation of new shallow coastal environments provided ideal conditions for these predators.</p>



<p>"The resulting habitats in shallow seas that cover large continental areas are real biodiversity hotspots; sharks and rays were able to colonize them very quickly and efficiently thanks to their adaptability," explained Staggl.</p>



<p>During the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, temperatures were significantly higher than today, leading to the expansion of the tropics and subtropics. With fewer seasonal changes, marine ecosystems became more stable, supporting a wider range of species.</p>



<p>If similar conditions emerge in the future, some sharks and rays might find new habitats to thrive in. However, the speed of modern climate change presents a unique challenge. </p>



<p>Unlike past warming events that occurred over millions of years, today’s changes are happening in just decades. This rapid shift could make adaptation difficult, even for a group of species that has survived multiple extinctions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-rapidly-changing-world">A rapidly changing world</h2>



<p>Assuming that sharks and rays will simply adapt to climate change would be overly optimistic. </p>



<p>"The environment is currently changing particularly quickly - unfortunately probably too quickly for the animals and their ecosystems," said Staggl. </p>



<p>The current rate of warming and ocean acidification may surpass their ability to adjust. Overfishing and habitat destruction further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-the-world-is-on-track-for-a-catastrophic-level-of-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complicate the situation</a>. </p>



<p>Many shark species are already struggling due to declining populations, and climate change may add additional stress. Warmer oceans can disrupt food chains, forcing sharks to migrate in search of prey.</p>



<p>Changes in ocean currents and rising acidity levels may also alter their breeding patterns. If these species cannot adapt quickly enough, many could face extinction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-sharks-from-climate-change">Protecting sharks from climate change</h2>



<p>Urgent action is needed to protect sharks and rays from multiple environmental threats. Conservation efforts must address overfishing, habitat loss, and the growing effects of climate change. </p>



<p>These predators play a crucial role in maintaining marine ecosystems, and their decline could have widespread consequences.</p>



<p>"Because without the top predators, the ecosystems would collapse," warned Jürgen Kriwet, professor of palaeobiology at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>.</p>



<p>Sharks and rays regulate the balance of ocean life, keeping populations of other marine species in check. Without them, ecosystems could become unstable, affecting biodiversity and fisheries that millions of people depend on.</p>



<p>"By protecting sharks and rays, we are investing directly in the health of our oceans and therefore also in the people and industries that benefit from these ecosystems," said Kriwet.</p>



<p>Preserving these species is not just about maintaining biodiversity - it is about ensuring the stability of marine environments. </p>



<p>The future of sharks and rays depends on immediate and sustained conservation efforts. Their survival will determine the health of the oceans for generations to come.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/14/2/142" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Biology</em></a>.</p>



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Sharks may benefit from rising temperatures - but not from rising CO2

Sharks and rays have inhabited Earth’s oceans for about 450...

<p>Research has consistently demonstrated the cognitive benefits of bilingualism. A new study suggests that these benefits may be even more pronounced in children with autism. </p>



<p>A team of psychologists and researchers set out to investigate the role of bilingualism in children, with a particular focus on kids with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autism-diagnoses-have-almost-tripled-in-the-us-over-the-past-ten-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">autism</a>.</p>



<p>Based on a sample of 112 children between  the ages of 7 and 12, the team scrutinized the cognitive impacts of speaking two or more languages.</p>



<p>The experts found promising connections between multilingualism and improved executive function.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bilingualism-and-executive-function">Bilingualism and executive function</h2>



<p>"We discovered that multilingualism is associated with improvements in executive function, which in turn is associated with improvements in autism symptoms," said Lynn Perry, one of the lead researchers.</p>



<p>Executive function refers to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-identify-key-mental-abilities-that-actually-improve-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental skills</a> essential for focus, planning, remembering instructions, and multitasking. </p>



<p>While these skills develop over time, children with autism often face challenges with executive functioning, which can impact their ability to handle daily tasks and adjust to new situations. Bilingualism seems to have a positive effect in this area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-benefits-of-bilingualism">Universal benefits of bilingualism </h2>



<p>The benefits of bilingualism are not exclusive to children with autism. Speaking more than one <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-language-is-specially-stored-in-the-brain-for-easy-access/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language</a> seems to give a cognitive boost to all kids, enhancing skills that are indispensable for thriving in school and future workplaces.</p>



<p>The ability to perceive and respond to the world from another's viewpoint, known as perspective-taking, is another area that bilingualism appears to significantly impact. </p>



<p>"We also found that multilingual children have enhanced perspective taking skills, or the ability to understand someone else’s thoughts or point of view," noted Celia Romero, another researcher on the team.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bilingual-advantage">The bilingual advantage </h2>



<p>A theory called joint activation, born from neuroscience, suggests an interesting pattern in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-brain-maintains-youthfulness-with-age/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bilingual brain</a>. </p>



<p>With two languages constantly active and battling for usage, the brain continuously shifts between the languages, enhancing executive control. This phenomenon is touted as the "bilingual advantage."</p>



<p>Lucina Uddin is a former professor at the <a href="https://www.as.miami.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Miami College of Arts and Sciences</a> and the current director of the Brain Connectivity and Cognition Laboratory at the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Los Angeles</a>.</p>



<p>"If you have to juggle two languages, you have to suppress one in order to use the other. That's the idea, that inhibition - or the ability to stop yourself from doing something - might be bolstered by knowing two languages," explained Uddin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-children-exposed-to-multiple-languages">Children exposed to multiple languages </h2>



<p>The research challenges previous concerns that learning multiple languages might overwhelm autistic children.</p>



<p>"I started investigating this to let families know there’s no detriment for their child to learn another language, whether or not they have a neurodevelopmental disorder," said Romero. "We know this through research, but often it takes time to translate that to families, so I hope this study helps address that."</p>



<p>This perspective is shared by Michael Alessandri, the executive director of the Center for Autism and Related Disabilities.</p>



<p>"It is wonderful to have sound research supporting our general recommendation to not restrict language exposures to children in multilingual homes,” said Alessandri. "This will surely bring a sense of relief to many of our families living with loved ones with autism.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>The researchers will continue their work by focusing on preschool children and the effect of bilingualism on peer interactions, which are critical for children's social and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-children-have-lasting-cognitive-benefits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive</a> development.</p>



<p>At UCLA, Uddin is conducting an extensive follow-up study to further examine the impact of multilingualism on brain and cognitive development in autistic children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impact-of-bilingualism">Long-term impact of bilingualism</h2>



<p>The benefits of bilingualism extend beyond childhood, influencing cognitive resilience and adaptability into adulthood. </p>



<p>Studies suggest that multilingual individuals develop stronger problem-solving skills and improved memory retention over time. </p>



<p>For autistic individuals, these advantages may translate into better academic performance, enhanced workplace adaptability, and improved social interactions.</p>



<p>Researchers believe that the continuous cognitive exercise of managing two languages strengthens neural pathways associated with flexibility and decision-making. </p>



<p>As more studies emerge, experts hope that multilingual education will be increasingly encouraged in neurodivergent communities, ensuring long-term cognitive and social benefits.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.3260" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Autism Research</a></em>.</p>



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Children with autism benefit from learning multiple languages

Research has consistently demonstrated the cognitive benefits of bilingualism. A...

<p>The modern gym experience for women is more complex than simply showing up to exercise.</p>



<p>A new study reveals that women face social pressures, judgment, and physical barriers in gym environments. These challenges affect their ability to maintain regular exercise routines and fully benefit from physical activity.</p>



<p>Regular exercise improves both physical and mental health, with women experiencing significant advantages. Research shows that women who engage in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fitness-is-far-more-important-than-weight-for-living-a-healthy-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">consistent exercise</a> have lower mortality rates and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease compared to men.</p>



<p>Despite these benefits, women remain less active than men, even as their gym memberships have increased. Understanding the factors behind this disparity is essential to creating more inclusive and supportive fitness spaces.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-pressures-and-gym-spaces">Social pressures and gym spaces</h2>



<p>The study was led by researchers Emma Cowley from the&nbsp;<a href="https://sheresearch.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SHE&nbsp;Research&nbsp;Centre</a>&nbsp;at TUS, Ireland, and Jekaterina Schneider from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.uwe.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University&nbsp;of&nbsp;the&nbsp;West&nbsp;of&nbsp;England</a>.</p>



<p>Cowley and Schneider conducted an online survey with 279 women. Among these respondents, 84% were current gym-goers. The findings revealed a persistent struggle among women to feel comfortable in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/working-out-at-the-gym-you-may-need-to-check-the-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym spaces</a>.</p>



<p>Many women reported feeling judged based on their appearance and performance, leading to feelings of inadequacy and self-doubt. </p>



<p>This environment creates additional pressure to conform to certain fitness ideals while simultaneously navigating the challenge of being taken seriously in gym spaces dominated by men.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-women-claiming-space-in-the-gym">Women claiming space in the gym</h2>



<p>Women often found themselves fighting for space, whether it was waiting for gym equipment or feeling the need to prove their competence in weightlifting areas traditionally occupied by men. </p>



<p>Additionally, many reported experiencing harassment or receiving unsolicited advice from male gym-goers. These interactions contribute to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-activity-instantly-boosts-your-brain-speed-by-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym culture</a> that, at times, makes it more difficult for women to focus on their workouts without feeling scrutinized.</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, the study also found that women actively resisted the gendered and appearance-based expectations placed upon them. Many found empowerment through skill development, breaking traditional gender norms, and working out in environments that supported their fitness goals. </p>



<p>When women exercised in spaces where they felt encouraged rather than judged, they were more likely to continue their fitness journeys with confidence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gym-attire-and-confidence">Gym attire and confidence</h2>



<p>One of the key findings of the study was the role of gym attire in shaping women’s experiences. Clothing choices in gym settings were often both empowering and restrictive. </p>



<p>Many women selected their workout attire based on comfort and functionality, prioritizing movement and breathability. However, social comparison and fear of judgment often influenced these decisions.</p>



<p>Some women expressed concerns about wearing non-branded gym attire, fearing that their clothing choices might make them stand out in a negative way.</p>



<p>Others worried that dressing in stylish or coordinated outfits could make them appear too put-together or as if they were trying too hard. For many, gym attire became a tool for hiding perceived imperfections, such as choosing clothes that concealed certain areas of their body or minimized the visibility of sweat stains.</p>



<p>This aspect of the study aligns with previous research suggesting that gym clothing plays a significant role in shaping body image and self-perception. </p>



<p>For some women, the right attire can boost confidence and make them feel more prepared for their workouts. However, when clothing choices are influenced by social pressures or concerns about judgment, they can become an additional barrier to feeling at ease in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ai-artificial-intelligence-changing-health-diet-fitness-exercise-approach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym setting</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-future-research">Expanding future research</h2>



<p>While the study provides important insights into women’s experiences in gym environments, the researchers acknowledge several limitations. </p>



<p>Most participants in the study were white, heterosexual, and self-identified as being of “normal” weight. They were also able-bodied, current gym-goers, and lived in economically developed countries.</p>



<p>These factors limit the generalizability of the findings, as they do not fully capture the experiences of women from diverse backgrounds.</p>



<p>The study highlights the need for future research that includes a more representative sample. Women from different racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic backgrounds, as well as those with disabilities, may face unique challenges in gym environments.</p>



<p>Understanding these perspectives can help create more inclusive policies and practices that ensure all women feel comfortable and supported when engaging in fitness activities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-gym-culture">Redefining gym culture</h2>



<p>One of the most striking takeaways from the study is how social norms continue to influence women’s experiences in the gym. The experts note that while the pressure to maintain an ultra-thin physique has decreased, a new challenge has emerged.</p>



<p>The growing emphasis on muscularity and athleticism has introduced new, often unattainable, fitness ideals for women.</p>



<p>“In the gym, just like in other areas of life, women often feel stuck between being seen as ‘too much’ and ‘not enough’, dealing with judgement about how they look, how they perform, and even how much space they take up,” noted the researchers.</p>



<p>“Even though the pressure to be super thin is decreasing, the growing focus on being muscular and athletic is creating new challenges. It is pushing unrealistic standards that can negatively affect women’s body image and overall well-being.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inclusive-gym-culture-for-women">Inclusive gym culture for women</h2>



<p>These observations highlight the ongoing need to challenge traditional fitness standards and promote a more balanced and individualized approach to exercise. </p>



<p>By shifting the focus away from aesthetics and toward health, strength, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-in-a-pill-is-now-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personal well-being</a>, gyms can create environments that encourage women to feel more comfortable and confident in their fitness journeys.</p>



<p>Creating a gym culture that welcomes and supports women requires a collective effort from fitness professionals, gym staff, and gym-goers. </p>



<p>Encouraging respectful interactions, implementing inclusive gym policies, and providing designated spaces where women can train without discomfort are essential steps in making fitness environments more accessible. </p>



<p>Additionally, promoting body positivity and self-acceptance within the fitness industry can help counteract the unrealistic expectations that many women face.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0316756" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS One</a>.</em></p>



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Gym-phobia: The hidden workout hurdles faced by women

The modern gym experience for women is more complex than...

<p>Our relationship with sheep stretches back over 11,000 years, making them one of humans' oldest animal partners.</p>



<p>Early communities relied on them for meat, protein-rich milk, and warm, water-resistant wool. These animals provided sustenance, clothing, and economic stability, playing a key role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-had-surprising-diets-3-5-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early settlements</a>.</p>



<p>Now, an international team of researchers has uncovered the prehistoric journey of sheep through genetic analysis. </p>



<p>Led by experts from Trinity College Dublin, <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU Munich</a>, and the Bavarian State Collections of Natural History (<a href="https://snsb.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SNSB</a>), the team examined 118 genomes from archaeological bones.</p>



<p>These samples span 12 millennia and stretch from Mongolia to Ireland, revealing how sheep domestication evolved alongside human societies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-sheep-domestication">Early sheep domestication</h2>



<p>The earliest evidence of sheep herding comes from Aşıklı Höyük, a settlement in central Türkiye. </p>



<p>Genetic analysis suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-early-humans-and-small-scavengers-benefited-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early herders</a> captured and domesticated wild mouflon in this region over 11,000 years ago. These findings confirm that the origins of sheep domestication lie in the western part of the northern Fertile Crescent.</p>



<p>Sheep played a vital role in these early communities, providing a reliable source of food and raw materials for clothing. </p>



<p>Domestication marked a turning point, as humans began selectively breeding sheep to enhance desirable traits. This process laid the foundation for future genetic changes that would shape sheep populations across the world.</p>



<p>By 8,000 years ago, early European farmers had begun to make deliberate breeding choices. The study found strong evidence that these farmers were selecting sheep based on coat color. </p>



<p>This marks the earliest known example of humans actively influencing the biology of another species for aesthetic and practical reasons. Similar patterns appeared in goats, indicating a widespread human interest in shaping animal traits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-selection-in-early-sheep">Genetic selection in early sheep</h2>



<p>One of the most significant discoveries in the research was the identification of genetic selection near the “KIT” gene. </p>



<p>This gene is closely linked to white coat color in many domesticated livestock species. The presence of selection pressure around this gene suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-wooden-structure-completely-rewrites-early-human-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early farmers</a> preferred lighter-colored sheep, possibly for easier wool processing or aesthetic appeal.</p>



<p>During this period, the genomes of sheep in Europe, Iran, and Central Asia began to diverge. This divergence reflected the growing geographical separation of herding communities. </p>



<p>However, genetic distinctions between eastern and western sheep did not last long. Farmers and traders facilitated movement between regions, leading to the blending of sheep populations across vast territories.</p>



<p>By 7,000 years ago, as human societies in Mesopotamia expanded, so did the movement of domesticated sheep. Early cities influenced agricultural practices, and sheep populations spread westward within the Fertile Crescent. </p>



<p>This movement established genetic continuity between regions and contributed to the formation of distinct sheep breeds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-human-migrations-on-sheep">Impact of human migrations on sheep</h2>



<p>About 5,000 years ago, another wave of migration reshaped both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/out-of-africa-hominin-migration-timeline-pushed-back-even-further-by-new-discovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> and sheep populations. </p>



<p>Pastoralist groups from the Eurasian steppes expanded westward, significantly altering the cultural and genetic makeup of Europe. This migration transformed British ancestry by nearly 90% and introduced the Indo-European language family.</p>



<p>Sheep accompanied these human migrations, reinforcing their role as a key resource for mobile societies. Genetic data from the study suggests that steppe sheep ancestry became widespread in Europe during this period. </p>



<p>The movement of herders and their livestock shaped agricultural economies, contributing to the development of wool production and dairy farming.</p>



<p>Dr. Kevin Daly, Ad Astra Assistant Professor at <a href="https://www.ucd.ie/agfood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science</a>, emphasized the scale of this migration and its impact on sheep populations.</p>



<p>"One of our most striking discoveries was a major prehistoric sheep migration from the Eurasian steppes into Europe during the Bronze Age. This parallels what we know about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-did-early-humans-first-start-wearing-clothes-and-why-parasites-lice/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human migrations</a> during the same period, suggesting that when people moved, they brought their flocks with them," he stated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expansion-of-sheep-based-economies">Expansion of sheep-based economies</h2>



<p>By the Bronze Age, sheep had become an essential component of human economies. </p>



<p>The study suggests that steppe-related ancestry accounted for nearly half of the genetic makeup of European sheep at this time. This shift highlights the deep connection between human expansion and livestock management.</p>



<p>Sheep provided more than just food and fiber. The presence of milk-producing genes in ancient sheep populations suggests that early herders exploited dairy products such as milk and cheese. </p>



<p>This adaptation allowed human populations to sustain themselves more effectively, particularly in regions where agriculture was limited.</p>



<p>The reliance on sheep continued to shape trade networks and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-thrived-on-plant-based-diets-not-meat-alone-780000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">settlement</a> patterns. As civilizations developed, demand for wool increased, leading to further specialization in breeding. This period marked the beginning of structured sheep farming, setting the stage for future agricultural advancements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-between-humans-and-sheep">Relationship between humans and sheep</h2>



<p>Professor Dan Bradley, who led the research, highlighted the evolving relationship between sheep and humans over thousands of years. </p>



<p>"This research demonstrates how the relationship between humans and sheep has evolved over millennia. From the early days of domestication through to the development of wool as a crucial textile resource, sheep have played a vital role in human cultural and economic development," he said.</p>



<p>The study not only sheds light on the past but also raises questions about the future of sheep breeding. Understanding ancient genetic shifts can help researchers trace the origins of modern sheep breeds and their adaptation to different environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-genetic-studies">Importance of genetic studies</h2>



<p>Professor Joris Peters, co-corresponding author of the study, stressed the need for further investigation into the patterns of sheep dispersal and selection. </p>



<p>"Our study, while convincingly reconciling morphological and genomic evidence of the geographic origin of domestic sheep, clearly illustrates that further transdisciplinary research is needed to clarify the patterns of dispersal and selection of the many landraces occurring today in Eurasia and Africa," he stated.</p>



<p>Ongoing genetic research will provide deeper insights into how sheep populations have adapted to human needs and environmental changes. Modern sheep farming continues to rely on selective breeding, a practice that began thousands of years ago.</p>



<p>This study demonstrates that the relationship between humans and sheep is one of mutual dependence. From prehistoric herders to modern farmers, sheep have played a crucial role in shaping human civilization. </p>



<p>As research continues, scientists will uncover even more about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-ancestors-homo-erectus-thrived-in-extreme-desert-landscapes-1-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex history</a> of this enduring partnership.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2094" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Sheep have been intertwined with humans for over 11,000 years

Our relationship with sheep stretches back over 11,000 years, making...

<p>In rural Pennsylvania and New York, researchers have attached tiny QR codes to hundreds of honey bees in an effort to track the insects' foraging habits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This innovative approach, developed by a team of entomologists and electrical engineers at the <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pennsylvania State University</a>, aims to unravel the mystery of how far <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-do-not-learn-to-be-cooperative-it-is-in-their-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> travel to collect pollen and nectar.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study marks a significant leap in understanding honey bee ecology and could have implications for organic beekeeping practices.</p>



<p>“This technology is opening up opportunities for biologists to study systems in ways that weren’t previously possible, especially in relation to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-beekeeping-is-equally-productive-as-methods-using-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic beekeeping</a>,” said Margarita López-Uribe, an associate professor of entomology at Penn State.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-in-bee-monitoring">New era in bee monitoring</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/bees_qr-codes_foraging-tracking_credit-Penn-State_1.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The QR codes</a>, known as fiduciary tags, are attached to the bees' backs without harming them. These tags, combined with a custom-built imaging system, allow researchers to track the bees as they leave and return to their hives. </p>



<p>The system records critical data, including each bee's unique ID, the time and date of its movements, direction, and environmental factors such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-are-overheating-bumblebee-nests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature</a>.</p>



<p>“In field biology, we usually just look at things with our eyes, but the number of observations we can make as humans will never scale up to what a machine can do,” López-Uribe explained.</p>



<p>The data collected from this automated system offers far greater precision and scalability than traditional methods, which rely on visual observations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-organic-beekeeping">Challenges in organic beekeeping</h2>



<p>Organic beekeeping requires keeping hives free from synthetic chemicals and situating them away from polluted areas. </p>



<p>However, honey bees’ capacity to fly long distances - up to 10 kilometers - complicates the enforcement of these standards.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team hypothesized that bees typically forage much closer to their hives, often within one kilometer. This study could refine our understanding of these ranges and influence organic certification standards.</p>



<p>“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bees-perform-waggle-dance-to-share-the-location-of-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The waggle dance</a> is the best source of information that we have about bee foraging, but that’s based on human observations, with maybe an hour of observations made once a day over two weeks,” López-Uribe said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The goal is to understand if that 10-kilometer estimation is biologically accurate. Can we determine exactly how far honey bees travel from their hives?”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>To achieve this, the entomologists partnered with electrical engineers to design a cost-effective and solar-powered tracking system. </p>



<p>Study co-author Julio Urbina, a professor of electrical engineering, emphasized the importance of cross-disciplinary collaboration in the project.</p>



<p>“There wasn’t anything available like this before,” Urbina said. “This paper is the first step moving forward in the right direction, with opportunities to do more - in large part because of the growing synergy across our teams.”</p>



<p>The collaboration required both teams to step out of their comfort zones. Engineers learned to handle and monitor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-bees-value-quality-over-quantity-in-flower-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees in the field</a>, while entomologists explored the intricacies of designing automated technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-monitoring-systems-of-the-future">Bee monitoring systems of the future</h2>



<p>“Systems built in the past to monitor bees were developed to run in or near controlled laboratory environments,” said Diego Penaloza-Aponte, a doctoral student in electrical engineering and co-corresponding author on the study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our goal was to develop something that could run in a rural environment, away from the lab, on solar power and to make everything open source. Anyone can use this system and modify it.”</p>



<p>The result was a system that cost under $1,500 per apiary, which includes monitoring equipment for six <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-colonies-are-collapsing-as-climate-change-progresses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colonies</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-foraging-secrets-discovered">Bee foraging secrets discovered</h2>



<p>Over a single season, the researchers tagged more than 32,000 bees, monitoring them continuously using the automated system. </p>



<p>Each bee's activity was logged, offering unprecedented insights into their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-foraging-behavior-changing-climate-warming-waters/">foraging behavior</a>.</p>



<p>“We targeted young bees so we could track their age more accurately, especially when they start to fly and when they stop,” said Robyn Underwood, Penn State Extension educator in apiculture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Once the bee was old enough to fly, it would leave the colony and be seen under the camera. In real time, our sensor would read the QR code and capture the bee ID, date, time, direction of movement - leaving or entering the hive - and the temperature.”</p>



<p>Most trips outside <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-gentle-tap-on-the-hive-reveals-honeybee-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the hive</a> lasted between one and four minutes, which might involve checking the weather or defecating.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Longer trips, typically under 20 minutes, involved foraging. Interestingly, about 34% of bees spent more than two hours away from the hive, possibly due to extended foraging trips or failure to return.</p>



<p>“We also found that bees are foraging for a lot longer over their lifetimes than initially thought,” Underwood said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We’re seeing bees foraging for six weeks, and they don’t start foraging until they are already about two weeks old, so they live a lot longer than we thought.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loitering-and-waggle-dancing">Loitering and waggle dancing</h2>



<p>The system’s precision revealed unexpected challenges, such as bees loitering near hive entrances and being detected multiple times.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Turns out, some bees just like hanging out in the entrance, and the camera will read them every time they walk by,” Penaloza-Aponte said. </p>



<p>“That’s why the programming is so handy. It can cut that outlier data and help make sure we’re tracking what’s actually meaningful.”</p>



<p>The researchers are now collaborating with experts at <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> to compare their foraging data with decoded <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-refine-their-dancing-skills-by-watching-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">waggle dances</a>. </p>



<p>They also plan to expand the study to track other bee species and specific hive members, such as drones and queens.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-understanding-of-bee-ecology">Better understanding of bee ecology</h2>



<p>According to the experts, this system is a game-changer for understanding honey bee behavior.</p>



<p>It combines technology and biology in a way that scales up what we can learn and opens the door for discoveries that wouldn’t have been possible otherwise.</p>



<p>By making their system open source and cost-effective, the team hopes to empower scientists and beekeepers to explore new frontiers in bee research and conservation, ensuring the survival of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-pollinators-boost-the-nutritional-value-of-crops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essential pollinators</a> in a rapidly changing world.</p>



<p>Image Credit: Provided by Margarita López-Uribe, Robyn Underwood, Julio Urbina, Diego Penaloza-Aponte and team</p>



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What is it like to be a bee? These tiny QR tracking tags helped science find out

In rural Pennsylvania and New York, researchers have attached tiny...

<p>A recent study suggests that Alzheimer's disease may have a stronger connection to sleep than previously believed, with both sleep quality and duration playing a significant role in its development.</p>



<p>Disruptions in sleep, especially during the transition to REM, may serve as early signs of cognitive decline. REM sleep is important for memory consolidation, emotional processing, and overall brain health.</p>



<p>"Sleep disturbances are common in patients with dementia and have been associated increasingly with Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (AD/ADRD) biomarkers, even in preclinical stage of the disease," noted the study authors.</p>



<p>Understanding the various sleep stages, including REM, could provide valuable insights for Alzheimer’s research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-sleep-changes-with-age">How sleep changes with age</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-disrupts-college-students-sleep-more-than-screen-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sleep</a>, for health purposes, isn't just a singular, seamless cycle. We undergo three distinct phases of non-REM sleep, each progressively deeper than the former, before finally transitioning into REM sleep.</p>



<p>The completion of this cycle typically takes 90 minutes or longer, depending on age. As people get older, it often takes longer to move into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-brain-paralyzes-the-body-during-rem-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">REM sleep</a>.</p>



<p>This delay may indicate underlying neurological changes, potentially linked to Alzheimer’s progression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rem-sleep-and-memory-connection">REM sleep and memory connection</h2>



<p>During REM sleep, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reboot-switch-in-brain-activates-as-you-sleep-to-make-room-for-new-memories-barr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> is hard at work processing memories - particularly those that are emotionally charged - and depositing them into long-term storage.</p>



<p>“The delay in REM sleep disrupts the brain’s ability to consolidate memories by interfering with the process that contributes to learning and memory,” said Dr. Yue Leng, an associate professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSF</a>.</p>



<p>“If it is insufficient or delayed, it may increase the stress hormone cortisol. This can impair the brain’s hippocampus, a critical structure for memory consolidation.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-patterns-in-alzheimer-s-patients">Sleep patterns in Alzheimer’s patients</h2>



<p>The researchers observed 128 individuals (with an average age of 70) in the neurology unit of the China-Japan Friendship Hospital in Beijing. Among them, half were diagnosed with Alzheimer's, about one-third had mild cognitive impairment, and the rest had normal cognition.</p>



<p>The participants spent a night in the clinic, allowing researchers to monitor their brainwave activity, eye movement, heart rate, and breathing.</p>



<p>Based on these observations, the researchers categorized the individuals into groups of early and delayed REM sleep. The former group transitioned to REM sleep in less than 98 minutes, while the latter typically took over 193 minutes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delayed-rem-sleep-and-alzheimer-s">Delayed REM sleep and Alzheimer’s</h2>



<p>The researchers identified an interesting pattern. Patients with Alzheimer's were more prone to delayed REM sleep, and they also exhibited higher levels of two toxic proteins - amyloid and tau - commonly associated with the condition.</p>



<p>Individuals with prolonged REM sleep had higher amyloid levels by 16% and tau levels by 29% compared to their counterparts with early REM sleep. They also had a 39% decrease in a beneficial protein called brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), known to drop in Alzheimer's.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-strategies-against-alzheimer-s">Potential strategies against Alzheimer's</h2>



<p>With these findings in mind, the researchers recommend taking a closer look at the effects of medications that influence sleep cycle. </p>



<p>"Future research should study the effects of certain medications that influence sleep patterns, as these may modify disease progression,” Leng said.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melatonin-receptor-is-a-new-target-for-treating-sleep-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Melatonin</a>, known for its role in sleep regulation, has been shown in animal studies to boost REM sleep while reducing tau and amyloid accumulation. </p>



<p>Other insomnia medications that block chemicals suppressing REM sleep have demonstrated similar effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-healthy-sleep-habits">Prioritizing healthy sleep habits</h2>



<p>For individuals who are concerned about their Alzheimer’s risk, prioritizing healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poor-sleep-habits-may-age-the-brain-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep habits</a> may be beneficial.</p>



<p>“This includes treating conditions like sleep apnea and avoiding heavy drinking, since both can interfere with a healthy sleep cycle,” said Dr. Dantao Peng of the Department of Neurology at the <a href="https://www.zryhyy.com.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China-Japan Friendship Hospital</a> in Beijing, who is also a senior author of the study.</p>



<p>“Patients taking certain antidepressants and sedatives that reduce REM sleep should discuss their concerns with their doctor, if they are worried about Alzheimer’s.”</p>



<p>In conclusion, while sleep alone may not serve as a standalone indicator of Alzheimer's, it is becoming increasingly clear that sleep patterns play a crucial role in brain health. </p>



<p>The research was <a href="https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alz.14495">published</a> in <em>Alzheimer’s and Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association.</em></p>



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Dreams and REM sleep quality directly linked to Alzheimer’s disease

A recent study suggests that Alzheimer's disease may have a...

<p>The existence of water on Mars has long been a subject of curiosity and debate. A recently published study presents compelling evidence of ancient "wave ripples" in rocks that were shaped by Martian water and winds billions of years ago.</p>



<p>These ripples, imprinted on the Martian surface, speak to a time when shallow bodies of water were open to the Martian air.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-ripples-on-mars">Mysterious ripples on Mars</h2>



<p>The importance of these ripples cannot be overemphasized as they provide clear evidence of the existence of a standing body of water on Mars approximately 3.7 billion years ago.</p>



<p>This profound discovery paints a picture of a time when the Martian climate was seemingly warm enough to support liquid bodies water, not just frozen ice fields, that were open to the air.</p>



<p>"The shape of the ripples could only have been formed under water that was open to the atmosphere and acted upon by wind," observed Claire Mondro, a postdoctoral scholar from The California Institute of Technology (<a href="https://www.caltech.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CalTech</a>) and the study's first author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-mars-ripples-tell-us">What the Mars ripples tell us</h2>



<p>Dr. Michael Lamb, a geology professor at Caltech, painstakingly created computer models based on these ripples to estimate the size of the ancient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-samples-bunsen-peak-rock-jezero-crater-martian-lake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian lake</a>.</p>



<p>Lamb’s extensive experience in studying sediment, water, and atmosphere interactions on Earth lent credibility to this model. </p>



<p>The ripples, a mere 6 millimeters high and spaced 4 to 5 centimeters apart suggest the existence of a shallow lake, no deeper than about 2 meters (6.5 feet).</p>



<p>Mondro’s observations lend further weight to these inferences. “Extending the length of time that liquid water was present extends the possibilities for microbial habitability later into Mars's history,” she pointed out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-finding-liquid-water-on-mars-matters">Why finding liquid water on Mars matters</h2>



<p>Discovering that Mars once had liquid water is a game-changer for our understanding of the planet and the broader possibilities of life beyond Earth. </p>



<p>Water is a fundamental ingredient for life as we know it, so finding evidence of past liquid water raises exciting questions about whether Mars could have supported microbial life.</p>



<p>Beyond the search for life, knowing that Mars had liquid water has practical implications for future human missions. Water is a crucial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-radiation-levels-are-measured-for-the-first-time-and-will-help-astronauts-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resource for astronauts</a>, not only for drinking but also for producing oxygen and even rocket fuel. </p>



<p>If remnants of ancient water sources or ice deposits exist on Mars, they could be tapped into to support long-term human habitation and exploration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-martian-surface">Exploring the Martian surface</h2>



<p>These marvelous ripples went unnoticed until NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/curiosity-mars-rover-finds-more-compelling-evidence-for-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity rover</a> documented them in 2022 during its expedition across the Gale Crater region of Mars, a region that was once home to wind-blown dunes.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mars_lakes_ponds_ice-free_ripples_rock-formation_credit-Science-Advances_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/mars_lakes_ponds_ice-free_ripples_rock-formation_credit-Science-Advances_1s.webp" alt="Symmetric ripple marks in the AMB outcrop. Credit: Science Advances (2025)." class="wp-image-1957535"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Symmetric ripple marks in the AMB outcrop. Credit: Science Advances (2025).</figcaption></figure>



<p>A nearby band of rock, the Amapari Marker Band, hinted at the existence of another lake, approximately 6.5 feet (2 meters) deep, that formed slightly later in Mars's history than the previous one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-mars-ripples-matter">Why do Mars ripples matter?</h2>



<p>“The discovery of wave ripples is an important advance for Mars paleoclimate science," noted John Grotzinger, the Harold Brown Professor of Geology at Caltech.</p>



<p>"The Curiosity rover discovered evidence for long-lived ancient lakes in 2014, and now, 10 years later, Curiosity has discovered ancient lakes that were free of ice, offering an important insight into the planet's early climate,” added Grotzinger, a former project scientist for Curiosity's Mars Science Laboratory (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/msl-curiosity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSL</a>) mission.</p>



<p>It seems we are just scratching the surface of understanding the red planet’s past, and with each discovery, we inch closer to unraveling the mysteries of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-may-be-lurking-deep-underground-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars and its potential for supporting life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-to-mars-climate-evolution">Clues to Mars' climate evolution</h2>



<p>The discovery of these ancient ripples offers a crucial glimpse into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/was-mars-past-climate-supportive-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars's climate history</a>, providing scientists with valuable data to reconstruct the environmental conditions that existed billions of years ago.</p>



<p>The presence of liquid water suggests that Mars once had a significantly thicker atmosphere that was capable of sustaining warmer temperatures.</p>



<p>Over time, the planet's climate underwent drastic changes, leading to the loss of surface water and the thinning of its atmosphere. </p>



<p>Understanding these transitions is key to determining how long Mars could have supported habitable conditions and whether it might have once harbored microbial life. </p>



<p>Scientists believe that further exploration of ripple formations could shed light on the duration and stability of these ancient lakes, helping to piece together the timeline of Mars' environmental shifts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-mars-missions">Implications for future Mars missions</h2>



<p>The findings from Curiosity's observations could play a pivotal role in shaping the objectives of upcoming Mars missions. </p>



<p>Future rovers and landers, equipped with more advanced instruments, may focus on analyzing ripple formations in greater detail, searching for chemical signatures that indicate past life-supporting conditions. </p>



<p>The Perseverance rover, currently exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jezero Crater</a>, has already been tasked with collecting samples that might contain traces of ancient microbial activity.</p>



<p>These efforts align with NASA's long-term goal of bringing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-seeks-a-faster-way-to-bring-mars-samples-to-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Martian samples</a> back to Earth for comprehensive laboratory analysis.</p>



<p>The ripple evidence on Mars is also encouraging for future crewed missions, as understanding past water sources could help identify potential locations for human exploration and resource utilization.</p>



<p><em>Image credit to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> for the Mars water illustration image.</em></p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adr0010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Clear evidence of liquid water, not just frozen ice, discovered on Mars

The existence of water on Mars has long been a...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



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<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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