<p>The world’s oceans are our biggest climate ally, soaking up roughly a quarter of the carbon dioxide humanity releases and about 90% of the excess heat we’ve trapped in the atmosphere. In 2023, that ally got pushed to the limit.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/">Sea-surface temperatures</a> jumped to unprecedented levels - from a supercharged El Niño in the tropics to blistering warmth across the North Atlantic - raising a pressing question: what happens to the ocean’s carbon sink when the water itself is record hot?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-test-for-the-ocean-carbon-sink">Stress test for the ocean carbon sink</h2>



<p>An international team led by <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> dug into ship, buoy, and satellite observations. The researchers used machine learning to stitch those measurements into daily maps of surface CO₂ across most of the global ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed that in 2023, the ocean absorbed nearly one billion tons less CO₂ than recent trends would suggest, a drop of about 10 percent. That shortfall is roughly half the European Union’s annual emissions, or more than 20 times Switzerland’s.</p>



<p>“This sudden warming of the ocean to new record temperatures is challenging for climate research,” said ETH professor Nicolas Gruber. The results, he added, are “not good news,” but the decline was smaller than many feared when temperatures first spiked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-heat-weakens-the-sink">Why heat weakens the sink</h2>



<p>The basic physics are familiar to anyone who has watched a cold fizzy drink go flat in the sun. Warm water holds less dissolved gas. </p>



<p>In 2023, exceptional heat in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere, especially the North Atlantic, reduced CO₂ solubility and flipped parts of the ocean from absorbing CO₂ to letting it escape. </p>



<p>Study lead author Jens Daniel Müller explained that high temperatures reduced the solubility of CO₂, resulting in abnormal CO₂ outgassing and reducing the strength of the ocean carbon sink.</p>



<p>On paper, that solubility effect alone should have been devastating - large enough to nearly collapse the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellites-reveal-how-oceans-absorb-carbon-in-unprecedented-detail/">carbon sink</a>. It didn’t, and the reason is the ocean’s built-in capacity to counterpunch.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-forces-that-blunted-the-blow">The forces that blunted the blow</h2>



<p>Three processes helped keep surface waters less saturated with carbon than they otherwise would have been, softening the hit to the sink.&nbsp;</p>



<p>First, as some CO₂ outgassed, it left the surface temporarily depleted, which slightly improved the gradient for uptake elsewhere and later. Second, extreme surface warmth strengthened stratification, limiting the upward supply of CO₂-rich deep water. </p>



<p>Third, the biological pump kept working: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-at-risk-global-warming-threatens-the-oceans-lifeline/">plankton</a> captured CO₂ in sunlit layers and exported carbon to depth as organic matter sank.</p>



<p>Taken together, these mechanisms created a tug-of-war. Temperature pushed CO₂ out of the ocean; stratification, biology, and the drawdown created by outgassing itself pulled the system back toward balance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As Gruber noted, the 2023 outcome reflects a permanent tug-of-war between temperature-induced outgassing and the concurrent depletion of dissolved CO₂.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-helped-just-not-enough">El Niño helped - just not enough</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-climate-shifts-date-back-250-million-years/">El Niño</a> usually weakens upwelling of cold, carbon-rich water in the tropical Pacific, which slashes the region’s natural CO₂ emissions and, paradoxically, tends to strengthen the global sink even in a warm year. </p>



<p>That pattern held in 2023: the tropical eastern Pacific, a typical source of outgassing, emitted relatively little.</p>



<p>But the extratropics overwhelmed that gift. The sheer intensity of warming outside the tropics - again, with the North Atlantic as a standout - negated the El Niño boost. In net terms, the global sink still declined.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-team-measured-the-dip">How the team measured the dip</h2>



<p>Unlike many assessments that lean primarily on models, this study is grounded in observations. </p>



<p>The researchers combined decades of CO₂ measurements from research vessels and cargo ships with readings from autonomous buoys and satellite data to build daily global maps of surface CO₂.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Machine-learning tools filled gaps and kept the reconstruction consistent, allowing the team to calculate air-sea CO₂ fluxes and compare 2023 with recent years on an apples-to-apples basis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-the-ocean-carbon-sink">Future of the ocean carbon sink</h2>



<p>The ocean has cooled little since the 2023 records, and the planet continues to warm. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mapping-marine-heatwaves-to-understand-their-impacts/">Marine heat waves</a> are becoming more frequent and intense, which makes the big unknown painfully clear. Will the compensating mechanisms that steadied the sink last year keep doing so as background temperatures climb?</p>



<p>“We cannot yet say with certainty how this important carbon sink will develop in the future,” Müller cautioned. </p>



<p>Gruber said that it’s unclear whether those counteracting processes will remain effective over the long term and limit temperature-driven outgassing.</p>



<p>The bottom line: the ocean is still helping - don’t make it do all the work. For now at least, the ocean remains a formidable buffer.</p>



<p>“For the time being, however, the global ocean is still absorbing a great deal of CO₂ - fortunately,” Gruber said. But 2023 was a stress test that revealed both vulnerability and resilience. Extreme warmth can dent the sink significantly, even when physics and biology rally to soften the blow.</p>



<p>The practical takeaway is straightforward. Cutting emissions reduces the heat and acidity the ocean must absorb, preserving the sink’s strength. Every tenth of a degree avoided keeps more of the carbon sponge intact and buys time for the planet’s biggest ally to keep doing what it does best.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-025-02380-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Climate Change</em></a>.</p>



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Hot oceans weaken Earth’s carbon sink

The world’s oceans are our biggest climate ally, soaking up roughly a quarter of the carbon dioxide humanity releases and about 90% of the excess heat we’ve trapped in the atmosphere. In 2023, that ally got pushed to the limit.&nbsp; Sea-surface temperatures jumped to unprecedented levels - from a supercharged El Niño in the tropics to blistering warmth across the North Atlantic - raising a pressing question: what happens to the ocean’s carbon sink when the water itself is record hot? Stress test for the ocean carbon...

<p>Microplastic ingestion is now an inescapable part of our daily lives, entering our bodies through the food we eat and the air we breathe. A recent study has mapped the human uptake of microplastics across 109 countries, revealing some startling trends.</p>



<p>Southeast Asian countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines top the list for dietary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consumption-of-microplastics-cant-be-avoided-and-they-damage-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastic consumption</a> per capita, while China, Mongolia, and the United Kingdom lead in microplastic inhalation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microplastic-ingestion-from-the-human-diet">Microplastic ingestion from the human diet</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology</em>, this study builds on existing data models to estimate how much microplastic humans consume unknowingly.</p>



<p>These microplastics result from untreated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-floor-harbors-up-to-11-million-tons-of-plastic-debris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic debris</a> degrading and dispersing into the environment. </p>



<p>Furthermore, the study considers factors such as eating habits, food processing technologies, age demographics, and breathing rates to provide a comprehensive estimate of human microplastic ingestion.</p>



<p>Microplastics, tiny plastic particles less than 5 millimeters in size, have become a pervasive part of our diet. These particles enter our food through various pathways, posing potential health risks. </p>



<p>Seafood is a significant source, as fish and shellfish ingest microplastics from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polluted oceans</a>, which then transfer to humans upon consumption. </p>



<p>Sea salt, particularly in regions with high marine pollution, also contains substantial amounts of microplastics.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/microplastics_human-ingestion_illustration_credit-Environmental-Science-Technology_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/microplastics_human-ingestion_illustration_credit-Environmental-Science-Technology_1s.jpg" alt="How humans ingest microplastics. Credit: Environmental Science and Technology" class="wp-image-1935199"/></a></figure>



<p>Bottled water is another contributor, with plastic bottles shedding microplastics into the water we drink. Food packaging, especially when heated, can release microplastics into food we ingest.</p>



<p>Additionally, plastics used in agriculture, like mulch films, can break down and contaminate crops, further microplastic ingestion in our diets.</p>



<p>The ingestion of microplastics through diet is concerning due to their ability to absorb harmful chemicals, which can then enter the body.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breathing-and-indirect-microplastic-ingestion">Breathing and indirect microplastic ingestion</h2>



<p>The study's data on dietary microplastic ingestion includes concentrations found in various food groups: fruits, vegetables, proteins, grains, dairy, drinks, sugars, salt, and spices. </p>



<p>For example, while table salt consumption is similar between Indonesia and the U.S., the microplastic concentration in Indonesian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/table-salt-contains-a-shocking-number-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">table salt</a> is about 100 times higher. </p>



<p>Consequently, Indonesians consume about 15 grams of microplastics per month, primarily from seafood, making it the highest in the world. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/microplastics_human-ingestion_world-map_credit-Environmental-Science-Technology_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/microplastics_human-ingestion_world-map_credit-Environmental-Science-Technology_1s.jpg" alt="World map showing levels of human microplastics ingestion. Credit: Environmental Science and Technology" class="wp-image-1935201"/></a></figure>



<p>In comparison, U.S. residents consume approximately 2.4 grams per month, while Paraguayans consume the least at 0.85 grams.</p>



<p>Airborne microplastic concentration, age demographics, and respiration rates were analyzed to determine inhalation rates. </p>



<p>Residents of China and Mongolia inhale over 2.8 million particles per month, topping the global list. In contrast, U.S. residents inhale about 300,000 particles per month. </p>



<p>The lowest inhalation rates are found in Mediterranean regions, with Spain, Portugal, and Hungary residents inhaling between 60,000 to 240,000 particles monthly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-industrialization">Implications of industrialization</h2>



<p>"Industrialization in developing economies, particularly in East and South Asia, has led to increased consumption of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic materials</a>, waste generation, and human microplastic uptake," said Fengqi You, the Roxanne E. and Michael J. Zak Professor in Energy Systems Engineering and senior faculty fellow at the <a href="https://atkinson.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability</a>. </p>



<p>Developed countries, however, are seeing a reverse trend due to better economic resources for reducing and removing plastic debris.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-reduction">Strategies for reduction</h2>



<p>The study suggests that a 90% reduction in aquatic plastic debris could significantly decrease microplastic ingestion -- by up to 51% in developed countries and 49% in highly industrializing regions. </p>



<p>These findings come just after an international committee meeting (April 23–29) negotiating the U.N. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-treaty-talks-slow-progress-yet-restored-hope/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plastics Treaty</a>, which aims to establish global rules for plastic production and disposal. </p>



<p>The treaty, expected to be finalized later this year, will emphasize international collaboration to reduce marine microplastics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-microplastic-uptake-a-multifaceted-approach">Addressing microplastic uptake: a multifaceted approach</h2>



<p>"Cleaning the global surface water system is a marathon influenced by local industrial and socioeconomic settings," said Xiang Zhao, a doctoral student and co-author of the study. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/microplastics_human-ingestion_world-map_credit-Environmental-Science-Technology_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The global map</a> pinpointing aquatic microplastic hotspots can initiate this journey. </p>



<p>The study highlights that addressing microplastic ingestion requires sustainable packaging solutions, stringent waste management regulations, and advanced water treatment technologies.</p>



<p>This comprehensive mapping of global microplastic ingestion provides crucial insights for local pollution mitigation efforts and supports the development of targeted strategies to combat this global crisis.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c00010" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology</a></em></em>.</p>



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Human microplastic ingestion levels mapped across 109 countries

Microplastic ingestion is now an inescapable part of our daily...

The,Jet,Of,An,Active,Black,Hole

<p>Astronomers have caught supermassive black holes in the act of changing the direction of their jets – a cosmic twist that could shake up our understanding of star formation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>. </p>



<p>Imagine these behemoths, millions or even billions of times more massive than our Sun, firing off powerful jets of energy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-jets-are-like-million-light-year-long-jedi-lightsabers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">like cosmic cannons</a>. What happens when these cannons start swiveling?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jets-from-black-holes-in-two-galaxy-groups">Jets from black holes in two galaxy groups</h2>



<p>In a captivating display, supermassive black holes are known to emit powerful jets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-black-hole-disrupts-a-bigger-one-causing-cosmic-hiccups/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy</a>, often aligned with their rotation axis. </p>



<p>Picture a spinning top, spewing energy from its poles. However, recent observations have revealed a surprising twist in this celestial pattern.</p>



<p>A team of astronomers, using NASA's <a href="https://chandra.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> and the National Radio Astronomy Observatory's <a href="https://public.nrao.edu/telescopes/vla/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Very Large Array</a>, observed sixteen supermassive black holes spewing jets into space. </p>



<p>Two Chandra images below reveal hot gas in the middle of the galaxy cluster Abell 478 (left) and the galaxy group NGC 5044 (right). </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Abell-478_NGC-5044_black-holes_deathstars-x-ray-optical_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Abell-478_NGC-5044_black-holes_deathstars-x-ray-optical_NASA_1s.jpg" alt="Supermassive black hole jets changing directions in Abell 478 [Left] and NGC 5044 [Right]. Credit: NASA/CXC" class="wp-image-1935188"/></a></figure>



<p>One of the sixteen black holes firing beams outwards resides in the center of each image. Each black hole lies in the center of a galaxy embedded in the hot gas. </p>



<p>The beams carved out these cavities millions of years ago, indicating the past directions of the beams. An "X" marks the location on the below image of each supermassive black hole.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Abell-478_NGC-5044_black-holes_deathstars-x-ray-optical-annotated_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Abell-478_NGC-5044_black-holes_deathstars-x-ray-optical-annotated_NASA_1s.jpg" alt="Annotated image of supermassive black hole jets changing directions in Abell 478 [Left] and NGC 5044 [Right]. Credit: NASA/CXC" class="wp-image-1935191"/></a></figure>



<p>They noticed that some of these jets had significantly changed direction over time. This is akin to a spinning top suddenly veering off course.</p>



<p>The researchers found that about a third of the 16 galaxies have beams pointing in completely different directions than before. </p>



<p>In some cases, the beams have changed directions by nearly 90 degrees. These changes occurred over timescales ranging from one million years to a few tens of millions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-holes-redirecting-their-jets">Black holes redirecting their jets</h2>



<p>What could cause these cosmic cannons to change course? The direction of a black hole's jet is linked to its rotation axis. </p>



<p>If material <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-would-it-be-like-to-fall-into-a-black-hole/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falling</a> into the black hole approaches at an angle not parallel to the surrounding disk of matter, it can alter the black hole's rotation. This change in rotation can shift the direction of the jet.</p>



<p>Black holes generate beams when material falls onto them via a spinning disk of matter. Some of this material gets redirected outward. </p>



<p>The direction of these beams aligns with the rotation axis of the black hole, meaning the beams point along a line connecting the poles. </p>



<p>If the inflow of material is misaligned with the disk, it can tilt the rotation axis, causing the jet direction to change. These findings reveal the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/powerful-magnetic-fields-may-be-key-features-of-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic nature</a> of black holes and their significant influence on the galaxies they inhabit.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-change-in-black-hole-direction">Consequences of change in black hole direction</h2>



<p>This unexpected shift in directions from the jets of black holes has far-reaching implications, especially for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spin-of-a-new-black-hole-is-unlocking-galactic-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">star formation</a> within galaxies. </p>



<p>Black hole jets inject energy into the surrounding gas, preventing it from cooling and forming stars. If these jets change direction, they could suppress star formation across wider areas of the galaxy.</p>



<p>Think of it as a cosmic gardener with a hose, watering different parts of the galactic garden. If the hose suddenly changes direction, some areas might get overwatered while others dry out, affecting the growth of plants (or in this case, stars).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-the-dynamic-universe">Glimpse into the dynamic universe</h2>



<p>The discovery of these redirected jets from black holes adds another layer of complexity to our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-waterfall-discovery-proves-einstein-right-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding of the universe</a>. </p>



<p>It reveals that even the most massive and seemingly stable objects in the cosmos are not immune to change. This is a reminder that the universe is a dynamic and ever-evolving place, full of surprises waiting to be uncovered.</p>



<p>Scientists believe that jets from black holes and the cavities they carve out play a crucial role in star formation within galaxies. These beams pump energy into the hot gas in and around the galaxy. </p>



<p>This prevents the gas from cooling enough to form large numbers of new stars. When the beams change direction significantly, they can suppress star formation across much larger areas of the galaxy.</p>



<p>As we continue to explore the cosmos with increasingly sophisticated tools, we are bound to discover more fascinating phenomena that challenge our current understanding of the universe. </p>



<p>The pattern of the supermassive black holes is just one example of the many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-hole-waterfall-discovery-proves-einstein-right-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mysteries</a> that await us in the vast expanse of space.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Black holes caught redirecting their jets like a 'Death Star' weapon

Astronomers have caught supermassive black holes in the act of...

<p>Researchers have long believed that cooperative hunting, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inaudible-screams-amphibians-use-ultrasound-to-deter-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> work together to catch prey, required sophisticated cognitive processes. </p>



<p>However, a recent study reveals that this complex behavior might emerge from mechanisms that are much simpler than expected.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-research-from-japan">Breakthrough research from Japan</h2>



<p>A team of scientists at <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> in Japan has discovered that cooperation among predators can arise from basic rules and experience, rather than advanced cognitive abilities. </p>



<p>The research not only enhances our understanding of animal behavior but also has implications for the development of collaborative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/does-the-human-brain-outperform-artificial-intelligence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> (AI) systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-assumptions-on-cooperative-hunting">Challenging assumptions on cooperative hunting</h2>



<p>Earlier studies linked cooperative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/killer-whales-use-clever-hunting-strategies-to-outsmart-prey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunting</a> to mammals with complex social behaviors, such as lions and chimpanzees. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, similar behaviors are observed in species with less advanced cognitive abilities, like crocodiles and fish. This suggests that simpler mechanisms might be at play.</p>



<p>To explore this theory, the researchers developed a computational model using deep reinforcement learning. In the model, AI agents learned to hunt together by receiving rewards for their actions. </p>



<p>This approach allows algorithms to learn through interaction with the environment, processing inputs such as position and velocity, and making autonomous decisions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reality-of-cooperative-hunting">The reality of cooperative hunting </h2>



<p>Programmed with reinforcement learning capabilities, AI predator agents were trained to collaborate by maximizing future rewards. These agents displayed distinct and complementary roles during the simulations. </p>



<p>For instance, one agent would chase the prey while another would ambush it. As the number of predators increased, the success rate of hunts went up, and the time needed to capture prey decreased.</p>



<p>In a final test, AI agents acted as predators while human participants played the role of prey. Despite initial confusion due to unexpected human movements, the AI agents quickly adapted and successfully captured the humans. </p>



<p>This experiment demonstrated that cooperative hunting does not require complex cognitive processes, suggesting that real-world predators may also learn to collaborate through simple decision rules.</p>



<p>"Our predator agents learned to collaborate using reinforcement learning, without requiring complex cognitive mechanisms akin to the theory of mind," said study co-author Kazushi Tsutsui. "This suggests that cooperative hunting can evolve in a wider range of species than previously thought."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>The findings have significant implications beyond the animal kingdom. They highlight the potential to advance cooperative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machines-and-consciousness-are-ai-systems-really-awake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI systems</a>, which could be used in various domains requiring collaborative solutions, such as autonomous driving and traffic management. </p>



<p>The research team also anticipates that their discoveries will inspire new field studies on decision-making in predator-prey dynamics.</p>



<p>Ultimately, the study challenges the notion that complex cognitive processes are necessary for cooperative hunting. Instead, it shows that simple rules and experience can lead to effective collaboration among predators, opening new avenues for both animal behavior research and the development of advanced AI systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Examples of cooperative hunting</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lions-are-dangling-precariously-on-the-brink-of-extinction-immediate-action-is-needed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lions</a> are perhaps the most famous cooperative hunters, working in groups to surround and take down large prey such as zebras and wildebeests. Similarly, wolves hunt in packs to effectively manage and capture faster or larger animals that one wolf alone could not overpower.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Orcas and dolphins</h3>



<p>In the aquatic world, orcas, also known as killer whales, use sophisticated hunting techniques that rely on the group's coordination. They are known to create waves to wash seals off ice floes, or they herd fish into tight balls for easier feeding.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dolphins display similar behaviors, encircling schools of fish and taking turns to feed in the center of the fish shoal.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Chimpanzees&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Chimpanzees also demonstrate cooperative hunting when they target medium-sized mammals like monkeys. They orchestrate complex chases, with some chimps blocking potential escape routes while others actively chase the prey. This kind of strategy requires not only physical skill but also advanced communication and role assignment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Unique strategies&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Cooperative hunting not only enhances the efficiency of predators in capturing food but also plays a crucial role in the social structures and communication development of these animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Each species has evolved unique strategies that fit their environment and physical capabilities, illustrating the diverse ways in which animal societies organize themselves to meet their needs.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://elifesciences.org/articles/85694" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Cooperative hunting does not require complex thinking skills

Researchers have long believed that cooperative hunting, where predators work...

<p>Astronomers have developed a remarkable method to measure the spin of supermassive black holes. To achieve this feat, the scientists harnessed the chaotic aftermath of black holes devouring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/star-collapse-black-hole-instead-of-supernova-vanish-from-sky/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a>.</p>



<p>This novel approach sheds light on the elusive properties of black holes and paves the way for future discoveries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tidal-disruption-events">Tidal disruption events</h2>



<p>A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/18-black-holes-captured-devouring-nearby-stars-in-dramatic-tidal-disruption-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tidal disruption event</a> (TDE) occurs when a star ventures too close to a black hole, resulting in its violent destruction. The black hole's immense tidal forces rip the star apart, creating an intensely hot accretion disk from the remaining stellar material. </p>



<p>This accretion disk, composed of the star's remnants, spins and wobbles under the influence of the black hole's gravity.</p>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>, in collaboration with <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> and other institutions, have demonstrated that this wobbling disk is crucial for determining the black hole's spin. </p>



<p>The study revealed that tracking the X-ray flashes emitted by the disk immediately following a tidal disruption event can provide insights into the black hole's rotational speed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unveiling-the-black-hole-s-spin">Unveiling the black hole's spin</h2>



<p>The research team monitored the X-ray emissions from a nearby supermassive black hole over several months, observing the fluctuations caused by the wobbling accretion disk. </p>



<p>By analyzing how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-moons-wobbles-will-cause-a-surge-in-coastal-flooding/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wobble</a> evolved, the experts inferred the black hole's spin. Their findings indicated that the black hole was spinning at less than 25 percent the speed of light - a relatively slow rate for black holes.</p>



<p>Study lead author Dheeraj "DJ" Pasham is a member of MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research. </p>



<p>"By studying several systems in the coming years with this method, astronomers can estimate the overall distribution of black hole spins and understand the longstanding question of how they evolve over time," noted Pasham.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wobbling-accretion-disk">Wobbling accretion disk </h2>



<p>Black holes acquire their spin through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxy-collisions-hubble-spots-a-string-of-pearls-star-cluster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic encounters</a> over time. Accretion, where material falls onto the black hole's disk, can significantly increase the spin. Conversely, mergers with other black holes may slow it down as the spins of the merging entities counteract each other. </p>



<p>As a black hole spins, it drags the surrounding space-time, a phenomenon known as Lense-Thirring precession.</p>



<p>During a tidal disruption event, the star's debris forms a tilted, misaligned accretion disk around the black hole. The disk wobbles as the black hole's spin pulls it into alignment. </p>



<p>The scientists predicted that this wobbling could serve as a measurable signature of the black hole's spin. However, obtaining the right observations was crucial.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunting-for-tidal-disruption-events">Hunting for tidal disruption events</h2>



<p>Pasham and his team spent five years searching for bright, nearby TDEs suitable for detailed study.</p>



<p>In February 2020, they struck gold with the detection of AT2020ocn, a bright flash from a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-black-hole-found-in-our-galaxy-is-33-times-the-suns-mass/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy</a> about a billion light-years away. This event, initially spotted by the Zwicky Transient Facility in the optical band, showed promise for tracking disk wobbling and measuring the black hole's spin.</p>



<p>"We needed quick and high-cadence data," said Pasham. "The key was to catch this early on because this precession, or wobble, should only be present early on. Any later, and the disk would not wobble anymore."</p>



<p>NASA’s NICER telescope, positioned on the International Space Station, provided the continuous observations that were needed. </p>



<p>NICER, designed to measure X-ray radiation around black holes and other extreme gravitational objects, tracked AT2020ocn for 200 days after the tidal disruption event. </p>



<p>The data revealed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/x-ray-single-atom-captured-by-scientists-for-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-ray</a> peaks every 15 days, corresponding to the wobbling accretion disk emitting X-rays directly towards the telescope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decoding-the-spin-of-black-holes">Decoding the spin of black holes</h2>



<p>The research team incorporated these observations into the Lense-Thirring precession theory, estimating the black hole's spin based on the mass of the black hole and the disrupted star. </p>



<p>The analysis confirmed that the black hole was spinning at less than 25 percent the speed of light, marking the first time this method has been used to estimate a black hole's spin.</p>



<p>Looking ahead, Pasham anticipates more opportunities to measure black hole spins as new telescopes, like the Rubin Observatory, come online. </p>



<p>"The spin of a supermassive black hole tells you about the history of that black hole," Pasham said. "Even if a small fraction of those that Rubin captures have this kind of signal, we now have a way to measure the spins of hundreds of TDEs. Then we could make a big statement about how black holes evolve over the age of the universe."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07433-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Star debris can be used to measure the spin of black holes

Astronomers have developed a remarkable method to measure the spin...

<p>Recent research reveals a concerning connection between raw milk and the H5N1 avian influenza virus, commonly known as bird <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-may-become-a-permanent-host-for-bird-flu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flu</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery raises significant questions about the safety of consuming raw milk, particularly during periods of heightened avian influenza outbreaks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flu-virus-in-raw-milk">Flu virus in raw milk</h2>



<p>In a recent study,&nbsp;scientists investigated the impact of H5N1-contaminated raw milk on mice.&nbsp;The results were alarming,&nbsp;with mice exhibiting signs of illness shortly after consumption.&nbsp;</p>



<p>High levels of the virus were detected in their respiratory organs and other parts of their bodies -&nbsp;even in the mammary glands of female mice not actively lactating.</p>



<p>"Our data indicate that HPAI A[H5N1] virus in untreated milk can infect susceptible animals that consume it," concluded a team led by virologist Yoshihiro Kawaoka of the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>.</p>



<p>These findings suggest that consuming raw milk contaminated with H5N1 could lead to infection in mammals,&nbsp;including humans.&nbsp;While the risk of transmission to humans remains low,&nbsp;the potential consequences are severe enough to warrant caution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-killing-the-flu-virus-in-raw-milk">Killing the flu virus in raw milk</h2>



<p>Fortunately, pasteurization - a process involving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/destroying-microplastics-tap-water-surprisingly-simple-solution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heating</a> milk to high temperatures - effectively eliminates the H5N1 virus. This makes pasteurized milk safe for consumption, even during avian influenza outbreaks.</p>



<p>The study also revealed that refrigeration alone does not guarantee the elimination of the virus.&nbsp;In fact,&nbsp;the virus levels in refrigerated,&nbsp;contaminated milk declined slowly over five weeks,&nbsp;indicating a prolonged period of potential infectivity.</p>



<p>The researchers explored the effects of pasteurization by heating the infected milk and found that virus levels were significantly reduced, although not always entirely eliminated. </p>



<p>While the study's conditions did not precisely replicate industrial pasteurization processes,&nbsp;the results underscore the critical role of pasteurization in ensuring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-milk-day-how-do-milk-products-impact-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">milk</a> safety.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-risks-of-raw-milk">Broader risks of raw milk</h2>



<p>The H5N1 virus is not the only concern associated with raw milk. According to data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDC</a>), raw milk has a history of causing significant health issues. </p>



<p>Between 1998 and 2018, raw milk consumption led to over 2,600 illnesses, 228 hospitalizations, and three deaths. These incidents were linked to various pathogens commonly found in unpasteurized dairy products, such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria. </p>



<p>This extensive record of health problems underscores the broader risks of consuming raw milk. Unlike pasteurized milk, which undergoes heat treatment to kill harmful bacteria, raw milk can harbor dangerous microorganisms that pose serious health threats. </p>



<p>The evidence from the CDC highlights the importance of choosing pasteurized milk to prevent these risks and ensure safer consumption of dairy products. This awareness is crucial for protecting public health and preventing future outbreaks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Misconceptions about raw milk</h2>



<p>Many raw milk enthusiasts tout its supposed superior nutritional benefits and claim it can alleviate lactose intolerance and allergies. However, these assertions lack strong scientific support.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Nutritional comparison</h3>



<p>The nutritional differences between raw and pasteurized milk are minimal. Both contain essential nutrients such as calcium, protein, and vitamins B and D. </p>



<p>Pasteurization slightly reduces some heat-sensitive vitamins, like vitamin C, but milk is not a major source of these nutrients. The process primarily aims to eliminate harmful pathogens and viruses without significantly altering the nutritional content of raw milk.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Lactose intolerance and allergies</h3>



<p>Advocates often claim that raw <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-protein-in-milk-could-revolutionize-wound-healing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">milk</a> can help with lactose intolerance and allergies. The idea is that raw milk contains natural enzymes that aid in digestion and reduce allergic reactions. However, scientific studies do not support these claims. </p>



<p>Lactose intolerance results from the body's inability to produce lactase, the enzyme needed to digest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-sugar-sources-are-key-to-preventing-childhood-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lactose</a>, which pasteurization does not affect. Similarly, milk allergies are reactions to proteins in milk, which remain unchanged regardless of pasteurization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommendations-and-precautions">Recommendations and precautions</h2>



<p>"Don't drink raw milk - that's the message," said Kawaoka. Given the potential dangers,&nbsp;health experts strongly advise against consuming raw milk,&nbsp;especially during avian influenza outbreaks.&nbsp;Opting for pasteurized milk significantly reduces the risk of exposure to harmful pathogens,&nbsp;including the H5N1 virus.</p>



<p>The recent findings serve as a reminder of the importance of pasteurization in ensuring the safety of our food supply. While raw milk may have its proponents,&nbsp;the potential risks outweigh any perceived benefits.</p>



<p>In conclusion,&nbsp;the presence of the H5N1 virus in unpasteurized milk underscores the importance of adhering to safe food practices.&nbsp;Choosing pasteurized milk is a simple yet effective way to protect yourself and your loved ones from potential harm.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As always,&nbsp;it's crucial to stay informed about food safety guidelines and make informed decisions about the products you consume.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc2405495" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New England Journal of Medicine.</a></em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Raw milk may transmit bird flu virus

Recent research reveals a concerning connection between raw milk and...

<p>A fascinating discovery has emerged in the realm of planetary systems: a planet resembling a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mors-somnus-provides-clues-neptune-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smaller version</a> of Neptune (mini-Neptune) orbits one of two Sun-like stars in a binary system. </p>



<p>This intriguing planet resides in the "habitable zone," where temperatures might be moderate, challenging current theories about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet formation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-binary-star-systems">Understanding binary star systems</h2>



<p>A binary system consists of two stars orbiting a common center of mass. These systems are common in the universe, with many stars, including some visible to the naked eye, being part of binary systems. </p>



<p>The stars can vary in size, brightness, and distance from each other. Their interactions affect their evolution and can lead to phenomena such as stellar eclipses or even the merging of the stars. </p>



<p>Binary systems are crucial for understanding stellar dynamics and evolution, as they provide insights into the mass, structure, and life cycle of stars through their mutual gravitational influences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mini-neptune-in-binary-system-toi-4633">Mini-Neptune in binary system TOI 4633</h2>



<p>Astronomers once believed that our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-earth-like-planet-may-be-hiding-just-beyond-neptune/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar system</a>, with its calm, middle-aged Sun hosting rocky planets nearby and gas giants further out, was the norm. </p>



<p>However, advanced planet-hunting technology has revealed that other planetary systems can be vastly different. The binary system known as TOI 4633 is particularly unusual. It features a "mini-Neptune" that follows an Earth-like orbit around one of two stars orbiting each other. </p>



<p>The unique arrangement of the stars and planets in this system raises questions about the stability and formation of planetary systems.</p>



<p>Among the thousands of confirmed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neptune-like-exoplanets-atmospheres-interesting-earth-size-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a> in our galaxy, most were discovered using the "transit" method, which detects the tiny dip in starlight as a planet passes in front of its star. </p>



<p>Typically, these detections involve planets with short orbits lasting only a few days or weeks. The discovery of planet TOI 4633 c, with its 272-day orbit, is a significant departure from this trend.</p>



<p>Detected using the <a href="https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/tess/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a> (TESS), TOI 4633 c, also known as Percival, is one of the few transiting planets with an orbit longer than 100 days. Only 40 of the discovered planets have orbits exceeding 250 days. </p>



<p>The mini-Neptune, situated in the habitable zone, might not have liquid water due to its dense atmosphere, similar to Neptune’s. However, the possibility of a habitable moon exists, making it a prime target for future exomoon searches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weird-system-should-be-unstable">"Weird" system should be unstable</h2>



<p>Adding to the mystery, measurements using a second detection method, "radial velocity," suggest a possible sibling planet with a 34-day orbit. </p>



<p>This planet does not transit its star from Earth’s perspective, so its presence was inferred from the gravitational pull it exerts on the star. Further investigations are required to confirm this sibling planet.</p>



<p>The binary system also offers valuable insights into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-found-in-the-habitable-zone-of-a-binary-star-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">binary star systems</a> and planetary systems, where two stars orbit each other. </p>



<p>In this case, the companion star orbits the primary star in just 230 years. The stars’ close approach and oval-shaped orbit, combined with a transiting planet on a long orbit, make TOI 4633 a unique system. </p>



<p>Consequently, it allows scientists to test <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-carbon-ices-discovered-objects-beyond-neptune-kuiper-belt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theories</a> about planetary formation and the stability of unusual orbital configurations over billions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-citizen-scientists-and-historical-data">Citizen scientists and historical data</h2>



<p>Planet TOI 4633 c’s discovery is credited to 15 "citizen scientists" who analyzed TESS data through the Planet Hunters TESS project. </p>



<p>Approximately 40,000 volunteers regularly inspect light curves, looking for dips in starlight that indicate a planet crossing. </p>



<p>The investigation also benefited from archival data from the Washington Double Star Catalog, maintained by the U.S. Naval Observatory, dating back to between 1905 and 2011.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-still-much-to-learn-from-mini-neptunes">Still much to learn from "mini-Neptunes"</h2>



<p>In summary, this discovery broadens our understanding of planetary systems while also highlighting the fact that science still has a lot to learn about the universe.</p>



<p>The collaboration between professional astronomers and dedicated citizen scientists demonstrates the power of collective effort in pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge. </p>



<p>This remarkable find of the mini-Neptune TOI 4633 c underscores the importance of continued exploration and study, promising exciting new insights into the formation and stability of planetary systems in the universe.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-3881/ad1d5c" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Astronomical Journal</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Mini-Neptune' discovered that has two stars in an orbit that puzzles astronomers

A fascinating discovery has emerged in the realm of planetary...

<p>Alzheimer's disease can be significantly improved in terms of memory and treatment by a naturally occurring substance found in pomegranates, strawberries, and walnuts, according to a new study. </p>



<p>The breakthrough research, led by the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>, underscores the importance of exploring nature's pharmacy in the fight against one of the most debilitating diseases of our time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alzheimer-s-disease-and-the-potential-of-pomegranates">Alzheimer's disease and the potential of pomegranates</h2>



<p>Alzheimer’s disease, characterized by forgetfulness, difficulty in finding words, and confusion about time and place, has long posed challenges in the medical field. This progressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-grounds-could-help-prevent-neurodegenerative-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurodegenerative disorder</a> affects millions of people worldwide, eroding memory and cognitive function over time. </p>



<p>The impact of Alzheimer's on patients and their families is profound, often leading to a loss of independence and severe emotional distress.</p>



<p>Traditional treatments have primarily focused on managing symptoms rather than addressing the underlying causes of the disease. Despite extensive research, a definitive cure for Alzheimer's remains elusive, and current therapeutic options offer limited effectiveness. This has spurred an urgent need for innovative approaches and alternative treatments.</p>



<p>The discovery of a potential treatment from an ordinary fruit, such as pomegranates, brings new hope to this challenging landscape. </p>



<p>Pomegranates, known for their rich nutritional profile and antioxidant properties, have now been identified as a source of urolithin A. This compound shows promise in improving memory and alleviating symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-ally-in-the-fight-against-dementia">A natural ally in the fight against dementia</h2>



<p>"Our study on mouse models with Alzheimer’s disease shows that urolithin A, a naturally occurring substance in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pomegranates-contain-an-anti-aging-substance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pomegranates</a>, can alleviate memory problems and other consequences of dementia," said Vilhelm Bohr, a professor in the Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine at the University of Copenhagen. </p>



<p>Professor Bohr, who previously chaired the U.S. National Institute on Aging, noted that this discovery is promising for managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dementia-was-extremely-rare-in-ancient-times-so-why-is-it-now-so-prevalent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a> - a condition that is notoriously difficult to treat. The positive results from this study open new avenues for human clinical trials. </p>



<p>Researchers have already seen encouraging outcomes in muscle treatments and are now planning human trials for Alzheimer’s disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-brain-function-through-mitophagy">Enhancing brain function through mitophagy</h2>



<p>Previous research by the team identified nicotinamide riboside (NAD supplement) as a key player in combating neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. This molecule aids in removing damaged mitochondria from the brain.</p>



<p>"Many patients with neurodegenerative diseases experience mitochondrial dysfunction, known as mitophagy, which hinders the brain's ability to remove weak mitochondria. Stimulating the mitophagy process to eliminate these weak mitochondria yields very positive results," explained Professor Bohr.</p>



<p>The researchers found that urolithin A, similar to the NAD supplement, effectively removes weak mitochondria from the brain, thereby improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bright-light-instantly-enhances-brain-function-alertness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain function</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-preventive-potential-of-urolithin-a">Exploring the preventive potential of Urolithin A</h2>



<p>The exact dosage of urolithin A needed to improve memory and alleviate Alzheimer’s symptoms remains uncertain. "We cannot yet determine the precise dosage required, but it is likely more than what one pomegranate a day provides. Fortunately, urolithin A is available in pill form, and we are currently working on identifying the right dosage," said Bohr.</p>



<p>The experts are also exploring the potential for urolithin A as a preventive measure. They noted the advantage of using a natural substance due to the reduced risk of side effects. </p>



<p>"Studies on NAD supplementation have shown no serious side effects, and while our knowledge of urolithin A is limited, initial clinical trials in muscular disease have been effective. Our next step is to explore its impact on Alzheimer's disease," said Professor Bohr.</p>



<p>"If we are to advocate for consuming something to lower the risk of Alzheimer’s, it must be free from significant side effects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pomegranates-as-a-natural-solution-against-alzheimer-s">Pomegranates as a natural solution against Alzheimer’s </h2>



<p>This promising research marks a significant step forward in the fight against Alzheimer’s, offering new hope through the power of natural substances. </p>



<p>The discovery of urolithin A's potential benefits underscores the remarkable therapeutic properties found in pomegranates, highlighting their significance beyond mere nutrition. </p>



<p>As researchers continue to explore the optimal dosage and long-term effects, the inclusion of pomegranate-derived compounds in preventive and therapeutic strategies could revolutionize our approach to managing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a> disease. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.13847" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer s &amp; Dementia</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Pomegranates may be key in preventing and treating Alzheimer’s

Alzheimer's disease can be significantly improved in terms of memory...

<p>The first scientific images from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/horsehead-nebula-captured-in-first-batch-photos-from-the-euclid-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Euclid satellite mission</a> have unveiled more than 1,500 billion orphan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/uma3-u1-faintest-star-system-found-orbiting-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stars</a> dispersed throughout the Perseus cluster of galaxies, according to a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nottingham</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-orphan-stars">What are orphan stars?</h2>



<p>Orphan stars, also known as intergalactic stars, are stars that do not belong to any specific galaxy. Instead, they float freely in the space between galaxies. </p>



<p>These stars can originate from various processes, including the gravitational interactions during galaxy mergers, which can strip stars from their host galaxies. Over time, the gravitational pull from larger galaxies or clusters can scatter these stars into intergalactic space. </p>



<p>Orphan stars are challenging to detect due to their faint light, which is often dispersed over vast distances. However, studying them provides valuable insights into galaxy formation and evolution, as well as the distribution of dark matter. </p>



<p>They can act as tracers for the unseen mass in the universe, helping astronomers map out the dark matter within galaxy clusters. Understanding orphan stars also sheds light on the dynamics and history of galaxy interactions, contributing to a more comprehensive picture of the cosmos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perseus-galaxy-cluster">Perseus galaxy cluster</h2>



<p>The Perseus cluster, situated 240 million light-years away, is one of the universe's most substantial structures, containing thousands of galaxies. </p>



<p>However, the Euclid satellite detected faint, ghostly light from these orphan stars drifting between the cluster’s galaxies. Stars typically form within galaxies, making the presence of these stars outside of galaxies quite puzzling.</p>



<p>“We were surprised by our ability to see so far into the outer regions of the cluster and discern the subtle colors of this light,” said senior author Nina Hatch, a professor of astronomy at Nottingham. </p>



<p>“This light can help us map <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a> if we understand where the intracluster stars came from. By studying their colors, luminosity, and configurations, we found they originated from small galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-orphan-stars">Origins of orphan stars</h2>



<p>Characterized by their bluish hue and clustered arrangement, these stars were likely stripped from the outskirts of galaxies and from the complete disruption of smaller cluster galaxies, known as dwarfs.</p>



<p>After their detachment from their parent galaxies, it was expected that these orphan stars would orbit the largest galaxy within the cluster. However, the study revealed that the stars circled a point between the two most luminous galaxies in the cluster instead.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This novel observation suggests that the massive Perseus cluster may have recently undergone a merger with another group of galaxies,” explained co-author Jesse Golden-Marx, an astronomer at the same university. </p>



<p>“This recent merger could have induced a gravitational disturbance, causing either the most massive galaxy or the orphan stars to deviate from their expected orbits, thus resulting in the observed misalignment.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-faint-light">Significance of the faint light</h2>



<p>“This diffuse light is more than 100,000 times fainter than the darkest night sky on Earth. But it is spread over such a large volume that when we add it all up, it accounts for about 20% of the luminosity of the entire cluster,” said lead author Matthias Kluge, a scientist at the <a href="https://www.mpe.mpg.de/main" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max-Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics</a> in Munich.</p>



<p>The European Space Agency's (<a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESA</a>) Euclid mission aims to explore the composition and evolution of the dark universe. The space telescope will create a comprehensive map of the large-scale structure of the universe across space and time by observing billions of galaxies out to 10 billion light-years, covering more than a third of the sky. </p>



<p>Euclid will help researchers understand how the universe has expanded and how structures have formed over cosmic history, shedding light on the role of gravity and the nature of dark energy and dark matter.</p>



<p>According to co-author Mireia Montes, an astronomer from the <a href="https://www.iac.es/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Astrophysics on the Canary Islands</a> the findings were only possible thanks to Euclid’s sensitivity and sharpness that allow it to take images with a sharpness comparable to the Hubble Space Telescope but over an area 175 times larger.</p>



<p>This groundbreaking study not only advances our understanding of the Perseus cluster but also enhances our knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-galaxy-formation-occurred-much-faster-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cosmic evolution</a> and the intricate dance of galaxies and stars within the universe.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA, image processing by J.-C. Cuillandre (CEA Paris-Saclay), G. Anselmi</p>



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1,500 billion orphan stars discovered in the Perseus galaxy cluster

The first scientific images from the Euclid satellite mission have...

<p>The world's population has increased over 2.6-fold in the last 60 years, reaching 8 billion in 2022 and projected to grow to 9 billion by 2037. This highlights the need for effective family planning, but advancements in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-body-prevents-multiple-sperm-from-fertilizing-an-egg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">contraception</a>, particularly for men, have been limited. Currently, there are male birth control pills available in the market.</p>



<p>However, in a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baylor College of Medicine</a>, scientists have shown that a novel, non-hormonal sperm-specific approach could offer a promising option for reversible male contraception in animal models.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-targeting-stk33-for-male-contraception">Targeting STK33 for male contraception</h2>



<p>“Although researchers have been investigating several strategies to develop male contraceptives, we still do not have a birth control pill for men,” said corresponding author Martin Matzuk, the director of the Center for Drug Discovery at Baylor. </p>



<p>“In this study we focused on a novel approach – identifying a small molecule that would inhibit serine/threonine kinase 33 (STK33), a protein specifically required for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-fertility-rates-are-quickly-declining-and-little-is-being-done-about-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertility</a> in both men and mice.”</p>



<p>Previous research established that STK33 is essential for forming functional sperm. Knocking out the Stk33 gene in mice causes sterility due to abnormal sperm and poor motility, similar to effects seen in men with STK33 mutations. </p>



<p>Importantly, these mutations do not cause other defects, making STK33 a viable contraceptive target with minimal safety concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-cdd-2807">Discovery of CDD-2807</h2>



<p>Study first author Angela Ku used DNA-Encoded Chemistry Technology (DEC-Tec) to screen billions of compounds and identify potent STK33 inhibitors. The most effective of these, CDD-2807, was further refined for stability and selectivity. </p>



<p>In mouse models, CDD-2807 effectively reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/novel-gene-editing-tool-analyzes-sperm-health-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> motility and numbers, rendering mice <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bulls-are-helping-solve-the-mysteries-of-male-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infertile</a> without signs of toxicity or alterations in testis size.</p>



<p>“We were pleased to see that the mice did not show signs of toxicity from CDD-2807 treatment,” said co-author Courtney M. Sutton, a postdoctoral fellow at Baylor. “Importantly, the contraceptive effect was reversible. After a period without CDD-2807, the mice recovered sperm motility and were fertile again.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-male-birth-control">Advancing male birth control</h2>



<p>Choel Kim, another co-author, revealed the first crystal structure for STK33, aiding in designing the final compound for better drug-like properties. This study marks a significant step in validating STK33 as a contraceptive target, both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-infertility-humans-linked-same-genes-gorilla-small-penises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetically</a> and chemically.</p>



<p>“In the next few years, our goal is to further evaluate this STK33 inhibitor and compounds similar to CDD-2807 in primates to determine their effectiveness as reversible male contraceptives,” Matzuk said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Potential advantages of male birth control pill</h2>



<p>Potential benefits of a birth control pill for males may include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shared-responsibility">Shared responsibility</h3>



<p>Men can take an active role in contraception, promoting equality in family planning responsibilities. This shift helps alleviate the societal expectation that contraception is primarily a woman's responsibility. By sharing this responsibility, couples can make joint decisions about their reproductive health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-non-hormonal">Non-hormonal</h3>



<p>Non-hormonal male birth control pills, like the one targeting STK33, avoid the side effects commonly associated with hormonal contraceptives. Hormonal methods can cause mood swings, weight gain, and other health issues. A non-hormonal pill can mitigate these risks, making it a more appealing option for many men.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reversible-effects-of-male-birth-control-pills">Reversible effects of male birth control pills</h3>



<p>The contraceptive effect of the male birth control pill is reversible. Once a man stops taking the pill, his fertility returns to normal. This flexibility is crucial for men who may want to delay fatherhood but still wish to have children in the future. Reversibility also provides peace of mind, knowing the decision isn't permanent.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-convenience">Convenience</h3>



<p>Oral contraceptives are easy to use and do not require medical procedures or regular visits to a healthcare provider. Compared to methods like injections, implants, or surgical procedures, a daily pill is straightforward and non-invasive, making it more likely to be consistently used.</p>



<p>"There are numerous forms of female contraception in clinical use, but male contraception continues to be very limited and lacks a medication-based approach," noted the study authors.</p>



<p>This research, funded by the <a href="https://www.cprit.state.tx.us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer Prevention Research Institute of Texas</a> and published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adl2688" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>, represents a major advance in the quest for male contraception, offering hope for new family planning methods that can help manage the world's growing population.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Male birth control: Scientists develop a non-hormonal "reversible" pill for men

The world's population has increased over 2.6-fold in the last...

<p>A recent study reveals that women with advanced breast cancer who adopted a whole-foods, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-lower-the-risk-of-major-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> saw significant health improvements. </p>



<p>The women who participated in the study lost weight, improved their cholesterol levels, felt less fatigued, and experienced better mental clarity and overall well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-diet-for-breast-cancer-patients">Plant diet for breast cancer patients</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rochester Medical Center</a> and <a href="https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/cancer-institute.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wilmot Cancer Institute</a> focused on individuals with stage 4 breast cancer, who are typically on lifelong treatment. </p>



<p>Dr. Thomas M. Campbell, an assistant professor of Family Medicine at URMC and an expert on plant-based diets, led the research.</p>



<p>The study included 30 patients undergoing stable treatment who could tolerate food. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: one received standard care, while the intervention group ate meals provided by the research team for eight weeks.</p>



<p>The plant-based diet consisted solely of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, potatoes, nuts, and seeds. Participants avoided animal-based foods, oils, and added fats, and took a daily multivitamin. Remarkably, weekly assessments showed a 95% compliance rate.</p>



<p>“It’s exciting to see that these major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diet-changes-following-black-death-linked-to-chronic-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary changes</a> were feasible, well-tolerated, and acceptable to the clinical trial participants,” Campbell said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-diet-on-breast-cancer">Impact of diet on breast cancer</h2>



<p>Participants in the whole-foods plant-based group lost one to two pounds per week over the eight weeks, despite no calorie restrictions. </p>



<p>This weight loss is significant, as weight gain during breast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/better-cancer-tests-produce-better-cancer-treatments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer treatment</a> can increase insulin levels and hormones that may fuel cancer growth. </p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers observed a reduction in blood levels of IGF-1, a growth factor linked to many cancers, and decreased inflammation.</p>



<p>“Although we cannot say anything yet about whether the diet can stop cancer progression from this small study, we saw preliminary results that suggest favorable changes within the body, which is very positive,” Campbell noted.</p>



<p>To further explore these findings, the team is collaborating with Dr. Isaac Harris at Wilmot in a bench-to-clinic investigation funded by the American Cancer Society. This research is focused on the effect of amino acid composition on cancer cell survival and the impact on various cancer drugs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adopting-a-plant-based-diet">Adopting a plant-based diet</h2>



<p>Patients with breast cancer should consult with their oncologists or healthcare providers before making major dietary changes - especially those on blood thinners or insulin medications.</p>



<p>Examples of meals provided in the study included peanut soba noodles, steel-cut oatmeal, banana flax muffins, sweet potato enchiladas, and Mediterranean white bean soup.</p>



<p>To get started with plant-based recipes, Campbell recommends websites such as plantyou.com, shaneandsimple.com, and monkeyandmekitchenadventures.com.</p>



<p>“You only need five to ten plant-based recipes that are easy, tasty, and convenient enough that you will make them regularly to have a substantial overhaul in your diet,” noted Campbell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Dr. Erin Campbell published a separate study in 2023 showing that diets like the DASH diet, which are plant-based, can be cost-effective compared to standard American diets with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultra-processed foods</a> and restaurant take-out.</p>



<p>Enhancing health through a plant-based diet is central to Dr. Thomas Campbell’s career. He is the founder and co-director of the UR Medicine/Highland Hospital Nutrition in Medicine Research Center and an obesity medicine specialist. </p>



<p>Together with his father, T. Colin Campbell, he co-authored the best-selling book "The China Study," which examines the link between nutrition and health based on a long-term study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vitamin-d-influences-gut-bacteria-to-help-fight-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancer</a> rates. </p>



<p>Dr. Campbell later wrote "The China Study Solution," offering practical advice on using a plant-based diet to lose weight and reverse illness.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-plant-based-diets-for-breast-cancer-patients">Benefits of plant-based diets for breast cancer patients</h2>



<p>This research highlights the potential benefits of a whole-foods, plant-based diet for individuals with advanced breast cancer, offering hope for improved quality of life and health outcomes. </p>



<p>The positive results from this small study pave the way for larger, more comprehensive trials that could further validate these findings. </p>



<p>Embracing a plant-based diet may not only support physical health but also enhance mental well-being, providing a holistic approach to cancer care. </p>



<p>As research continues, the integration of dietary strategies into standard cancer treatment protocols could revolutionize patient care and survivorship, empowering patients with an effective tool to manage their health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10549-024-07266-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Breast Cancer Research and Treatment</a></em></em>.</p>



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Plant-based diet improves health in women with breast cancer

A recent study reveals that women with advanced breast cancer...

<p>Few aspects of the natural world are as dependable as ocean tides. These significant phenomena, shaped by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-living-things-are-affected-by-gravitational-tides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational pull</a> of the Moon and Sun, are easily observable through various oceanographic tools and satellite data. Ocean tides influence the daily lives of millions and the health of countless ecosystems. </p>



<p>Recently, however, scientists have observed subtle shifts in tidal patterns that cannot be explained by the usual lunar and solar influences. Emerging data suggests that these changes might be linked to the rising temperatures of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean surfaces</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-ocean-tides">Significance of ocean tides</h2>



<p>Ocean tides affect the distribution and behavior of marine organisms. Many species rely on tidal cycles for feeding, breeding, and migration. Changes in tidal patterns can disrupt these processes and impact marine biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-erosion">Coastal erosion</h3>



<p>Tidal patterns also influence coastal erosion and the risk of flooding. Shifts in tides can exacerbate these issues, leading to increased damage to coastal infrastructure and habitats. Understanding tidal changes helps in planning and protecting coastal areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing-practices">Fishing practices</h3>



<p>Accurate predictions of tidal patterns are essential for safe navigation and effective fishing practices. Changes in tides can affect the availability of certain fish species and alter traditional fishing grounds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change </h3>



<p>Tidal patterns serve as indicators of broader climate changes. By studying shifts in tides, scientists can gain insights into how climate change is impacting ocean dynamics and weather patterns. This information is vital for developing strategies to mitigate and adapt to climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-renewable-energy-and-coastal-economies">Renewable energy and coastal economies </h3>



<p>Tidal energy is a renewable resource that relies on predictable tidal patterns. Changes in tides can affect the efficiency and viability of tidal energy projects. </p>



<p>Additionally, tourism, shipping, and coastal economies can be impacted by shifts in tidal behavior. Understanding these changes helps in managing economic activities linked to the ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-ocean-tides">Climate change and ocean tides</h2>



<p>Dr. Michael Schindelegger, employing state-of-the-art supercomputing facilities at the <a href="https://www.fz-juelich.de/en/ias/jsc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jülich Supercomputing Centre</a>, has dedicated his research to understanding the effects of climate change on ocean tides. </p>



<p>By analyzing data from 1993 to 2020, he aims to enhance the precision of three-dimensional ocean circulation models. </p>



<p>"Tides often mask other potentially interesting and less predictable signals related to, for example, the general circulation of the ocean or effects of climate change," explains Dr. Schindelegger. </p>



<p>Accurately modeling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-tide-winter-waves-are-getting-much-larger-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tides</a>, especially their changes over time, is crucial for extracting climate signals from oceanographic data.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-beneath-the-surface">Complexity beneath the surface</h2>



<p>The upper 700 meters of the ocean absorbs about 90% of the excess heat from the atmosphere. This ocean layer is becoming hotter and less dense - thus increasing the density contrast with the colder, denser deep waters. Such stratification affects how tides operate. </p>



<p>Dr. Schindelegger and his team focus on the interaction between warming climates, ocean stratification, and tidal currents. Specifically, they study barotropic tides - those driven by gravitational forces - and baroclinic tides, which occur when ocean currents encounter underwater features, forcing denser deep water upwards.</p>



<p>"Warming in the upper ocean enhances the energy transfer from barotropic to baroclinic tides, resulting in open-ocean tides losing a few percent more energy to internal waves than three decades ago," notes Dr. Schindelegger. </p>



<p>Understanding these dynamics is essential for predicting future impacts on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal regions</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-duo-of-data-and-models">Duo of data and models</h2>



<p>Modeling and observing ocean tides is an ongoing process, bolstered by continuous data acquisition. However, coastal data can suffer from noise and inaccuracies, and computational models often simplify real-world complexities. This requires a balanced approach that incorporates both observational data and detailed modeling. </p>



<p>"Established 2D ocean models need expansion to include depth and higher resolution to achieve meaningful accuracy," says Dr. Schindelegger.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-computing-power-for-complex-models">Computing power for complex models</h2>



<p>The journey to model these intricate processes began with simple, single-layer ocean models that could run on a single CPU. </p>



<p>Over five years, Dr. Schindelegger gradually incorporated more complexity into the models, but soon realized that significant computing power was needed. </p>



<p>The JSC's supercomputer, JUWELS, with its capacity to handle about 300 million grid points and execute a million core hours, became essential in advancing the research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-projecting-climate-impact-on-ocean-tides">Projecting climate impact on ocean tides</h2>



<p>Although the observed changes in surface tides are subtle - such as a one-centimeter drop in coastal tide levels over several decades - the implications for areas like the Gulf of Maine or northern Australia could be profound. </p>



<p>These regions, characterized by complex underwater topography and pronounced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wetlands-day-the-hidden-potential-of-tidal-landscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tidal</a> activity, might experience significant impacts from even minor tidal changes. </p>



<p>As Dr. Schindelegger continues to refine the 3D models with ongoing supercomputing support, the goal remains clear. He strives to predict how ongoing changes in ocean stratification will affect coastal areas in the future.</p>



<p>By combining powerful computational resources with detailed observational data, researchers like Dr. Schindelegger are at the forefront of understanding how a warming climate alters the very pulse of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citizens-should-help-determine-the-future-of-our-oceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceans</a>. </p>



<p>This dual approach not only provides a deeper insight into the complexities of ocean tides but also underscores the broader implications of climate change on marine and coastal ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-024-01432-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em><em>Communications Earth &amp; Environment</em></em>.</a></p>



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<p>-----</p>

Ocean warming is subtly changing the tides

Few aspects of the natural world are as dependable as...

<p>Have you ever wondered if evolution follows a predictable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-may-be-the-biggest-roadblock-to-solving-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pattern</a>? If we could rewind the evolutionary clock, would life on Earth unfold in a similar way, or would we end up with something entirely different? This age-old question has puzzled evolutionary scientists for centuries.</p>



<p>Zachariah Gompert, an evolutionary biologist at <a href="https://www.usu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah State University</a>, believes it's not a simple either/or question. "The answer isn't 'completely random' or 'completely deterministic and predictable,'" he says. </p>



<p>Gompert and his colleagues recently published a remarkable study that sheds light on this fascinating topic.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictable-evolution-of-stick-insects">Predictable evolution of stick insects</h2>



<p>The researchers&nbsp;examined three decades of data on the frequency of cryptic color-pattern morphs in the stick insect species Timema cristinae.&nbsp;These insects are masters of disguise, blending seamlessly with their surroundings to avoid becoming a bird's next meal. </p>



<p>Some sport a vibrant green hue, camouflaging them against California lilac shrubs, while others have green stripes that disappear against chamise shrubs.</p>



<p>Gompert and his team discovered a fascinating pattern: the frequency of striped stick insects fluctuated predictably over time in all ten populations they studied.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We observed predictable 'up-and-down' fluctuations in stripe frequency in all populations, representing repeatable evolutionary dynamics based on standing genetic variation,"&nbsp;Gompert explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predators-drive-evolution">Predators drive evolution</h2>



<p>So, what's behind this predictable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pattern</a>? The answer lies in the relationship between the stick insects and their predators, such as scrub jays. These hungry <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/untold-story-of-bird-evolution-revealed-through-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> are constantly on the lookout for a tasty insect snack. </p>



<p>"Bird predation is a constant driver shaping the insects' organismal traits, including coloration and striped vs. non-striped," Gompert notes.</p>



<p>The researchers conducted a field experiment that revealed a fascinating phenomenon called negative frequency-dependent natural selection (NFDS). </p>



<p>When a particular color pattern becomes too common, birds become better at spotting it, making those insects more vulnerable to predation. This gives the rarer color pattern an advantage, leading to its increase in frequency.</p>



<p>"At short time scales, evolution involving existing variations can be quite predictable," Gompert explains. "You can count on certain drivers always being there, such as birds feeding on the insects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unpredictable-side-of-evolution">Unpredictable side of evolution</h2>



<p>While short-term evolutionary patterns can be predictable, things get a bit more chaotic over longer periods. "The populations might experience a chance event, such as a severe drought or a flooding event, that disrupts the status quo and thus, the predictable outcomes," Gompert explains.</p>



<p>On even longer time scales, new mutations can introduce rare traits into the mix. "That's about as close to truly random as you can get," says Gompert. These rare mutations can easily disappear by chance before they have a chance to become established. </p>



<p>"Indeed, another species of Timema stick insect that also feeds on chamise either never had or quickly lost the mutations making the cryptic stripe trait. Thus, the evolution of stripe is not a repeatable outcome of evolution at this long scale."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Gompert's research is unique because it involves replicated, long-term studies from natural populations. </p>



<p>Such studies are rare due to the time and effort required to track evolutionary changes over many years. However, they are crucial for understanding the complex interplay between predictability and randomness in evolution.</p>



<p>Gompert is passionate about sharing his research with others. He has developed interactive educational programs for both undergraduate students and the general public, making the fascinating world of evolution accessible to all.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictable-evolution-and-its-randomness">Predictable evolution and its randomness</h2>



<p>The recent study on stick insects reveals the link between predictability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">randomness</a> in evolution. Over short periods, evolutionary changes in these insects can be predictable. Clearly, birds' predation drives these predictable patterns. </p>



<p>However, over long periods, evolution becomes less predictable. Chance events, like severe weather, and new mutations influence these long-term changes. This study shows that while some evolutionary patterns can be anticipated, others depend on random occurrences. </p>



<p>Gompert's work highlights the balance between deterministic and random factors in evolutionary processes, offering new insights into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species adapt</a> and change over time.</p>



<p>So, the next time you spot a stick insect blending seamlessly into its environment, take a moment to appreciate the fascinating evolutionary forces that shaped its appearance. It's a reminder that life on Earth is a tapestry woven from both predictable patterns and the unpredictable twists and turns of fate.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adl3149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Evolution is both predictable and random

Have you ever wondered if evolution follows a predictable pattern?...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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