<p>Eating is never just about filling the stomach. Hunger rises, flavors tempt, and moods decide whether a meal feels right or not. All of these signals meet in the brain, where tiny structures manage big decisions about food.</p>



<p>One of those small but powerful hubs is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or BNST. It sits near the center of the brain and is no bigger than a sunflower seed. Despite its size, it plays a surprising role in controlling how much we eat. </p>



<p>Researchers are now showing that this structure links taste, hunger, and even stress into a single system that can push us toward or away from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-our-brains-tell-us-when-we-need-to-eat-or-drink-neurons-hunger-thirst/">food</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taste-signals-in-the-brain">Taste signals in the brain</h2>



<p>Scientists from <a href="https://www.columbia.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University</a> studied mice to see how the BNST responds to flavors. They offered water flavored with sweet, salty, sour, bitter, or umami tastes and watched the brain in action. </p>



<p>Sweet flavors activated a set of neurons, and those neurons, in turn, lit up the BNST. This showed that taste signals do not stop at the tongue or even the amygdala but reach deeper into the brain’s appetite circuits.</p>



<p>The discovery matters because it suggests the BNST does not just monitor need. It also listens to pleasure. The pull of sweetness can directly boost activity in this structure, setting the stage for more drinking and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-more-fruits-and-vegetables-will-help-you-get-better-sleep/">eating</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-drives-eating">How the brain drives eating</h2>



<p>When researchers blocked BNST neurons, mice lost much of their interest in sweet water. They drank far less than normal. </p>



<p>But when those neurons were artificially switched on, the opposite happened. Mice drank more water of any kind - even bitter water they usually avoid.</p>



<p>The message is simple: this structure does not just track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-eating-habit-may-be-key-to-weight-management/">taste</a>. It can drive behavior, pushing animals to consume more than they otherwise would. The BNST seems wired to amplify motivation itself, not just flavor preference.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-region-guides-eating">Brain region guides eating</h2>



<p>The BNST reacts differently depending on the body’s condition. Hungry mice or salt-depleted ones showed much stronger BNST activity than animals that were full or balanced in nutrients. </p>



<p>The results show that the BNST adjusts according to need. It encourages consumption when resources are low and quiets down when balance returns.</p>



<p>This flexibility turns the BNST into more than a taste relay. It acts like a central decision point that weighs bodily state against available flavors. The result is a finely tuned system that decides whether to keep eating or stop.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-reward-and-food">Stress, reward, and food</h2>



<p>The BNST does not only deal with hunger or flavor. It connects with circuits that manage stress and reward. </p>



<p>In some cases, stress suppresses appetite. In others, stress increases it. The BNST helps tip the balance. That explains why eating patterns often shift during emotional highs or lows.</p>



<p>By linking survival needs with emotional state, the BNST ensures that food-seeking happens at the right time. It keeps behavior flexible, guiding choices that fit both body and environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-matters-for-people">Why this matters for people</h2>



<p>The BNST in humans looks and behaves much like the one in mice. That makes the research relevant beyond the lab. If scientists can control how this region works, they could design treatments for very different problems.</p>



<p>Activating the BNST might help patients who lose their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brain-has-a-meal-memory-that-controls-hunger/">appetite</a> during illness or medical treatments. On the other hand, carefully dampening its signals could support weight management in people struggling with overeating.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-drugs-fit-in">Where drugs fit in</h2>



<p>Some of today’s weight-loss drugs already interact with BNST-linked neurons. Understanding exactly how this happens may explain why some patients respond strongly while others see little effect. </p>



<p>It may also guide improvements. Since food intake involves many brain circuits, targeting only one pathway may not be enough. Still, the BNST offers a promising starting point for designing therapies that act on motivation and need together.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-s-role-in-eating">Brain's role in eating</h2>



<p>The BNST sits small and quiet in the brain, but its influence spreads wide. It links taste, hunger, salt balance, stress, and reward into a single system that can either open the door to food or close it. That makes it one of the most important switches for eating behavior.</p>



<p>As research grows, this tiny structure may become a major focus in medicine. By understanding how it balances signals, scientists could develop treatments that restore appetite where it is lost or calm it where it runs out of control. </p>



<p>In the end, this seed-sized part of the brain might hold the key to shaping healthier eating.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(25)00976-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Tiny brain region has a big influence on how much we eat

Eating is never just about filling the stomach. Hunger rises, flavors tempt, and moods decide whether a meal feels right or not. All of these signals meet in the brain, where tiny structures manage big decisions about food. One of those small but powerful hubs is the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, or BNST. It sits near the center of the brain and is no bigger than a sunflower seed. Despite its size, it plays a surprising role in controlling how much we eat. Researchers are...

<p>Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a surprising combatant in urban greening near highways. </p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.gsu.edu/">Georgia State University</a> has shown that these natural elements do more than just enhance the visual appeal of the area. They also play a crucial role in mitigating the pollution caused by motor vehicles.</p>



<p>Thie study highlights the importance of finding effective ways to combat air pollution. It underlines the potential of integrating vegetation into our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorful-urban-environments-promote-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban environments</a> for health and aesthetic benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-leafy-shield-against-pollution">A leafy shield against pollution</h2>



<p>For the investigation, the researchers conducted air quality tests over six months at various metro Atlanta highway sites. They discovered that areas with trees and bushes experienced a significant decrease in pollutants. </p>



<p>Specifically, there was a 37% reduction in soot and a 7% decrease in ultrafine particles. These pollutants are harmful to health and are linked to serious diseases like asthma and lung cancer.</p>



<p>Study lead author Professor Roby Greenwald stated: “Trees and bushes near roadways don't solve the problem of air pollution caused by motor vehicles, but they can help reduce the severity of the problem."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-need-for-greener-solutions">Growing need for greener solutions</h2>



<p>The need for solutions is critical, given that around 45 million people in the United States live, work, or attend school within 300 feet of a major highway. This proximity exposes them to elevated levels of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/auto-emission-climate-policies-save-children-boost-economies/">pollution</a>.</p>



<p>Consequently, the study shows that roadside vegetation can effectively reduce particulate air pollution. It achieves this through mechanisms such as offering a large surface area for small particles to adhere to. </p>



<p>The research built upon previous findings by incorporating an extended sampling period. Additionally, it included a model that accounted for variables like wind direction, traffic volume, and proximity to the highway.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternative-transportation-methods">Alternative transportation methods</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald noted the limitations of roadside vegetation, noting that it does not reduce carbon dioxide emissions or ozone pollution.</p>



<p>Therefore, to achieve a more comprehensive mitigation of health hazards associated with highways, the study suggests that municipalities should focus on enhancing the viability of alternative transportation methods. </p>



<p>This effort could include expanding public transportation and upgrading infrastructure for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/active-travel-can-greatly-reduce-co2-emissions-in-the-city/">bicycles</a> and pedestrians. Such improvements would make it safer, more pleasant, and convenient for individuals to travel without depending on motor vehicles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planting-the-seeds-of-change">Planting the seeds of change</h2>



<p>Professor Greenwald emphasized the value of roadside trees. "We should plant more trees along roadways because they provide benefits that go beyond aesthetics." </p>



<p>Yet, Greenwald warned against seeing this as a complete solution to vehicle emissions, advocating for a comprehensive approach to the issue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Additional benefits of urban greening</h2>



<p>Urban greening is a multifaceted approach with benefits that touch on every aspect of urban life, from enhancing biodiversity and ecosystem services to improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-and-green-spaces-are-beneficial-in-all-stages-of-life/">human well-being</a> and economic vitality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Environmentally, urban greening helps to mitigate the urban heat island effect, which is the phenomenon where urban areas experience higher temperatures than their rural surroundings due to human activities and the prevalence of concrete and asphalt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trees and plants provide shade and release moisture into the air through transpiration, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-measures-the-cooling-effect-of-shade-in-urban-areas/">cooling</a> urban areas. Additionally, green spaces can improve air quality by filtering pollutants and dust from the air.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Societal benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>From a social perspective, urban greening has been linked to improved mental health and well-being. Access to parks and natural environments in urban settings offers residents spaces for recreation and relaxation, which can reduce stress and improve mood.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, these green spaces can foster a sense of community by serving as gathering places for social interactions and community events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic benefits&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Economically, urban greening can enhance property values. Properties adjacent to or near well-maintained parks and green spaces are often more desirable and can command higher prices.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, green infrastructure, such as green roofs and walls, can reduce energy costs by providing natural insulation and cooling, leading to savings on heating and cooling expenses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Biodiversity benefits</h3>



<p>Urban greening also plays a crucial role in biodiversity conservation within cities, providing habitats for various species and contributing to the maintenance of ecological balance.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0296885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS One</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Urban greening is a powerful weapon against air pollution

Air pollution, a well-known source of various illnesses, finds a...

<p>The Milky Way, as we see it today, is a colossal galaxy, a vast island of stars, gas, and dark matter. However, its beginnings were far more modest. Researchers have pinpointed two of the earliest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-blocks-of-life-found-at-the-heart-of-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building blocks</a> that contributed to the Milky Way's formation -- stellar populations nicknamed Shakti and Shiva. </p>



<p>These ancient proto-galactic fragments, from 12 to 13 billion years ago, merged with our young galaxy, laying the foundation for the grand spiral we know as home.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galactic-ancestry">Galactic ancestry</h2>



<p>Investigating the origins of stars that migrated to the Milky Way from other galaxies is a complex endeavor. However, astronomers Khyati Malhan and Hans-Walter Rix of the <a href="https://www.mpia.de/en">Max Planck Institute for Astronomy</a> tackled this challenge using two surveys:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Gaia:</strong> The European Space Agency's Gaia satellite has created a remarkably precise three-dimensional map of our galaxy. It provides detailed information on the positions, motions, and distances of almost 1.5 billion stars.<br></li>



<li><strong>Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS):</strong>&nbsp;SDSS gathers in-depth spectra of stars, revealing their chemical makeup.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-clues">Stellar clues</h2>



<p>When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> collide, there's a massive reshuffling of stars. However, certain fundamental properties of stars can offer clues about their origins:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-motion">Stellar motion</h3>



<p>Stars that were originally part of the same galaxy tend to retain similar patterns of motion. Astronomers track two key components:</p>



<ul>
<li>Energy: The total energy of a star's motion gives hints about its interaction with the larger galaxy.<br></li>



<li>Angular Momentum:&nbsp;Related to a star's rotational motion, angular momentum offers clues about the galaxy in which it formed.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-composition">Chemical composition</h3>



<p>Stars are born from clouds of gas that contain elements forged in earlier generations of stars. Older stars, born early in the universe's history, have a lower abundance of heavy elements (known as "metals" to astronomers). Searching for stars with low metallicity pinpoints the earliest populations within a galaxy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-shakti-and-shiva-in-milky-way">Identifying Shakti and Shiva in Milky Way</h2>



<p>Malhan and Rix discovered distinct groups of stars with strikingly similar motion patterns and very low metallicity. These clusters, named Shakti and Shiva, are believed to be remnants of two very early galaxies absorbed by the nascent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stars-at-the-edge-of-our-milky-way-galaxy-travel-more-slowly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> billions of years ago.</p>



<p>"We observed that, for a certain range of metal-poor stars, stars were crowded around two specific combinations of energy and angular momentum," explained Malhan.</p>



<p>Naming these ancient stellar groups Shakti and Shiva highlights the profound connection researchers feel with the cosmos. </p>



<p>Shakti, the embodiment of feminine power and creation in Hindu mythology, reflects the birth of galaxies. Shiva, the symbol of destruction and rebirth, mirrors the transformative mergers galaxies undergo. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shakti-and-shiva-s-role-in-milky-way-formation">Shakti and Shiva's role in Milky Way formation</h2>



<p>"Shakti and Shiva might be the first two additions to the ‘poor old heart' of our Milky Way, initiating its growth towards a large galaxy," said Rix. The "poor old heart" represents another group of ancient stars residing in the Milky Way's center and formed during its earliest stages.</p>



<p>This imagery emphasizes the heart as a record of the Milky Way's history, with Shakti and Shiva's addition marking key growth milestones. Their integration billions of years ago spurred the Milky Way's journey from a compact, young galaxy to the vast spiral we know. </p>



<p>Mergers like these not only built up the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-milky-way-may-be-filled-with-millions-of-planets-like-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>'s mass but shaped its structure. Understanding such events is key to tracing galactic evolution, revealing how collisions fueled growth and organization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technical-details-of-shakti-and-shiva">Technical details of Shakti and Shiva</h2>



<p>Other technical details of Shakti and Shiva include:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbital-dynamics-and-spatial-distribution">Orbital dynamics and spatial distribution</h3>



<p>Shakti and Shiva exhibit prograde orbits specifically located within the Milky Way's solar circle. This unique positioning indicates their early integration into the galaxy's complex dynamical system, suggesting a significant role in the Milky Way's formative processes and evolving structure.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contradictory-diagnostics-of-origin">Contradictory diagnostics of origin</h3>



<p>While their orbital characteristics and metallicities clearly identify Shakti and Shiva, a paradox emerges regarding their origin. </p>



<p>Their abundance patterns – particularly ratios of [Mg/Fe], [Al/Fe], and [Mg/Mn] against [Fe/H] – suggest a rapid enrichment process typically associated with in-situ formation within a galaxy's main potential well. </p>



<p>However, the context of their discovery and overall properties point towards an accreted origin. This challenge underscores the complexities of early galaxy formation and how smaller proto-galactic fragments were incorporated into larger galaxies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mass-estimates-and-galactic-influence">Mass estimates and galactic influence</h3>



<p>Shakti and Shiva are each estimated to possess a mass 10 million times greater than our Sun. This significant mass indicates a substantial contribution to the Milky Way during its early development. </p>



<p>These mass estimates help quantify their impact on the Milky Way's evolution, potentially affecting its mass distribution and influencing future star formation regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shakti-and-shiva-deciphering-the-milky-way">Shakti and Shiva: Deciphering the Milky Way</h2>



<p>The discovery of Shakti and Shiva is just one piece in the intricate puzzle of our galaxy's formation. Ongoing and future astronomical surveys promise even more detailed data about stellar motion and chemical composition. </p>



<p>This data will further illuminate our understanding of the Milky Way's complex and dynamic history. This discovery offers a glimpse into the earliest stages of our galaxy's formation, a testament to the power of astronomical observation and analysis.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad1885" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Ancient stars "Shakti" and "Shiva" shaped the Milky Way galaxy

The Milky Way, as we see it today, is a...

<p>Blue whales, the largest animals on Earth, are gradually recovering from near extinction caused by whaling. However, their battle for survival persists against global warming, pollution, food scarcity, shipping risks, and other human threats.</p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a> provides a comprehensive overview of global blue whale populations, highlighting significant variations in their numbers, locations, and genetics. </p>



<p>The research specifically notes differences among the eastern Pacific, Antarctic, and pygmy subspecies in the Indian and western Pacific oceans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-diversity-dilemma">The diversity dilemma</h2>



<p>Dr. Catherine Attard emphasizes the importance of protecting varied blue whale groups to preserve species diversity. She points to environmental factors as key influences on their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/echoes-of-the-past-whalings-long-term-impact-on-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic diversity</a>.</p>



<p>"Each of these groups needs to be conserved to maintain biodiversity in the species, and there are indications that natural selection in different environments contributed to driving genetic differences between the high-level groups," said Dr. Attard. </p>



<p>The study has revealed regional differences, emphasizing a need for focused <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-can-be-used-to-monitor-whales/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>,. The results showed no inbreeding, which makes the prospects for recovery even more hopeful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-path-to-recovery-for-blue-whales">Path to recovery for blue whales</h2>



<p>The path to recovery is complex and challenging. The study has highlighted various threats they encounter, such as underwater noise pollution, changing food availability, ship collisions, and entanglement in fishing gear. </p>



<p>These challenges underscore the critical need for improved management strategies under the guidance of the International Whaling Commission (IWC).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-mysteries-unveiled">Migration mysteries unveiled</h2>



<p>Professor Luciana Möller noted that reduced genetic diversity was found in certain groups, likely due to climate effects. She also identified unique populations in the Indo-western Pacific, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts in these areas.</p>



<p>The study was focused on the largest global genomic dataset for blue whales, enriched by satellite tagging, acoustics, and isotopes research. This approach has provided a detailed view of their population dynamics, connecting genetics with behavior to deepen our understanding of these marine giants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-charting-a-course-for-blue-whale-conservation">Charting a course for blue whale conservation</h2>



<p>"Genomics is a vital tool that has unparalleled power to determine population differentiation, connectivity, and other characteristics to inform the conservation management of biodiversity," said Professor Luciano Beheregaray. He warned about the risk of blue whale depletion in areas with restricted population links due to concentrated threats.</p>



<p>The study advocates for informed management decisions by the IWC to refine blue whale stock delineations for effective conservation. It calls for national management bodies to reduce human activities harming whales within their regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guardians-of-the-giants">Guardians of the giants</h2>



<p>Since 1966, blue whales have been protected from commercial whaling, marking the start of global conservation efforts. This was followed by the International Whaling Commission's (IWC) global moratorium two decades later, further safeguarding these gentle giants.</p>



<p>Today, as we gain a better understanding of the complex challenges faced by blue whales, it's clear that our commitment to their conservation must be unwavering.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about blue whales</h2>



<p>Blue whales can grow up to 100 feet in length and weigh as much as 200 tons. Their heart alone is about the size of a small car, which underscores their immense size.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their colossal dimensions, these whales primarily feed on tiny shrimp-like animals called krill. During the feeding season, a single blue whale consumes approximately 4 tons of krill a day.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Baleen whale family</h3>



<p>Blue whales belong to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baleen-whales-rewriting-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-largest-animals-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baleen whale</a> family, which means instead of having teeth, they have plates of baleen in their mouths that they use to filter food from the water. </p>



<p>They are known for their distinct blue-grey coloration and a long body that appears more streamlined compared to other whale species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Vocalizations</h3>



<p>One of the most fascinating aspects of blue whales is their vocalization. They produce a series of sounds that are the loudest of any animal on Earth, which can be heard over vast distances under the sea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These calls are thought to be used for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-20-minute-conversation-with-a-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication</a> and navigation across the dark ocean depths.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Although commercial whaling has significantly decreased, blue whales still face dangers from ship strikes and entanglement in fishing gear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts are in place globally to protect these magnificent creatures and their habitats, aiming to ensure that blue whales continue to thrive in the world's oceans.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acv.12935" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Animal Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Blue whales continue their battle for survival

Blue whales, the largest animals on Earth, are gradually recovering...

<p>A new study has shed light on how simulated microgravity, akin to the conditions experienced by astronauts, profoundly disrupts human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-restricted-eating-affects-gene-expression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gene expression</a>. </p>



<p>In an era where space exploration and the prospect of space tourism are becoming increasingly realistic, understanding the effects of space travel on the human body is paramount. </p>



<p>This research from the <a href="https://www.surrey.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Surrey</a> deepens our understanding of the challenges posed by space travel but also explores the broader implications of prolonged bed rest on human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-microgravity-on-humans">Impact of microgravity on humans</h2>



<p>The allure of the cosmos has always captured human imagination, but venturing into this vast unknown comes with its unique set of challenges. </p>



<p>Astronauts embarking on space missions are exposed to microgravity, a condition that significantly alters physiological functions. </p>



<p>These alterations include immune suppression, increased inflammation, and a notable decrease in muscle mass and bone density. </p>



<p>As humanity stands on the brink of expanding its reach into space, grasping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-life-stress-alters-brain-genes-more-than-a-head-injury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular mechanisms</a> behind these changes is crucial.</p>



<p>Professor Simon Archer, a leading figure in the molecular biology of sleep, spearheaded this research at the University of Surrey. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the significance of their findings, saying, "This unique study represents the largest longitudinal dataset of time series gene expression in humans."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>The meticulous collection of time-series data, rather than snapshots from single time points, offers a comprehensive view of the body's response to simulated microgravity. </p>



<p>Archer highlights the dramatic impact on the temporal organization of human gene expression, raising questions about the effects of extended periods of bed rest.</p>



<p>In collaboration with the <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a> and conducted at the <a href="https://www.medes.fr/en/space-clinic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MEDES space clinic</a> in Toulouse, the study involved a rigorous 90-day protocol. </p>



<p>Twenty male participants underwent 60 days of constant bed rest with a -six-degree head-down tilt to simulate the effects of microgravity, preceded and followed by two weeks of baseline and recovery, respectively. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-findings-and-implications">Findings and implications</h2>



<p>The research team meticulously analyzed gene expression across various phases, revealing that 91 percent of gene expression underwent significant disruption. </p>



<p>This disruption affected the rhythm, number, timing, and amplitude of genes that exhibit daily changes in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-vaccines-linked-to-neurological-blood-and-heart-related-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mRNA</a> levels.</p>



<p>The alterations in gene expression were linked to critical bodily functions, including protein translation, immune responses, inflammatory processes, and muscle function. </p>



<p>Although muscle function disruptions were reversible post-recovery, lasting effects were observed in protein translation. </p>



<p>These insights underscore the importance of developing strategies to mitigate the adverse effects of space travel on human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microgravity-humans-and-the-future-of-space-travel">Microgravity, humans, and the future of space travel</h2>



<p>Professor Derk-Jan Dijk, a renowned expert in sleep and physiology, reflects on the journey from deeming space travel as unattainable to its current status as a burgeoning industry. </p>



<p>He underscores the necessity of advancing our understanding of microgravity's impact on the body, particularly as space tourism edges closer to reality. The next phase of their research aims to explore how microgravity affects sleep, circadian rhythms, and hormones.</p>



<p>Professor Keith Ryden, a prominent figure in space engineering, highlights the renewed focus on human spaceflight, exemplified by projects like NASA's Artemis and the UK's participation in the ISS via the UKSA Axiom programme. </p>



<p>The University of Surrey's contributions, through this research, lay the groundwork for enhancing space travelers' safety and well-being, reflecting its leading role in space research.</p>



<p>In summary, as we stand on the precipice of a new era of space exploration and tourism, the research conducted by the University of Surrey offers invaluable insights into the physiological challenges posed by microgravity. </p>



<p>By understanding and addressing these challenges, we pave the way for safer and more sustainable space travel, ensuring that the final frontier is within reach for future generations.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004224005522" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Microgravity causes big problems with human gene expression

A new study has shed light on how simulated microgravity,...

<p>A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/">Eötvös Loránd University</a> in Budapest (ELTE) has found that dogs possess a remarkable ability to comprehend <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/">human language</a> beyond mere command response.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts discovered that dogs not only react to certain words with learned behaviors but also mentally associate these words with specific objects, thereby activating object memories upon hearing their names.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-word-comprehension-in-non-verbal-communicators">Word comprehension in non-verbal communicators</h2>



<p>Traditionally, assessing word comprehension in non-verbal communicators, such as infants and animals, involves tasks that require the subject to physically select or retrieve an object upon hearing its name.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In these settings, even the most intelligent dogs often perform no better than chance, fetching objects at random rather than demonstrating a true understanding of word-object associations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-learning-object-words">Dogs learning object words</h2>



<p>However, the scientists approached this challenge from a new angle by measuring brain activity in dogs through non-invasive EEG techniques. This method aimed to capture the dogs' implicit understanding of object names without relying on their physical responses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the experiments, dog owners would verbally identify toys familiar to their pets, sometimes presenting the correct toy and other times showing an unrelated object. For instance, an owner might say, “Zara, look, the ball,” while either presenting a ball or a different toy, with the dog's brain activity being recorded throughout.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-brain-activity-patterns">Distinct brain activity patterns</h2>



<p>The findings were striking, revealing distinct brain activity patterns when dogs viewed objects that matched the spoken word versus when they saw mismatched items. This differentiation mirrors human brain responses and is considered solid evidence of word comprehension.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, the researchers found more pronounced brain activity differences for words the dogs were more familiar with, bolstering the case for their understanding of object names.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dogs-understanding-of-object-words">Dogs' understanding of object words</h2>



<p>Contrary to the researchers' initial hypothesis, a dog's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-understand-up-to-215-words/">vocabulary size</a> did not influence its ability to make these mental connections.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Because typical dogs learn instruction words rather than object names, and there are only a handful of dogs with a large vocabulary of object words, we expected that dogs’ capacity for referential understanding of object words will be linked to the number of object words they know; but it wasn’t,” said co-author Lilla Magyari, an expert in psycholinguistics at ELTE and the <a href="https://www.uis.no/en">University of Stavanger</a>.</p>



<p>“It doesn’t matter how many object words a dog understands, known words activate mental representations anyway, suggesting that this ability is generally present in dogs and not just in some exceptional individuals who know the names of many objects,” added lead author Marianna Boros, an ethologist at ELTE.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-linguistic-capabilities-of-dogs">Linguistic capabilities of dogs</h2>



<p>This finding challenges existing beliefs about the unique nature of human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-have-a-much-more-complex-language-than-we-thought/">language</a> comprehension and has significant implications for our understanding of language evolution. It also offers a fresh perspective for dog owners on the depth of their pets' linguistic capabilities.</p>



<p>“Your dog understands more than he or she shows signs of,” Magyari said. “Dogs are not merely learning a specific behavior to certain words, but they might actually understand the meaning of some individual words as humans do.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-plans">Future research plans</h2>



<p>In future studies, the researchers plan to explore whether this aptitude for referential language understanding is exclusive to dogs or if it extends to other mammals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, they are particularly intrigued by the origins of this capability, its dependence on the dogs' close relationship with humans, and the reasons why more dogs don't overtly demonstrate their understanding of object words.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.02.029."><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Dogs understand that some words refer to objects

A recent study led by the Eötvös Loránd University in...

Scientist,Researcher,In,Protective,Suit,Takes,Water,For,Analysis,From

<p>Chemical companies and their subsidiaries are at the heart of a recent investigation that uncovers a strategic ploy to evade environmental accountability, positioning the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical manufacturing sector</a> as one of the United States' top three polluters. </p>



<p>Alongside metal mining and electric utilities, this sector is responsible for two-thirds of the nation’s toxic emissions, as reported by the Environmental Protection Agency's Toxics Release Inventory (<a href="https://www.epa.gov/toxics-release-inventory-tri-program" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TRI</a>). </p>



<p>A study featured in the <em>Strategic Management Journal</em> reveals that major chemical corporations use a complex network of subsidiaries. </p>



<p>This network helps them hide the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-plastics-treaty-tackles-the-pollution-problem-directly-at-the-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental impacts</a> of their operations. Consequently, this practice poses a significant challenge to the enforcement of environmental regulations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corporate-camouflage-in-action">Corporate camouflage in action</h2>



<p>The study, led by Juyoung Lee of the <a href="https://www.polyu.edu.hk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hong Kong Polytechnic University</a> and <a href="https://www.ivey.uwo.ca/faculty_research/directory/tima-bansal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pratima Bansal of Ivey Business School</a> in Canada, delves into the practices of 7,400 U.S.-based entities under the umbrella of 67 of America's largest chemical manufacturing groups. </p>



<p>The researchers used comprehensive data from Dun and Bradstreet’s Corporate Family Tree and the EPA’s TRI program. They demonstrated that highly polluting sites are often strategically placed deep within corporate hierarchies. This positioning distances them from their parent companies.</p>



<p>Moreover, this deliberate separation serves a specific function. "The multi-layered structure permits parent companies to buffer themselves from the negative legal, reputational, and punitive outcomes related to risky activities, thereby shifting the costs to society as a whole," Lee articulates. </p>



<p>Corporations dodge repercussions by hiding polluting operations in subsidiary mazes, shifting costs to society.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evading-environmental-responsibility">Evading environmental responsibility</h2>



<p>Bansal elucidates the strategic benefits of this setup: "The lower pollution-intensive activities are in the corporate hierarchy, the more effectively the parent company can protect itself from government-related risks." </p>



<p>The study shows proving a parent company's role in pollution is hard due to complex structures distancing them from polluting subsidiaries. </p>



<p>Moreover, the research explored how a company's home state's environmental laws affect the placement of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-pfas-forever-chemicals-released-by-dupont-and-chemours-caused-significant-harm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polluting sites</a> in its structure.</p>



<p>The findings suggest several points. First, firms in states with strict environmental laws place their most polluting subsidiaries further down the corporate chain. This strategy complicates regulatory oversight and accountability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-transparency">A call for transparency</h2>



<p>Lee's analysis shows: In states with lax environmental laws, companies often run or delegate pollution close to the parent level. In stricter states, they increasingly distance such activities down the hierarchy.</p>



<p>The evidence, though not definitive, strongly hints at strategic buffering by using subsidiaries to avoid pollution penalties as a key corporate tactic. </p>



<p>This tactic weakens environmental law enforcement and shows regulation limits that miss corporate complexities. </p>



<p>The study urges reevaluating regulations to tackle challenges posed by corporate veils, aiming to reveal rather than hide environmental harm.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.3582" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Strategic Management Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Big chemical companies hide pollution behind subsidiaries

Chemical companies and their subsidiaries are at the heart of...

<p>The vibrant wing patterns of tropical Heliconius <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heliconius-butterflies-have-a-surprising-aptitude-for-learning-and-remembering/">butterflies</a>, which serve both as a defense mechanism against predators due to their toxicity and as crucial cues in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parasites-influence-mate-selection-and-evolution-of-barn-swallows/">mate selection</a>, have captivated scientists and nature enthusiasts alike.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Experts have recently made significant advances in understanding the genetic basis of the mating preferences of Heliconius butterflies. The findings mark the first instance of a direct genetic link to visually guided behavior being identified in any animal species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-experiments-on-heliconius-butterflies">Behavioral experiments on Heliconius butterflies </h2>



<p>The research was led by Richard Merrill, an evolutionary biologist at <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU Munich</a>, alongside collaborators from the <a href="https://urosario.edu.co/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad del Rosario</a> in Bogotá, Colombia, and the <a href="https://stri.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute</a> in Panama. </p>



<p>During the course of their investigation, the team conducted extensive behavioral experiments on three Colombian Heliconius species: Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius timareta, both adorned with a bright red band on their forewings, along with Heliconius cydno, distinguished by a white band.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeking-mates-with-a-similar-appearance-nbsp">Seeking mates with a similar appearance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A fascinating discovery emerged: males of all species showed a predilection for mates that mirrored their own appearance, irrespective of the genetic distance between the two red-banded species.</p>



<p>By using genomic analyzes, the researchers identified a significant association with a specific region of the genome - a region where the red-banded species have exchanged genetic material due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybridization-reduces-vulnerability-to-climate-change/">hybridization</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-gene-controls-visual-preference-nbsp">Key gene controls visual preference&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We managed to identify regucalcin1 as a key gene controlling visual preference, in these butterflies,” said lead author Matteo Rossi, a researcher in Merrill's lab. “If regucalcin1 is silenced, it impairs courtship toward conspecific females, proving a direct link between gene and behavior.”</p>



<p>This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-of-new-genes-proves-that-humans-continue-to-evolve/">gene</a> was found to have been transferred from H. melpomene to H. timareta in their evolutionary past, facilitating an increase in the attractiveness of red females and thereby enhancing the reproductive success of H. timareta.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-hybridization-in-heliconius-butterflies-nbsp">The role of hybridization in Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We’ve known for quite a while that the red color pattern gene was introduced from one species to the other through hybridization, and suspected that the same might be true for the corresponding preference. To finally show it, and identify the specific gene is really exciting,” said co-author Carolina Pardo-Diaz, the Dean of Biology at the Universidad del Rosario.</p>



<p>“We see differences in visual preferences all around us in nature when animals choose who to mate with. With our results, we were able to establish a direct link between a particular visual preference and a specific gene for the first time, and also demonstrate that hybridization can play an important role in the evolution of these behaviors,” added Merill.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adj9201" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>, not only advances our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underpinning mating behaviors in Heliconius butterflies but also highlights the role of hybridization in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/">evolution</a> of such complex traits, offering new perspectives on the dynamic interplay between genetics and behavior in the natural world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-heliconius-butterflies">More about Heliconius butterflies</h2>



<p>Heliconius butterflies, often known as passion vine butterflies, represent a fascinating and colorful group found primarily in tropical regions of South and Central America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These butterflies are especially known for their striking patterns and vibrant colors, which not only make them a subject of interest among scientists and butterfly enthusiasts but also play a crucial role in their survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-color-patterns-and-mimicry">Color patterns and mimicry</h3>



<p>The wing patterns of Heliconius butterflies serve as a form of communication within their species and with their predators. Many species of Heliconius exhibit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-use-visual-and-behavioral-mimicry-to-avoid-predators/">mimicry</a>, where they share similar color patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This mimicry can be Müllerian, where poisonous species mimic each other's warning signals to predators, enhancing their protection. Some Heliconius species also engage in Batesian mimicry, appearing like other toxic species to avoid predation, despite being harmless themselves.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-evolution-with-passion-vine-plants-nbsp">Co-evolution with passion vine plants&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Heliconius butterflies have a unique relationship with passion vine plants, which serve as their primary food source during the larval stage. They lay their eggs on these plants, and the hatched larvae feed on the leaves, ingesting chemical compounds that make them distasteful to predators.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This relationship is a classic example of co-evolution, where the butterflies and the plants have influenced each other's evolutionary paths.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusually-long-lifespan-nbsp">Unusually long lifespan&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another intriguing aspect of Heliconius butterflies is their unusually long lifespan for insects, living up to several months. This is attributed to their ability to consume pollen in addition to nectar, a rare trait among butterflies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pollen provides them with proteins and other nutrients, contributing to their longevity and ability to reproduce over extended periods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-exchange-between-species-nbsp">Genetic exchange between species&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Research into Heliconius butterflies has also provided insights into genetics and evolution. Studies have shown how genetic exchange between species through hybridization can lead to the transfer of beneficial traits, such as wing color patterns, which play a vital role in their survival and reproductive success.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Heliconius butterflies' mating preferences linked to a single gene

The vibrant wing patterns of tropical Heliconius butterflies, which serve...

<p>World Water Day, celebrated annually on March 22, serves as a critical reminder of the vital importance of freshwater and the need for sustainable management of this precious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/">resource</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The day calls urgent attention to the ongoing global water crisis and encourages actions that support Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which aims for comprehensive water and sanitation for all by 2030.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This year, the theme "Water for Prosperity and Peace" underscores the power of water in fostering growth and harmony worldwide. This initiative is led by <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-water" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNESCO</a> and the <a href="https://unece.org/homepage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-water-management-nbsp">Sustainable water management&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The significance of sustainable water management cannot be overstated. It brings about numerous advantages that touch every aspect of human and ecological existence. Benefits such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-water-is-the-key-to-a-long-and-healthy-life/">health</a>, food, and energy security are directly linked to how we manage our water resources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, water plays a critical role in safeguarding against natural disasters, bolstering education, enhancing living standards, generating employment opportunities, propelling economic development, and supporting a vast array of ecosystem services. It's through these comprehensive benefits that water becomes a cornerstone for prosperity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-catalyst-for-peace">A catalyst for peace</h2>



<p>The value of water extends beyond prosperity; it is a catalyst for peace. The equitable distribution and sharing of water resources are fundamental in promoting peace and cooperation, especially in regions where resources are scarce or contested.</p>



<p>UNESCO emphasizes the importance of dialogue and cooperation in the water sector. This approach is critical, considering that over 40% of the global population resides in transboundary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorado-river-basin-has-lost-enough-water-to-fill-lake-mead/">river basins</a>, which collectively contain almost 60% of the world's freshwater resources.</p>



<p>"Water for peace is the theme of this year’s World Water Day. Achieving it relies on far greater cooperation," said UN Secretary-General António Guterres.</p>



<p>"Today, 153 countries share water resources. Yet only twenty-four have reported cooperation agreements for all their shared water. We must accelerate efforts to work together across borders, and I urge all countries to join and implement the United Nations Water Convention – which promotes managing shared water resources sustainably.“</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facts-about-water-scarcity">Facts about water scarcity</h2>



<p>Water scarcity is a pressing global issue with profound impacts on both human populations and the environment. Here are some key facts about water scarcity:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact">Global impact</h3>



<p>Over 2 billion people worldwide live in countries experiencing high water stress, according to the United Nations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-security-in-africa-remains-very-poor/">Water stress</a> refers to situations where the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when its use is restricted by its low quality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes">Causes</h3>



<p>Water scarcity can result from a combination of natural and human-made factors. Climate change, overuse of water resources, pollution, and increased population pressures are primary contributors. Natural factors include periods of drought and decreased rainfall.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agriculture">Agriculture</h3>



<p>Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater resources, accounting for about 70% of all water withdrawals globally. Inefficient water use and irrigation practices contribute significantly to water scarcity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-effects-of-water-scarcity">Economic effects of water scarcity </h3>



<p>Water scarcity can lead to significant economic losses due to reduced crop yields, the death of livestock, and the added cost of securing water supplies. Industries that depend heavily on water, such as agriculture, textiles, and energy production, are especially vulnerable.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks">Health risks</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-world-is-falling-way-behind-on-water-security-targets/">Limited access</a> to clean water increases the risk of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever. Water scarcity also compromises hygiene practices, further exacerbating health problems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-consequences">Environmental consequences</h3>



<p>Overdrawing water from rivers and aquifers leads to habitat destruction for aquatic and terrestrial species. Water scarcity can also contribute to land degradation and desertification, further diminishing biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflicts-and-migration">Conflicts and migration</h3>



<p>Water scarcity can exacerbate conflicts over resources, particularly in regions where access to water is already a contentious issue. It can also lead to migration, as communities and even entire populations move in search of more secure water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Climate change intensifies water scarcity by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of droughts, and causing glaciers and snowpacks to melt more rapidly, which affects freshwater supplies downstream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-water-scarcity-nbsp">Addressing water scarcity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Addressing water scarcity involves a combination of strategies, including improving water use efficiency, investing in infrastructure to increase access to clean water, protecting wetlands and natural reservoirs, promoting water recycling and reuse, and implementing integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-in-two-people-suffers-from-water-scarcity-nbsp">One in two people suffers from water scarcity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Today, one in two people around the world suffers from water scarcity for several months of the year. And in some parts of the world, this water scarcity has become the rule, rather than the exception," said Audrey Azoulay,&nbsp; Director-General of UNESCO.</p>



<p>"We know the consequences of such a situation: water shortages not only fan the flames of&nbsp; geopolitical tensions, but also pose&nbsp; a threat to fundamental rights as a&nbsp; whole, for example by considerably undermining the position of girls and women."</p>



<p>"Indeed, in many rural areas, girls&nbsp; and women are primarily responsible for collecting water and spend several hours a day carrying out this task. In doing so, their access to education and participation in economic life is jeopardized."</p>



<p>"Access to water and the preservation of water resources are therefore core challenges for our societies, requiring new ways of using and managing this precious resource."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-for-peace-a-message-from-the-un">Water for peace: A message from the UN</h2>



<p>In a message for World Water Day, the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations notes</a> that water can create peace or spark conflict.</p>



<p>"When water is scarce or polluted, or when people have unequal, or no access, tensions can rise between communities and countries," says the UN. "More than 3 billion people worldwide depend on water that crosses national borders. Yet, only 24 countries have cooperation agreements for all their shared water."</p>



<p>"As climate change impacts increase, and populations grow, there is an urgent need, within and between countries, to unite around protecting and conserving our most precious resource."</p>



<p>"Public health and prosperity, food and energy systems, economic productivity and environmental integrity all rely on a well-functioning and equitably managed water cycle."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-water-day-2024">World Water Day 2024</h2>



<p>World Water Day is a call to action for governments, communities, and individuals to work together for the prosperity and peace that water can bring to our world. As we look towards the goal of water and sanitation for all by 2030, let us remember the critical role that water plays in our lives and the lives of future generations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This year’s theme of Water for Prosperity and Peace highlights an important revelation: the management and sharing of water resources are intrinsically linked to the well-being of individuals and communities and the overall peace and stability of societies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

World Water Day: A focus on prosperity and peace

World Water Day, celebrated annually on March 22, serves as...

<p>Everyone knows and loves the coolest frog on TV – Kermit. Well, he has an ancient cousin, who lived over 270 million years ago. Scientists recently discovered a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossilized</a> skull of this proto-amphibian, and they've named the species <em>Kermitops gratus</em>. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History</a> houses an extraordinary collection of such treasures. This discovery offers incredible insights into the evolution of life on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-proto-amphibians">What are proto-amphibians?</h2>



<p>Proto-amphibians, as a group, signify a captivating chapter in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary</a> saga of life on Earth. Scientists acknowledge these creatures as ancient tetrapods, meaning they were among the first vertebrates to develop four legs.</p>



<p>Consequently, this group of organisms acts as a crucial bridge in deepening our comprehension of the transition of life from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Their existence illustrates the evolutionary shift that ensued as vertebrates commenced the exploration of land-based environments. </p>



<p>This transition was monumental, necessitating adjustments in several physiological domains, such as respiration, locomotion, and reproduction. Hence, proto-amphibians highlight the vast array of life forms that ventured into these adaptations, offering a peek into the numerous strategies life employed to flourish on land.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-kermitops-gratus">Discovery of <em>Kermitops gratus</em></h2>



<p>The skull of Kermitops gratus is slightly more than an inch long. Nicholas Hotton III, a notable paleontologist, discovered it in Texas's Red Beds. The area is known for fossil-rich rocks from the early Permian period. </p>



<p>They have provided numerous ancient reptile and amphibian fossils. The <em>Kermitops</em> skull lay in the Smithsonian's collection for decades before its unique features caught the attention of researchers.</p>



<p>"One <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> immediately jumped out at me—this really well-preserved, mostly prepared skull," said Dr. Arjan Mann, postdoctoral paleontologist at the Smithsonian. </p>



<p>This discovery underscores the significance of museum collections. While exciting fieldwork is often in the limelight, meticulous re-examination of existing specimens can lead to groundbreaking revelations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-kermitops-skull">Insights from <em>Kermitops</em> skull</h2>



<p>The <em>Kermitops</em> skull exhibits an unusual combination of anatomical characteristics. It has large, oval-shaped eye sockets and a distinctive snout structure, with a shortened skull region behind the eyes contrasting its elongated, curved front portion. </p>



<p>These features suggest a creature resembling a stout salamander, adapted for capturing small, insect-like prey. Scientists determined this fossil represented a new genus and species, earning it the formal designation <em>Kermitops gratus</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-kermitops">Naming <em>Kermitops</em></h2>



<p>The playful reference to Kermit the Frog serves a significant purpose. "Using the name Kermit has significant implications for how we can bridge the science that is done by paleontologists in museums to the general public," explained study lead author Calvin So.</p>



<p>"Because this animal is a distant relative of today’s amphibians, and Kermit is a modern-day amphibian icon, it was the perfect name for it."</p>



<p>The fragmented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-fossils-could-inspire-advancements-in-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> record of early amphibians and their ancestors often hinders a comprehensive picture of their evolution. <em>Kermitops gratus</em> helps fill in crucial gaps. </p>



<p>"Kermitops offers us clues to bridge this huge fossil gap and start to see how frogs and salamanders developed these really specialized traits," said So.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-paleontology">The future of paleontology</h2>



<p>Dr. Mann emphasized the potential for further discoveries hidden in existing collections. "This is an active area of research that a lot more paleontologists need to dive back into."</p>



<p>"Paleontology is always more than just dinosaurs, and there are lots of cool evolutionary stories and mysteries still waiting to be answered. We just need to keep looking." </p>



<p><em>Kermitops gratus</em> exemplifies how the ongoing study of museum specimens shapes our understanding of the natural world, one remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/470-million-year-old-animal-fossils-discovered-in-frances-cabrieres-biota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> at a time.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>‌</p>

Scientists found an ancient cousin of Kermit the frog - Kermitops

Everyone knows and loves the coolest frog on TV –...

<p>Loneliness could be the ultimate silent killer, especially for older adults. New research from the <a href="https://www.regenstrief.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Regenstrief Institute</a> and <a href="https://medicine.iu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indiana University School of Medicine</a> shows that loneliness is a major source of stress, affecting both mental and physical health. </p>



<p>Think about the things you've been warned are bad for your health: smoking, a high-fat diet, drinking too much alcohol. They all carry multiple major risks. But what if there was something worse like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loneliness</a> lurking in the shadows – something your doctor might not even ask you about? </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-loneliness">What is loneliness?</h2>



<p>Let's not confuse loneliness with being alone. You can be alone without feeling lonely, and you can be surrounded by people and still experience the pangs of loneliness. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-pill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">True loneliness</a> is more than just a passing feeling. </p>



<p>Here's how experts define it:</p>



<ul>
<li>Feeling like you&nbsp;<em>lack</em>&nbsp;satisfying social connections.&nbsp;You might not have anyone you feel close to, or maybe you feel like nobody really "gets" you.</li>



<li>The sense that your relationships aren't what you want them to be.&nbsp;If you find yourself feeling disconnected from the people around you, even if they seem to care, that can still lead to loneliness.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loneliness-and-mental-health">Loneliness and mental health</h2>



<p>The study paints a bleak picture: 53% of older adults seen by doctors admit to feeling lonely.&nbsp;Sadly, many people suffer in silence.</p>



<p>Furthermore, loneliness is a bigger problem than many well-known dangers.&nbsp;It was a greater stressor than alcoholism, obesity, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-lonely-and-unhappy-can-age-you-faster-than-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoking</a> up to 15 cigarettes a day.</p>



<p>"The first and obvious answer for loneliness is for primary care physicians to screen their patients," said study author Dr. Monica Williams-Farrelly. "Based on the literature and research, loneliness has influences on health that are quite significant and quite strong, so in the same way that we ask older adults: Do you smoke? Or do you measure your blood sugar?"</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-loneliness-hurts-your-health">How loneliness hurts your health</h2>



<p>Loneliness doesn't just feel bad emotionally, it can cause a chain reaction of physical problems. Feelings of isolation can lead to:</p>



<ul>
<li>Increased risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a></li>



<li>Weakened immune system</li>



<li>Higher risk of depression and anxiety</li>



<li>Cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-an-older-adults-issue">More than just an 'older adults' issue</h2>



<p>While the study focused on older adults, loneliness is a monster that can creep up on anyone. Here's why different age groups might feel lonely:</p>



<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-among-college-students-linked-to-unhealthy-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Young adults</a>:&nbsp;Leaving home for college, moving to a new city, or major life changes can create a sense of disconnection.</li>



<li>Moms:&nbsp;It can be surprisingly isolating to care for young children, even if you have a supportive partner.</li>



<li>Remote workers:&nbsp;While it might seem ideal to work from home, missing out on casual workplace interactions can be surprisingly damaging over time.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pandemic-s-toll-on-loneliness-and-health">The pandemic's toll on loneliness and health</h2>



<p>Before the pandemic, loneliness was already recognized as a significant issue, especially among older adults. However, the situation took a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-was-widespread-during-the-second-wave-of-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatic turn</a> for the worse with the onset of COVID-19 and the ensuing public health measures implemented to curb its spread, such as national stay-at-home orders.</p>



<p>These measures, while necessary for physical health and safety, had unintended consequences on the social fabric of society. By significantly reducing opportunities for in-person interactions, the pandemic intensified feelings of isolation and loneliness for many people. </p>



<p>This was particularly true for older adults who may not be as connected digitally or for whom physical presence and touch are vital forms of social connection.</p>



<p>“Loneliness may seem simple, but it can be complex to identify and address. It started to become a problem before COVID-19, and then with the national stay-at-home order caused by the pandemic, social contact was being prevented, which exacerbated the problem,” noted Dr. Williams-Farrelly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-improve-mental-health">Tips to improve mental health</h2>



<p>The good news is, there are ways to break the cycle of loneliness and find real connection. Here are some ideas:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ask-for-help">Ask for help</h3>



<p>Talking to your doctor about loneliness is a brave first step towards feeling better. Sometimes, just saying how you feel out loud can make a difference. </p>



<p>Your doctor can help you understand why you're feeling lonely and find ways to make things better. This can lead to real solutions that make a major difference in your life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reach-out-to-old-friends">Reach out to old friends</h3>



<p>Think of those people who used to be a big part of your life – friends, family, maybe even old coworkers. Life gets busy, and sometimes you lose touch. But reaching back out can be an amazing way to fight off loneliness. </p>



<p>Sure, it might feel a little weird at first, but chances are, they've thought about you too. You might be surprised at how easy it is to pick up right where you left off, and those old bonds can be incredibly comforting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-involved-in-your-community">Get involved in your community</h3>



<p>Find your kind of people. There's a local group out there for just about everything. Love to read? Join a book club. Want to make a difference? Volunteer for a cause you care about. Into board games or hiking? There's a group for that too.</p>



<p>It's a great way to meet people who share your interests and build friendships in a fun, low-pressure way.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-try-a-circle-of-friends">Try a "circle of friends"</h3>



<p>One of the most powerful solutions mentioned is the Circle of Friends program. Imagine it like this: a group of people coming together for three months, focused on building real friendships and connections. </p>



<p>This isn't just about feeling better, studies show it leads to improvements in overall health, how people think, and even helps people live longer. The best part? Programs like this might even reduce healthcare costs in the long run.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-online-connections">Online connections</h3>



<p>Sometimes, online connections can be a lifesaver, especially if you're feeling lonely. While nothing beats real-life friendships, social media and online groups can provide a sense of community and support when you need it most. </p>



<p>Just remember, online connections are the icing on the cake; don't let them replace those face-to-face friendships that promote higher levels of intimacy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discuss-loneliness-and-emotional-health">Discuss loneliness and emotional health</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that primary care doctors have a huge opportunity to help lonely older adults. “Primary care clinicians should discuss loneliness with their older adult patients and provide resources to help them create meaningful social relationships,” explained study author Dr. Nicole Fowler.</p>



<p>By simply asking about loneliness during checkups, doctors can start important conversations that lead to solutions. This shows that healthcare providers aren't just focused on fixing physical problems – they care about the whole person, including their emotional well-being.</p>



<p>Remember<strong>:</strong> Loneliness is something most people experience at some point. It's okay to feel this way, and there's no shame in asking for help.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18762" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Loneliness harms health more than alcohol, obesity, or smoking

Loneliness could be the ultimate silent killer, especially for older...

Anchovies

<p>As public awareness grows about the importance of sustainable food sources, scientists are now encouraging the consumption of wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-farmed-fish-solve-worlds-food-problem/">fish</a> species like mackerel, anchovies, and herring.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These fish, often used in farmed salmon diets, offer vital nutrients such as calcium, vitamin B12, and omega-3 which are partially lost when consuming farmed salmon alone. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loss-of-essential-dietary-nutrients-nbsp">Loss of essential dietary nutrients&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A study led by the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> has recently revealed that farmed salmon production results in a net loss of essential dietary nutrients, suggesting that direct consumption of these "feed" species could not only enhance health but also ease the aquaculture sector's reliance on finite marine resources.</p>



<p>“What we’re seeing is that most species of wild fish used as feed have a similar or greater density and range of micronutrients than farmed salmon filets,” said lead author David Willer, a researcher in the Zoology Department at Cambridge.</p>



<p>“Whilst still enjoying eating salmon and supporting sustainable growth in the sector, people should consider eating a greater and wider variety of wild fish species like sardines, mackerel and anchovies, to get more essential nutrients straight to their plate.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-few-changes-can-go-a-long-way">A few changes can go a long way</h2>



<p>In the UK, 71% of adults have vitamin D deficiencies in the winter, while teenage girls and women frequently have insufficient iodine, selenium, and iron.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Willer, "making a few small changes to our diet around the type of fish that we eat can go a long way to changing some of these deficiencies and increasing the health of both our population and planet.”</p>



<p>“Marine fisheries are important local and global food systems, but large catches are being diverted towards farm feeds. Prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutritious-seafood-is-too-expensive-for-most-americans/">nutritious seafood</a> for people can help improve both diets and ocean sustainability,” added senior author James Robinson, a research fellow at <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/">Lancaster University</a>’s Environmental Center.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-nutrients-from-the-sea">Maximizing nutrients from the sea</h2>



<p>The experts conducted an analysis comparing the nutrient content in wild fish used in salmon feeds with the farmed salmon themselves. This revealed a decrease in six out of nine essential nutrients in the salmon filet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, the quantity of calcium was over five times higher in wild feed fish filets than salmon filets, iodine was four times higher, and iron, omega-3, vitamin B12, and vitamin A were over 1.5 times higher.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings prompted the researchers to advocate for a more efficient way of maximizing nutrients from the sea by directly consuming a portion of the current food-grade wild feed fish.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retaining-key-nutrients-in-farmed-salmon-nbsp">Retaining key nutrients in farmed salmon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to Richard Newton, an expert in aquaculture at the <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk/">University of Stirling</a>, “farmed salmon is an excellent source of nutrition, and is one of the best converters of feed of any farmed animal, but for the industry to grow it needs to become better at retaining key nutrients that it is fed."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This can be done through more strategic use of feed ingredients, including from fishery by-products and sustainably-sourced, industrial-grade fish such as sand eels.”</p>



<p>“It was interesting to see that we’re effectively wasting around 80% of the calcium and iodine from the feed fish – especially when we consider that women and teenage girls are often not getting enough of these nutrients,” he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appealing-products-made-of-wild-feed-fish">Appealing products made of wild "feed" fish</h2>



<p>A notable aspect of this research is the proposal for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/90-percent-of-the-worlds-aquaculture-faces-substantial-risk-from-human-induced-environmental-changes/">aquaculture</a> industry to adopt a nutrient retention metric, which Willer believes could lead to a more efficient industry that lessens the burden on fish stocks also meant for direct human consumption.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We’d like to see the industry expand but not at a cost to our oceans. We’d also like to see a greater variety of affordable, convenient and appealing products made of wild ‘feed’ fish and fish and salmon by-products for direct human consumption,” he explained.</p>



<p>Thus, the call to action from this study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00932-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Food</em></a><em> </em>- is not just for consumers to diversify their seafood intake but also for the aquaculture sector to reconsider its practices for the benefit of global nutrition and environmental sustainability.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Study: Humans should eat the same diet that farmed salmon eat

As public awareness grows about the importance of sustainable food...

<p>Researchers have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) models can detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">biodiversity</a> from animal sounds in tropical rainforests, specifically in reforested areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the research, led by the <a href="https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/university/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Würzburg</a>, is to monitor the return of biodiversity in previously deforested tropical zones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-biodiversity-nbsp">Monitoring biodiversity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Tropical forests play an essential role in keeping our planet healthy. They provide habitats for unique wildlife,&nbsp; play a role in the carbon cycle, and influence the climate on a global scale. Yet, these rainforests are under increasing pressure from relentless overexploitation.</p>



<p>"Tropical forests play a key role in the global carbon cycle and are central to Nature-based Climate Solutions, both in terms of climate adaptation and mitigation," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"They are also fundamental to global biodiversity conservation, harboring 62% of terrestrial vertebrate species. As such, restoring tropical forests is key to counteract two of the major crises of our times, biodiversity loss and climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-sound-analysis">Animal sound analysis</h2>



<p>In tropical regions that are getting a much-needed boost from reforestation, it becomes crucial to monitor biodiversity. The researchers have recently shown that animal sounds provide a helpful monitoring tool.</p>



<p>"To be effective, all conservation measures require cost-efficient and robust biodiversity monitoring, which is lagging behind carbon monitoring due in part to the lack of scalable, reproducible and cost-effective sampling methodologies," explained the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers chose northern Ecuador as their study site, specifically focusing on abandoned pastures and former cocoa plantations undergoing forest reclamation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the study was to determine if autonomous sound recorders, combined with AI, can recognize species compositions of birds, amphibians, and mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"The research results show that the sound data reflect excellently the return of biodiversity in abandoned agricultural areas," said Professor Jörg Müller, head of the Ecological Station Fabrikschleichach at Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg&nbsp;</p>



<p>A notable finding was the alignment of vocalizing species communities with recovery gradients. A preliminary set of 70 AI bird models described entire species communities, even capturing shifts in nocturnal insects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-animal-sounds">Future research on animal sounds </h2>



<p>The research team plans to refine these AI models. The goal is to record an even broader spectrum of species and establish these models in other protected zones, including the Sailershausen JMU Forest and Germany's venerable national park in the Bavarian Forest.</p>



<p>"Our AI models can be the basis for a very universal tool for monitoring biodiversity in reforested areas," said Müller. He suggests their applicability in biodiversity credits, which are comparable to carbon dioxide emissions trading.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These credits, which offset adverse environmental impacts of activities, can be procured by companies or organizations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our results demonstrate that automated bioacoustics monitoring can be used to track tropical forest recovery of animal communities from agricultural abandonment beyond vocalizing vertebrates, suggesting its broad use to assess restoration outcomes," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>The study was designed within the framework of the research group Reassembly, which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-monitoring-biodiversity">More about monitoring biodiversity</h2>



<p>As discussed above, biologists and conservationists actively monitor biodiversity to assess the health and stability of ecosystems around the world. This crucial activity helps us understand the effects of human activity on natural habitats and the steps necessary to protect them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance of biodiversity monitoring</h3>



<p>Monitoring biodiversity allows scientists to detect changes in ecosystems, revealing trends such as species decline or habitat loss. This information is vital for developing strategies to mitigate negative impacts and for restoring ecosystems.</p>



<p>Conservationists use biodiversity monitoring to assess the effectiveness of their efforts. By tracking changes in species populations and habitat conditions, they can adapt their strategies to be more effective, ensuring the long-term survival of diverse species.</p>



<p>Data gathered from monitoring biodiversity informs policy and decision-making processes. Governments and organizations rely on this information to implement regulations that protect natural habitats and promote sustainable practices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Animal sounds and other biodiversity monitoring techniques</h3>



<p>Remote sensing technology, including satellite imagery and aerial photography, provides a comprehensive view of large ecosystems. This method allows for the monitoring of changes in land use, vegetation cover, and habitat fragmentation on a global scale.</p>



<p>As discussed previously in this article, bioacoustics monitoring involves recording and analyzing animal sounds. This technique helps identify species presence and abundance, offering insights into the health of ecosystems without intrusive methods.</p>



<p>Citizen science initiatives engage the public in biodiversity monitoring. Through apps and community projects, individuals contribute valuable data on local species, expanding the reach and scale of scientific research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Collective effort for a sustainable future</h3>



<p>In summary, monitoring biodiversity is a collective effort that requires the participation of scientists, conservationists, policymakers, and the public. </p>



<p>By understanding and tracking the changes in our ecosystems, we can take informed steps towards protecting our planet's biodiversity for future generations.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41693-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

AI can monitor biodiversity through animal sounds

Researchers have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) models can detect...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

News coming your way