<p>In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears.</p>



<p>Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species, habitats, and ecological roles remain thinly studied.</p>



<p>The Biodiversity Unit at the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a> has made a specialty of unveiling this hidden diversity, describing new species each year, and building tools to slow global biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-living-lab-for-biodiversity">A living lab for biodiversity</h2>



<p>Kibale National Park offers a mosaic of habitats. These include tracts of largely undisturbed forest, areas recovering from past logging, and nearby farmland. That patchwork allowed researchers to ask a simple but powerful question: where, exactly, is the unknown diversity concentrated?</p>



<p>The team focused on ichneumonid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-parasitic-wasps-quietly-crossed-oceans-now-thriving-in-u-s-oak-trees/">wasps</a> - one of the most diverse animal groups on the planet - and, within it, the subfamily Pimplinae.</p>



<p>These wasps don’t just buzz around flowers. They regulate other species by parasitizing the immature stages of insects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-with-spiders-brain-suggests-arachnids-originated-in-the-sea/">spiders</a>, linking them tightly to the health of entire food webs.</p>



<p>“Ichneumonids are a very poorly known taxon in Africa - we estimate that over half of the species we found are new to science,” said doctoral researcher Emil Österman. </p>



<p>With so little baseline knowledge for tropical ichneumonids, the team used long-term, standardized sampling to see how Pimplinae diversity is distributed across Kibale’s different habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wasps-link-species-and-ecosystems">Wasps link species and ecosystems</h2>



<p>Because parasitoid wasps sit high in food webs, they are sensitive to disruptions below them. If the insects and spiders they rely on decline, parasitoids tend to follow. </p>



<p>That sensitivity makes Pimplinae useful indicators: shifts in their richness and abundance often mirror broader changes in biodiversity. The new work confirms what many ecologists have suspected but struggled to quantify in tropical Africa. </p>



<p>“Many of our finds weren't unexpected, but we didn't have data based on long-term collecting in the field," said Tapani Hopkins, a researcher with the Biodiversity Unit. </p>



<p>"Now we can tell in greater detail how many more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-owl-species-discovered-in-africa/">species</a> there are in natural forest, and to what extent disturbed or logged tropical forest can harbor species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farmland-cannot-match-forest-life">Farmland cannot match forest life</h2>



<p>The headline result is encouraging for conservation: intact forest in Kibale harbors especially rich Pimplinae communities. Secondary forest that is regrowing after logging also supports far more species than adjacent farmland.</p>



<p>In other words, protecting remaining forest is essential, and letting disturbed forest recover pays real biodiversity dividends.</p>



<p>“Our results clearly show that African forest, including forest that is recovering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/">logging</a>, maintains a species-rich Pimplinae fauna compared to, say, nearby farmland," Österman said. "Species-rich habitats can be considered especially valuable in conserving unknown dark biodiversity.” </p>



<p>That matters for policy and on-the-ground management. If you want to safeguard the most unknown species, prioritize forests - and don’t write off recovering stands. They’re already doing important work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-forests-store-hidden-diversity">Global forests store hidden diversity</h2>



<p>The team also asked a bigger biogeographic question: how does African tropical diversity stack up against the New World? </p>



<p>Drawing on their parallel long-term collections in western Amazonia and Brazil’s coastal forests, the researchers found hints that South American rainforests may host even higher Pimplinae richness than Africa. However, African forests still harbor a rich fauna.</p>



<p>“Conserving dark taxa effectively requires a detailed knowledge of how biodiversity is distributed, both locally and at a global scale,” said Professor Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, who leads the Biodiversity Unit.</p>



<p>The comparison underscores a simple lesson: tropical forests on multiple continents are irreplaceable reservoirs of poorly known life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-biodiversity-loss-accelerates">Forest biodiversity loss accelerates</h2>



<p>Parasitoid wasps are only one window into dark biodiversity. But they tell a familiar story: clearing or simplifying forests causes losses to ripple upward. Protecting or allowing forests to recover lets complex communities rebound - including species we haven’t named yet.</p>



<p>The Kibale study shows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-leaks-conservation-efforts-may-shift-harm-elsewhere/">conservation</a> can succeed despite limited taxonomy: protect habitats that concentrate hidden diversity. It also highlights the value of patient, long-term fieldwork in places where biodiversity is vanishing fastest.</p>



<p>“We will continue our field studies at different tropical forest sites, because that is where biodiversity is disappearing especially quickly. It is a fight against time. When a rainforest is destroyed, we lose countless species which we know nothing about,” Sääksjärvi concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/icad.70017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Insect Conservation and Diversity</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Wasps shine a light on 'dark biodiversity' in rainforests

In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears. Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species,...

<p>World Water Day, celebrated annually on March 22, serves as a critical reminder of the vital importance of freshwater and the need for sustainable management of this precious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/">resource</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The day calls urgent attention to the ongoing global water crisis and encourages actions that support Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, which aims for comprehensive water and sanitation for all by 2030.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This year, the theme "Water for Prosperity and Peace" underscores the power of water in fostering growth and harmony worldwide. This initiative is led by <a href="https://www.unesco.org/en/days/world-water" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNESCO</a> and the <a href="https://unece.org/homepage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-water-management-nbsp">Sustainable water management&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The significance of sustainable water management cannot be overstated. It brings about numerous advantages that touch every aspect of human and ecological existence. Benefits such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-water-is-the-key-to-a-long-and-healthy-life/">health</a>, food, and energy security are directly linked to how we manage our water resources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, water plays a critical role in safeguarding against natural disasters, bolstering education, enhancing living standards, generating employment opportunities, propelling economic development, and supporting a vast array of ecosystem services. It's through these comprehensive benefits that water becomes a cornerstone for prosperity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-catalyst-for-peace">A catalyst for peace</h2>



<p>The value of water extends beyond prosperity; it is a catalyst for peace. The equitable distribution and sharing of water resources are fundamental in promoting peace and cooperation, especially in regions where resources are scarce or contested.</p>



<p>UNESCO emphasizes the importance of dialogue and cooperation in the water sector. This approach is critical, considering that over 40% of the global population resides in transboundary <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colorado-river-basin-has-lost-enough-water-to-fill-lake-mead/">river basins</a>, which collectively contain almost 60% of the world's freshwater resources.</p>



<p>"Water for peace is the theme of this year’s World Water Day. Achieving it relies on far greater cooperation," said UN Secretary-General António Guterres.</p>



<p>"Today, 153 countries share water resources. Yet only twenty-four have reported cooperation agreements for all their shared water. We must accelerate efforts to work together across borders, and I urge all countries to join and implement the United Nations Water Convention – which promotes managing shared water resources sustainably.“</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-facts-about-water-scarcity">Facts about water scarcity</h2>



<p>Water scarcity is a pressing global issue with profound impacts on both human populations and the environment. Here are some key facts about water scarcity:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact">Global impact</h3>



<p>Over 2 billion people worldwide live in countries experiencing high water stress, according to the United Nations. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/water-security-in-africa-remains-very-poor/">Water stress</a> refers to situations where the demand for water exceeds the available amount during a certain period or when its use is restricted by its low quality.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes">Causes</h3>



<p>Water scarcity can result from a combination of natural and human-made factors. Climate change, overuse of water resources, pollution, and increased population pressures are primary contributors. Natural factors include periods of drought and decreased rainfall.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agriculture">Agriculture</h3>



<p>Agriculture is the largest consumer of freshwater resources, accounting for about 70% of all water withdrawals globally. Inefficient water use and irrigation practices contribute significantly to water scarcity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-effects-of-water-scarcity">Economic effects of water scarcity </h3>



<p>Water scarcity can lead to significant economic losses due to reduced crop yields, the death of livestock, and the added cost of securing water supplies. Industries that depend heavily on water, such as agriculture, textiles, and energy production, are especially vulnerable.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks">Health risks</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-world-is-falling-way-behind-on-water-security-targets/">Limited access</a> to clean water increases the risk of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever. Water scarcity also compromises hygiene practices, further exacerbating health problems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-consequences">Environmental consequences</h3>



<p>Overdrawing water from rivers and aquifers leads to habitat destruction for aquatic and terrestrial species. Water scarcity can also contribute to land degradation and desertification, further diminishing biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conflicts-and-migration">Conflicts and migration</h3>



<p>Water scarcity can exacerbate conflicts over resources, particularly in regions where access to water is already a contentious issue. It can also lead to migration, as communities and even entire populations move in search of more secure water sources.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Climate change intensifies water scarcity by altering precipitation patterns, increasing the frequency of droughts, and causing glaciers and snowpacks to melt more rapidly, which affects freshwater supplies downstream.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-water-scarcity-nbsp">Addressing water scarcity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Addressing water scarcity involves a combination of strategies, including improving water use efficiency, investing in infrastructure to increase access to clean water, protecting wetlands and natural reservoirs, promoting water recycling and reuse, and implementing integrated water resources management (IWRM) approaches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-in-two-people-suffers-from-water-scarcity-nbsp">One in two people suffers from water scarcity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Today, one in two people around the world suffers from water scarcity for several months of the year. And in some parts of the world, this water scarcity has become the rule, rather than the exception," said Audrey Azoulay,&nbsp; Director-General of UNESCO.</p>



<p>"We know the consequences of such a situation: water shortages not only fan the flames of&nbsp; geopolitical tensions, but also pose&nbsp; a threat to fundamental rights as a&nbsp; whole, for example by considerably undermining the position of girls and women."</p>



<p>"Indeed, in many rural areas, girls&nbsp; and women are primarily responsible for collecting water and spend several hours a day carrying out this task. In doing so, their access to education and participation in economic life is jeopardized."</p>



<p>"Access to water and the preservation of water resources are therefore core challenges for our societies, requiring new ways of using and managing this precious resource."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-for-peace-a-message-from-the-un">Water for peace: A message from the UN</h2>



<p>In a message for World Water Day, the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/water-day" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations notes</a> that water can create peace or spark conflict.</p>



<p>"When water is scarce or polluted, or when people have unequal, or no access, tensions can rise between communities and countries," says the UN. "More than 3 billion people worldwide depend on water that crosses national borders. Yet, only 24 countries have cooperation agreements for all their shared water."</p>



<p>"As climate change impacts increase, and populations grow, there is an urgent need, within and between countries, to unite around protecting and conserving our most precious resource."</p>



<p>"Public health and prosperity, food and energy systems, economic productivity and environmental integrity all rely on a well-functioning and equitably managed water cycle."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-water-day-2024">World Water Day 2024</h2>



<p>World Water Day is a call to action for governments, communities, and individuals to work together for the prosperity and peace that water can bring to our world. As we look towards the goal of water and sanitation for all by 2030, let us remember the critical role that water plays in our lives and the lives of future generations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This year’s theme of Water for Prosperity and Peace highlights an important revelation: the management and sharing of water resources are intrinsically linked to the well-being of individuals and communities and the overall peace and stability of societies.&nbsp;</p>



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World Water Day: A focus on prosperity and peace

World Water Day, celebrated annually on March 22, serves as...

<p>Everyone knows and loves the coolest frog on TV – Kermit. Well, he has an ancient cousin, who lived over 270 million years ago. Scientists recently discovered a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossilized</a> skull of this proto-amphibian, and they've named the species <em>Kermitops gratus</em>. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://naturalhistory.si.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History</a> houses an extraordinary collection of such treasures. This discovery offers incredible insights into the evolution of life on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-proto-amphibians">What are proto-amphibians?</h2>



<p>Proto-amphibians, as a group, signify a captivating chapter in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossils-capture-a-turning-point-in-the-evolution-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary</a> saga of life on Earth. Scientists acknowledge these creatures as ancient tetrapods, meaning they were among the first vertebrates to develop four legs.</p>



<p>Consequently, this group of organisms acts as a crucial bridge in deepening our comprehension of the transition of life from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. Their existence illustrates the evolutionary shift that ensued as vertebrates commenced the exploration of land-based environments. </p>



<p>This transition was monumental, necessitating adjustments in several physiological domains, such as respiration, locomotion, and reproduction. Hence, proto-amphibians highlight the vast array of life forms that ventured into these adaptations, offering a peek into the numerous strategies life employed to flourish on land.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovery-of-kermitops-gratus">Discovery of <em>Kermitops gratus</em></h2>



<p>The skull of Kermitops gratus is slightly more than an inch long. Nicholas Hotton III, a notable paleontologist, discovered it in Texas's Red Beds. The area is known for fossil-rich rocks from the early Permian period. </p>



<p>They have provided numerous ancient reptile and amphibian fossils. The <em>Kermitops</em> skull lay in the Smithsonian's collection for decades before its unique features caught the attention of researchers.</p>



<p>"One <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> immediately jumped out at me—this really well-preserved, mostly prepared skull," said Dr. Arjan Mann, postdoctoral paleontologist at the Smithsonian. </p>



<p>This discovery underscores the significance of museum collections. While exciting fieldwork is often in the limelight, meticulous re-examination of existing specimens can lead to groundbreaking revelations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-kermitops-skull">Insights from <em>Kermitops</em> skull</h2>



<p>The <em>Kermitops</em> skull exhibits an unusual combination of anatomical characteristics. It has large, oval-shaped eye sockets and a distinctive snout structure, with a shortened skull region behind the eyes contrasting its elongated, curved front portion. </p>



<p>These features suggest a creature resembling a stout salamander, adapted for capturing small, insect-like prey. Scientists determined this fossil represented a new genus and species, earning it the formal designation <em>Kermitops gratus</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-naming-kermitops">Naming <em>Kermitops</em></h2>



<p>The playful reference to Kermit the Frog serves a significant purpose. "Using the name Kermit has significant implications for how we can bridge the science that is done by paleontologists in museums to the general public," explained study lead author Calvin So.</p>



<p>"Because this animal is a distant relative of today’s amphibians, and Kermit is a modern-day amphibian icon, it was the perfect name for it."</p>



<p>The fragmented <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-fossils-could-inspire-advancements-in-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> record of early amphibians and their ancestors often hinders a comprehensive picture of their evolution. <em>Kermitops gratus</em> helps fill in crucial gaps. </p>



<p>"Kermitops offers us clues to bridge this huge fossil gap and start to see how frogs and salamanders developed these really specialized traits," said So.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-paleontology">The future of paleontology</h2>



<p>Dr. Mann emphasized the potential for further discoveries hidden in existing collections. "This is an active area of research that a lot more paleontologists need to dive back into."</p>



<p>"Paleontology is always more than just dinosaurs, and there are lots of cool evolutionary stories and mysteries still waiting to be answered. We just need to keep looking." </p>



<p><em>Kermitops gratus</em> exemplifies how the ongoing study of museum specimens shapes our understanding of the natural world, one remarkable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/470-million-year-old-animal-fossils-discovered-in-frances-cabrieres-biota/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> at a time.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae012" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a>.</p>



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Scientists found an ancient cousin of Kermit the frog - Kermitops

Everyone knows and loves the coolest frog on TV –...

<p>Loneliness could be the ultimate silent killer, especially for older adults. New research from the <a href="https://www.regenstrief.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Regenstrief Institute</a> and <a href="https://medicine.iu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Indiana University School of Medicine</a> shows that loneliness is a major source of stress, affecting both mental and physical health. </p>



<p>Think about the things you've been warned are bad for your health: smoking, a high-fat diet, drinking too much alcohol. They all carry multiple major risks. But what if there was something worse like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loneliness</a> lurking in the shadows – something your doctor might not even ask you about? </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-loneliness">What is loneliness?</h2>



<p>Let's not confuse loneliness with being alone. You can be alone without feeling lonely, and you can be surrounded by people and still experience the pangs of loneliness. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-pill/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">True loneliness</a> is more than just a passing feeling. </p>



<p>Here's how experts define it:</p>



<ul>
<li>Feeling like you&nbsp;<em>lack</em>&nbsp;satisfying social connections.&nbsp;You might not have anyone you feel close to, or maybe you feel like nobody really "gets" you.</li>



<li>The sense that your relationships aren't what you want them to be.&nbsp;If you find yourself feeling disconnected from the people around you, even if they seem to care, that can still lead to loneliness.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loneliness-and-mental-health">Loneliness and mental health</h2>



<p>The study paints a bleak picture: 53% of older adults seen by doctors admit to feeling lonely.&nbsp;Sadly, many people suffer in silence.</p>



<p>Furthermore, loneliness is a bigger problem than many well-known dangers.&nbsp;It was a greater stressor than alcoholism, obesity, and even <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeling-lonely-and-unhappy-can-age-you-faster-than-smoking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smoking</a> up to 15 cigarettes a day.</p>



<p>"The first and obvious answer for loneliness is for primary care physicians to screen their patients," said study author Dr. Monica Williams-Farrelly. "Based on the literature and research, loneliness has influences on health that are quite significant and quite strong, so in the same way that we ask older adults: Do you smoke? Or do you measure your blood sugar?"</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-loneliness-hurts-your-health">How loneliness hurts your health</h2>



<p>Loneliness doesn't just feel bad emotionally, it can cause a chain reaction of physical problems. Feelings of isolation can lead to:</p>



<ul>
<li>Increased risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-is-an-underestimated-threat-to-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a></li>



<li>Weakened immune system</li>



<li>Higher risk of depression and anxiety</li>



<li>Cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-an-older-adults-issue">More than just an 'older adults' issue</h2>



<p>While the study focused on older adults, loneliness is a monster that can creep up on anyone. Here's why different age groups might feel lonely:</p>



<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-among-college-students-linked-to-unhealthy-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Young adults</a>:&nbsp;Leaving home for college, moving to a new city, or major life changes can create a sense of disconnection.</li>



<li>Moms:&nbsp;It can be surprisingly isolating to care for young children, even if you have a supportive partner.</li>



<li>Remote workers:&nbsp;While it might seem ideal to work from home, missing out on casual workplace interactions can be surprisingly damaging over time.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pandemic-s-toll-on-loneliness-and-health">The pandemic's toll on loneliness and health</h2>



<p>Before the pandemic, loneliness was already recognized as a significant issue, especially among older adults. However, the situation took a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loneliness-was-widespread-during-the-second-wave-of-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatic turn</a> for the worse with the onset of COVID-19 and the ensuing public health measures implemented to curb its spread, such as national stay-at-home orders.</p>



<p>These measures, while necessary for physical health and safety, had unintended consequences on the social fabric of society. By significantly reducing opportunities for in-person interactions, the pandemic intensified feelings of isolation and loneliness for many people. </p>



<p>This was particularly true for older adults who may not be as connected digitally or for whom physical presence and touch are vital forms of social connection.</p>



<p>“Loneliness may seem simple, but it can be complex to identify and address. It started to become a problem before COVID-19, and then with the national stay-at-home order caused by the pandemic, social contact was being prevented, which exacerbated the problem,” noted Dr. Williams-Farrelly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-improve-mental-health">Tips to improve mental health</h2>



<p>The good news is, there are ways to break the cycle of loneliness and find real connection. Here are some ideas:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ask-for-help">Ask for help</h3>



<p>Talking to your doctor about loneliness is a brave first step towards feeling better. Sometimes, just saying how you feel out loud can make a difference. </p>



<p>Your doctor can help you understand why you're feeling lonely and find ways to make things better. This can lead to real solutions that make a major difference in your life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reach-out-to-old-friends">Reach out to old friends</h3>



<p>Think of those people who used to be a big part of your life – friends, family, maybe even old coworkers. Life gets busy, and sometimes you lose touch. But reaching back out can be an amazing way to fight off loneliness. </p>



<p>Sure, it might feel a little weird at first, but chances are, they've thought about you too. You might be surprised at how easy it is to pick up right where you left off, and those old bonds can be incredibly comforting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-involved-in-your-community">Get involved in your community</h3>



<p>Find your kind of people. There's a local group out there for just about everything. Love to read? Join a book club. Want to make a difference? Volunteer for a cause you care about. Into board games or hiking? There's a group for that too.</p>



<p>It's a great way to meet people who share your interests and build friendships in a fun, low-pressure way.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-try-a-circle-of-friends">Try a "circle of friends"</h3>



<p>One of the most powerful solutions mentioned is the Circle of Friends program. Imagine it like this: a group of people coming together for three months, focused on building real friendships and connections. </p>



<p>This isn't just about feeling better, studies show it leads to improvements in overall health, how people think, and even helps people live longer. The best part? Programs like this might even reduce healthcare costs in the long run.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-online-connections">Online connections</h3>



<p>Sometimes, online connections can be a lifesaver, especially if you're feeling lonely. While nothing beats real-life friendships, social media and online groups can provide a sense of community and support when you need it most. </p>



<p>Just remember, online connections are the icing on the cake; don't let them replace those face-to-face friendships that promote higher levels of intimacy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discuss-loneliness-and-emotional-health">Discuss loneliness and emotional health</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that primary care doctors have a huge opportunity to help lonely older adults. “Primary care clinicians should discuss loneliness with their older adult patients and provide resources to help them create meaningful social relationships,” explained study author Dr. Nicole Fowler.</p>



<p>By simply asking about loneliness during checkups, doctors can start important conversations that lead to solutions. This shows that healthcare providers aren't just focused on fixing physical problems – they care about the whole person, including their emotional well-being.</p>



<p>Remember<strong>:</strong> Loneliness is something most people experience at some point. It's okay to feel this way, and there's no shame in asking for help.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.18762" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Geriatrics Society</a>.</p>



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Loneliness harms health more than alcohol, obesity, or smoking

Loneliness could be the ultimate silent killer, especially for older...

Anchovies

<p>As public awareness grows about the importance of sustainable food sources, scientists are now encouraging the consumption of wild <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-farmed-fish-solve-worlds-food-problem/">fish</a> species like mackerel, anchovies, and herring.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These fish, often used in farmed salmon diets, offer vital nutrients such as calcium, vitamin B12, and omega-3 which are partially lost when consuming farmed salmon alone. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loss-of-essential-dietary-nutrients-nbsp">Loss of essential dietary nutrients&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A study led by the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> has recently revealed that farmed salmon production results in a net loss of essential dietary nutrients, suggesting that direct consumption of these "feed" species could not only enhance health but also ease the aquaculture sector's reliance on finite marine resources.</p>



<p>“What we’re seeing is that most species of wild fish used as feed have a similar or greater density and range of micronutrients than farmed salmon filets,” said lead author David Willer, a researcher in the Zoology Department at Cambridge.</p>



<p>“Whilst still enjoying eating salmon and supporting sustainable growth in the sector, people should consider eating a greater and wider variety of wild fish species like sardines, mackerel and anchovies, to get more essential nutrients straight to their plate.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-few-changes-can-go-a-long-way">A few changes can go a long way</h2>



<p>In the UK, 71% of adults have vitamin D deficiencies in the winter, while teenage girls and women frequently have insufficient iodine, selenium, and iron.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Willer, "making a few small changes to our diet around the type of fish that we eat can go a long way to changing some of these deficiencies and increasing the health of both our population and planet.”</p>



<p>“Marine fisheries are important local and global food systems, but large catches are being diverted towards farm feeds. Prioritizing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutritious-seafood-is-too-expensive-for-most-americans/">nutritious seafood</a> for people can help improve both diets and ocean sustainability,” added senior author James Robinson, a research fellow at <a href="https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/">Lancaster University</a>’s Environmental Center.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-nutrients-from-the-sea">Maximizing nutrients from the sea</h2>



<p>The experts conducted an analysis comparing the nutrient content in wild fish used in salmon feeds with the farmed salmon themselves. This revealed a decrease in six out of nine essential nutrients in the salmon filet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, the quantity of calcium was over five times higher in wild feed fish filets than salmon filets, iodine was four times higher, and iron, omega-3, vitamin B12, and vitamin A were over 1.5 times higher.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings prompted the researchers to advocate for a more efficient way of maximizing nutrients from the sea by directly consuming a portion of the current food-grade wild feed fish.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retaining-key-nutrients-in-farmed-salmon-nbsp">Retaining key nutrients in farmed salmon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to Richard Newton, an expert in aquaculture at the <a href="https://www.stir.ac.uk/">University of Stirling</a>, “farmed salmon is an excellent source of nutrition, and is one of the best converters of feed of any farmed animal, but for the industry to grow it needs to become better at retaining key nutrients that it is fed."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This can be done through more strategic use of feed ingredients, including from fishery by-products and sustainably-sourced, industrial-grade fish such as sand eels.”</p>



<p>“It was interesting to see that we’re effectively wasting around 80% of the calcium and iodine from the feed fish – especially when we consider that women and teenage girls are often not getting enough of these nutrients,” he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appealing-products-made-of-wild-feed-fish">Appealing products made of wild "feed" fish</h2>



<p>A notable aspect of this research is the proposal for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/90-percent-of-the-worlds-aquaculture-faces-substantial-risk-from-human-induced-environmental-changes/">aquaculture</a> industry to adopt a nutrient retention metric, which Willer believes could lead to a more efficient industry that lessens the burden on fish stocks also meant for direct human consumption.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We’d like to see the industry expand but not at a cost to our oceans. We’d also like to see a greater variety of affordable, convenient and appealing products made of wild ‘feed’ fish and fish and salmon by-products for direct human consumption,” he explained.</p>



<p>Thus, the call to action from this study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-00932-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Food</em></a><em> </em>- is not just for consumers to diversify their seafood intake but also for the aquaculture sector to reconsider its practices for the benefit of global nutrition and environmental sustainability.</p>



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Study: Humans should eat the same diet that farmed salmon eat

As public awareness grows about the importance of sustainable food...

<p>Researchers have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) models can detect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/">biodiversity</a> from animal sounds in tropical rainforests, specifically in reforested areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the research, led by the <a href="https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/university/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Würzburg</a>, is to monitor the return of biodiversity in previously deforested tropical zones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-biodiversity-nbsp">Monitoring biodiversity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Tropical forests play an essential role in keeping our planet healthy. They provide habitats for unique wildlife,&nbsp; play a role in the carbon cycle, and influence the climate on a global scale. Yet, these rainforests are under increasing pressure from relentless overexploitation.</p>



<p>"Tropical forests play a key role in the global carbon cycle and are central to Nature-based Climate Solutions, both in terms of climate adaptation and mitigation," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"They are also fundamental to global biodiversity conservation, harboring 62% of terrestrial vertebrate species. As such, restoring tropical forests is key to counteract two of the major crises of our times, biodiversity loss and climate change."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-sound-analysis">Animal sound analysis</h2>



<p>In tropical regions that are getting a much-needed boost from reforestation, it becomes crucial to monitor biodiversity. The researchers have recently shown that animal sounds provide a helpful monitoring tool.</p>



<p>"To be effective, all conservation measures require cost-efficient and robust biodiversity monitoring, which is lagging behind carbon monitoring due in part to the lack of scalable, reproducible and cost-effective sampling methodologies," explained the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The researchers chose northern Ecuador as their study site, specifically focusing on abandoned pastures and former cocoa plantations undergoing forest reclamation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The goal of the study was to determine if autonomous sound recorders, combined with AI, can recognize species compositions of birds, amphibians, and mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"The research results show that the sound data reflect excellently the return of biodiversity in abandoned agricultural areas," said Professor Jörg Müller, head of the Ecological Station Fabrikschleichach at Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg&nbsp;</p>



<p>A notable finding was the alignment of vocalizing species communities with recovery gradients. A preliminary set of 70 AI bird models described entire species communities, even capturing shifts in nocturnal insects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-animal-sounds">Future research on animal sounds </h2>



<p>The research team plans to refine these AI models. The goal is to record an even broader spectrum of species and establish these models in other protected zones, including the Sailershausen JMU Forest and Germany's venerable national park in the Bavarian Forest.</p>



<p>"Our AI models can be the basis for a very universal tool for monitoring biodiversity in reforested areas," said Müller. He suggests their applicability in biodiversity credits, which are comparable to carbon dioxide emissions trading.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These credits, which offset adverse environmental impacts of activities, can be procured by companies or organizations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our results demonstrate that automated bioacoustics monitoring can be used to track tropical forest recovery of animal communities from agricultural abandonment beyond vocalizing vertebrates, suggesting its broad use to assess restoration outcomes," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>The study was designed within the framework of the research group Reassembly, which is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-monitoring-biodiversity">More about monitoring biodiversity</h2>



<p>As discussed above, biologists and conservationists actively monitor biodiversity to assess the health and stability of ecosystems around the world. This crucial activity helps us understand the effects of human activity on natural habitats and the steps necessary to protect them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Importance of biodiversity monitoring</h3>



<p>Monitoring biodiversity allows scientists to detect changes in ecosystems, revealing trends such as species decline or habitat loss. This information is vital for developing strategies to mitigate negative impacts and for restoring ecosystems.</p>



<p>Conservationists use biodiversity monitoring to assess the effectiveness of their efforts. By tracking changes in species populations and habitat conditions, they can adapt their strategies to be more effective, ensuring the long-term survival of diverse species.</p>



<p>Data gathered from monitoring biodiversity informs policy and decision-making processes. Governments and organizations rely on this information to implement regulations that protect natural habitats and promote sustainable practices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Animal sounds and other biodiversity monitoring techniques</h3>



<p>Remote sensing technology, including satellite imagery and aerial photography, provides a comprehensive view of large ecosystems. This method allows for the monitoring of changes in land use, vegetation cover, and habitat fragmentation on a global scale.</p>



<p>As discussed previously in this article, bioacoustics monitoring involves recording and analyzing animal sounds. This technique helps identify species presence and abundance, offering insights into the health of ecosystems without intrusive methods.</p>



<p>Citizen science initiatives engage the public in biodiversity monitoring. Through apps and community projects, individuals contribute valuable data on local species, expanding the reach and scale of scientific research.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Collective effort for a sustainable future</h3>



<p>In summary, monitoring biodiversity is a collective effort that requires the participation of scientists, conservationists, policymakers, and the public. </p>



<p>By understanding and tracking the changes in our ecosystems, we can take informed steps towards protecting our planet's biodiversity for future generations.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-41693-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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AI can monitor biodiversity through animal sounds

Researchers have demonstrated that artificial intelligence (AI) models can detect...

Dozens,Of,Drones,Swarm,In,The,Cloudy,Sky.

<p>Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (<a href="https://iisc.ac.in" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IISc</a>) have a bold vision: deploying swarms of coordinated drones to combat forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-activity-is-expected-to-intensify-in-the-pacific-northwest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fires</a> and other disasters.</p>



<p>Traditional firefighting methods, while heroic, have limitations. Ground crews can only cover limited area, while aircraft water drops might not target the most dangerous parts of the fire effectively. </p>



<p>"A swarm of drones could be the solution," said Suresh Sundaram, Professor in the Department of Aerospace Engineering, IISc.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drone-swarms-and-forest-fires">Drone swarms and forest fires</h2>



<p>But how does a drone swarm become a coordinated firefighting force? The answer lies in a special algorithm and cutting-edge sensors. Thermal cameras and infrared sensors equip each drone to detect hotspots and 'see' through smoke. </p>



<p>They might even work in tandem, with visual cameras aiding identification of firebreaks or areas where the blaze could jump. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drone-images-help-experts-monitor-active-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drones</a> communicate with each other, creating a real-time map of the fire zone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inspired-by-oxyrrhis-marina">Inspired by Oxyrrhis marina</h2>



<p>Researchers looked to nature for inspiration. A tiny marine predator called Oxyrrhis marina hunts in a fascinating way. </p>



<p>"When foraging, it first takes longer steps to explore the area. Once it feels like it is closer to the food source, it will reduce the step length and then start exploring the area in more detail," explained Josy John, Ph.D. student at the Department of Aerospace Engineering, and lead author of the study.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-how-water-shapes-mountains-over-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drones</a> mimic this hunting strategy. Flying in wide search patterns, they use their onboard sensors to zero in on the hottest areas. Once the fire is found, the nearest drone becomes the swarm leader, attracting others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drone-swarms-recognizing-fires">Drone swarms recognizing fires</h2>



<p>"These decisions are made by the drones," emphasized Sundaram. "They figure out which cluster of fire is going to spread faster and allocate the required number of drones to put out that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-caused-the-devastating-2020-fire-season-in-california/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fire</a> while the others look for other fire clusters."</p>



<p>But it's not just about sending in reinforcements. Each drone analyzes the fire's size and intensity. It might even be programmed with predictive models of fire behavior, a challenge Josy John and the team are likely tackling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-drones-for-forest-fires">Significance of drones for forest fires</h2>



<p>"By the time somebody identifies and reports a fire, it has already started spreading and cannot be put out with one drone," says Sundaram. "You need to have a swarm of drones. A swarm that can communicate with each other."</p>



<p>IISc researchers have already made strides, with successful tests of the AI-assisted fire detection and extinguisher systems. Full-scale field tests of the swarm are on the horizon. </p>



<p>And the swarm's potential doesn't stop at dousing flames - it could also provide invaluable visual information to firefighters struggling to get a big-picture view in chaotic, smoky environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drone-swarms-for-all-disasters">Drone swarms for all disasters</h2>



<p>The researchers envision these drone swarms as versatile tools against the relentless forces of nature. During floods, they'll pinpoint those stranded, delivering life-saving supplies until help arrives. </p>



<p>After earthquakes, they'll survey the devastation, guiding rescuers to those trapped beneath the rubble. And always, they'll act as aerial messengers, re-establishing those precious communication links when disaster strikes.</p>



<p>As we stand on the threshold of this new era in disaster response, this work illuminates a path forward. It's a future where technology isn't something we merely react with, but a proactive force for good. </p>



<p>The next steps are thrilling – imagine these swarms working seamlessly with unmanned ground vehicles, refueled and resupplied, extending their reach even further.</p>



<p>In this future, drones aren't just flying cameras – they're lifelines. They'll be the first responders of the sky, swooping in at the first sign of trouble. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-drone-swarms">More about drone swarms</h2>



<p>As discussed above, drone technology has taken a quantum leap forward, evolving from solitary aerial vehicles to complex, coordinated entities known as drone swarms. </p>



<p>These swarms represent the pinnacle of modern technological integration, combining advancements in artificial intelligence, robotics, and communication. </p>



<p>They are redefining the landscape of both military operations and civilian applications, offering unprecedented capabilities in surveillance, reconnaissance, and combat scenarios.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanics-of-drone-swarms">Mechanics of drone swarms</h3>



<p>Drone swarms consist of multiple drones operating as a cohesive unit, guided by sophisticated algorithms that enable autonomous decision-making and adaptation to changing environments. </p>



<p>Each drone in the swarm communicates with its counterparts, sharing information and making collective decisions without human intervention. This decentralized approach allows drone swarms to perform complex tasks, from exploring hazardous areas to executing precision strikes in combat zones.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-military-applications-new-era-of-warfare">Military applications: New era of warfare</h3>



<p>In the realm of defense, drone swarms herald a new era of warfare. They provide armed forces with the ability to overwhelm enemy defenses through sheer numbers and coordinated attacks, making traditional anti-aircraft systems less effective. </p>



<p>Drone swarms can conduct surveillance over vast areas, identify targets with precision, and execute coordinated strikes with minimal risk to personnel. Moreover, their ability to quickly adapt to battlefield conditions offers a tactical advantage previously unimaginable.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-civilian-uses-beyond-the-battlefield">Civilian uses: Beyond the battlefield</h3>



<p>Beyond the military domain, drone swarms hold immense potential for civilian applications. In disaster response, they can rapidly assess damage, locate survivors, and deliver essential supplies to inaccessible areas. </p>



<p>Environmental monitoring is another area where drone swarms excel, offering a cost-effective means to track wildlife, monitor climate change, and survey land with unparalleled efficiency.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-ethical-considerations">Challenges and ethical considerations</h3>



<p>Despite their benefits, drone swarms pose significant challenges and ethical considerations. The prospect of autonomous drones making life-and-death decisions raises questions about accountability and the potential for misuse. </p>



<p>Ensuring robust security measures to prevent hacking and unauthorized use is paramount. Furthermore, regulatory frameworks must evolve to address privacy concerns and ensure that the deployment of drone swarms aligns with legal and ethical standards.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-uses-and-implications-of-drone-swarms">Future uses and implications of drone swarms</h3>



<p>In summary, drone swarms represent a significant advancement in technology, offering both remarkable opportunities and challenges. As they become increasingly integrated into military and civilian spheres, it is crucial to address the ethical and security concerns they pose. </p>



<p>With appropriate oversight and regulation, drone swarms have the potential to revolutionize warfare, enhance disaster response, and contribute to environmental conservation, marking a new chapter in the evolution of drone technology.</p>



<p>The study in published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/tsmc.2024.3352660" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics</a>. </p>



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Drone swarms can help combat forest fires and natural disasters

Scientists at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have a...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a> has highlighted the puzzling diversity of ancient rays that thrived 150 million years ago. </p>



<p>The investigation not only reveals a new species of ray but also significantly enriches our comprehension of these prehistoric cartilaginous fish, shedding light on the marine ecosystems of the past.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-late-jurassic-fossils">Late Jurassic fossils</h2>



<p>The scientists meticulously examined 52 fossil specimens from the Late Jurassic period, a time when much of Europe was submerged under a sea similar to the modern Caribbean, dotted with islands. These specimens are among the oldest known fully preserved rays, providing a rare and invaluable glimpse into the group's early evolution.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-shape-variation-among-ancient-rays">Body shape variation among ancient rays</h2>



<p>Typically, only the teeth of fossil rays are found, making these complete skeletal finds from Germany, France, and the UK pivotal for understanding their early diversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research marks the first in-depth analysis of body shape variation among these ancient rays, previously unexplored despite the fossils' long-standing recognition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-new-species-of-ancient-rays">Two new species of ancient rays</h2>



<p>The study's findings challenge previous notions of diversity within Late Jurassic rays, increasing the count of confirmed species from three to five.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Until now, only three holomorphic ray species have been confirmed from the Late Jurassic, but thanks to this study, a total of five species have now been identified," said lead author Julia Türtscher, a paleobiologist at the University of Vienna.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This includes the validation of a fourth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-species-are-moving-away-from-the-equator/">species</a> long debated among scientists and the discovery of a new species, <em>Aellopobatis bavarica</em>. This new species, distinguished from the smaller French <em>Spathobatis bugesiacus</em> by its larger size (up to 170 cm in length) and distinct skeletal and body shape, highlights the hidden diversity within these ancient seas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-a-complex-ecosystem-nbsp">Evidence of a complex ecosystem&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers also noted the localized distribution of these five species, suggesting a complex ecosystem but cautioning against premature conclusions regarding their specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitat-shifts-shaped-the-evolution-of-life-on-earth/">habitats</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Further studies on the tooth morphology of the specimens and subsequent comparisons with isolated teeth from other sites may help to reconstruct the palaeogeographic distribution of Late Jurassic rays," Türtscher said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-discovery-of-ancient-rays-nbsp">Ongoing discovery of ancient rays&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings not only enhance our understanding of ray biodiversity and evolution during the Upper Jurassic but also inform the identification of fossil ray species known solely through isolated teeth.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The ongoing discovery of these ancient creatures illuminates the dynamics of past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-ecosystems-survive-extinctions/">marine ecosystems</a> and emphasizes the value of well-preserved fossils in piecing together Earth's geological history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-past-to-protect-living-species">Understanding the past to protect living species</h2>



<p>"We can only draw accurate conclusions about living species if we also understand the past of a group, including its evolution, its adaptations to changing environmental factors over time, and the extinction this group has faced during its evolutionary history,” said co-author Patrick L. Jambura, a paleobiologist at the University of Vienna.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Palaeobiological knowledge enables us to better understand the dynamics behind evolution and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-extinction-risk-is-heavily-influenced-by-climate-change/">extinction</a> of species and thus aids to develop more effective conservation measures for today's endangered species," he concluded.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-rays">Modern rays</h2>



<p>Rays are a fascinating group of cartilaginous fish that are closely related to sharks. These creatures are known for their distinctive flat bodies and long, wing-like pectoral fins which span their entire width, giving them a shape reminiscent of a bird or a bat in flight. This unique form allows rays to glide gracefully through the water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>There are several types of rays, including stingrays, manta rays, electric rays, and eagle rays, each adapted to different environments and lifestyles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stingrays">Stingrays</h3>



<p>Stingrays are perhaps the most well-known, recognized by their whip-like tails equipped with one or more venomous barbs, which they use defensively against predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manta-rays">Manta rays</h3>



<p>Manta rays, on the other hand, are giants that can reach a wingspan of up to 7 meters. Unlike stingrays, they do not have a venomous stinger and are harmless to humans. They feed on plankton, which they filter from the water by swimming with their mouths open wide.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electric-rays-nbsp">Electric rays&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Electric rays have the ability to produce an electric shock, which they use to stun prey and deter predators. Their bodies contain special organs capable of generating significant voltage.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eagle-rays">Eagle rays</h3>



<p>Meanwhile, eagle rays are known for their spotted appearances and deep bodies, often seen leaping out of the water, possibly to escape predators or to dislodge parasites.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h3>



<p>Rays play crucial roles in their ecosystems, acting as predators to keep populations of smaller marine organisms in check, and also as prey for larger marine animals. They are found in oceans worldwide, from shallow coastal waters to deep ocean basins.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-multiple-threats">Multiple threats</h3>



<p>Despite their beauty and ecological importance, many ray species face <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-two-thirds-of-coral-reef-sharks-and-rays-face-extinction/">threats</a> from overfishing, habitat loss, and pollution, leading to declining populations in some areas. Conservation efforts are crucial to ensuring the survival of these remarkable creatures for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1552" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Papers in Paleontology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Ancient rays were more diverse than previously thought

A new study led by the University of Vienna has...

<p>A team of infectious disease specialists has issued an urgent call to action for the medical community, emphasizing the need for heightened awareness and preparedness to address the rising impact of climate change on disease transmission and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-heightens-risk-of-most-infectious-diseases/">outbreaks</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study was led by the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Davis</a> (UC Davis), <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a> and the <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>, </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imminent-threats-posed-by-emerging-pathogens-nbsp">Imminent threats posed by emerging pathogens&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts highlighted the imminent threats posed by emerging pathogens and the critical role of healthcare professionals in mitigating these challenges through enhanced education, training, and direct actions against global warming.</p>



<p>“Clinicians need to be ready to deal with the changes in the infectious disease landscape,” said senior author George R. Thompson, a professor of medical microbiology and immunology at UC Davis. “Learning about the connection between climate change and disease behavior can help guide diagnoses, treatment and prevention of infectious diseases.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-infectious-diseases-are-on-the-move">Infectious diseases are on the move</h2>



<p>Thompson further advised medical practitioners to maintain “a high index of suspicion of diseases on the move,” suggesting that an enriched understanding of disease mechanisms could significantly improve testing and reduce the incidence of overlooked cases.</p>



<p>The scientists analyzed the shifting paradigms of infectious diseases, including those caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. These illnesses are often transmitted either from animals to humans or from person to person. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vector-borne-diseases">Vector-borne diseases</h2>



<p>Among these, the team singled out for discussion vector-borne diseases - illnesses propagated by carriers such as mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks. The diseases highlighted, including dengue, malaria, and Zika, represent a fraction of the broader spectrum of illnesses that are being exacerbated by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-malaria-colder-areas/">climate change</a>.</p>



<p>The study points to changing precipitation patterns and warming climates as key drivers expanding the geographical range and extending the activity periods of vectors. This phenomenon is resulting in a notable increase in vector-borne diseases, with conditions traditionally confined to warmer months, like those caused by ticks (e.g., babesiosis and Lyme disease), now manifesting in colder seasons and spreading to new regions.</p>



<p>“We're seeing cases of tick-borne diseases in January and February. The tick season is starting earlier and with more active ticks in a wider range. This means that the number of tick bites is going up and with it, the tick-borne diseases,” said lead author Matthew Phillips, an infectious diseases fellow at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School.</p>



<p>According to Phillips, another major threat is posed by malaria. “As an infectious disease clinician, one of the scariest things that happened last summer was the locally acquired cases of malaria. We saw cases in Texas and Florida and then all the way north in Maryland, which was really surprising. They happened to people who didn't travel outside the U.S.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-patterns-of-zoonotic-diseases-nbsp">Shifting patterns of zoonotic diseases&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Furthermore, the research underscores the shifting patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-u-s-is-alarmingly-unprepared-for-zoonotic-diseases/">zoonotic diseases</a>, like the plague and hantavirus, which are borne by rodents. Changes in animal migration patterns and habitat encroachments are bringing wild animals - and the diseases they carry - closer to human populations, increasing the risk of cross-species disease transmission.</p>



<p>Newly emerging fungal pathogens, such as Candida auris (C. auris), and the geographical spread of other fungal diseases like Coccidioides (or Valley fever) emphasize the unpredictable and dynamic nature of infectious diseases in the context of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-of-waterborne-diseases-nbsp">Spread of waterborne diseases&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Adjustments in rainfall patterns and coastal water temperatures, coupled with rising sea levels and more frequent coastal flooding events, are similarly influencing the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-floodplain-waterborne-disease/">waterborne diseases</a>, such as those caused by E. coli and Vibrio, presenting additional challenges for public health.</p>



<p>“[These infectious diseases] can spring up and cause absolute chaos for the whole world and then we kind of forget about them for a while. Yet, the epidemic and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-global-failures-to-control-the-covid-pandemic/">pandemic</a> potential of infections really mandates that we stay involved with federal funding agencies and advisory groups to make sure that infectious diseases don't slip back too far on the public's radar.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stronger-infectious-disease-surveillance-systems">Stronger infectious disease surveillance systems</h2>



<p>Thus, the researchers advocate for stronger infectious disease surveillance systems, while urging medical educators to train clinicians to anticipate and more reliably identify the changes in infectious disease patterns.</p>



<p>“It's not a hopeless situation. There are distinct steps that we can take to prepare for and help deal with these changes. Clinicians see first-hand the impact of climate change on people’s health. As such, they have a role in advocating for policies that can slow climate change,” Phillips said.</p>



<p>This collaborative effort highlights the urgency of a unified and informed response from the medical community to the challenges posed by climate change, advocating for an integrated approach that spans education, surveillance, and policy advocacy to safeguard public health against the backdrop of a warming planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.27724" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>JAMA</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The infectious disease landscape is changing, and we must prepare

A team of infectious disease specialists has issued an urgent...

<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins Medicine</a> have made a remarkable discovery that could change the way we think about smell as a vital health metric for blood pressure.</p>



<p>The sense of smell is incredibly fast. That fresh-baked cookie aroma that fills you with warmth or the stench of garbage that makes you wrinkle your nose in disgust. Amazingly, your smell might be secretly working double-duty as a key player in regulating your blood pressure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smell-and-blood-pressure">Smell and blood pressure</h2>



<p>Our noses are filled with specialized sensors known as olfactory receptors. They're how we pick up on the countless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-story-behind-our-sense-of-smell-is-coming-into-focus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smells</a> that surround us. But are the receptors only located in our noses? </p>



<p>A specific receptor, called Olfr558, was found in an unexpected place – nestled within the blood vessels and special hormone-making cells of the kidneys. The kidneys play a central role in controlling blood pressure, so this unusual placement was an instant puzzle. </p>



<p>Why would an "odor sensor" be nosing around in our blood pressure system? That's what the team was determined to find out, and what they uncovered could be game-changing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-blood-pressure-patterns">Varying blood pressure patterns</h2>



<p>All genders have different blood pressures. Before menopause, women usually have blood pressure about 10 points lower than men. While scientists believe sex hormones contribute to this difference, the complete biological puzzle remains unsolved.</p>



<p>"Despite the well-known differences in blood pressure between females and males, most clinical guidelines have the same thresholds for treatment," noted Dr. Jennifer Pluznick, associate professor of physiology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.</p>



<p>The team decided to investigate whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-variations-smell-differently/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smell receptor</a> Olfr558 played a role in this sex-based blood pressure mystery. Their findings were eye-opening:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smell-receptor-in-mouse">Smell receptor in mouse</h3>



<p>Male mice sporting the Olfr558 receptor had naturally higher blood pressure than their female counterparts. But, when they used mice genetically engineered to lack Olfr558, something unexpected occurred. </p>



<p>Males experienced a drop in blood pressure, while females experienced an increase. It was as if the blood pressure gap between the sexes magically disappeared.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-aren-t-different">Humans aren't different</h3>



<p>The scientists then delved into a massive database of human genetic information. People with a rare variation in the human version of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-sense-smell-direction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smell</a> receptor Olfr558, known as OR51E1, also lacked the usual blood pressure differences between sexes (for those under 50).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>“Taking a closer look at the fundamental, scientific basis for sex differences in blood pressure may eventually help clinicians think about blood pressure treatment in new ways,” said Pluznick.</p>



<p>Moreover, researchers still need to pinpoint <em>exactly</em> how the Olfr558 receptor influences this vital system. "Our work has not identified a direct molecular signaling pathway," noted Pluznick.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>This "odor sensor" could lead to treatments for high blood pressure (hypertension). It could mean highly personalized medicine, perhaps even involving something that activates our noses alongside traditional treatments. </p>



<p>While that's still a distant dream, this discovery certainly opens the door to exciting possibilities that the medical world hasn't explored yet.</p>



<p>This incredible research shows us just how complex and surprising our bodies truly are. A simple odor sensor, designed for sniffing out our environment, might hold a secret to managing blood pressure. </p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk1487" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.</p>



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Can smell control your blood pressure? New research says yes

Researchers at Johns Hopkins Medicine have made a remarkable discovery...

Image converted using ifftoany

<p>In a historic demonstration of cosmic ingenuity, NASA's Double Asteroid Redirection Test (<a href="https://dart.jhuapl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DART</a>) mission made history on September 26, 2022, by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dart-mission-released-boulders-with-the-explosive-capacity-of-an-atomic-bomb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intentionally colliding</a> with the asteroid Dimorphos. </p>



<p>This event marked a pivotal moment in planetary defense, showcasing the potential of kinetic impactors to divert <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nuclear-winter-dinosaurs-were-likely-killed-by-dust/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hazardous asteroids</a> from a collision course with Earth. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-explaining-the-impact-of-dart-s-collision">Explaining the impact of DART's collision</h2>



<p>Recent findings, as revealed in a study published in the <em>Planetary Science Journal</em>, illuminate the extensive <a href="https://youtu.be/xUzFCh75KLI" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact of this collision</a>, altering not only the asteroid's trajectory but <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/dimorphos-asteroid_before-after-diagram_DART-mission_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">its very form</a>.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/dimorphos-asteroid_before-DART-mission_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dimorphos</a>, a 560-foot-wide asteroid, is part of a binary asteroid system, orbiting the larger near-Earth asteroid Didymos. Prior to DART's intervention, Dimorphos possessed a symmetrical, oblate spheroid shape, reminiscent of a squashed ball, with a well-defined, circular orbit. </p>



<p>However, the aftermath of the impact has transformed Dimorphos into a triaxial ellipsoid, akin to an oblong watermelon, while also shortening its orbital period by 33 minutes and 15 seconds, as noted by Shantanu Naidu, the study's lead and a navigation engineer at NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-scientists-deciphered-dart-s-cosmic-impact">How scientists deciphered DART's cosmic impact</h2>



<p>The comprehensive study employed three primary data sources to assess the consequences of the impact. </p>



<p>First, the DART spacecraft itself provided close-up imagery of Dimorphos before collision, transmitted to Earth through NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). </p>



<p>Secondly, the DSN's <a href="https://gssr.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goldstone Solar System Radar</a> played a crucial role in measuring the post-impact position and velocity of Dimorphos relative to Didymos, confirming the mission's success beyond initial expectations. </p>



<p>Lastly, ground-based telescopes worldwide tracked the light curve changes of both asteroids, offering insights into Dimorphos' altered motion and the binary system's dynamics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-effects-of-the-dart-mission">Far-reaching effects of the DART mission</h2>



<p>Steve Chesley, a senior research scientist at JPL and study co-author, highlighted the precision of their models, which revealed the now slightly eccentric orbit of Dimorphos. </p>



<p>“We used the timing of this precise series of light-curve dips to deduce the shape of the orbit, and because our models were so sensitive, we could also figure out the shape of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psyche-asteroid-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-and-nasa-is-sending-a-space-probe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid</a>,” said Chesley. </p>



<p>“Before impact,” Chesley continued, “the times of the events occurred regularly, showing a circular orbit. After impact, there were very slight timing differences, showing something was askew. We never expected to get this kind of accuracy.”</p>



<p>The meticulous analysis also detected a slight rocking motion of Dimorphos as it orbits Didymos, showcasing the level of detail achieved in understanding the asteroid's behavior post-impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-post-impact-orbit-of-dimorphos-and-didymos">Post-Impact orbit of Dimorphos and Didymos</h2>



<p>The DART mission not only shortened the orbital period of Dimorphos but also brought it approximately 120 feet closer to Didymos. This level of precision in the mission's outcomes underscores the potential for kinetic impactors as a viable method for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-impact-sparked-two-years-of-darkness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroid</a> deflection.</p>



<p>Tom Statler, NASA's lead scientist for solar system small bodies, emphasized the significance of independent research groups arriving at consistent conclusions, underscoring the robustness of these scientific findings. </p>



<p>“Seeing separate groups analyze the data and independently come to the same conclusions is a hallmark of a solid scientific result. DART is not only showing us the pathway to an asteroid-deflection technology, it’s revealing new fundamental understanding of what <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/god-of-darkness-asteroid-apophis-prepares-for-visit-from-osiris-apex/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> are and how they behave," Statler explained.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the discovery that Dimorphos resembles a loosely packed "rubble pile" asteroid, akin to Bennu, opens new avenues for understanding asteroid composition and behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-missions">Implications and future missions</h2>



<p>Looking ahead, the European Space Agency's <a href="https://www.esa.int/Space_Safety/Hera" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hera mission</a>, set to launch in October 2024, aims to further investigate the DART-impacted asteroid system. This mission promises to enrich our understanding of Dimorphos' new shape and the broader implications of kinetic impact for asteroid redirection.</p>



<p>In summary, NASA's DART mission, a landmark achievement in planetary defense, has successfully demonstrated the viability of kinetic impactors for asteroid deflection, marking a significant stride towards safeguarding Earth from potential cosmic threats. </p>



<p>By transforming the motion and shape of the asteroid Dimorphos, this pioneering mission showcases human ingenuity in modifying the course of celestial bodies and deepens our understanding of the nature and behavior of asteroids. </p>



<p>As we look forward to the insights from the forthcoming Hera mission, DART stands as a testament to the potential of science and technology to protect our planet, inspiring future generations of researchers and engineers to continue exploring innovative solutions for planetary security.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/PSJ/ad26e7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planetary Science Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Mission accomplished: NASA's DART proves humanity can be saved from an asteroid collision

In a historic demonstration of cosmic ingenuity, NASA's Double Asteroid...

<p>Did you know that millions of years ago, a dolphin bigger than a car roamed the rivers of the Amazon basin? Named <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em>, the species is the largest of its kind ever recorded, measuring over 11 feet in length.</p>



<p>Paleontologists from the University of Zurich (<a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UZH</a>) have discovered the fossil of a massive freshwater <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-river-dolphins-are-at-great-risk-of-extinction-due-to-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphin</a> that lived in the Peruvian Amazon region around 16 million years ago. </p>



<p><em>Pebanista yacuruna</em> takes its name from the mythical 'Yacuruna', an aquatic people believed to inhabit the Amazon in local folklore. This legendary connection seems fitting, given how incredible and mysterious this creature would have been.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-and-pebanista">Amazon and <em>Pebanista</em></h2>



<p>"Sixteen million years ago, the Peruvian Amazonia looked very different from what it is today," said lead author <a href="https://www.pim.uzh.ch/apps/cms/pageframes/staff.php?show=1197&amp;get=cv" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aldo Benites-Palomino.</a></p>



<p>Instead of a dense rainforest, the Amazon of <em>Pebanista</em>'s time was dominated by a vast system of interconnected lakes and swamps known as "Pebas". </p>



<p>This unique environment teemed with life, offering a bountiful habitat for the enormous <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/dolphin-everything-you-need-to-know-about-these-magical-mammals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a>. Imagine a landscape closer to today's Florida Everglades than the jungles we associate with the Amazon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pebanista-s-unexpected-cousins"><em>Pebanista</em>'s unexpected cousins</h2>



<p>We discovered that its size is not the only remarkable aspect," noted Benites-Palomino. "With this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/280-million-year-old-fossil-of-tridentinosaurus-antiquus-proven-to-be-a-forgery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> record unearthed in the Amazon, we expected to find close relatives of the living Amazon River dolphin – but instead the closest cousins of Pebanista are the South Asian river dolphins (genus Platanista)."</p>



<p>This tells us that <em>Pebanista</em> belonged to a group called Platanistoidea, a lineage of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bottlenose-dolphins-have-a-newly-discovered-super-sense/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a> that ruled the world's oceans many millions of years ago. These ocean-dwelling ancestors journeyed into freshwater, making a home in the newly forming Amazon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-of-pebanista-yacuruna">Characteristics of <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em></h2>



<p><em>Pebanista</em> wasn't just impressive due to its size. It had a suite of unique features that set it apart as a true freshwater specialist. The researchers suggest the following characteristics:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size">Size </h3>



<p>As discussed, at an estimated 9.19 to 11.48 feet long, <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em> takes the crown as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trachelosaurus-fischeri-worlds-oldest-long-necked-marine-reptile-rediscovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">largest</a> freshwater dolphin ever discovered. This suggests it was likely a formidable predator within its ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-skull-built-for-the-river">A skull built for the river</h3>



<p>The skull of <em>Pebanista</em> reveals a long snout with large teeth, well-developed crests above the eyes, and a deep basin around the nostrils. All of these point towards a dolphin perfectly designed to navigate, hunt, and thrive in its freshwater world.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-powerful-snout">Powerful snout</h3>



<p>Its snout, particularly strong and wide compared to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-dolphins-suffer-from-the-highest-known-levels-of-pfas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a> in its family, and the presence of large teeth suggest <em>Pebanista</em> had a unique feeding strategy, likely involving large or hard-shelled prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eyes-on-the-sides">Eyes on the sides</h3>



<p>While <em>Pebanista</em> had eyes, the most striking feature of its skull is the large crests above its eye sockets. This is a strong indication that, like modern river <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-use-baby-talk-to-communicate-with-their-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a>, it relied heavily on echolocation to navigate muddy waters and find prey with incredible precision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pebanista-extinction"><em>Pebanista</em> extinction</h2>



<p>Sadly, despite its early success, <em>Pebanista</em> eventually went <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cape-lions-had-extremely-rich-genetic-variety-before-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinct</a>. Scientists think the reason lies in dramatic changes to its environment. </p>



<p>"Much of the Amazonian plain was covered by a large system of lakes and swamps called Pebas,” said Benites-Palomino. </p>



<p>Around 10 million years ago, this system gradually dried up and transformed into the Amazon basin we know today. This habitat shift likely made the giant dolphin's usual prey scarce, leading to its demise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amazon-river-dolphins">Amazon river dolphins</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the disappearance of <em>Pebanista</em> paved the way for a new group: the smaller ancestors of today’s Amazon River dolphins. </p>



<p>Just like <em>Pebanista</em> before them, these newcomers left the ocean to adapt to the abundant freshwater habitats of the Amazon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"After two decades of work in South America we had found several giant forms from the region, but this is the first dolphin of its kind,” added <a href="https://www.pim.uzh.ch/apps/cms/_downloads/sanchez_marcelo_CV.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra</a>, director of the Department of Paleontology at UZH. “We were especially intrigued by its peculiar biogeographical deep-time history.”</p>



<p>The tale of <em>Pebanista yacuruna</em> showcases the dynamic history of the Amazon. It's a reminder that landscapes we take for granted were once vastly different. </p>



<p>And somewhere out there, beneath those tangled vines and vibrant flowers, more secrets of this prehistoric world still await discovery.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk6320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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Giant new dolphin species, Pebanista yacuruna, discovered in Peru

Did you know that millions of years ago, a dolphin...

<p>In recent years, the perception of psilocybin and psilocin, the active compounds found in certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/synthetic-psilocybin-less-effective-therapy-than-natural-mushroom-extract/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mushrooms</a>, has shifted dramatically, along with the potency.</p>



<p>In the 1970s, federal authorities dismissed these compounds as illegal substances without medical benefits. Now, they are at the forefront of innovative treatments for challenging mental health conditions. These include treatment-resistant depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-can-safely-treat-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PTSD</a>).</p>



<p>This evolution in understanding has resulted in regulatory changes. Some areas now allow the medical use of these mushrooms. Meanwhile, other regions are considering their decriminalization or even their use recreationally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dosing-dilemma-ensuring-precision-in-psilocybin-therapy">Dosing dilemma: ensuring precision in psilocybin therapy</h2>



<p>The growing acceptance of psilocybin for therapeutic use presents a new challenge for medical professionals: the need for precise dosing. Consequently, administering the correct dose to patients is crucial. It guarantees both the safety and effectiveness of the treatment.</p>



<p>To address this challenge, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uta.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at Arlington</a> have created a groundbreaking method. This method accurately measures the potency of psilocybin and psilocin in <em>Psilocybe cubensis</em>, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-psilocybin-mushrooms-got-their-magic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hallucinogenic mushroom</a> species that is commonly studied.</p>



<p>Kevin Schug, the Shimadzu Distinguished Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the university, emphasizes the significance of these advancements. </p>



<p>"These legislative changes are expected to facilitate further research and potential clinical applications," Schug explains, highlighting the pivotal role of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-microdosing-may-improve-mental-health-by-boosting-stress-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">accurate dosing</a> in the therapeutic use of psilocybin.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-psilocybin-potency">The science of psilocybin potency</h2>



<p>The team's method employs liquid chromatography paired with tandem mass spectrometry. This sophisticated analytical technique is used to extract and quantify the active compounds in mushrooms.</p>



<p>The study, detailed in the February issue of <em>Analytica Chimica Acta</em>, not only showcases the method's efficacy but also its reliability, as confirmed by cross-validation with two separate laboratories. </p>



<p>This collaborative effort included contributions from <a href="https://www.scottsdaleresearchinstitute.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scottsdale Research Institute</a> in Phoenix, <a href="https://www.ssi.shimadzu.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shimadzu Scientific Instruments</a> in Maryland, and Millipore-Sigma in Round Rock, Texas, underscoring the comprehensive approach taken to ensure the method's accuracy and applicability.</p>



<p>Schug further elaborates on the importance of this development. "As medical professionals identify more safe and effective treatments using mushrooms, it will be important to ensure product safety, identify regulatory benchmarks, and determine appropriate dosing." </p>



<p>He underscores the critical role of established and reliable analytical methods, like the one his team describes, in the integration of mushrooms into clinical settings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-s-promising-future">Psilocybin's promising future</h2>



<p>The introduction of this precise measurement technique marks a significant milestone in the journey toward the widespread acceptance and use of psilocybin in medical treatments. </p>



<p>By providing a reliable way to gauge mushroom potency, this method paves the way for safer, more effective treatments, offering hope to those battling stubborn mental health conditions.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000326702301382X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Analytica Chimica Acta</a></em>.</p>



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Measuring psilocybin mushroom potency just got easier

In recent years, the perception of psilocybin and psilocin, the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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