<p>In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears.</p>



<p>Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species, habitats, and ecological roles remain thinly studied.</p>



<p>The Biodiversity Unit at the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a> has made a specialty of unveiling this hidden diversity, describing new species each year, and building tools to slow global biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-living-lab-for-biodiversity">A living lab for biodiversity</h2>



<p>Kibale National Park offers a mosaic of habitats. These include tracts of largely undisturbed forest, areas recovering from past logging, and nearby farmland. That patchwork allowed researchers to ask a simple but powerful question: where, exactly, is the unknown diversity concentrated?</p>



<p>The team focused on ichneumonid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-parasitic-wasps-quietly-crossed-oceans-now-thriving-in-u-s-oak-trees/">wasps</a> - one of the most diverse animal groups on the planet - and, within it, the subfamily Pimplinae.</p>



<p>These wasps don’t just buzz around flowers. They regulate other species by parasitizing the immature stages of insects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-with-spiders-brain-suggests-arachnids-originated-in-the-sea/">spiders</a>, linking them tightly to the health of entire food webs.</p>



<p>“Ichneumonids are a very poorly known taxon in Africa - we estimate that over half of the species we found are new to science,” said doctoral researcher Emil Österman. </p>



<p>With so little baseline knowledge for tropical ichneumonids, the team used long-term, standardized sampling to see how Pimplinae diversity is distributed across Kibale’s different habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wasps-link-species-and-ecosystems">Wasps link species and ecosystems</h2>



<p>Because parasitoid wasps sit high in food webs, they are sensitive to disruptions below them. If the insects and spiders they rely on decline, parasitoids tend to follow. </p>



<p>That sensitivity makes Pimplinae useful indicators: shifts in their richness and abundance often mirror broader changes in biodiversity. The new work confirms what many ecologists have suspected but struggled to quantify in tropical Africa. </p>



<p>“Many of our finds weren't unexpected, but we didn't have data based on long-term collecting in the field," said Tapani Hopkins, a researcher with the Biodiversity Unit. </p>



<p>"Now we can tell in greater detail how many more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-owl-species-discovered-in-africa/">species</a> there are in natural forest, and to what extent disturbed or logged tropical forest can harbor species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farmland-cannot-match-forest-life">Farmland cannot match forest life</h2>



<p>The headline result is encouraging for conservation: intact forest in Kibale harbors especially rich Pimplinae communities. Secondary forest that is regrowing after logging also supports far more species than adjacent farmland.</p>



<p>In other words, protecting remaining forest is essential, and letting disturbed forest recover pays real biodiversity dividends.</p>



<p>“Our results clearly show that African forest, including forest that is recovering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/">logging</a>, maintains a species-rich Pimplinae fauna compared to, say, nearby farmland," Österman said. "Species-rich habitats can be considered especially valuable in conserving unknown dark biodiversity.” </p>



<p>That matters for policy and on-the-ground management. If you want to safeguard the most unknown species, prioritize forests - and don’t write off recovering stands. They’re already doing important work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-forests-store-hidden-diversity">Global forests store hidden diversity</h2>



<p>The team also asked a bigger biogeographic question: how does African tropical diversity stack up against the New World? </p>



<p>Drawing on their parallel long-term collections in western Amazonia and Brazil’s coastal forests, the researchers found hints that South American rainforests may host even higher Pimplinae richness than Africa. However, African forests still harbor a rich fauna.</p>



<p>“Conserving dark taxa effectively requires a detailed knowledge of how biodiversity is distributed, both locally and at a global scale,” said Professor Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, who leads the Biodiversity Unit.</p>



<p>The comparison underscores a simple lesson: tropical forests on multiple continents are irreplaceable reservoirs of poorly known life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-biodiversity-loss-accelerates">Forest biodiversity loss accelerates</h2>



<p>Parasitoid wasps are only one window into dark biodiversity. But they tell a familiar story: clearing or simplifying forests causes losses to ripple upward. Protecting or allowing forests to recover lets complex communities rebound - including species we haven’t named yet.</p>



<p>The Kibale study shows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-leaks-conservation-efforts-may-shift-harm-elsewhere/">conservation</a> can succeed despite limited taxonomy: protect habitats that concentrate hidden diversity. It also highlights the value of patient, long-term fieldwork in places where biodiversity is vanishing fastest.</p>



<p>“We will continue our field studies at different tropical forest sites, because that is where biodiversity is disappearing especially quickly. It is a fight against time. When a rainforest is destroyed, we lose countless species which we know nothing about,” Sääksjärvi concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/icad.70017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Insect Conservation and Diversity</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Wasps shine a light on 'dark biodiversity' in rainforests

In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears. Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species,...

3d,Dna,Strand,With,Vibrant,Colors,For,Genetics,Background

<p>The blueprint of life, DNA, is an intricate molecular structure that encodes the genetic instructions for all living organisms. It is composed of only four nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and one of four nucleobases: adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. </p>



<p>These nucleotides are arranged into the iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-ocean-dna-study-uncovers-mysteries-of-marine-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA double helix</a>, reminiscent of a spiral staircase, stretching millions of units long.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breaking-new-ground-with-tna">Breaking new ground with TNA</h2>



<p>A remarkable study by the University of Chicago’s <a href="https://chemistry.uchicago.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Chemistry</a>, scientists have pushed the boundaries of genetic engineering by demonstrating the ability to extensively modify nucleotide structures in the lab. </p>



<p>The research introduces an innovative variant of nucleic acid, termed <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/DNA_TNA_comparison_graphic_credit-Stephanie-Kath-Schorr_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">threofuranosyl</a> nucleic acid (TNA), which incorporates a novel base pair, marking a significant leap towards the development of entirely artificial nucleic acids endowed with superior chemical functionalities.</p>



<p>This pioneering work, titled ‘Expanding the Horizon of the Xeno Nucleic Acid Space: Threose Nucleic Acids with Increased Information Storage’, has been featured in the <em>Journal of the American Chemical Society</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancements-and-advantages-of-tna">Enhancements and advantages of TNA</h2>



<p>Artificial nucleic acids like TNA diverge in structure from their natural counterparts, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-collect-human-dna-from-water-air-and-basically-everywhere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> and RNA. These modifications not only enhance their stability but also alter their functionality. </p>



<p>“Our threofuranosyl nucleic acid is more stable than the naturally occurring nucleic acids DNA and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>, which brings many advantages for future therapeutic use,” elucidates Professor Dr. Stephanie Kath-Schorr. </p>



<p>In crafting TNA, the conventional 5-carbon sugar backbone found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epigenetic-dna-clocks-predict-biological-age-more-accurately/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a>, deoxyribose, was substituted with a 4-carbon sugar variant. Moreover, the diversity of nucleobases expanded from the standard four to six.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broadening-therapeutic-horizons">Broadening therapeutic horizons</h2>



<p>This structural innovation ensures that TNA evades recognition and subsequent degradation by the cell’s enzymes, a notable challenge in the realm of nucleic acid-based therapeutics. </p>



<p>Synthetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-new-rna-viruses-identified-in-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>, when introduced into cells, is rapidly broken down, diminishing its efficacy. TNAs, however, persist undetected, prolonging their therapeutic impact.</p>



<p>“In addition, the built-in unnatural base pair enables alternative binding options to target molecules in the cell,” highlights Hannah Depmeier, lead author of the study. </p>



<p>This feature opens new avenues for precisely controlling cellular mechanisms through the development of novel aptamers -- short <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-dna-secrets-revealed-by-genomic-time-machine-and-transposable-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA </a>or RNA sequences. </p>



<p>Kath-Schorr is optimistic about the potential applications of TNAs, ranging from the targeted delivery of drugs to specific organs, to diagnostic uses such as the detection of viral proteins or biomarkers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-promise-of-tna-in-genetic-medicine">The promise of TNA in genetic medicine</h2>



<p>In summary, scientists at the University of Chicago have made a breakthrough, creating a synthetic nucleic acid, threofuranosyl nucleic acid (TNA), in the lab. </p>



<p>By introducing a more stable and versatile synthetic form of nucleic acid, this innovation paves the way for advanced therapeutic applications, targeted drug delivery, and precise diagnostics. </p>



<p>As we embrace the possibilities offered by TNAs, from enhancing the effectiveness of treatments to revolutionizing the way we approach diseases, the future of medicine and genetic research stands on the cusp of transformation. </p>



<p>The journey into this uncharted genetic frontier promises not only to deepen our understanding of life's molecular foundations but also to unlock unprecedented opportunities for improving human health worldwide.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jacs.3c14626" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Chemical Society</a></em>.</p>



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Artificial building block of life, called TNA, created in the lab

The blueprint of life, DNA, is an intricate molecular structure...

<p>Turbulence is a phenomenon we encounter every day, whether in the swoosh of wind through leaves, the rush of water down a river, or the unsettling bumps mid-flight on an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-caused-more-severe-turbulence-on-airplanes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">airplane</a>. But what if someone told you a much smaller nudge, even the frenetic movement of a single molecule, could trigger a similar dramatic effect? </p>



<p>Research by Professor Nigel Goldenfeld at the University of California, San Diego reveals the surprisingly spontaneous nature of turbulence. The findings challenge our understanding of how seemingly predictable systems can morph into unpredictable chaos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-phenomenon-of-turbulence">The phenomenon of turbulence </h2>



<p>For the investigation, the team employed theoretical modeling techniques to investigate the phenomenon of turbulence. They focused on the simplified equation system due to the computational challenges posed by using the full fluid equations. </p>



<p>This allowed them to explore how tiny random movements of molecules could influence large-scale unpredictable patterns in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-ocean-turbulence-impacts-carbon-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowing fluids</a>. The researchers simulated fluid behavior with disturbances as small as microns and observed the development of spontaneous randomness.</p>



<p>Imagine a twig, barely nudged by a gentle river current. What if this seemingly trivial movement could trigger a chain reaction, leading to massive and spontaneous turbulence? This research challenges our conventional perception. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-butterfly-effect">The butterfly effect</h2>



<p>The study suggests that even minuscule disturbances can snowball into dramatic consequences, much like the famous "butterfly effect." In that analogy, a butterfly flapping its wings in one location can ultimately trigger a storm far away.</p>



<p>"In turbulent systems, a very small disturbance at one point will have an amplified effect at a finite point in the future, but through a mechanism that is faster than chaos," said Professor Goldenfeld. This revelation reveals the unexpected power that even the smallest events can hold within turbulent systems. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spontaneous-turbulence">Spontaneous turbulence</h2>



<p>The findings shed light on a phenomenon called "spontaneous stochasticity," where randomness emerges from what was expected to be predictable. </p>



<p>Picture the flow of water over that twig in the river. While the initial disturbance might seem trivial, it spawns eddies and swirls downstream, creating a symphony of turbulence. </p>



<p>What's remarkable is that this randomness persists regardless of the nature of the disturbance- a twig, a pebble, or a clod of dirt, all yield the same patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thermal-noises">Thermal noises </h2>



<p>In their study, the team focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-realm-controlled-at-room-temperature-for-the-first-time/">thermal noise</a>, the subtle hum of molecular motion underlying the world around us. In fluids, like air or water, thermal noise acts like a conductor, invisibly guiding the chaotic motion of molecules into the swirling patterns of turbulence. Each molecule contributes a small movement to the overall chaos.</p>



<p>Goldenfeld's team studied how this random motion, the thermal noise, influences the complex behavior of fluids. The research showed that thermal noise plays a crucial role in shaping how fluids move turbulently. </p>



<p>This ubiquitous presence of noise in the molecular interactions within fluids, serves as a constant background against which turbulence operates and creates spontaneous patterns.</p>



<p>Essentially, thermal noise reminds us that there's an element of chance in everything. It highlights the balance between predictable rules and unpredictable events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-understanding-of-turbulence">New understanding of turbulence </h2>



<p>But what implications does this have beyond the realm of rivers and air currents? Professor Goldenfeld suggests that this newfound understanding of turbulence may have far-reaching consequences, from weather forecasting to astrophysics.</p>



<p>"In weather forecasts, there is always a fundamental source of randomness," said Goldenfeld. "The precise sense in which this unpredictability was inevitable wasn’t fully understood before our work." </p>



<p>The experts acknowledge the existence of random, unpredictable events. These unexpected occurrences highlight the inherent limitations in perfectly predicting the behavior of complex systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>While their study marks a significant leap forward in our understanding of turbulence, Goldenfeld and his colleagues acknowledge that there's still much to explore. They aim to validate their findings using the full fluid equations, unlocking even deeper insights into the hidden mechanisms of turbulence. </p>



<p>"For now, this will have to do," Goldenfeld remarked, echoing the sentiment of many pioneers in the field of science. "But we hope that future supercomputer calculations will be able to confirm our results using the full fluid equations."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Throughout the vast universe, turbulence plays a significant role, affecting everything from tiny molecules to enormous galactic storms. This turbulence creates intricate patterns, like a complex melody in a grand symphony. </p>



<p>These swirling movements, often appearing chaotic, highlight the delicate balance between order and randomness that shapes our world. Turbulence isn't just about disorder; it also holds a surprising beauty, showcasing the incredible creativity present in nature's processes.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevlett.132.104002" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>.</p>



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Even microscopic noises could trigger spontaneous turbulence

Turbulence is a phenomenon we encounter every day, whether in...

<p>In a recent study led by the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> and the <a href="https://cyprusturtles.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">North Cyprus Society for the Protection of Turtles</a> (SPOT), researchers have uncovered distressing evidence of plastic pollution's impact on sea turtles in the Mediterranean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found hundreds of plastic items, including a Halloween toy, within the intestines of deceased sea turtles.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deceased-sea-turtles-ingested-plastics">Deceased sea turtles ingested plastics</h2>



<p>The study was focused on 135 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/loggerhead-turtles-migrate-using-a-secret-thermal-corridor/">loggerhead</a> turtles found washed ashore or accidentally entangled in fishing nets off the coast of northern Cyprus.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research revealed that a significant portion of these marine creatures had ingested "macroplastics" - plastic pieces larger than 5mm, ranging from bottle caps to a rubber witch's finger from a Halloween costume.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-lasting-pressure-on-marine-systems">Long-lasting pressure on marine systems</h2>



<p>“High densities of marine plastic pollution are now present across oceanic gyres, coastal waters and beaches, putting long-lasting pressure on marine systems," wrote the study authors. </p>



<p>"An estimated 8 million metric tons of plastic enter the ocean each year, which is predicted to increase 2.6-fold by 2040. The widespread dispersion and mobility of plastic pollution and its presence in all marine habitats allows it to interact with a wide variety of biota."</p>



<p>"Plastic represents a threat to multiple marine vertebrate species through ingestion, entanglement and degradation of key habitats, although population-scale impacts have been more difficult to determine."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loggerhead-turtles-as-bioindicators-of-ecosystem-health">Loggerhead turtles as bioindicators of ecosystem health</h2>



<p>The research highlights the loggerhead turtle as a potential "bioindicator" for gauging the breadth and ramifications of plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-increase-in-global-ocean-plastic-pollution-since-2005/">pollution</a> in marine environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The journey of that Halloween toy – from a child’s costume to the inside of a sea turtle – is a fascinating glimpse into the life cycle of plastic," said lead author Emily Duncan, an ecologist at Exeter. </p>



<p>“These turtles feed on gelatinous prey such as jellyfish and seabed prey such as crustaceans, and it’s easy to see how this item might have looked like a crab claw.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varied-levels-of-plastic-ingestion-nbsp">Varied levels of plastic ingestion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigation identified a total of 492 macroplastic pieces, with a single turtle containing as many as 67 pieces, although the reason for such varied levels of plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baby-sea-turtles-are-swallowing-plastic-trash/">ingestion</a> among turtles sharing the same habitat remains unclear.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study further observed a "strong selectivity" by the turtles for specific types, colors, and shapes of plastic, predominantly sheet-like (62%), clear (41%), or white (25%) pieces, with polypropylene (37%) and polyethylene (35%) being the most commonly ingested polymers.&nbsp;</p>



<p><br>“It’s likely that turtles ingest the plastics that mostly closely resemble their foods,” Duncan explained. “We still don’t know the full impacts of macroplastic on turtles’ health, but negative effects could include causing blockages and limiting nutrition.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study spanned a decade, from 2012 to 2022, during which the rate of macroplastic ingestion remained constant, showing no discernible increase over time and no significant difference between turtles that were stranded and those caught as bycatch.</p>



<p>This research sheds crucial light on the issue of plastic pollution in the eastern Mediterranean, yet it underscores the necessity for further study.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To establish loggerhead turtles as an effective "bioindicator," larger sample sizes are required, and the inclusion of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-turtles-plastic-food/">green turtles</a> in future research is recommended by senior author Brendan Godley, leader of the Exeter Marine research group.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This approach aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the ecological threat posed by plastics to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine biodiversity</a>.</p>



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<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-wp-embed is-provider-earth-com wp-block-embed-earth-com"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.earth.com/news/world-sea-turtle-day-a-tribute-to-resilience-and-conservation/
</div></figure>

Hundreds of plastic items found in deceased sea turtles

In a recent study led by the University of Exeter...

<p>In a new study led by the <a href="https://www.oist.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology</a> (OIST) and <a href="https://www.sinica.edu.tw/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Academia Sinica</a> in Taiwan, researchers have illuminated the intricate and selective relationships between anemonefish and their sea anemone <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-anemones-exercise-to-build-their-bodies/">hosts</a> in the Mediterranean. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specific-habitat-choices">Specific habitat choices</h2>



<p>The findings revealed that some anemonefish species, such as the yellow-tail anemonefish (<em>Amphiprion clarkii</em>), are adaptable generalists inhabiting various sea anemones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Other anemonefish, like the tomato <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-impacts-the-development-of-clownfish/">clownfish</a> (<em>Amphiprion frenatus</em>), are specialists that coexist exclusively with the bubble-tip sea anemone (<em>Entacmaea quadricolor</em>).&nbsp;</p>



<p>This specificity in habitat choice has puzzled scientists, partly due to the sparse knowledge on the genetic diversity of giant sea anemones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bubble-tip-giant-sea-anemone">Bubble-tip giant sea anemone</h2>



<p>The study aimed to shed light on the genetic diversity within the bubble-tip giant sea anemone (<em>Entacmaea quadricolor</em>) population in Japan.</p>



<p>The experts discovered that anemonefish possess a sophisticated ability to distinguish between different populations of giant sea anemones - a task that proves challenging for humans without genetic analysis.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetically-distinct-lineages-nbsp">Genetically distinct lineages&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research unveiled a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-differences-in-fish-are-important-for-conservation/">genetic variety</a> within the bubble-tip sea anemone specimens, identifying four distinct genetic lineages.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Within the bubble-tip giant sea anemone species (<em>Entacmaea</em>) our phylogenetic tree reveals the presence of two main groups with a common ancestor in Okinawa," explained lead author Rio Kashimoto, a PhD student in marine genomics at OIST.</p>



<p>"The first group consists of three categories of descendants, A, B, and C, which are associated with the yellow-tail anemonefish as the host species. The second group, category D, is associated with the tomato anemonefish as the host species.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anemonefish-recognize-sea-anemone-lineages">Anemonefish recognize sea anemone lineages</h2>



<p>To test if anemonefish could differentiate between the two groups in a controlled environment, the researchers conducted experiments using a large tank at the OIST Marine Science Station.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In lab experiments we observed that in most cases each anemonefish species can recognize the sea anemone lineage it is associated with in the wild, despite the fact the clades look the same," said Vincent Laudet, the leader of the the Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit at OIST.</p>



<p>"We also observed that these lineages do not express the same genes, especially genes for toxicity and color - sea anemones use venom for prey capture, digestion and defense, and they probably do not have the same odor, which may be a key part in how anemonefish recognize different lineages."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cryptic-sea-anemone-species-nbsp">Cryptic sea anemone species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study not only challenges our previous understanding of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-symbiotic-relationships-evolve-between-species/">symbiotic relationships</a> between anemonefish and sea anemones but also suggests the existence of two cryptic species within what was thought to be a single species of the bubble-tip sea anemone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Therefore, anemonefish are able to identify distinct lineages of sea anemones that we humans can’t distinguish," said Laudet.</p>



<p>"We believe that these two main groups represent two cryptic species - species that we cannot identify by looking at them, but they are genetically distinct."</p>



<p>The findings underscore the marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-stability-helped-ocean-biodiversity-flourish/">biodiversity</a> present in Okinawa and Japan and highlight the complex ecological interactions that have yet to be fully understood.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.051" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Anemonefish can distinguish between anemone species

In a new study led by the Okinawa Institute of...

<p>Microscopic organisms living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-carbon-buried-deep-beneath-the-forest-is-disrupted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>, called microbes, are essential for a healthy planet. They help plants grow and decompose organic matter, keeping ecosystems functioning smoothly. But what happens to these vital soil microbes when human actions disrupt the environment? </p>



<p>Researchers at Michigan State University (<a href="https://msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>) are finding answers in a most unexpected place: a 60-year-old underground coal mine fire in Centralia, Pennsylvania. This "press disturbance," as scientists call it, has been continuously burning since 1962, heating the soil above as it spreads. </p>



<p>The research uncovered a remarkable survival tactic used by the dormant soil microbes. The microbes essentially put their life processes on hold, allowing them to endure harsh conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-soil-microbes">Diversity of soil microbes</h2>



<p>"If you look in a gram of soil, you have tens of thousands of different bacterial species. Soil is the most diverse microbiome that we know, more diverse even than the human gut," said Ashley Shade, an associate professor in the MSU Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences.</p>



<p>For seven years, Professor Shade and her colleague, Samuel Barnett, a postdoctoral scholar at the lab, analyzed soil dynamics over time in Centralia. Their annual expeditions involved collecting soil samples from fire-affected areas to understand how microbial communities adapt to the heat altering their habitat. </p>



<p>"We go out every October, and we take soil cores," said Dr. Barnett. "We have a big PVC pipe that we sterilize and drive into the soil and pull out about 20 centimeters or 8 inches of soil. Then we sieve the soil to get rid of roots and rocks and the stuff we don't want and then freeze it in liquid nitrogen and bring it to the lab."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-active-and-dormant-soil-microbes">Active and dormant soil microbes</h2>



<p>There are two main states of soil microbes: active and dormant. Active microbes are busybodies. They're constantly growing, multiplying, and doing their jobs in the environment. This includes cleaning up waste, breaking down dead things, and making sure everything runs smoothly. </p>



<p>Dormant microbes, on the other hand, have slowed down their activity to almost a standstill. They're not growing or reproducing, but they're not dead either. Dormancy is basically a survival tactic that lets these microbes wait until things get better.</p>



<p>The experts observed a surprising change in the balance between active and dormant soil microbes in the burned areas. A large number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> in the soil existed in a low-activity state. These microbes survive the harsh conditions by becoming dormant. </p>



<p>When the environment becomes favorable again, the dormant microbes can become active and contribute to soil. The ability to switch between active and dormant states is essential for the soil to recover from the fire damages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-role-of-dormant-bacteria">Critical role of dormant bacteria</h2>



<p>This study emphasizes the critical role dormant bacteria play in the soil's resilience. This resilience, built on both active and dormant populations, demonstrates the complex way microbial communities respond to the environment. </p>



<p>"Many people don't realize that an incredible number of soil microbes are simply not active and functioning at any given time," noted Professor Shade.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soil-microbes-and-climate-change">Soil microbes and climate change</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers noted a steady decrease in soil temperature within the burned areas over the seven years studied. </p>



<p>Even though the initial heat from the fire subsided over time, the fire's impact on the soil's chemistry remained. This was evident through ongoing carbon dioxide release (CO2 venting) and changes in the soil's acidity (pH levels).</p>



<p>The research shows that dormant soil microbes are actively involved in keeping the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-soil-microbes-could-revolutionize-climate-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment stable</a> and helping it recover from disruptions. They have surprising abilities to adapt to harsh conditions. Understanding how these microbial communities function is crucial as our planet faces increasing challenges from climate change. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Centralia's story showcases how life endures even in harsh conditions. This knowledge not only improves our understanding of microbes, but also offers possibilities for repairing environments damaged by human actions. </p>



<p>"If we can understand what wakes up the dormant microbes, we can try to manage the microbiome, for example, to wake up when we need it to wake up, to go to sleep potentially when we need it to go to sleep," said Professor Shade.</p>



<p>As we face climate change and environmental destruction, the microbes of Centralia teach us about nature's inherent ability to recover. By understanding and utilizing this resilience, we can work towards a better future for our planet.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ele.14393" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>‌</p>

How dormant soil microbes survive in a 60-year-old fire

Microscopic organisms living in soil, called microbes, are essential for...

<p>Through genetic analyses and oceanographic modeling, scientists have discovered that ocean currents form a "coral superhighway" in the Indian Ocean, facilitating the exchange of larvae <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/coral-superhighway-map_credit-Noam-Vogt-Vincent_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">between distant islands</a> in the Seychelles.</p>



<p>This important research, spearheaded by <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford University</a>, unveils a remarkable phenomenon within the vast expanse of the Seychelles' coral reefs, demonstrating that they are not as isolated as once thought. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-connection-across-a-coral-superhighway">Science of connection across a coral superhighway</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.research.ox.ac.uk/researchers/april-burt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. April Burt</a>, from the Department of Biology at Oxford University and the <a href="https://www.sif.sc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seychelles Islands Foundation</a>, highlights the significance of this discovery. </p>



<p>"This discovery is very important because a key factor in coral reef recovery is larval supply. Although corals have declined alarmingly across the world due to climate change and a number of other factors, actions can be taken at local and national scale to improve reef health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-and-reefs-are-showing-surprising-resilience-as-global-waters-warm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">resilience</a>," Dr. Burt explained. </p>



<p>"These actions can be more effective when we better understand the connectivity between coral reefs by, for instance, prioritizing conservation efforts around coral reefs that act as major larval sources to support regional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-survive-warming-waters-by-remembering-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef resilience</a>," she concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-scientists-unraveled-this-coral-network">How scientists unraveled this coral network</h2>



<p>The study's approach was collaborative, involving various <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-single-celled-microbe-is-protecting-corals-from-heat-and-helping-them-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral reef</a> management organizations and the Seychelles government. </p>



<p>Researchers collected coral samples from 19 different sites, uncovering recent gene flow and suggesting frequent larval transfers among populations. Intriguingly, the research also hinted at a previously unidentified species of the bouldering coral Porites lutea.</p>



<p>Oceanographic models were employed to simulate larval dispersal, revealing the paths larvae take across the region. </p>



<p>This modeling suggests not only direct dispersal across the Seychelles but also the potential role of "stepping-stone" dispersal, where centrally located reefs act as intermediaries, linking distant islands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-prediction-oceanographic-modeling-insights">Power of prediction: Oceanographic modeling insights</h2>



<p><a href="https://nvogtvincent.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Noam Vogt-Vincent</a>, who led the oceanographic modeling, emphasizes the importance of these findings for reef management. </p>



<p>"This research suggests that the broad agreement between predicted connectivity and observed genetic patterns supports the use of such larval dispersal simulations in reef system management in Seychelles and the wider region," Dr. Vogt-Vincent said. </p>



<p>"These simulations also allow us to investigate how regular these connectivity patterns are in time, because a regular larval supply will be essential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrients-from-seabird-poop-accelerate-coral-reef-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef recovery</a> in the face of climate change," he concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visualizing-the-larvae-dispersal-journey">Visualizing the larvae dispersal journey</h2>



<p>The Oxford study is made accessible through a novel <a href="https://nvogtvincent.co.uk/coral_app.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new app</a>, allowing users to visualize the potential journeys of coral larvae across the region. The implications for conservation are profound, offering a tool to identify vital larval sources for protection and restoration efforts.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.biology.ox.ac.uk/people/dr-lindsay-turnbull" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Lindsay Turnbull</a>, the senior author of the study, points out the timeliness of this research as El Niño events threaten coral reefs worldwide. </p>



<p>"This study couldn’t come at a more timely moment. The world is once again watching, as El Niño devastates coral reefs throughout the Indian Ocean," Turnbull asserts..</p>



<p>"Now we know which reefs will be crucial to coral recovery, but we can’t pause in our commitment to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and stopping climate change," she continued.</p>



<p>The study's findings are poised to inform the <a href="https://seymsp.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seychelles Marine Spatial Plan Initiative</a>, as noted by Dr. Joanna Smith and Helena Sims of <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>. </p>



<p>The data and Coral Connectivity app will guide the design and management of Marine Protected Areas and direct restoration activities, reflecting a comprehensive strategy for reef conservation at both national and regional levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-superhighway-prompts-a-global-call-to-action">Coral superhighway prompts a global call to action</h2>



<p>In summary, this research underscores the critical interconnectedness of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/Aldabra-atoll_coral-superhighway_credit-Christophe-Mason-Parker_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Seychelles' coral reefs</a>, revealing a "coral superhighway" that highlights the potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-can-build-up-a-tolerance-to-marine-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reef resilience</a> and recovery in the face of climate change. </p>



<p>By combining cutting-edge genetic analysis with sophisticated oceanographic modeling, scientists offer conservationists and policymakers valuable tools to prioritize and protect vital larval sources. </p>



<p>This study advances our understanding of coral ecosystem dynamics and urges sustained, global efforts towards reef conservation. </p>



<p>The research team emphasizes the need for targeted actions at both local and national levels to mitigate the impacts of environmental threats and safeguard these underwater treasures for future generations.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-55459-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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'Coral superhighway' connects and protects remote coral reefs

Through genetic analyses and oceanographic modeling, scientists have discovered that...

<p>Deep beneath our feet lie vast landscapes called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happy-world-peatlands-day-what-is-it-and-why-should-you-care/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">peatlands</a>. These swampy areas store massive amounts of carbon, acting like natural carbon banks. However, a surprising new study reveals that canals dug to drain peatlands are a major contributor to climate change. </p>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Diego</a> (UCSD) have discovered that these seemingly harmless peatland canals act as hidden hotspots for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">carbon emissions</a>. This discovery emphasizes the need to re-evaluate the impact of draining peatlands.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peatland-canals-boost-climate-change">Peatland canals boost climate change</h2>



<p>Peatlands form in areas with constant flooding. Dead plants don't fully decompose due to limited oxygen, accumulating over centuries as peat soil. These unique ecosystems have thrived undisturbed for millennia. </p>



<p>However, as a result of relentless agricultural expansion, particularly in places like West Kalimantan, Indonesia, peatlands are increasingly drained and destroyed. The findings of the research reveal hidden threats associated with the drainage use of peatland canals.</p>



<p>Around one-third of organic carbon leaking from peatland into canals quickly turns into harmful carbon dioxide, a major <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ponds-release-more-greenhouse-gases-than-they-store/">greenhouse gas</a>. </p>



<p>"These are some of the largest stores of carbon in the world outside of the ocean and they've been locked up for thousands of years. Reintroducing any of that carbon into the atmosphere is of major concern when it comes to climate change," said study co-author Dr. Lihini Aluwihare.</p>



<p>This is because, when peatlands are drained via canals, air reaches the previously waterlogged soil. This exposure to oxygen jumpstarts the decomposition of the vast amount of dead plant matter stored in the peat. The breakdown process releases carbon dioxide directly into the atmosphere. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Carbon emissions by peatland canals </h2>



<p>The research team successfully determined the exact rate at which microbes and sunlight convert peatland carbon into carbon dioxide within peatland canals. Their findings emphasize how brighter days, greater oxygen availability, and intensified water movement significantly increase this process.</p>



<p>Shockingly, each square meter of a peatland canal network in these areas releases roughly 70 milligrams of carbon dioxide daily. This translates to around 35% of the dissolved peatland carbon escaping back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Unfortunately, this rate is considerably higher than previous estimates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peatland-canals-affect-oceans">Peatland canals affect oceans</h2>



<p>The study reveals a critical gap in our understanding of how peatland degradation contributes to climate change. Additionally, scientists are unsure about how carbon travels through water from drained peatlands, to canals, and ultimately to the oceans. </p>



<p>Carbon emissions from peatland canals hinder ocean's ability to absorb and permanently store this carbon (a process known as sequestration). So, the study implies that draining peatlands for agriculture releases carbon not only into the air, but also substantially into water systems. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternatives-to-peatland-canals">Alternatives to peatland canals</h2>



<p>Peatland canal alternatives could focus on sustainable management practices that protect the ecological integrity of peatlands. Here are some alternatives and strategies:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wetland-restoration">Wetland restoration</h3>



<p>Bringing peatlands back to their natural waterlogged state is key. This involves blocking drainage canals using dams or structures to raise the water table and re-wet the peatland, halting carbon emissions and reviving biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paludiculture">Paludiculture</h3>



<p>This innovative approach focuses on cultivating crops suited to wet peatlands, eliminating the need for drainage. Farmers can grow crops like reeds for biofuel, specific berries, and even peat moss substitutes while <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-swamps-are-carbon-hotspots-that-need-urgent-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preserving</a> the peatland's carbon storage capacity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-level-management">Water level management</h3>



<p>Maintaining a balanced water level is crucial. Advanced systems can be implemented to prevent peat from drying and oxidizing while still allowing for some controlled land use. This requires close monitoring and adjustments to ensure peatland health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-forestry">Sustainable forestry</h3>



<p>Selective forestry that respects the water balance is essential. Choosing species that thrive in wet conditions and don't require significant water table reduction minimizes the impact on carbon storage and the overall peatland ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulation-and-monitoring">Regulation and monitoring</h3>



<p>Stricter regulations could curb new drainage activities and ensure compliance with conservation goals. Robust monitoring systems are vital to track progress and identify areas requiring intervention.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-involvement">Community involvement</h3>



<p>Engaging local communities in conservation efforts is key. Providing alternative income sources like eco-tourism, sustainable fishing, or income from paludiculture products incentivizes peatland preservation and fosters a sense of shared responsibility.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Researchers worldwide have made significant contributions to the study. Scientists like Putri Juliandini Wahyudio, Gusti Anshari, and Alison Hoyt have shed light on the complex interplay between land use, water quality, and climate change. The work provides valuable knowledge for managing and protecting these crucial carbon stores. </p>



<p>Overall, a new wave of thinking has emerged that sees peatlands as vital ecosystems regulating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dangerous-climate-feedback-loops-have-been-underestimated/">climate</a>. This study not only broadens our knowledge of carbon movement but also urges us to reconsider land-use practices that endanger these vital carbon sinks. </p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01383-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a>.</p>



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Peatland canals are hidden hotspots for carbon emissions

Deep beneath our feet lie vast landscapes called peatlands. These...

<p>In remote Western Australia, a routine discovery has revealed a significant threat to the region's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-ecosystem-store-carbon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem</a>. Researchers from <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curtin University</a> stumbled upon a deceased snake, unveiling a previously unknown hazard to endangered lizard species.</p>



<p>Dr. Holly Bradley, the lead researcher from Curtin's School of Molecular and Life Sciences, led the investigation into the stomach contents of the spotted mulga snake. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-endangered-lizard-species">Endangered lizard species</h2>



<p>What the team uncovered marks the first documented instance of a spotted mulga snake preying on a pygmy spiny-tailed skink. This has raised alarming concerns for the conservation of a similar-looking, endangered lizard species.</p>



<p>"Found approximately 300 kilometers east of Geraldton and likely a victim of vehicular collision, the snake's consumption of the pygmy spiny-tailed skink underscores the vulnerability of similar-sized juvenile western spiny-tailed skinks," Dr. Bradley explained. </p>



<p>Western spiny-tailed skinks, classified as endangered, inhabit the Mid-West region. They also share habitat similarities with their pygmy counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-threats-to-the-western-spiny-tailed-skink">Potential threats to the western spiny-tailed skink</h2>



<p>The similarity between pygmy and juvenile western spiny-tailed skinks complicates matters. "Pygmy spiny-tailed skinks bear a striking resemblance to the juveniles of the endangered western spiny-tailed skink," said Dr. Bradley. "Therefore, if these snakes are preying on one species, it's plausible they are also targeting the other."</p>



<p>Identifying a potential predator presents a critical challenge to conserving the western spiny-tailed skink. "This discovery emphasizes the importance of expanding our knowledge and implementing effective management strategies for this rare and threatened species," said Dr. Bradley. She highlighted the urgency for further research to assess and mitigate potential threats to these reptiles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-reptile-ecology">Understanding reptile ecology</h2>



<p>Australia hosts diverse reptile species, but gaps persist in understanding their ecology. "Species like the spotted mulga snake, along with the pygmy and western spiny-tailed skinks, exemplify the understudied and enigmatic nature of many reptiles," noted Dr. Bradley.</p>



<p><br>Understanding predator-prey dynamics is crucial for effective conservation, especially for vulnerable species like the western spiny-tailed skink. "Australia's arid and remote landscapes harbor a wealth of reptilian diversity, yet much of it remains shrouded in mystery due to accessibility challenges."</p>



<p>The discovery of a new predator for the western spiny-tailed skink is a significant milestone in understanding Australian reptile ecology. </p>



<p>"This discovery not only enhances our understanding of the complexities within our ecosystem but also provides invaluable insights to guide conservation efforts and safeguard the survival of our native reptilian species," concluded Dr. Bradley.</p>



<p><br>Essentially, the incidental discovery of reptile roadkill has sparked a chain reaction, exposing a previously unnoticed threat and prompting action to preserve an endangered lizard species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about the western spiny-tailed skink</h2>



<p>The western spiny-tailed skink (Egernia stokesii badia) is part of the Egernia genus, which includes some of the most social lizards in the world, often displaying complex social behaviors such as family group living and long-term monogamous pair bonds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Appearance&nbsp;</h3>



<p>This particular subspecies is characterized by its robust body, short limbs, and, most notably, its spiny tail, which it uses as a defense mechanism against predators.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The tail can be quite rigid and is used to block the entrance to its burrow or crevice when threatened. The spiny-tailed skink's coloration is typically a mix of brown, grey, and black, helping it to blend into its natural environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat</h3>



<p>Egernia stokesii badia is adapted to a variety of habitats, including rocky outcrops, scrublands, and woodlands. It is a diurnal lizard, meaning it is active during the day, basking in the sun to regulate its body temperature, and feeding on a diet that mainly consists of plants, insects, and sometimes small vertebrates.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Conservation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Habitat loss and degradation are general threats to many reptile species in Australia. Conservation efforts for the western spiny-tailed skink might include habitat protection and restoration, as well as research into their ecology and social structure to better understand how to protect them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Social structure&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Their social structure is particularly interesting to scientists, as these skinks have been observed living in family groups, a rare behavior for reptiles. This social system involves complex interactions and may provide benefits such as increased protection from predators and enhanced opportunities for thermoregulation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Research&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Research on Egernia stokesii badia and related species continues to provide insights into their social systems, ecology, and physiology, contributing to our understanding of reptile biology and the development of conservation strategies to protect them.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://meridian.allenpress.com/australian-zoologist/article/doi/10.7882/AZ.2024.003/498736/First-record-of-Egernia-predation-by-the-range" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australian Zoologist</a></em>.</p>



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Endangered lizard faces an unexpected threat

In remote Western Australia, a routine discovery has revealed a...

<p>The relentless enemy, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-iron-may-be-a-key-driver-of-long-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a>, continues to mutate, throwing up new variants that challenge our defenses. However, science evolves too, adapting our strategies and tools to keep pace with this ever-changing adversary. </p>



<p>A recent study by the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francis Crick Institute</a> brings new insights to this dynamic battlefield. The experts emphasize the importance of COVID vaccine monitoring as the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to evolve.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monovalent-and-bivalent-covid-vaccines">Monovalent and bivalent COVID vaccines</h2>



<p>At the heart of the recent study is a comparison between two types of COVID-19 vaccines: monovalent and bivalent. </p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Monovalent vaccines:</strong>&nbsp;These target a specific variant, currently the XBB omicron variant which is widely circulating. This targeted approach aims to create a strong immune response against this dominant strain.</li>



<li><strong>Bivalent vaccines:</strong>&nbsp;Unlike monovalent vaccines, these offer broader protection. They contain components from two different strains - the original virus and an earlier omicron variant.</li>
</ul>



<p>In late 2023, the World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>) underscored the need for vaccines to be updated to effectively target the XBB variant of Omicron and its descendants. This guidance led countries like the UK to deploy monovalent vaccines that specifically target this variant, a strategic pivot from the previously used bivalent vaccines that included an Omicron variant and the original COVID-19 strain. </p>



<p>This shift was based on evidence suggesting that the monovalent vaccine induced higher antibody binding titers and neutralization activities&nbsp;against a broader range of Omicron variants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-superiority-of-monovalent-vaccine">Superiority of monovalent vaccine</h2>



<p>The experts analyzed blood and nasal mucosal samples from 71 participants, before and after their fifth dose of the vaccine. The research revealed that both vaccine types were effective in producing neutralizing antibodies against the latest Omicron strain, BA.2.86. Notably, the monovalent vaccine demonstrated a superior ability to generate higher antibody levels against various Omicron strains.</p>



<p>All participants saw their antibody levels rise against every tested variant, BA.2.86 included. Yet, those who received the monovalent vaccine had a 3.5 times greater increase. This boost even targeted strains such as XBB and BQ.1.1.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limited-mucosal-antibody-response">Limited mucosal antibody response</h2>



<p>The Omicron variant spreads easily and replicates in the nose and throat. This study also examined mucosal antibodies in response to the COVID vaccines and the findings were mixed. The monovalent vaccine enhanced the production of mucosal antibodies against most tested variants. However, the bivalent did not boost the mucosal antibody levels.</p>



<p>Crucially, neither COVID vaccine type significantly increased neutralizing antibody levels in the nasal cavity against the BA.2.86 variant. This indicates a possible weakness in our defense, and underscores the urgency of updating vaccines and creating antibody drugs. These measures aim to safeguard the most vulnerable, especially those less responsive to vaccines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-monitoring-is-needed">Ongoing monitoring is needed </h2>



<p>Emma Wall, senior clinical research fellow at Crick and Consultant in Infectious Diseases at <a href="https://www.uclh.nhs.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLH</a>, emphasized the success of the UK's strategy to utilize older vaccine stocks.</p>



<p>"The UK's strategy to deploy stocks of older <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-vaccines-linked-to-neurological-blood-and-heart-related-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccines</a> paid off last year, as both vaccines provided equal protection against the newest strain. However, ongoing monitoring is needed, as the virus is continuing to evolve, so vaccine-induced antibodies might not work so well in the future," said Wall.</p>



<p>"In the long run, vaccines that are effective against all new variants and can block COVID-19 being transmitted from person to person are needed."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staying-on-top-of-viral-evolution">Staying on top of viral evolution </h2>



<p>David LV Bauer, group leader of the RNA Virus Replication Laboratory at Crick, added: "The situation this winter could have been different if the newly emerged BA.2.86 and JN.1 variants were substantially distinct from older Omicron variants, but fortunately this wasn't the case." </p>



<p>"Most new variants arise quicker than most clinical trials can produce data. But laboratory analysis can provide a detailed picture very quickly. Continued surveillance will help us stay on top of viral evolution."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-the-variants">Adapting to the variants</h2>



<p>Scientists are urging continued caution as the COVID-19 virus continues to mutate. The research emphasizes the need to adapt strategies alongside the evolving virus. </p>



<p>Through close monitoring and the development of new vaccines, researchers are striving to stay ahead of this global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cause-of-fatigue-in-long-covid-patients-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">challenge</a>. The journey may be long, but with ongoing research, scientists are hopeful for a future where COVID-19's impact is significantly reduced.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00316-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Lancet</em></a>.</p>



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Monitoring COVID vaccines is crucial as virus keeps mutating

The relentless enemy, COVID-19, continues to mutate, throwing up new...

Young,Attractive,Female,Scientist,Researching,In,The,Laboratory,With,Futuristic

<p>Scientists have developed a blood test capable of accurately determining if an individual has <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-linked-type-2-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">been awake</a> for over 24 hours, utilizing a unique combination of blood markers to detect sleep deprivation with remarkable precision.</p>



<p>In controlled laboratory settings, the test, developed by researchers from <a href="https://www.monash.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monash University</a> in Australia and the University of Birmingham in the UK, demonstrated a 99.2% accuracy rate in distinguishing between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rested</a> and sleep-deprived states. Although accuracy dips slightly to 89.1% in the absence of a rested baseline for comparison, the test's efficacy remains impressively high.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-sleep-deprivation-with-a-blood-test">Detecting sleep deprivation with a blood test</h2>



<p>This advancement is particularly significant given the global concern over sleep deprivation's role in approximately 20% of road accidents. The development of this biomarker opens the door to potential applications in quickly identifying<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-counteracts-negative-effects-of-sleep-deprivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> sleep-deprived</a> drivers, thereby enhancing road safety. </p>



<p>Furthermore, it holds promise for use in various safety-critical environments, where the consequences of fatigue can be dire.</p>



<p>Professor Clare Anderson, who spearheaded this research at Monash University before joining the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>, emphasized the test's potential impact. </p>



<p>“This is a really exciting discovery for sleep scientists, and could be transformative to the future management of health and safety relating to insufficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/getting-high-quality-sleep-helps-prevent-depression-and-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>,” Professor Anderson said. </p>



<p>“While more work is required, this is a promising first step. There is strong evidence that less than five hours’ sleep is associated with unsafe driving, but driving after 24 hours awake, which is what we detected here, would be at least comparable to more than double the Australian legal limit of alcohol performance wise," Anderson explained further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-and-real-world-applications">Significance and real-world applications</h2>



<p>Highlighting the gravity of operating a vehicle or machinery without <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-age-could-predict-health-and-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">adequate rest</a>, the study draws parallels between severe sleep deprivation and the impairment levels seen with significant alcohol consumption. </p>



<p>Dr. Katy Jeppe, a key contributor to the study, noted the challenges of bringing this test to a practical, real-world application, such as post-accident analysis. </p>



<p>“Next steps would be to test it in a less controlled environment and maybe under forensic conditions, particularly if it was to be used as evidence for crashes involving drivers <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-changes-are-directly-linked-to-sleep-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falling asleep</a>,” Dr Jeppe said. </p>



<p>“Given it’s blood, the test is more limited in a roadside context, but future work could examine whether our metabolites, and therefore the biomarker, are evident in saliva or breath," she posited.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-challenges-of-testing-blood-for-sleep-patterns">Legal challenges of testing blood for sleep patterns</h2>



<p>The biomarker's current configuration is designed to detect wakefulness periods extending beyond 24 hours, with the capability to identify sleep deprivation down to 18 hours. The possibility of developing a test for shorter periods of sleep deprivation or limited <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-breathing-impacts-memory-formation-during-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a> remains an area ripe for exploration. </p>



<p>However, the road to implementing such diagnostic tools in legal or workplace settings is long and requires extensive validation, legal considerations, and consensus on safe sleep thresholds to mitigate impairment risks effectively.</p>



<p>"Much further work would be needed if laws were to change and a sleep deprivation test introduced on the road or in workplaces,” Dr Jeppe said. “This would include further validation of biomarkers, as well as establishing safe levels of sleep to prevent and recover from impairment, not to mention the extensive legal process.”</p>



<p>The urgency for objective fatigue detection methods is underscored by historical tragedies such as the Chernobyl disaster and the Challenger space shuttle incident, where sleep deprivation-induced human error played a significant role. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-deprivation-public-safety-and-blood-tests">Sleep deprivation, public safety, and blood tests</h2>



<p>Similar to the transformative impact of alcohol testing in reducing traffic-related fatalities, this sleep deprivation test harbors the potential to significantly mitigate fatigue-related accidents across various sectors.</p>



<p>Professor Anderson concludes with a call to action for continued research and development in this area, aiming to parallel the success seen with alcohol impairment measures in enhancing public safety through fatigue management.</p>



<p>“Objective tests that identify individuals who present as a risk to themselves or others are urgently needed in situations where the cost of a mistake is fatal,” Professor Anderson said.</p>



<p>“Alcohol testing was a game changer for reducing road crashes and associated serious injuries and fatalities, and it is possible that we can achieve the same with fatigue. But much work is still required to meet this goal," she concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-fatigue-management">Future of fatigue management</h2>



<p>In summary, this collaborative breakthrough in developing a blood test for sleep deprivation heralds a significant advancement in public safety and health management. </p>



<p>With its ability to accurately detect over 24 hours of wakefulness, this innovative tool offers promising applications in preventing road accidents, enhancing workplace safety, and potentially mitigating catastrophic human errors in critical sectors. </p>



<p>As the scientific community continues to refine and validate this test, its integration into legal and occupational settings stands to revolutionize the way society addresses and manages the pervasive issue of sleep deprivation, echoing the lifesaving impact of alcohol impairment testing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-dangers-of-sleep-deprivation">More about the dangers of sleep deprivation</h2>



<p>As discussed above, sleep deprivation, a common issue faced by millions worldwide, poses significant threats to both individual health and public safety. Far from being a mere inconvenience, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-reset-sleep-restores-the-balance-between-order-and-chaos/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insufficient sleep</a> can lead to severe consequences, impacting everything from cognitive function to physical health. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-impairments-and-mental-health">Cognitive impairments and mental health</h3>



<p>One of the most immediate effects of sleep deprivation is its impact on cognitive functions. Lack of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whispered-dreams-how-relaxing-words-tune-our-heartbeat-to-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> severely impairs attention, alertness, concentration, reasoning, and problem-solving skills, making it difficult to perform daily tasks efficiently. </p>



<p>Moreover, chronic sleep deprivation can lead to significant mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and mood swings. It disrupts the processes that help manage emotions, exacerbating stress and impairing one's ability to cope with challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health-risks">Physical health risks</h3>



<p>The dangers of sleep deprivation extend well beyond cognitive impairments. It has been linked to a host of physical health problems. The risk of heart disease, heart attack, high blood pressure, stroke, and diabetes increases with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insufficient sleep</a>, as it affects the body's ability to regulate stress hormones and heal. Furthermore, sleep deprivation can lead to obesity, as it disrupts the balance of hormones that control appetite, leading to increased hunger and calorie intake.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-immune-function">Reduced immune function</h3>



<p>Adequate sleep is crucial for maintaining a strong immune system. Sleep deprivation compromises the body's ability to fight off infections, leaving individuals more susceptible to colds, the flu, and other infectious diseases. It can also prolong the recovery time from illness, as sleep supports the body's healing processes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-deprivation-blood-test-and-public-safety">Sleep deprivation blood test and public safety</h3>



<p>The impact of sleep deprivation on public safety, particularly in relation to driving and operating heavy machinery, cannot be overstated. Sleep-deprived individuals have slower reaction times, reduced vigilance, and impaired decision-making abilities, significantly increasing the risk of accidents. Studies have shown that driving while sleep-deprived can be as dangerous as driving under the influence of alcohol.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-consequences">Long-term consequences</h3>



<p>Chronic sleep deprivation can have profound long-term effects on health, including a shortened lifespan. It has been associated with an increased risk of developing chronic conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and obesity. Furthermore, it can have detrimental effects on personal relationships, work performance, and overall quality of life.</p>



<p>In summary, the dangers of sleep deprivation highlight the critical importance of prioritizing sleep as a key component of overall health and wellbeing. It's essential to recognize the signs of sleep deprivation and take proactive steps to ensure adequate rest, including maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a restful sleeping environment, and seeking professional help when necessary. </p>



<p>As individuals and as a society, addressing the issue of sleep deprivation can lead to improved health outcomes, enhanced safety, and a higher quality of life for everyone.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj6834">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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New blood test can detect when someone has not slept in the past 24 hours

Scientists have developed a blood test capable of accurately determining...

<p>In the quiet, frost-kissed mornings of the Arctic tundra, a delicate dance of survival unfolds, one that has persisted through the ages, yet now teeters on the brink of disruption. As the planet warms, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-may-be-ice-free-sooner-than-we-expected/">icy grip</a> of winter loosens earlier, beckoning a flurry of insect life to emerge from its slumber. </p>



<p>This should be a feast for the migrating shorebirds arriving from southern climes, yet an ecological quandary looms: are these avian travelers arriving too late to partake in this insect banquet, potentially jeopardizing their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-geese-adapt-by-finding-a-new-migratory-route/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a> success?</p>



<p>Misha Zhemchuzhnikov, an ecologist at the <a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ)</a>, stands at the forefront of unraveling this complex tapestry. His research, set against the stark beauty of northern Russia and Greenland, delves deep into the intricate relationships between shorebirds and their arthropod prey. </p>



<p>As Zhemchuzhnikov prepares to defend his PhD thesis at <a href="https://www.rug.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Groningen University</a>, he offers a cautionary tale against hasty conclusions regarding nature's mismatches.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-shorebird-dilemma">The shorebird dilemma</h3>



<p>Shorebirds, those intrepid wanderers of the tundra, exhibit a remarkable adaptability in their dietary habits. Zhemchuzhnikov's research reveals a nuanced picture of their feeding strategies. </p>



<p>While these birds can indeed dine on a wide array of insects, they show a marked preference for crane flies, a choice that becomes apparent through the meticulous analysis of DNA in their droppings. This preference underscores the importance of examining specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-favors-some-arctic-insects-over-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect populations</a> rather than relying on general biomass measurements, which can misrepresent the true availability of key prey items.</p>



<p>"Looking at 'just' general insect numbers or 'just' biomass may also provide a deceiving picture," said Zhemchuzhnikov. "Based on the long-term monitoring near the research station of Zackenberg, we know that numbers and biomass are not always in sync. This may result in different conclusions about the trophic mismatches."</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-pitfall-of-assumptions">The Pitfall of Assumptions</h3>



<p>Zhemchuzhnikov advocates for a rigorous, data-driven approach to understanding these ecological dynamics. He proposes the use of standard field trials with brightly colored pitfalls to capture, count, and weigh the insects that populate the tundra. </p>



<p>This method, while demanding in terms of scientific endurance, promises to shed light on the true nature of trophic relationships in this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-warming-could-speed-up-global-2c-temperature-rise-by-eight-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">changing landscape</a>.</p>



<p>"With the bright colors of these pitfalls, one can also catch flying insects - the pollinators of the Arctic flowers," said Zhemchuzhnikov. "But it takes a lot of scientific stamina to be able to draw sound conclusions in the long run."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracing-shorebird-diets-through-time">Tracing shorebird diets through time</h2>



<p>"However, there is an alternative way for going back in time and getting an idea about diet composition. We know that the chemical fingerprint that specific species of insects leave behind in birds can be found in feathers as well. And luckily, we have a huge sample of these feathers from the juvenile birds, collected for several decades in their wintering sites." </p>



<p>"Therefore, we are working on a method where we can track back the diet of the birds, analyzing the feathers that were formed during their growth in the breeding grounds."</p>



<p>By analyzing the chemical signatures left by specific insect species in the feathers of juvenile birds, scientists can reconstruct historical diets, offering insights into how these birds have adapted (or not) to shifts in their food supply over time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancing-our-knowledge-of-the-natural-world">Advancing our knowledge of the natural world</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research</a> serves as a vital hub for marine and coastal research, playing a pivotal role in our understanding of how climate change impacts ecological systems. </p>



<p>Zhemchuzhnikov's work is just one example of the institute's commitment to advancing our knowledge of the natural world, with implications that stretch far beyond the Arctic tundra.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-interconnectedness-of-all-life">The interconnectedness of all life</h3>



<p>Zhemchuzhnikov's journey into the heart of ecological dynamics is a testament to the resilience and complexity of nature. It serves as a reminder that in the face of rapid environmental change, our assumptions must be continually challenged and refined. This story is not just about shorebirds and insects; it's about the interconnectedness of all life and the delicate balances that sustain it.</p>



<p>As we ponder the future of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-rivers-could-unleash-carbon-equal-to-millions-of-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic landscapes</a>, let us approach with curiosity, armed with the knowledge that every creature, no matter how small, plays a role in the tapestry of life. The work of scientists like Zhemchuzhnikov illuminates the path forward, guiding us toward a deeper understanding of our planet and our place within it.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Arctic survival: Can shorebirds adjust to changes in their diet?

In the quiet, frost-kissed mornings of the Arctic tundra, a...

<p>Imagine someone who can effortlessly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-switch-different-languages/">switch</a> between chatting with their grandma in Italian and arguing philosophy with a classmate in French. That’s a polyglot, someone who can speak multiple languages.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new <a href="https://www.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> study explores how their brains handle this impressive feat. The experts found that while the brain's language network lights up when processing any language, it works less intensely for a polyglot's native tongue. This suggests our first language becomes specially encoded in the brain, allowing for smoother comprehension.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-language-processing">Unique language processing</h2>



<p>The researchers, following up on prior work on polyglot brains, delved deeper in this study. The central question: how does fluency affect the brain's processing of different languages?&nbsp;</p>



<p>To investigate, the experts recruited 34 polyglots that spoke at least five languages. “With polyglots, you can do all of the comparisons within one person. You have languages that vary along a continuum, and you can try to see how the brain modulates responses as a function of proficiency,” explained Professor Evelina Fedorenko.</p>



<p>Using brain scans, the researchers monitored brain activity while participants listened to passages in eight different languages. This included their native tongue, languages with varying levels of proficiency, and even completely unknown languages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-easier-processing-of-the-native-language">Easier processing of the native language </h2>



<p>Scientists found that the brain processes our native language much faster and easier than other languages. The key to this is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-begin-to-learn-language-before-they-are-even-born/">early learning</a>.</p>



<p>We typically learn our first language very young, during a special time called the critical period for language. This is when our brains are extra good at picking up languages.&nbsp;</p>



<p>We soak in all the rules and words like sponges. Because we're exposed to this language so early and all the time, it becomes ingrained in our brain's language areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-specific-pattern-of-brain-activity">Specific pattern of brain activity</h2>



<p>Scientists could actually see this happening in the brain scans. When people listen to their native language, there's a specific pattern of brain activity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Parts of the brain linked to language, like Broca's area for speaking and Wernicke's area for understanding, light up less. Basically, our brain has a special shortcut for processing our first language, making it faster and easier to understand and speak.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-processing-additional-languages">Processing additional languages</h2>



<p>The researchers found that for languages someone just started learning (beginners), understanding and speaking require more effort. This activates a wider range of brain regions, including some not typically involved in language processing. These extra areas might be related to memory, focus, and problem-solving, which are all needed to grasp a new language.</p>



<p>As someone gets better at a language, the brain becomes more efficient. It starts using specific pathways dedicated to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/computer-models-can-mimic-human-language-processing/">language processing</a>, similar to those used for the native language.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, even at this intermediate level, the brain still uses more effort from the areas that control complex tasks to manage the challenges of a language that's not fully mastered.</p>



<p>“As you increase proficiency, you can engage in linguistic computations to a greater extent, so you get these progressively stronger responses," said Dr. Fedorenko.</p>



<p>"But then if you compare a really high-proficiency language and a native language, it may be that the native language is just a little bit easier, possibly because you've had more experience with it."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exposure-to-unknown-languages">Exposure to unknown languages</h2>



<p>Even if the listener can't understand the content, unknown languages still activate parts of the brain network responsible for language. This includes areas that process speech sounds and try to decipher any potential language structures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Our brains are naturally wired to search for patterns and meaning, so they automatically attempt to break down and comprehend speech sounds, regardless of familiarity.</p>



<p>Interestingly, exposure to unknown languages can also activate areas related to both hearing and sight. This is especially true if the listener tries to associate the heard language with written forms or visual contexts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The brain seeks any available clue to aid in understanding, demonstrating its flexibility and the integration of different senses in cognitive processing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>The current research focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/speaking-multiple-languages-slows-down-brain-aging/">polyglots</a> who started learning additional languages during their teenage years or adulthood. However, future studies aim to explore a different group: individuals who were exposed to multiple languages from a very young age.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers plan to investigate a group that learned one language in infancy but then immigrated to the United States at a young age. This group primarily uses English, leading to a decline in their native language proficiency.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By comparing these groups, the researchers hope to isolate the impact of language proficiency on brain activity from the influence of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bilingual-children-have-lasting-cognitive-benefits/">acquisition age</a>.</p>



<p>The study may also offer valuable insights into cognitive development, potentially aiding in diagnosing and treating language-related disorders.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07038-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



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Native language is specially stored in the brain for easy access

Imagine someone who can effortlessly switch between chatting with their...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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