<p>In a lab in Genoa, Italy, volunteers teamed up with iCub, a child-sized humanoid robot, to slice a bar of soap using a steel wire. The task itself was simple. What surprised researchers was what happened afterward: the participants’ brains began treating iCub’s hand as if it were their own.</p>



<p>The study was led by experts at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (<a href="https://www.iit.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIT</a>) and <a href="https://www.brown.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brown University</a>. The results suggests that collaboration with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-attached-mushroom-mycelium-to-biohybrid-robot-body-amazing-results/">robot</a> does more than complete a task. It changes how our brains map the space around us.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-maps-with-robots">Brain maps with robots</h2>



<p>Our brains keep a constantly updating map of the body that helps us move without thinking about each step.</p>



<p>Swinging a tennis racket or reaching for a glass of water feels natural because the brain treats the racket or the glass as part of the body for that moment. This map is flexible. It expands and reshapes when new tools or objects prove useful.</p>



<p>The team wanted to know if a humanoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brainless-soft-robot-created-that-runs-and-swims-is-powered-solely-by-air/">robot</a> could fit into that same map. Could our brain adopt a robot hand the way it adopts a familiar tool? That was the puzzle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-s-detection-of-robot-hands">Brain's detection of robot hands</h2>



<p>The experiment built on what scientists call the near hand effect. When a hand is near an object, the brain pays more attention to it. It prepares to act. </p>



<p>Earlier studies showed that this effect can even extend to another person’s hand, but only after working together. The researchers asked if the same could happen with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robots-are-using-game-theory-keep-humans-safe/">robot</a>.</p>



<p>Giulia Scorza Azzarà, a PhD student at IIT and first author of the study, designed the test. Volunteers and iCub cut soap together using a steel wire. Afterward, they did the Posner cueing task, a reaction-time test where images flash on a screen.</p>



<p>The results were striking. People responded faster when images appeared near iCub’s hand. Their brains had started to treat the robot’s hand almost like their own.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-actively-collaborating-with-a-robot-hand">Actively collaborating with a robot hand</h2>



<p>This effect didn’t happen automatically. A control study showed that when the robot’s hand was simply placed near the screen, without any shared task, there was no change in attention. </p>



<p>Unlike a rubber fake hand, which can trick the brain through sight alone, a robot’s hand needed active collaboration to matter. </p>



<p>Attention is prioritized to the space near another’s hand (human or robot) only after the latter becomes relevant to accomplish a shared goal.</p>



<p>The way iCub moved changed how people responded. When the robot’s movements were wide, fluid, and well synchronized, the effect grew stronger. </p>



<p>Distance also mattered. If the robot’s hand came close to a person’s personal space, the brain was more likely to accept it into its map. Engagement and closeness turned out to be powerful ingredients.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-sees-robots">How the brain sees robots</h2>



<p>The study also measured how people felt about their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aquatic-robot-inspired-by-flatworms-can-swim-in-harmony-with-nature/">robotic</a> partner. Questionnaires revealed that the more competent, likable, or animated iCub seemed, the stronger the effect became. </p>



<p>When participants thought of the robot as capable of feeling or acting intelligently, their brains gave more weight to its presence. The more human-like and competent the robot is perceived to be, the more impact its hand has after collaboration on human attentional prioritization.</p>



<p>What forms here is something called a joint body schema. During teamwork, our brains do not just map our own limbs. They also start to include a partner’s movements. </p>



<p>Athletes, dancers, and musicians rely on this unconscious merging all the time. The new study shows that robots can be part of it too.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions </h2>



<p>The researchers note that iCub’s behavior in the study was pre-programmed. It could not adapt in real time the way humans do. </p>



<p>Future robots will need to adjust their actions more flexibly, responding to the pace and style of their human partners. Adaptability could make the connection feel even more natural.</p>



<p>Future tests may also explore whether the same effect happens with non-humanoid objects, like a stick or another simple tool. That would show whether human-like design is essential, or whether collaboration itself is enough to reshape attention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-working-with-robots">The power of working with robots</h2>



<p>The applications are clear. Robots that people can accept as extensions of themselves could transform rehabilitation and assistive care. </p>



<p>Patients recovering from injury may work with robots that help restore movement by literally feeling like part of their bodies. Virtual reality systems could integrate robotic partners that guide attention and enhance immersion.</p>



<p>This project is part of the ERC-funded wHiSPER initiative, coordinated by IIT’s CONTACT unit. It reveals a powerful idea: working with robots can change how we see ourselves. </p>



<p>Slicing soap may seem trivial, but the shift it triggered shows just how ready our brains are to make space for new partners - even mechanical ones.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(25)01052-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.</em></p>



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Why your brain might mistake a robot’s hand for your own

In a lab in Genoa, Italy, volunteers teamed up with iCub, a child-sized humanoid robot, to slice a bar of soap using a steel wire. The task itself was simple. What surprised researchers was what happened afterward: the participants’ brains began treating iCub’s hand as if it were their own. The study was led by experts at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) and Brown University. The results suggests that collaboration with a robot does more than complete a task. It changes how our brains map the...

<p>Korean scientists have pioneered a novel food technology that combines the traditional staple of rice with lab-grown animal cells, introducing "cultured beef rice" as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/animal-muscle_fat-cells_rice-grains_frankenfood_Yonsei-university_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viable meat alternative</a> for a planet in crisis. </p>



<p>In a world grappling with the dual challenges of environmental sustainability and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-modified-plant-proteins-to-create-delicious-meat-alternatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ethical food production</a>, this fascinating innovation emerged from South Korea, promising a new dawn for alternative protein sources. </p>



<p>This technology aims to mitigate the environmental and ethical quandaries posed by industrial agriculture while offering a nutritious and flavorful alternative that could revolutionize our dietary habits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-of-cultured-beef-rice">The science of cultured beef rice</h2>



<p>This new study details how scientists have successfully grown animal muscle and fat cells within rice grains, creating a hybrid food that could significantly reduce our carbon footprint while providing an affordable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/who-says-theres-no-difference-between-meat-and-plant-based-sausages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein source</a>. </p>



<p>The essence of this breakthrough lies in its potential to harness the nutritional benefits of rice, already a high-nutrient food, and elevate them by integrating the protein-rich cells of livestock.</p>



<p>Sohyeon Park, the study's first author, under the mentorship of Jinkee Hong at <a href="https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/en_sc/index.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yonsei University</a>, envisions a future where our nutritional needs are met through such cell-cultured protein rice. </p>



<p>The science behind this marvel involves mimicking the natural growth environment of animal cells by leveraging the structural properties of rice grains. </p>



<p>These grains, characterized by their porosity and organized structure, offer an ideal scaffold for housing animal cells, which are nourished and grown to maturity within this unique medium.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-power-and-traditional-texture">Nutritional power and traditional texture</h2>



<p>The process begins with coating rice grains in fish gelatin, a safe and edible substance that enhances cell adherence. </p>



<p>Following this, cow muscle and fat stem cells are introduced into the grains, where they are cultured over a period of 9 to 11 days. </p>



<p>The result is a safe, allergy-friendly cultured beef rice that promises a new frontier in food technology.</p>



<p>Through rigorous food industry analyses, the researchers discovered that this hybrid rice boasts a protein content 8% higher and a fat content 7% greater than that of regular rice. </p>



<p>Notably, its texture is firmer and its flavor profile varies according to the ratio of muscle to fat cells, offering a diverse palate ranging from beef and almond to cream, butter, and coconut oil.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-cultured-beef-rice">Environmental impact of cultured beef rice</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-based-food-production-would-have-extremely-positive-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental benefits</a> of this innovation cannot be overstated. Traditional livestock production is resource-intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and contributing significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>In stark contrast, cultured beef rice presents a sustainable alternative, producing protein with a carbon footprint dramatically lower than that of conventional beef. </p>



<p>Preliminary estimates suggest that for every 100 g of protein, this hybrid rice could reduce CO2 emissions to less than 6.27 kg, compared to the 49.89 kg associated with beef production.</p>



<p>Moreover, the economic implications are equally promising. While traditional beef retails at $14.88 per kilogram, cultured beef rice could be produced for as little as $2.23 per kilogram. </p>



<p>This cost-effectiveness, combined with low food safety risks and a relatively straightforward production process, positions cultured beef rice as a viable commercial product in the near future.</p>



<p>The research team is now focused on optimizing the growth conditions within the rice grains to further enhance the nutritional value of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-meat-and-dairy-alternatives-will-dramatically-transform-the-global-food-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hybrid food</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultured-beef-rice-global-impact-of-harvesting-hope">Cultured beef rice: Global impact of harvesting hope</h2>



<p>Their success has not only exceeded expectations but also opened up a world of possibilities for rice-based hybrid foods. </p>



<p>From providing relief in famine-stricken areas to serving as military rations or space food, the potential applications are vast and varied.</p>



<p>In summary, as we look toward the horizon of food innovation, cultured beef rice stands as a testament to human ingenuity and our commitment to sustainability. </p>



<p>This important development promises to enrich our diets with a more nutritious and environmentally friendly protein source while setting a new standard for the global food industry. </p>



<p>By blending the ancient staple of rice with the latest in cellular agriculture, scientists offer a solution that could significantly reduce our ecological footprint, combat food scarcity, and open up new avenues for culinary exploration. </p>



<p>As we move forward, cultured beef rice embodies the potential to reshape our relationship with food, offering a sustainable, affordable, and versatile option that aligns with the pressing environmental and ethical demands of our time.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S259023852400016X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a></em>.</p>



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Frankenfood: Beef grown inside rice cells that is tasty, healthy, and affordable

Korean scientists have pioneered a novel food technology that combines...

Comb,Jelly,Drifting,Underwater,In,The,St.,Lawrence,River,In

<p>In the remote and frigid waters of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ice-free-arctic-summers-could-be-the-new-normal-by-2030/">Arctic</a>, during the long and dark polar night, a discovery has been made that challenges our understanding of the Arctic marine food web.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For the first time, scientists have evidence to show that <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Crustaceans-scaled.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny crustaceans, known as amphipods</a>, are preying on both live and dead jellyfish to survive the harsh Arctic winter, a period when food sources are scarce. </p>



<p>This revelation highlights the adaptability of marine life in the face of extreme environmental conditions and suggests a significant re-evaluation of the role of jellyfish within Arctic ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amphipods-and-the-adaptability-of-marine-life">Amphipods and the adaptability of marine life</h2>



<p>The study, published by <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers</a>, was conducted during an expedition to the AWIPEV research station on Svalbard in January and February 2022.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team embarked on this journey to explore the dietary habits of amphipods, small crustaceans ranging from five to 20 millimeters in length, in the depths of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard.</p>



<p>The research has illuminated the critical survival strategies that these organisms use during the months-long polar night when traditional food sources dwindle.</p>



<p>“Here we show for the first time that jellyfish -- thought to be typically poor in nutrients -- are nevertheless an important food source for amphipods during the Arctic polar night,” said study first author Annkathrin Dischereit, a doctoral student at the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dissection-of-the-amphipods">Dissection of the amphipods</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that amphipods not only feed on "jelly-falls," the naturally sunken carcasses of jellyfish, but some species also actively prey on living <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-are-capable-of-more-complex-learning-than-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a>. </p>



<p>This discovery is pivotal, highlighting a previously underappreciated interaction within the Arctic marine food web.</p>



<p>The waters around Svalbard were found to be teeming with various jellyfish species, from true jellyfish like the lion's mane jellyfish to hydrozoans and ctenophores. </p>



<p>The researchers focused on four species of amphipods, utilizing nets and baited traps for collection. </p>



<p>Through the dissection of the amphipods and DNA metabarcoding of their gut contents, the team was able to identify the remains of their prey, revealing a diet rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/very-rare-medusa-jellyfish-species-santjordia-pagesi-spotted-near-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> among the studied species. </p>



<p>The evidence suggests that jellyfish, contrary to previous beliefs, play a vital role in the diet of Arctic amphipods, especially during the challenging winter months.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapidly-changing-arctic">Rapidly changing Arctic</h2>



<p>The study also highlights the broader implications of these findings in the context of the rapidly changing Arctic environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The phenomenon known as "Atlantification" -- the northward spread of jellyfish species from the Atlantic Ocean due to warming waters -- may further amplify the importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jellyfish-can-regenerate-functioning-tentacles-in-just-a-few-days/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jellyfish</a> as a food source within Arctic food webs. </p>



<p>As the Arctic warms at a record pace, understanding the dynamics of these food webs and the role of jellyfish within them becomes increasingly crucial.</p>



<p>"There has been a recent paradigm shift in the marine biology literature that recognizes that far from being a ‘trophic dead-end,' jellyfish are in fact eaten by a wide range of organisms," said study co-author Dr. Charlotte Havermans. </p>



<p>"Our observations corroborate this major change in how scientists view the role of jellyfish in the food web."</p>



<p>“Because jellyfish tissue is quickly digested, they may have been overlooked as a prey item in previous studies, which unlike our study relied on visual identification of food items to determine the diet of Arctic invertebrates.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>As the Arctic continues to undergo profound environmental changes, further research into the diets of marine invertebrates and fish will be essential in unraveling the complex interactions that sustain these unique ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research lays the groundwork for future studies, opening new avenues for exploring the resilience of Arctic marine life in the face of climate change.</p>



<p>“To get a better idea of the role of jellyfish in the Arctic marine food web, and how this may change when their populations increase in the ‘new Arctic,’ we plan to further investigate the diet of other invertebrates and fish that potentially feed on jellyfish," said Dischereit.</p>



<p>"Questions remain, for example, whether jellyfish are a regular part of the diet of amphipods or whether they are simply a survival food during the polar night."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1327650" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Marine Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Image Credit: C. Havermans</p>



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Tiny creatures called amphipods eat jellyfish to survive the polar winters

In the remote and frigid waters of the Arctic, during...

<p>In a new study, researchers have documented playful teasing among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-can-understand-the-gestures-of-other-great-apes/">great apes</a>, suggesting that the roots of humor may stretch far back into our evolutionary history.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The collaborative research was conducted by a team of cognitive biologists and primatologists led by the <a href="https://www.ab.mpg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts have unveiled fascinating insights into the social dynamics of orangutans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and gorillas, marking a significant milestone in our understanding of primate behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-humor-in-apes-and-humans">Role of humor in apes and humans</h2>



<p>The study draws parallels between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humor-is-a-clear-sign-of-intelligence-among-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human joking</a> and ape teasing behaviors, highlighting their provocative, persistent nature, and the incorporation of elements of surprise and play. </p>



<p>This similarity suggests that the foundational aspects of humor may have evolved in the human lineage at least 13 million years ago, predating the development of language and providing a new lens through which to view the cognitive capabilities of our closest relatives in the animal kingdom.</p>



<p>Joking, an integral component of human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-can-understand-the-gestures-of-other-great-apes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social interaction</a>, relies heavily on social intelligence, the anticipation of future actions, and the recognition and appreciation of the violation of expectations. </p>



<p>Playful teasing, observed in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-appreciate-humor-very-early-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human infants</a> as young as eight months, shares much with joking. Both include provocative, repetitive actions that involve surprise and violate social norms. </p>



<p>The study indicates that such behavior in great apes represents a cognitive precursor to the more complex human joking.</p>



<p>“Great apes are excellent candidates for playful teasing, as they are closely related to us, engage in social play, show laughter and display relatively sophisticated understandings of others’ expectations,” said study first author Isabelle Laumer, a postdoctoral researcher at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed spontaneous social interactions among great apes that exhibited characteristics of playful, mildly harassing, or provocative behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts focused on the teaser's actions, body movements, facial expressions, and the responses from those being teased, seeking evidence of intentionality and the desire to provoke a reaction.</p>



<p>The findings revealed that all four great ape species engage in intentionally provocative behaviors that are frequently playful.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study identified 18 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/words-funny/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distinct behaviors</a> aimed at provoking a response or attracting attention, such as waving or swinging body parts or objects, hitting or poking, staring, disrupting movements, or pulling on hair. </p>



<p>These actions, often persistent and one-sided, rarely elicited reciprocal play signals from the targets, highlighting a distinction from more mutual forms of play.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



<p>“It was common for teasers to repeatedly wave or swing a body part or object in the middle of the target’s field of vision, hit or poke them, stare closely at their face, disrupt their movements, pull on their hair or perform other behaviors that were extremely difficult for the target to ignore,” said study senior author Professor Erica Cartmill of UCLA.</p>



<p>The study authors noted that although playful teasing took many forms, it differed from play in several ways. “Playful teasing in great apes is one-sided, very much coming from the teaser often throughout the entire interaction and rarely reciprocated,” explained Cartmill.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The animals also rarely use play signals like the primate ‘playface,' which is similar to what we would call a smile, or ‘hold’ gestures that signal their intent to play.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apes-and-the-evolutionary-implications-of-humor">Apes and the evolutionary implications of humor</h2>



<p>This research builds on observations by Jane Goodall and other field primatologists, systematically studying behaviors that had been noted anecdotally for years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The evolutionary implications of the findings are profound, suggesting that playful teasing and its cognitive prerequisites were likely present in the last common ancestor of humans and great apes. </p>



<p>This not only sheds light on the evolution of humor and social interaction but also underscores the deep connections we share with great apes.</p>



<p>“From an evolutionary perspective, the presence of playful teasing in all four great apes and its similarities to playful teasing and joking in human infants suggests that playful teasing and its cognitive prerequisites may have been present in our last common ancestor, at least 13 million years ago,” explained Laumer.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We hope that our study will inspire other researchers to study playful teasing in more species in order to better understand the evolution of this multifaceted behavior. We also hope that this study raises awareness of the similarities we share with our closest relatives and the importance of protecting these endangered animals.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.2345" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</em></a>. </p>



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Apes play and tease each other, suggesting that humor has evolutionary origins 

In a new study, researchers have documented playful teasing among...

<p>Scientists have introduced a new blood testing method that could significantly alter the way we approach heart attack prevention. By combining a standard blood test with an innovative online tool, individuals can now assess their risk of experiencing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heatwaves-and-air-pollution-may-double-fatal-heart-attack-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart attack</a> within the next six months. </p>



<p>This novel approach, spearheaded by Professor Johan Sundström from <a href="https://www.uu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uppsala University</a>, seeks to enhance patient care while hoping to motivate individuals to adopt healthier lifestyles. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-heart-attacks-with-a-blood-test">Predicting heart attacks with a blood test</h2>



<p>Historically, the prediction of heart attacks has been a complex challenge. Traditional methods, based on long-term studies, have struggled to identify high-risk individuals effectively. </p>



<p>These studies typically focus on stable risk factors over extended periods, failing to account for the dynamic nature of the period leading up to a heart attack. Professor Sundström highlights the urgency of this issue.</p>



<p>"The time just before a heart attack is very dynamic. For example, the risk of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/safe-air-pollution-levels-can-elevate-heart-attack-risk-within-one-hour/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart attack</a> doubles during the month after a divorce, and the risk of a fatal heart event is five times as high during the week after a cancer diagnosis,” Sundström explains.</p>



<p>To address this challenge, Sundström and his team, in collaboration with European researchers, embarked on a mission to identify biological markers indicative of an imminent heart attack. </p>



<p>Their research analyzed blood samples from 169,053 individuals, identifying approximately 90 molecules associated with an increased risk of a heart attack. </p>



<p>“We identified around 90 molecules that were linked to a risk of a first heart attack. However, the samples that are already taken in healthcare now are enough to predict the risk. We hope that this will increase people’s motivation to take their preventive medicine or stop smoking, for example,” says Sundström.</p>



<p>Remarkably, the team discovered that existing blood tests in healthcare settings are sufficient for risk assessment. This finding paves the way for a more accessible and efficient approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physical-inactivity-during-childhood-linked-to-heart-damage-in-early-adulthood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart attack</a> prediction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-individuals-through-biotech">Empowering individuals through biotech</h2>



<p>Another significant outcome of this research is the development of a simple online tool that enables individuals to assess their risk of having a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/women-are-more-than-twice-as-likely-to-die-after-a-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart attack</a> within six months. This tool represents a critical step toward empowering people to take charge of their health. </p>



<p>“This was one of the aims of the entire study, since we know that people feel relatively low motivation to follow preventive treatments. If you find out that you happen to have an increased risk of suffering a heart attack soon, perhaps you will feel more motivated to prevent it,” Sundström says.</p>



<p>The implications of this research extend far beyond its current achievements. The team plans to further investigate the identified molecules, exploring potential treatment options and better understanding their role in heart attack prevention. </p>



<p>Additionally, a new study is on the horizon to evaluate the effectiveness of the online tool in motivating individuals to pursue preventive measures.</p>



<p>“We hope to be able to carry out a new study here in Uppsala to see whether the online tool provides the kind of motivation we intend,” Sundström concludes.</p>



<p>In summary, this important initiative marks a significant advancement in the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a> and exemplifies the power of innovative research in transforming patient care. </p>



<p>By leveraging simple blood tests and digital tools, Uppsala University's research offers hope for millions at risk of heart attacks, moving us closer to a future where preventative care is more personalized, accessible, and effective. </p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44161-024-00422-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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Simple blood test can now predict your heart attack risk within six months

Scientists have introduced a new blood testing method that could...

<p>A pioneering study led by the <a href="https://umich.edu/">University of Michigan</a> (U-M), utilizing advanced artificial intelligence and social media analytics, has found that approximately 15% of Americans are skeptical about the reality of climate change. </p>



<p>This revelation comes at a time when scientific consensus has repeatedly warned of the increasing risks posed by a warming climate, including heightened occurrences of flooding, wildfires, and sea-level rise, among other disasters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Drawing on Twitter data spanning from 2017 to 2019, the researchers employed AI techniques to gauge public sentiment on climate change, mapping out both belief and denial across the United States.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50591-6"><em>Scientific Reports</em></a> on February 14, delves into the role social media plays in propagating climate change denialism, pinpointing influential figures, such as former President Donald Trump, who have significantly contributed to spreading misinformation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-data-nbsp">Social media data&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Prior to the advancement of AI and social media data, this work relied on expensive and time-consuming surveys," explained Joshua Newell, the study's senior author and a professor at U-M's School for Environment and Sustainability.</p>



<p>By analyzing over 7.4 million geocoded tweets with ChatGPT's Large Language Model, the team distinguished tweets as either supporting or opposing climate change, subsequently mapping these attitudes at both state and county levels. This analysis not only confirmed the 14.8% national denial rate, aligning with prior studies, but also highlighted demographic and geographic patterns in climate change skepticism.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overall-trends-nbsp">Overall trends&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings indicate a higher acceptance of climate change along the U.S. coasts, whereas central and southern regions, including Oklahoma, Mississippi, Alabama, and North Dakota, exhibit higher rates of denialism. Intrastate variances were also notable; for instance, California's Shasta County and Texas's Hockley County showed significantly higher denial rates than their respective state averages.</p>



<p>Political affiliation emerged as a dominant factor influencing climate change beliefs, with a notable correlation between Republican voters and climate change skepticism. The study also observed a link between climate denialism and low COVID-19 vaccination rates, suggesting a broader trend of skepticism towards scientific consensus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-public-opinion-nbsp">Shaping public opinion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study also ventures into the social media landscape, identifying key influencers and the formation of distinct communities around climate change belief and denial, largely operating within echo chambers with minimal cross-communication.</p>



<p>"The most heavily retweeted post includes one by Trump that questions climate change due to unusually cold weather in the U.S., and another where he casts doubt on a U.N. climate report," Newell noted, emphasizing the influence of prominent figures in shaping public opinion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-misinformation-nbsp">Combating misinformation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Given the divisive nature of climate change discourse, the researchers advocate for social media platforms to take a more active role in flagging misinformation and consider stricter policies against users who perpetuate falsehoods about climate change.</p>



<p>"This study provides a basis for developing strategies to counter this knowledge vulnerability," Newell concluded, stressing the importance of combating misinformation to foster a more informed public discourse on climate change.</p>



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More than 48 million Americans deny that climate change is real

A pioneering study led by the University of Michigan (U-M),...

<p>Scientists have made progress in understanding how the brain processes time, potentially rewriting the narrative on neural flexibility and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheese-may-contain-nutrients-that-prevent-cognitive-decline/">cognitive function</a>. </p>



<p>The research, led by Professor Arkarup Banerjee in the <a href="https://www.cshl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory</a>, focused on the vocalizations of Alston's singing mouse from Costa Rica, offers profound insights into how our brains may bend the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-perception-we-see-the-world-based-on-what-we-expect-to-see/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perception of time</a> to adapt to varying circumstances. </p>



<p>This phenomenon could have far-reaching implications across numerous fields including technology, education, and therapy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-rhythm-of-life">The rhythm of life</h2>



<p>Life's rhythm is inherently unpredictable, oscillating between moments that seem to sprint past and those that trudge along. </p>



<p>Humans exhibit a remarkable ability to adapt to these temporal shifts, whether it's keeping up the rhythm of a conversation or matching the pace of a busy crowd. </p>



<p>The enigma of how the brain orchestrates these adjustments has long puzzled scientists. </p>



<p>“There are many instances where we have to do the same action but at different tempos. So the question is, how does the brain do it," said Professor Banerjee. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alston-s-singing-mouse">Alston's singing mouse</h2>



<p>The study's focus on Alston's singing mouse, a species known for its distinctive, human-audible vocalizations, provides a unique window into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural mechanics</a> of temporal processing. </p>



<p>These mice communicate through songs that vary in length and tempo, making them ideal subjects for investigating how neural circuits might govern the flexibility of timing in vocalization.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="k4kpWaed1x-3367443-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temporal-scaling-nbsp">Temporal scaling&nbsp;</h2>



<p>By simulating duets with these mice and analyzing activity in the orofacial motor cortex (OMC), Professor Banerjee and his team observed a phenomenon they termed "temporal scaling." </p>



<p>Unlike a clock that measures absolute time, OMC neurons appear to encode relative time, dynamically adjusting the interval between vocalizations. </p>



<p>“Instead of encoding absolute time like a clock, the neurons track something like relative time,” explained Professor Banerjee. “They actually slow down or speed up the interval. So, it’s not like one or two seconds, but 10%, 20%.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adjusting-the-perception-of-brain-time">Adjusting the perception of brain time </h2>



<p>This discovery not only sheds light on how the brain modulates vocal communication but also suggests a broader principle of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/playing-instrument-lifelong-music-engagement-better-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural operation</a>. </p>



<p>The ability to adjust the perception of time could be a fundamental aspect of how the brain processes various sensory and motor tasks, offering a glimpse into the intricate mechanisms that allow for the flexibility and adaptability of behaviors.</p>



<p>“It’s this three-pound block of flesh that allows you to do everything from reading a book to sending people to the moon," said Professor Banerjee. </p>



<p>"It provides us with flexibility. We can change on the fly. We adapt. We learn. If everything was a stimulus-response, with no opportunity for learning, nothing that changes, no long-term goals, we wouldn’t need a brain. We believe the cortex exists to add flexibility to behavior.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of the study are vast, opening up new avenues for exploring how our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-screen-time-changes-the-brain-based-on-23-years-of-research/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brains</a> enable us to navigate the world. </p>



<p>"These results provide a framework for studying hierarchical control circuits, a common design principle across many natural and artificial systems," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>From enhancing educational methods to developing therapeutic interventions for neurological disorders, the potential applications of understanding how the brain bends time are as limitless as the human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-rats-have-an-imagination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">imagination</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-brain-perceives-time">How the brain perceives time</h2>



<p>The human brain perceives time through a complex interplay of various regions, rather than through a single "time center." </p>



<p>This perception is a result of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brain-is-constantly-working-to-learn-from-our-mistakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain's processing</a> of continuous information from the external environment and its internal states.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-regions">Key regions</h3>



<p>At the core of time perception are the basal ganglia and the cerebellum, which are believed to play critical roles in processing temporal information, such as the duration of events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The prefrontal cortex is involved in planning and anticipating future events, which is essential for our sense of the passage of time. </p>



<p>Additionally, the hippocampus, known for its role in memory formation, allows us to place events in a temporal sequence, creating a coherent narrative of our past.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influential-factors">Influential factors</h3>



<p>Time perception can be influenced by various factors, including attention, emotion, and the nature of the task at hand. </p>



<p>For example, when we are focused on a task that is engaging, time may seem to pass more quickly, a phenomenon often referred to as "time flies when you're having fun." Conversely, when we are bored or waiting anxiously, time can seem to drag.</p>



<p>Moreover, individual differences in time perception highlight the subjective nature of time. Factors such as age, cognitive abilities, and even cultural background can influence how one perceives the duration of events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-duration-and-the-brain">Time duration and the brain</h3>



<p>Neuroscientific research has also shown that the brain can encode short and long durations differently, with different mechanisms and regions involved in the milliseconds to seconds range compared to hours to days.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The perception of very short durations, for example, is thought to involve sensory and motor systems, while longer durations involve more cognitive processes, such as memory and attention.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41593-023-01556-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Neuroscience</em></a>. </p>



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Our brains "bend time" to adapt and keep up with life's rhythm

Scientists have made progress in understanding how the brain processes...

<p>Honeybees possess an extraordinary ability to adapt their flight mechanics and avoid overheating in response to rising temperatures, ensuring their survival and continued nectar foraging in a warming world.</p>



<p>This research from the <a href="https://www.uwyo.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wyoming</a> uncovered the resilience of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-honey-bee-day-celebrating-bees-and-beekeepers-across-the-globe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">essential pollinators</a> and highlights their crucial role in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honeybees-adapting-to-rising-temperatures">Honeybees adapting to rising temperatures</h2>



<p>Jordan Glass, a postdoctoral research associate at the University's Department of Zoology and Physiology, embarked on this study to explore how extreme heat impacts the foraging capabilities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-are-very-loyal-to-their-flower-patches/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a>. </p>



<p>Amidst growing concerns over the rapid decline of insect pollinators, largely attributed to climate change, this research provides a glimmer of hope. </p>



<p>It demonstrates that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybees-have-surprising-abilities-to-maintain-their-nest-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a> can forage effectively, without risking their lives, across a wide temperature range, from 77 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit.</p>



<p>The team meticulously analyzed the bees' flight muscle temperatures, metabolic rates, and water loss while carrying nectar in a controlled environment. </p>



<p>Additionally, high-speed video recordings offered insights into adjustments in their wing flapping mechanics at different temperatures. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honeybees-ingenious-flight-adjustments">Honeybees' ingenious flight adjustments</h2>



<p>The findings were remarkable: at temperatures up to 86 degrees Fahrenheit, bees exhibited increased flight muscle temperatures and metabolism. </p>



<p>However, at 104 degrees, these parameters remained stable, suggesting an adaptive mechanism to mitigate heat stress.</p>



<p>Glass's analysis revealed a fascinating adaptation: to counteract the risk of overheating at higher temperatures, bees decreased their wingbeat frequency and increased stroke amplitude. </p>



<p>This adjustment not only enhances flight efficiency but also minimizes metabolic heat production, thus conserving water -- a crucial adaptation in hot, dry conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-honeybees-against-climate-change">Resilience of honeybees against climate change</h2>



<p>This study illuminates the sophisticated strategies <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-type-of-sugar-that-kills-honeybees-could-help-fight-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a> employ to combat the challenges posed by a warming climate. </p>



<p>While the findings alleviate some concerns about the vulnerability of honeybees to climate-induced temperature increases, Glass warns that the threat is not entirely averted. </p>



<p>“Due to the capacity of hot bees to reduce metabolic heat production during flight, our data suggest that, under dry and poor forage conditions, (dehydration) may limit activity before overheating, impairing critical pollination services provided by honeybees,” Glass wrote. </p>



<p>“Even with reductions in metabolic heat production, (dehydration) likely limits foraging at temperatures well below bees’ critical thermal maxima in hot, dry conditions.”</p>



<p>As the planet continues to warm, the resilience of honeybees is very encouraging. Yet, the research underscores the importance of addressing the broader implications of climate change on our natural world. </p>



<p>The adaptability of honeybees serves as a testament to the intricate balance of ecosystems and the critical need for conservation efforts to safeguard these essential pollinators.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honeybees-higher-temperatures-and-climate-change">Honeybees, higher temperatures, and climate change</h2>



<p>As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybee-pollination-produces-plant-offspring-vastly-inferior-to-plants-pollinated-by-other-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a> face mounting challenges in our warming world. Climate change, with its extreme weather patterns, rising temperatures, and altered landscapes, poses a significant threat to these vital pollinators. </p>



<p>Honeybees, crucial for pollinating crops and wild plants, are now at the forefront of environmental concern, grappling with the direct and indirect effects of a changing climate.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupted-ecosystems-and-foraging-patterns">Disrupted ecosystems and foraging patterns</h3>



<p>Climate change disrupts the delicate balance of ecosystems, affecting the availability of flowering plants that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-inherit-altruistic-traits-from-their-mother/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a> rely on for nectar and pollen. </p>



<p>Altered blooming times and the reduced diversity of plants not only limit food sources but also force bees to venture further afield in search of sustenance, increasing their exposure to risks and energy expenditure.</p>



<p>Rising temperatures challenge honeybees' ability to maintain optimal hive temperatures. While bees are adept at adapting their flight behavior to avoid overheating, as revealed in recent studies, extreme heat can still push them beyond their limits. </p>



<p>High temperatures can lead to increased water needs for cooling hives, exacerbating the risk of dehydration and impairing their ability to forage effectively.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pesticides-and-pathogens-a-double-whammy">Pesticides and pathogens: A double whammy</h3>



<p>Climate change also exacerbates the threat of pesticides and pathogens. Warmer temperatures can enhance the toxicity of certain chemicals and increase the prevalence of diseases and parasites that afflict honeybee colonies. </p>



<p>These factors, combined with habitat loss and pollution, contribute to the declining bee populations observed worldwide.</p>



<p>The plight of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-came-first-bee-venom-or-bee-stingers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">honeybees</a> underlines the urgent need for global action against climate change. Protecting and restoring habitats, reducing pesticide use, and supporting sustainable agriculture are critical steps toward ensuring the survival of honeybees. </p>



<p>Moreover, fostering biodiversity and creating bee-friendly environments can help mitigate the impacts of climate change on these essential pollinators.</p>



<p>In summary, the impact of climate change on honeybees is a stark reminder of our interconnectedness with nature. As stewards of the planet, it is our collective responsibility to combat climate change and protect the biodiversity that sustains our food systems and natural ecosystems. </p>



<p>The survival of honeybees and, by extension, our own future, depends on our actions today to create a more sustainable and resilient world.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2311025121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Why honeybees don't overheat when loaded with nectar in rising temperatures

Honeybees possess an extraordinary ability to adapt their flight mechanics...

<p>Earth's global expanse of coral reefs is significantly larger than previously known to science. Recent research spearheaded by the University of Queensland made this encouraging discovery using advanced satellite mapping. Their work marks a pivotal step forward in the conservation of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-bleaching-releases-bacteria-that-put-further-strain-on-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial ecosystems</a>.</p>



<p><a href="https://researchers.uq.edu.au/researcher/22630" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Mitchell Lyons</a>, a key figure from UQ’s School of the Environment and a contributor to the <a href="https://allencoralatlas.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Allen Coral Atlas project</a>, shared that scientists have identified approximately 348,000 square kilometers of shallow coral reefs, extending down to depths of 20-30 meters. </p>



<p>“This revises up our previous estimate of shallow reefs in the world’s oceans,” Dr Lyons said. “Importantly, the high-resolution, up-to-date mapping satellite technology also allows us to see what these habitats are made from."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-true-global-scale-of-earth-s-coral-reefs">The true global scale of Earth's coral reefs</h2>



<p>Of particular note is the discovery that 80,000 square kilometers of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-growth-cannot-keep-pace-with-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reefs</a> boast a hard bottom surface, an environment conducive to coral growth, in stark contrast to areas characterized by sand, rubble, or seagrass. </p>



<p>"This data will allow scientists, conservationists, and policymakers to better understand and manage reef systems," Dr. Lyons added.</p>



<p>The project utilized over 1.5 million samples and 100 trillion pixels from the <a href="https://sentinels.copernicus.eu/web/sentinel/missions/sentinel-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sentinel-2</a> and <a href="https://www.planet.com/our-constellations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Planet Dove CubeSat satellites</a>, creating a high-resolution global map that offers an unprecedented view of the world's coral reefs. </p>



<p>“This is the first accurate depiction of the distribution and composition of the world’s coral reefs, with clear and consistent terminology,” Dr Lyons said. “It’s more than just a map -- it’s a tool for positive change for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-nurseries-need-protection-equal-to-that-of-established-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reefs</a> and coastal and marine environments at large.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worldwide-effort-of-science-and-conservation">Worldwide effort of science and conservation</h2>



<p>Associate Professor Chris Roelfsema, also from UQ, highlighted the collaborative nature of the reef mapping project, which involved over 480 contributors. </p>



<p>The resultant maps and data are publicly available through the Allen Coral Atlas and Google Earth Engine, ensuring widespread access. </p>



<p>"These resources are already being utilized in coral reef <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-some-corals-more-resilient-to-climate-change-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a> across the globe," Dr. Roelfsema noted, listing countries from Australia to Kenya and regions extending to western Micronesia.</p>



<p>The detailed insights provided by these maps equip scientists, policymakers, and local communities with the information needed to make informed decisions aimed at preserving our coral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-light-pollution-from-coastal-cities-is-damaging-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reefs</a>. </p>



<p>This compelling research highlights the underestimated extent of coral reefs and sets a new standard for how we approach their protection. </p>



<p>With the power of detailed, accessible data, we are now better positioned than ever to safeguard these vital ecosystems for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vital-role-of-coral-reefs-in-the-global-environment">Vital role of coral reefs in the global environment</h2>



<p>As discussed above, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-fish-have-feces-that-is-deadly-to-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> reefs, often described as the rainforests of the sea, are among the most valuable ecosystems on our planet. </p>



<p>These underwater marvels play a crucial role in maintaining the health of the global environment, supporting an incredible diversity of marine life, protecting coastlines, and sustaining economies. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-hotspots">Biodiversity hotspots</h3>



<p>Coral reefs support an astonishing variety of organisms. They provide habitat, breeding grounds, and nursery areas for an estimated 25% of all marine species, despite covering less than 1% of the ocean floor. </p>



<p>This biodiversity not only makes reefs hotbeds for marine life but also crucial for the genetic diversity that underpins resilience to environmental changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-coastal-protection">Earth's coastal protection</h3>



<p>Coral reefs act as natural barriers, absorbing the energy of waves and storms, and thereby protecting coastal communities, habitats, and shorelines from erosion and flooding. </p>



<p>This buffering capacity is invaluable, especially for low-lying island nations and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arise-project-will-coral-islands-survive-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coastal regions</a> that are increasingly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, such as rising sea levels and intensified storm events.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-value-of-global-coral-reefs">Economic value of global coral reefs</h3>



<p>The economic contribution of coral reefs is immense, supporting millions of jobs worldwide through fisheries, tourism, and medicine. </p>



<p>Reefs are vital for commercial and subsistence fisheries, providing a source of protein for millions of people. </p>



<p>The allure of their biodiversity also underpins a thriving marine tourism industry, from snorkeling and diving to educational and conservation activities. </p>



<p>Moreover, coral reef organisms are a source of potential pharmaceutical compounds for medicines.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-regulation">Climate regulation</h3>



<p>Coral reefs play a role in the global carbon cycle. Although less recognized than forests for their carbon sequestration capabilities, reefs contribute to the ocean's role as a carbon sink by capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. </p>



<p>The process of calcification, by which corals build their skeletons, indirectly removes carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate the effects of climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgency-of-conservation">Urgency of conservation</h3>



<p>Despite their importance, coral reefs face unprecedented threats from climate change, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollutants-from-fossil-fuels-are-embedded-in-coral-skeletons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, overfishing, and destructive fishing practices. </p>



<p>The increasing frequency of coral bleaching events, driven by rising sea temperatures, threatens their survival. </p>



<p>Conserving and restoring coral reefs is not just an environmental imperative but a necessity for human well-being and economic stability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-call-to-action">Global call to action</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crust-forming-algae-have-the-potential-to-dominate-coral-reefs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of coral reefs</a> requires global cooperation and action. Protecting these ecosystems means reducing greenhouse gas emissions, implementing sustainable fishing practices, managing tourism responsibly, and investing in restoration efforts. </p>



<p>Each action taken to preserve coral reefs contributes to the health of our planet and secures the livelihoods and futures of communities worldwide.</p>



<p>Coral reefs are irreplaceable treasures of the Earth, embodying the interconnectedness of life and the urgency of environmental stewardship. Their conservation is a testament to our commitment to a sustainable and resilient global environment.</p>



<p>The Allen Coral Atlas, a vision brought to life with funding from the late Paul Allen’s Vulcan Inc. and managed by Arizona State University in partnership with Planet, the Coral Reef Alliance, and The University of Queensland, stands as a testament to collaborative innovation in environmental conservation.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2949790624000016?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports Sustainability</a></em>.</p>



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Satellites discover huge expanse of Earth's coral reefs that were previously unknown

Earth's global expanse of coral reefs is significantly larger than...

<p>In the vast and often harsh landscapes of the desert, where survival hinges on the ability to navigate effectively, ants of the genus Cataglyphis exhibit a remarkable feat of orientation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These desert ants - though diminutive in size and possessing brains with less than one million neurons - have been found to use the Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-can-switch-their-perception-of-earths-magnetic-field-on-and-off/">magnetic field</a> for navigation.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-processing-magnetic-information-nbsp">Processing magnetic information&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The remarkable discovery, which was initially made by researchers from the <a href="https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/university/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Würzburg</a> (JMU), challenged previous understandings of animal navigation and prompted further investigation into the underlying mechanisms.</p>



<p>The latest study provides brand new insights into how desert ants process magnetic information. The researchers have discovered that the ants' internal compass, known as the central complex, is a key site for processing Earth's magnetic signals. These signals are also processed in "mushroom bodies" that are responsible for learning and memory in the ant's brain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-walks">Learning walks</h2>



<p>Dr. Pauline Fleischmann elaborated on the ants' preparatory behaviors, noting that before venturing out for the first time, the ants perform learning walks to calibrate their navigation systems. "Before an ant leaves its underground nest for the first time and goes in search of food, it has to calibrate its navigation system."</p>



<p>These walks involve intricate movements and orientations that align them with the magnetic field, even when the nest entrance - a mere hole in the ground - is out of sight. The team's field studies in southern Greece, where these ants are native, have demonstrated that these orientation behaviors are indeed influenced by Earth's magnetic field.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts analyzed young workers that had not yet undertaken any learning walks. The desert ants were observed in experiments that were precisely planned out.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The ants were sometimes allowed to venture out under natural conditions, and other times they were allowed to venture out in a manipulated magnetic field that displayed chaotic directions or did not allow horizontal orientation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With this faulty directional information, it was not suitable as a reliable reference system for the ants' behavior to look back to the nest entrance during the learning walks, noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spatial-memory-formation-nbsp">Spatial memory formation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our neuroanatomical brain analyses show that ants exposed to an altered magnetic field have a smaller volume and fewer synaptic complexes in an area of the brain responsible for the integration of visual information and learning, the so-called mushroom body," explained the study authors.</p>



<p>This contrasted sharply with ants that experienced natural magnetic conditions, whose sensory experiences led to an increase in synaptic connections in these brain regions. The results demonstrate the importance of magnetic information for spatial memory formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>According to the experts, the research extends beyond the calibration of the ants' compass. It sheds light on the broader implications of multisensory stimuli on neuronal plasticity and navigation.</p>



<p>Going forward, the team plans to investigate which sensory organ receives the magnetic information and via which sensory pathways it is transmitted and processed. Ultimately, the desert ant may be used as a model organism for studying the neuronal underpinnings of navigation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2320764121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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How desert ants use Earth's magnetic field for navigation 

In the vast and often harsh landscapes of the desert,...

A,Joro,Spider,In,A,Web,On,A,Rainy,Morning

<p>In the past decade, Joro spiders, an orb-weaving species native to East Asia, has made a conspicuous invasion across Georgia and the Southeastern United States. </p>



<p>Since its first sighting in the U.S. around 2013, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/riding-the-wind-joro-spiders-are-invading-the-u-s-at-an-alarming-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">this invasive species</a> has not only adapted but thrived, raising questions about its success in urban environments. </p>



<p>Recent research from the <a href="https://www.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> sheds light on this phenomenon, revealing the spider's remarkable resilience and ability to tolerate urban stressors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-city-vibes-how-joro-spiders-deal-with-urban-areas">City vibes: How Joro spiders deal with urban areas</h2>



<p>The study focused on the Joro spider's surprising tolerance for vibrations and noise, common elements in urban landscapes that typically stress many animals. </p>



<p>Researchers found that despite living near busy roads, Joro spiders maintain their health and body mass, comparable to their counterparts in quieter areas. </p>



<p>This adaptability suggests that the Joro spider can compensate for the challenges of a human-dominated environment.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.ecology.uga.edu/directory/andy-davis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andy Davis</a>, a research scientist at UGA's<a href="https://www.ecology.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Odum School of Ecology</a> and the corresponding author of the study, emphasized the importance of vibrations for spiders, a key sensory input for detecting prey. </p>



<p>"But these Joro webs are everywhere in the fall, including right next to busy roads, and the spiders seem to be able to make a living there. For some reason, these spiders seem urban tolerant," Davis explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surviving-and-thriving-in-the-fast-lane">Surviving and thriving in the fast lane</h2>



<p>Joro spiders are frequently found in places where native Georgia spiders are absent, constructing their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/joro-spiders-they-may-be-massive-but-they-are-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distinctive golden webs</a> in high-traffic areas such as between power lines, atop stoplights, and over gas station pumps. </p>



<p>This prompted Davis and his team to investigate their behavior near roadsides using a tuning fork to simulate prey vibrations. </p>



<p>The findings showed that Joro spiders attacked simulated prey 59% of the time, with a slight decrease in attack frequency near busier roads compared to quieter areas. However, this did not affect their overall health or body mass.</p>



<p>Alexa Schultz, a third-year ecology student at UGA and co-author of the study, noted, "It looks like Joro spiders are not going to shy away from building a web under a stoplight or an area where you wouldn’t imagine a spider to be. I don’t know how happy people are going to be about it, but I think the spiders are here to stay."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joro-spiders-in-concrete-jungles">Joro spiders in concrete jungles</h2>



<p>The Joro spider's native habitat in Japan shares a similar climate and latitude with the U.S., suggesting a predisposition for adaptation. </p>



<p><a href="https://news.uga.edu/joro-spiders-likely-to-spread-beyond-georgia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Previous research</a> from Davis' lab highlighted the spider's high metabolism, heart rate, and cold tolerance as factors contributing to its rapid population growth in the U.S. The current study adds urban vibration and sound tolerance to the list of traits facilitating the Joro spider's expansion.</p>



<p>Despite their proliferation and the unease they may cause, researchers assure that the spiders are relatively timid and pose no significant threat. </p>



<p>In summary, the Joro spider's successful colonization of urban environments underscores a remarkable example of nature's adaptability in the face of human expansion. </p>



<p>Through resilience and an uncanny ability to tolerate urban stressors like noise and vibrations, these spiders not only survive but thrive, creating new ecosystems within our bustling cities. </p>



<p>This alarming research from the University of Georgia illuminates the unexpected ways in which wildlife can adapt to urban landscapes, challenging us to reconsider our perceptions of nature in the city. </p>



<p>As we move forward, embracing the presence of the Joro spider and other adaptable species offers a unique opportunity to foster biodiversity and balance within our urban ecosystems, highlighting the importance of coexistence in an ever-changing world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-joro-spiders-in-cities">More about Joro spiders in cities</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the Joro spider is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/joro-spiders-may-soon-colonize-the-entire-east-coast/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beautiful orb-weaver</a> from East Asia that is known for its vivid colors and impressive web-spinning skills. </p>



<p>This species made its first appearance in the United States around 2013 in the state of Georgia. Since then, it has rapidly expanded its territory across the Southeastern U.S., captivating scientists and citizens alike with its resilience and adaptability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics </h3>



<p>Characterized by a bright yellow and blue body, with distinctive red markings, the Joro spider is not only a marvel of nature's artistry but also an engineering genius. </p>



<p>Females, significantly larger than males, can weave webs that span up to three feet in diameter. These webs are not only traps for prey but also serve as a testament to the spider's intricate architectural abilities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-and-habitat">Adaptation and habitat </h3>



<p>The Joro spider's successful establishment in the U.S. is a fascinating study of ecological adaptation. Thriving in both rural and urban areas, Joro spiders demonstrate a remarkable tolerance for varied climates and environments. </p>



<p>Originally hailing from a climate similar to the U.S. Southeast, they've shown an impressive ability to withstand the region's temperature fluctuations and even brief freezes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-predation">Diet and predation </h3>



<p>As predators, Joro spiders play a crucial role in controlling insect populations. They primarily feed on small insects caught in their resilient webs, which are known for their strength and durability. </p>



<p>The spiders' predation habits contribute to the ecological balance by regulating pest populations, showcasing their integral role in their new ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-growth">Reproduction and growth </h3>



<p>The reproductive cycle of the Joro spider is another area of interest for researchers. In late summer to early fall, females lay egg sacs that can contain hundreds of eggs, ensuring the continued expansion of their population. </p>



<p>The rapid growth of their numbers in the U.S. underscores the spider's robust adaptability and the absence of natural predators in their new environment.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-and-ecological-impact">Cultural and ecological impact </h3>



<p>In their native Japan, Joro spiders are woven into the cultural fabric, often celebrated for their diligent web-weaving. </p>



<p>In the U.S., while they have stirred some concern due to their menacing size and invasive status, researchers emphasize their potential benefits, particularly in pest control. </p>



<p>The Joro spider's presence challenges us to consider the delicate balance between native and non-native species, and the potential for symbiotic relationships within ecosystems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbol-of-adaptation-and-coexistence">Symbol of adaptation and coexistence </h3>



<p>The history and details of the Joro spider encapsulate a remarkable journey of migration, adaptation, and coexistence. </p>



<p>As we learn more about these colorful arachnids, their story offers valuable lessons on resilience, ecological balance, and the interconnectivity of global ecosystems. </p>



<p>The Joro spider's successful integration into the Southeastern U.S. landscape, and now into the heart of U.S. cities, serves as a reminder of nature's endless capacity for adaptation and the intricate tapestry of life that supports our world.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2813-3323/2/1/4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arthropoda</a></em>.</p>



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Menacing Joro spiders are now moving their invasion into US cities

In the past decade, Joro spiders, an orb-weaving species native...

<p>In recent years, the Arctic Ocean has been facing an unprecedented environmental challenge that is set to redefine its landscape. A groundbreaking study led by Dr. Armineh Barkhordarian from <a href="https://www.uni-hamburg.de/">Universität Hamburg</a> has shed light on a distressing trend that has become a new norm in the Arctic: frequent marine heatwaves.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study highlights a stark reality linked to higher anthropogenic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/">greenhouse gas emissions</a> and their profound impact on the Arctic's marine environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-transformation-nbsp">Dramatic transformation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Since 2007, the Arctic Ocean has undergone a dramatic transformation. The researchers found that between 2007 and 2021, the marginal zones of this frigid expanse have been the stage for 11 marine heatwaves, each marking an average temperature increase of 2.2 degrees Celsius above the seasonal norm and lasting an average of 37 days.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A pattern has emerged since 2015 where marine heatwaves are occurring every year, underscoring a worrying trend of increasing frequency and intensity.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-human-activity-nbsp">The role of human activity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The year 2020 was particularly alarming, witnessing the most severe marine heatwave recorded to date in the Arctic Ocean, which persisted for 103 days, reaching peak temperatures that were four degrees Celsius above the long-term average.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results of the analysis indicate that the likelihood of such an event happening in the absence of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions is less than one percent, effectively highlighting the significant role of human activity in these changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-accumulation-of-heat">Accumulation of heat</h2>



<p>Dr. Barkhordarian’s study provides critical insights into the mechanisms behind these heatwaves. The research proves, for the first time, that heatwaves are produced when sea ice melts early and rapidly after the winter. This process allows for the accumulation of considerable heat in the water by July, when solar radiation reaches its peak.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“In 2007, a new phase began in the Arctic,” said Dr. Barkhordarian, who is an expert on climate statistics. “There is less and less of the thicker, several-year-old ice, while the percentage of thin, seasonal ice is consistently increasing.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-consequences-nbsp">Potential consequences&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are far-reaching. Marine heatwaves, as defined by the study, occur when temperatures at the water’s surface are higher than 95 percent of the values from the past 30 years for at least five consecutive days.</p>



<p>This new climate in the Arctic not only leads to the continual loss of sea ice but also results in warmer waters, both of which pose substantial threats to the Arctic ecosystem. The potential consequences include the collapse of food chains, reduction in fish stocks, and an overall decline in biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sobering-projection-nbsp">Sobering projection&nbsp;</h2>



<p>At the heart of this study is the concept of attribution research, which seeks to delineate the extent of human influence on climate events. By comparing the observed phenomena with models of a world unaffected by anthropogenic greenhouse gases, the research underscores the undeniable impact of human activity on the frequency and severity of marine heatwaves in the Arctic.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through the use of satellite data and coupled climate models, the study not only documents the current state of the Arctic Ocean but also provides a sobering projection of its future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-human-factor">The human factor</h2>



<p>"Event attribution analysis demonstrates that the 103-day long 2020 event – the most intense (4 ∘C) recorded so far in the Arctic – would be exceptionally unlikely in the absence of greenhouse gas forcing in terms of both intensity and duration," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our further results imply that if greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, along with the expansion of first-year ice extent, moderate marine heatwaves in the Arctic will very likely persistently reoccur."</p>



<p>As marine heatwaves become an annual occurrence in the Arctic, the study highlights the critical importance of understanding and addressing the human contributions to climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-heatwave-of-2020">Arctic heatwave of 2020</h2>



<p>The Arctic heatwave of 2020 was marked by record-breaking temperatures, with a staggering 38°C (100.4°F) recorded in the Siberian town of Verkhoyansk on June 20, 2020. This temperature was confirmed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) as a new Arctic record. </p>



<p>The heatwave led to devastating wildfires, significant sea ice loss, and contributed to making 2020 one of the three warmest years on record. The average temperatures over Arctic Siberia reached up to 10°C above normal for much of the summer, emphasizing the rapid warming of the Arctic region.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-024-01215-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Frequent heatwaves have become the norm in the Arctic Ocean

In recent years, the Arctic Ocean has been facing an...

<p>A recent study has uncovered promising evidence that men who eat a plant-based, vegan diet exhibit better sexual health and a lower instance of erectile dysfunction.</p>



<p>According to new research conducted by leading researchers at NYU <a href="https://med.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Grossman School of Medicine</a> and <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard T.H. Chan</a> School of Public Health, a diet emphasizing fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts -- while limiting meat and dairy -- may significantly mitigate common complications experienced by prostate cancer patients, such as erectile dysfunction and urinary incontinence.</p>



<p>This important analysis sheds light on the potential for dietary choices, namely plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diets</a>, to enhance the quality of life in individuals undergoing treatment for prostate cancer, or simply for men who would like to improve their sexual health</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegan-power-boosting-male-sexual-health">Vegan power: Boosting male sexual health</h2>



<p>The research, engaging over 3,500 men diagnosed with the disease, sought to determine if a shift towards more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-and-keto-diets-rapidly-transform-the-immune-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based vegan</a> foods could alleviate the myriad of sexual health and quality-of-life challenges that typically follow prostate cancer treatments.</p>



<p>By categorizing participants into five distinct groups based on their dietary habits -- specifically, the ratio of plant to animal foods consumed -- the study found notable improvements in sexual and urinary health, as well as hormonal well-being, among those who favored a plant-centric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dont-say-vegan-food-labeling-should-focus-on-health-and-sustainability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diet</a>.</p>



<p>Men in the top quintile for plant food consumption reported an 8% to 11% enhancement in sexual function and up to a 14% improvement in urinary health, experiencing fewer issues related to incontinence, obstruction, and irritation. </p>



<p>Additionally, this group also saw up to a 13% increase in scores related to hormonal health, indicating fewer symptoms associated with low energy, depression, and hot flashes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-plants-to-prostate-health-unpacking-the-study">From plants to prostate health: Unpacking the study</h2>



<p>Dr. Stacy Loeb, the study's lead author and a distinguished urologist and professor at NYU Langone Health, emphasized the significance of these findings. </p>



<p>“Our findings offer hope for those looking for ways to improve their quality of life after undergoing surgery, radiation, and other common therapies for prostate cancer, which can cause significant side effects,” said Dr. Loeb. </p>



<p>“Adding more fruits and vegetables to their diet, while reducing meat and dairy, is a simple step that patients can take.”</p>



<p>Loeb's research is pioneering in its discovery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/is-a-plant-based-diet-healthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based</a> vegan dietary impacts on sexual and urinary health among prostate cancer patients, while also reinforcing previous research indicating a plant-based diet's role in reducing the risk of developing prostate cancer. </p>



<p>It challenges longstanding myths about meat consumption and male sexual health, suggesting that plant-based vegan foods may, in fact, offer superior benefits in this area.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-digging-deeper-the-science-behind-the-greens">Digging deeper: The science behind the greens</h2>



<p>Prostate cancer stands as one of the most prevalent and lethal cancers affecting American men, underscoring the importance of this research. </p>



<p>The study leveraged data from the <a href="https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hpfs/">Health Professionals Follow-Up Study</a>. This massive dataset is a comprehensive project initiated in 1986 by the Harvard Chan School.</p>



<p>Their initiative collects detailed nutritional and health-related information from over 50,000 male health professionals to understand how diet influences cancer, heart disease, and other serious health outcomes.</p>



<p>Participants, primarily treated for early stages of prostate cancer, provided dietary information every four years through questionnaires. </p>



<p>Additionally, surveys conducted biennially helped assess various health and sexual health issues, including incontinence, erectile dysfunction, bowel function, energy levels, and mood. </p>



<p>The study controlled for factors such as weight, physical activity, and other lifestyle choices to isolate the effects of normal or vegan diet on health outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-and-the-future-of-male-sexual-health">Plants and the future of male sexual health</h2>



<p>Remarkably, the research indicated that high consumption of any plant-based or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-meat-diets-have-four-times-the-environmental-impacts-of-vegan-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan</a> food was associated with better sexual, urinary, and vitality scores, irrespective of demographic or lifestyle differences, or even a history of medical conditions like diabetes. </p>



<p>The improvement in bowel function observed in those consuming more plant-based foods likely stems from the dietary fiber present in these diets.</p>



<p>Dr. Loeb's team plans to extend their research to include a more diverse patient population and those with advanced stages of the disease, given the initial study's demographic was predominantly White healthcare professionals. </p>



<p>“These results add to the long list of health and environmental benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-are-great-for-weight-loss-regardless-of-the-type/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating more plants</a> and fewer animal products,” said Loeb. “They also clearly challenge the historical misconception that eating meat boosts sexual function in men, when in fact the opposite seems to be the case.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-next-steps">Implications and next steps</h2>



<p>In summary, Dr. Loeb's breakthrough study illuminates the powerful role a plant-based vegan diet can play in enhancing the quality of life and sexual health for men, particularly prostate cancer patients. </p>



<p>By embracing a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts, and reducing meat and dairy intake, individuals can significantly improve sexual, urinary, and hormonal health, challenging old myths and setting a new standard for dietary recommendations in cancer care. </p>



<p>This research adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the health benefits of plant-based diets while offering hope for men seeking natural ways to mitigate the side effects of prostate cancer treatment, thereby improving their overall sexual health.</p>



<p>Next steps will include further studies to broaden these findings across more diverse populations and stages of the disease.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.35172" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer</a></em>.</p>



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Men exhibit better sexual health eating a plant-based vegan diet

A recent study has uncovered promising evidence that men who...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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