<p>A recent analysis of the Sapphire Canyon mudstone core, drilled by NASA’s Perseverance rover in July 2024, adds new and convincing evidence to the ongoing search for life on Mars.</p>



<p>The study describes minerals and textures that - on Earth - are often linked to microbial activity. At the same time, the authors stress that some unknown, nonbiological chemistry could also explain the signals.</p>



<p>“This finding by Perseverance is the closest we have ever come to discovering life on Mars. The identification of a potential biosignature on the Red Planet is a groundbreaking discovery, and one that will advance our understanding of Mars,” said acting NASA Administrator Sean Duffy. </p>



<p>“NASA’s commitment to conducting Gold Standard Science will continue as we pursue our goal of putting American boots on Mars’ rocky soil.”</p>



<p>The core was taken from a rock named "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-finds-best-evidence-yet-life-on-mars-cheyava-falls-rock/">Chevaya Falls</a>" in Neretva Vallis, an ancient river channel about a quarter mile wide that once fed Jezero Crater’s lake. </p>



<p>After drilling, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-captures-a-surprise-dust-devil-while-taking-high-resolution-selfie-on-mars/">Perseverance</a> sealed the sample for possible return to Earth, where laboratory instruments can perform tests far beyond the rover’s onboard capabilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-the-martian-mudstone">Inside the Martian mudstone</h2>



<p>Lead author Joel A. Hurowitz of <a href="https://www.stonybrook.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stony Brook University</a> (SBU) reports a fine-grained mudstone with circular reaction fronts informally called leopard spots, plus small nodules embedded in layered sediments.</p>



<p>Perseverance’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/jpl/the-detective-aboard-nasas-perseverance-rover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SHERLOC</a> and <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/heres-how-ai-is-changing-nasas-mars-rover-science/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PIXL</a> instruments mapped organic carbon with phosphate, iron, and sulfur arranged in distinct, repeating patterns.</p>



<p>Two minerals stand out: vivianite and greigite. Vivianite is an iron phosphate, while greigite is an iron sulfide associated with iron and sulfur cycling in oxygen-poor settings.</p>



<p>These features show up in rocks that settled from<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wave-ripples-discovered-mars-surface-indicate-liquid-water-present-4-billion-years-ago/"> water</a>, not in lavas. The site on Mars lies along Bright Angel, a set of outcrops that preserve layers and veins consistent with slow changes after the mud was laid down.</p>



<p>Textures and chemistry point to low temperature reactions that reorganized elements already present in the mud. </p>



<p>That detail matters because low temperatures fit environments that life can handle, while very hot conditions tend to erase delicate signals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-microbes-leave-similar-traces">Earth microbes leave similar traces</h2>



<p>On Earth, vivianite often forms where microbes reduce iron in water-rich sediments and trap phosphorus in blue-green nodules. </p>



<p>Laboratory and field work document biologically mediated vivianite through extracellular electron transfer.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/greigite" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greigite</a> frequently appears where sulfate reducing bacteria drive chemistry in anoxic muds. In controlled experiments, greigite was detected only in live biotic setups after months of incubation.</p>



<p>The Martian rock shows rims rich in vivianite surrounding small cores enriched in greigite. That bullseye pattern matches a sequence of electron transfer reactions seen in some Earth sediments.</p>



<p>None of this proves metabolism happened in Bright Angel mud, but it shows the chemistry is right for it. That is a subtle point, and it is the reason scientists keep the language cautious.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-life-on-mars">Evidence of life on Mars</h2>



<p>A potential biosignature is a feature that might have a biological origin but still needs more data to rule out nonbiological sources. </p>



<p>NASA points mission teams and the public to the Confidence of Life Detection, or CoLD scale, which encourages staged claims and independent checks.</p>



<p>The CoLD mindset is simple in practice. First detect a signal, then exclude contamination, then tackle alternatives, and only then talk about life on Mars with high confidence.</p>



<p>The Bright Angel work sits early on that ladder. It clears several necessary steps but leaves demanding tests for the lab.</p>



<p>Organic compounds can also arrive by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-meteorites-tell-us-about-their-birthplace-in-space/">meteorites</a> or form without biology. The authors note those routes and describe how future analyses could tell paths apart.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organic-signals-but-no-certainty">Organic signals, but no certainty</h2>



<p>The Mars rover detected organic carbon in several targets within Bright Angel. Reaction fronts rimmed with vivianite surround cores richer in greigite, a pairing consistent with iron and sulfur cycling recorded in the paper.</p>



<p>Mineral veins include calcium sulfate, while the mudstone remains fine-grained and low in magnesium and manganese. There is no sign of intense heating that would reset the rock or scramble tiny textures.</p>



<p>The outcrop sits within layered sediments deposited by water flowing through Neretva Vallis. That channel spans roughly a quarter mile across, which implies sustained flow into Jezero’s ancient lake.</p>



<p>Low temperature context favors life-compatible chemistry, but it does not require life. Abiotic organics and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mineral-discovery-sheds-light-on-mars-fiery-past/">mineral</a> reactions can sometimes copy the same shapes and signals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-proof-but-potential-life-on-mars">Not proof, but potential life on Mars</h2>



<p>“It’s not life itself,” said Nicky Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate, stressing that this is a potential biosignature, not proof of life. The lead author echoed that caution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We cannot claim this is more than a potential biosignature,” said Hurowitz. Other officials also underscored the stakes and the limits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“[But] this very well could be the clearest sign of life that we’ve ever found on Mars,” said Sean Duffy, acting NASA administrator. </p>



<p>Caution is not hedging for its own sake. It is how science avoids false alarms when the question is this important.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/mars-life_olivine_leopard-spot_Cheyava-Falls_Perseverance-rover_NASA_1big.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/mars-life_olivine_leopard-spot_Cheyava-Falls_Perseverance-rover_NASA_1s.webp" alt="NASA’s Perseverance rover discovered leopard spots on a reddish rock nicknamed “Cheyava Falls” in Mars’ Jezero Crater in July 2024. Scientists think the spots may indicate that, billions of years ago, the chemical reactions in this rock could have supported microbial life; other explanations are being considered. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS" class="wp-image-1985874"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>NASA’s Perseverance rover discovered leopard spots on a reddish rock nicknamed “Cheyava Falls” in Mars’ Jezero Crater in July 2024. Scientists think the spots may indicate that, billions of years ago, the chemical reactions in this rock could have supported microbial life; other explanations are being considered. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-habitability">Implications for habitability</h2>



<p>If the vivianite and greigite formed through microbe-like metabolisms, then <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/perseverance-rover-begins-steep-climb-up-martian-crater-rim-jezero-crater/">Bright Angel</a> captures a period when surface waters supported the same chemical strategies some cells use for energy today. </p>



<p>That would extend Mars's habitability into a window when this part of Jezero was still wet.</p>



<p>If abiotic paths made the same pattern, the rock still records redox organization of iron, sulfur, and phosphorus in Martian mud. That is a window into how the planet cycles key elements without biology.</p>



<p>Either outcome matters for the bigger story. Mars did not just dry out, it changed its chemistry over time, and these samples let researchers track that change layer by layer.</p>



<p>The work also flags what to measure next. Isotopes, microtextures, and the exact structure of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-atoms-in-your-body-took-a-400000-light-year-journey-through-space/">carbon</a> in the core can separate metabolic signatures from chemical lookalikes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-search-for-life-on-mars-moves-forward">Search for life on Mars moves forward</h2>



<p>The authors lay out lab experiments and field analogs on Earth to test whether nonbiological reactions can reproduce these textures and mineral pairings. </p>



<p>They also point to analyses that require the sample in a clean Earth lab, including isotope ratios that biology tends to skew.</p>



<p>Sample return planning will shape how fast those tests happen. Meanwhile, the rover can keep mapping where these features cluster and how they relate to other rock units nearby.</p>



<p>PIXL and SHERLOC have shown enough sensitivity to guide that search. The pairing of elemental maps and Raman detections gives a consistent picture that can be applied to other outcrops.</p>



<p>As new targets are logged, the CoLD framework will help communicate progress without getting ahead of the data. That is how a potential biosignature becomes a result people can trust.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/ieJKWW8sp2A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>This animation depicts water disappearing over time in the Martian river valley Neretva Vallis, where NASA's Perseverance Mars takes the rock sample named “Sapphire Canyon” from a rock called “Cheyava Falls,” which was found in the “Bright Angel” formation. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09413-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



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NASA announces discovery of life on Mars with high degree of confidence

A recent analysis of the Sapphire Canyon mudstone core, drilled by NASA’s Perseverance rover in July 2024, adds new and convincing evidence to the ongoing search for life on Mars. The study describes minerals and textures that - on Earth - are often linked to microbial activity. At the same time, the authors stress that some unknown, nonbiological chemistry could also explain the signals. “This finding by Perseverance is the closest we have ever come to discovering life on Mars. The identification of a potential biosignature on...

Lufengpithecus

<p>Humans and apes share a fascinating array of locomotive abilities, ranging from upright walking to tree climbing and four-limbed movement. </p>



<p>The transition from our quadrupedal ancestors to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earliest-humans-were-bipedal-and-could-swing-through-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bipedal</a> posture unique to humans has long captivated scientists. </p>



<p>Despite extensive studies and fossil examinations, the early stages of this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary journey</a> remained largely obscured -- until now.</p>



<p>A fascinating study, leveraging novel techniques and recent fossil discoveries, sheds new light on this mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-inner-ear-of-lufengpithecus">The inner ear of <em>Lufengpithecus</em></h2>



<p>At its core is the 6-million-year-old <em>Lufengpithecus</em> fossil, unearthed in China. </p>



<p>The research team, using advanced three-dimensional CT scanning, focused on a previously overlooked area: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Lufengpithecus_inner-ear_early-humans-learned-to-walk_Credit-Xiaocong-Guo_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bony inner ear</a> region of these ancient skulls. </p>



<p>This approach has provided pivotal insights into the origins of bipedal locomotion.</p>



<p>Yinan Zhang, a doctoral student at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (<a href="http://english.ivpp.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IVPP</a>) and lead author, explains the significance of this approach.</p>



<p>“The semicircular canals, located in the skull between our brains and the external ear, are critical to providing our sense of balance and position when we move, and they provide a fundamental component of our locomotion that most people are probably unaware of,” Zhang said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-walking-happened-in-three-stages">Humans walking happened in three stages</h2>



<p>Co-author Terry Harrison, a <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a> anthropologist, outlines a three-step evolutionary process that led to humans walking on two feet, as revealed by the study. </p>



<p>Initially, early apes moved in trees, akin to modern-day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earliest-gibbon-fossil-discovered-in-china/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gibbons</a>. The last common ancestor of apes and humans, similar to <em>Lufengpithecus</em>, displayed a mixed locomotion pattern -- climbing, suspension, arboreal bipedalism, and ground movement. </p>



<p>This diverse locomotor repertoire laid the foundation for human bipedalism.</p>



<p>Prior research often focused on limb, shoulder, pelvis, and spine bones to understand ape and human movement. </p>



<p>However, the variability in living ape locomotion and gaps in the fossil record have hindered a complete understanding of human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bipedalism-human-skull-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bipedalism's origins</a>.</p>



<p>The <em>Lufengpithecus</em> skulls, discovered in the 1980s in Yunnan Province, China, offered a new avenue for investigation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-3d-insights-into-ancient-skulls">3D insights into ancient skulls</h2>



<p>Earlier researchers, hindered by the skulls' distorted state, overlooked the ear region. Zhang, Ni, Harrison, and their colleagues at IVPP and the <a href="http://english.ynu.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yunnan Institute</a> of Cultural Relics and Archaeology (YICRA) utilized 3D scanning technology to reconstruct the inner ear’s bony canals virtually. </p>



<p>Comparing these reconstructions with data from other apes and humans, they unveiled a detailed picture of early ape locomotion.</p>



<p>Professor Xijun Ni of IVPP, who led the project, highlights the study's unique contribution. </p>



<p>“Our analyses show that early apes shared a locomotor repertoire that was ancestral to human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-may-have-begun-to-stand-upright-in-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bipedalism</a>,” explains Ni. </p>



<p>“It appears that the inner ear provides a unique record of the evolutionary history of ape locomotion that offers an invaluable alternative to the study of the postcranial skeleton.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-changes-also-led-to-humans-walking">Environmental changes also led to humans walking</h2>



<p>Ni adds that most fossil apes represent an intermediate locomotor mode between gibbons and African apes. </p>



<p>The human lineage diverged from great apes with the adoption of bipedalism, as evidenced in <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hominin-fossils-are-a-million-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australopithecus</a></em>, an early human relative.</p>



<p>The team also proposed that climate change might have been a crucial factor in driving the locomotor diversification of apes and humans. </p>



<p>“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-cooling-event-caused-extinction-of-first-early-humans-in-europe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cooler global temperatures</a>, associated with the build up of glacial ice sheets in the northern hemisphere approximately 3.2 million years ago, correspond with an uptick in the rate of change of the bony labyrinth and this may signal a rapid increase in the pace of ape and human locomotor evolution,” explains Harrison.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deciphering-our-evolutionary-bipedalism-legacy">Deciphering our evolutionary bipedalism legacy</h2>



<p>In summary, this study marks a pivotal advancement in understanding the evolutionary path of human bipedalism. </p>



<p>By innovatively analyzing the inner ear structure of the <em>Lufengpithecus</em> fossils through 3D CT scanning, the research team has shed light on the complex journey from arboreal locomotion to upright walking. </p>



<p>This discovery challenges previous assumptions in paleoanthropology while highlighting the intricate interplay between our physical evolution and environmental shifts. </p>



<p>As we continue to uncover these evolutionary mysteries, our comprehension of human origins becomes ever more nuanced, offering profound insights into the story of our species.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal The Innovation.</p>



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How early humans learned to walk from an ancestor called Lufengpithecus

Humans and apes share a fascinating array of locomotive abilities,...

<p>To explore the impact of dialects in social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-robots-with-charismatic-voices-get-better-results-from-students/">robot</a> communication, researchers at the <a href="https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/university-of-potsdam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Potsdam</a> conducted a study focusing on the Berlin dialect versus standard German. The research, led by Katharina Kühne, uncovers varied preferences for robot speech styles.</p>



<p>“Robots are increasingly used as interaction partners with humans. Social robots are designed to follow expected behavioral norms when engaging with humans and are available with different voices and even accents. Some studies suggest that people prefer robots to speak in the user’s dialect, while others indicate a preference for different dialects,” the authors explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-perceptions">Human perceptions</h2>



<p>The research indicates that a robot's speech affects human perceptions of trustworthiness and competence. Standard language often conveys intelligence, while familiar dialects offer comfort.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Imagine a robot that can switch to a dialect. Now, consider what's more critical in your interaction with a robot: feeling a connection or perceiving it as competent," Kühne said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>Involving 120 participants from Berlin or Brandenburg, the study assessed responses to a robot using either standard German or the Berlin dialect, known for its working-class, informal image.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The participants watched videos of a robot with a male human voice in one of the two language styles and then rated its trustworthiness and competence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



<p>The results showed a link between competence perception and trustworthiness. Overall, standard German was preferred, but those comfortable with the Berlin dialect tended to favor the robot using it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, the type of device used to view the videos influenced responses, with mobile device users giving lower ratings to standard German, potentially due to distractions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study suggests that dialect proficiency can influence trust in robots. "It seems people trust the robot more because they find a similarity," Kühne explained. However, factors like cognitive load during interactions and the prestige of a dialect also play significant roles.</p>



<p>The University of Potsdam team plans further research to investigate cognitive load during conversations and conduct real-life situation experiments. The findings highlight the importance of context in robot-human interactions and the potential for adaptable speech styles in social robots.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-social-robots">More about social robots</h2>



<p>Social robots are a fascinating and rapidly evolving field of technology. These robots are designed to interact with humans in a social or collaborative manner, often exhibiting behaviors or characteristics that make them seem more lifelike or relatable.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environment">Environment</h3>



<p>Unlike traditional industrial robots that are typically confined to specific tasks in controlled environments, social robots are intended for a variety of environments including homes, schools, hospitals, and care facilities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-purpose-nbsp">Purpose&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The primary goal of social robots is to engage in meaningful interactions with people. This can include assisting with daily tasks, providing companionship, aiding in education, or assisting in therapy and healthcare. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-features">Features</h3>



<p>These robots are often equipped with advanced features like facial and voice recognition, natural language processing, and emotional intelligence to better understand and respond to human emotions and cues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-design">Design</h3>



<p>A key aspect of social robots is their design. They are often designed to appear friendly and approachable, sometimes with humanoid features or resembling pets to help users feel more comfortable interacting with them. This is particularly important in applications involving children, the elderly, or those with special needs, where the robot's appearance can significantly impact its effectiveness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function">Function</h3>



<p>Social robots can range from relatively simple devices designed for companionship or entertainment to highly sophisticated machines capable of learning and adapting to their user's preferences and behaviors. Some advanced models can remember personal details, adapt to different users, or even develop a personality over time.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-opportunities-nbsp">Challenges and opportunities&nbsp;</h3>



<p>As the field progresses, ethical considerations are increasingly important. Issues such as privacy, security, and the potential impact on human jobs and social interactions are being closely examined. The integration of social robots into society presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities, and their development continues to be an area of active research and debate.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp; <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2023.1241519" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Robotics and AI</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Social robots with a local accent seem more trustworthy

To explore the impact of dialects in social robot communication,...

<p>A recent study has revealed the profound and often overlooked consequences of forced separation between humans and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-are-happier-than-people-who-dont-have-pets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pets</a>, particularly in crisis situations such as domestic violence, homelessness, and natural disasters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study was conducted by <a href="https://www.jcu.edu.au/">James Cook University</a> PhD candidate Jasmine Montgomery under the guidance of Professor Janice Lloyd and Professor Zhanming Liang.&nbsp;</p>



<p>After reviewing 27 years of international research, the team uncovered severe risks posed to both humans and pets when faced with separation.</p>



<p>"The literature revealed that people and their companion animals who are confronted with forced separation in crisis situations experience significant impacts on their health, wellbeing, and safety," wrote the study authors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-devastating-outcomes-nbsp">Devastating outcomes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our results reveal the strong emotional attachment between people and animals may result in vulnerability for both in circumstances where this bond is threatened,” said Montgomery.</p>



<p>“When people are being forced to separate in the context of a crisis situation, such as natural disaster, homelessness or domestic violence, it can result in psychological distress and the risk to their health, and well-being and safety are really impacted."</p>



<p>“Sadly, the review also confirmed that a common outcome for pets in cases of domestic violence was maltreatment and/or death.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forced-separation-nbsp">Forced separation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed 42 studies on the human-animal bond and cases of owner-pet separation due to domestic violence, homelessness, and natural disasters.</p>



<p>The analysis showed that pet owners forced to be separated from their animals in crisis situations are suffering from a lack of support services needed to protect them.</p>



<p>"The review found catastrophic outcomes for pets in situations of forced separation, including death. Pets in crisis situations of forced separation were extremely vulnerable, and the animal’s survival and safety were completely dependent on humans," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"As a consequence, humans who felt a sense of responsibility for their pets and were forced to separate were placed at an increased risk to their safety and psychological wellbeing."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-domestic-violence-victims">Domestic violence victims</h2>



<p>One of the most alarming findings of the study is the impact on victims of domestic violence. The research highlights a disturbing trend where victims often delay leaving abusive relationships out of concern for their pets' safety.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This hesitation stems largely from a lack of shelters or housing options that accommodate pets, coupled with a distrust in formal support systems to prevent pet separation.</p>



<p>“In a lot of cases of domestic violence, there is evidence to suggest that people will delay leaving their relationship to protect their pet,” said Montgomery.</p>



<p>“This is often because there’s a lack of shelters or housing places which can accommodate pets, or a lack of trust placed in formal support systems that they won’t be separated from their pet."</p>



<p>“In those cases where threats to pets are made, victims can be lured back by the perpetrator which places significant risk to their safety as well.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-disasters-nbsp">Natural disasters&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Natural disasters were found to present equally distressing scenarios, where individuals may risk their lives returning for their pets or refuse to evacuate to stay with them.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study highlights the urgent need for pet-inclusive evacuation and disaster management plans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crisis-situations-nbsp">Crisis situations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One of the more systemic issues identified in the study is the prevailing attitude of human “superiority” and the unclear responsibility for pet welfare in crisis situations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Montgomery said a shift in mindset was needed to factor in the needs of pets, and the complexities they entail, when it came to planning for crisis situations and providing services that support victims at these times.</p>



<p>“Often, it’s expected people will choose human interests over animals at all costs, without consideration of the shared human-animal bond,” said Montgomery.</p>



<p>“What we need to start doing is taking our pets, and the value of our pets, very seriously. And, as a collective in the community, sharing that responsibility and placing the needs of pets in those areas of policy development, legislation, service provision and housing to help prevent unacceptable outcomes such as animal maltreatment or death.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-recommendations-nbsp">Key recommendations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To mitigate the risks associated with forced separation, the team identified several key recommendations including:</p>



<ul>
<li>Incorporating questions about pets in services assisting women experiencing domestic violence to seek refuge; providing housing for women, children and pets together; and increasing collaboration with services that can help with animals.<br></li>



<li>Enhance natural disaster evacuation plans to include resources such as transport and shelters that accommodate both people and their pets.<br></li>



<li>Ensure the availability of pet-friendly accommodation for people in homelessness situations.</li>
</ul>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08927936.2023.2287315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Anthrozoös</em></a>. </p>



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Forced separation between humans and pets often ends in tragedy

A recent study has revealed the profound and often overlooked...

Spider,Web,(cobweb),Varicoloured,Background

<p>Researchers have successfully engineered a device that creates artificial <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-spiders-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk, a material renowned for its remarkable properties. </p>



<p>This innovation, led by Keiji Numata at the <a href="https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/csrs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RIKEN Center</a> for Sustainable Resource Science, Japan, represents a significant stride towards sustainable solutions in various industries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remarkable-qualities-of-spider-silk">Remarkable qualities of spider silk</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-tree-species-diversity-increases-spider-density/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spider</a> silk, known for its exceptional strength, flexibility, and lightness, boasts a tensile strength comparable to steel and an unparalleled strength-to-weight ratio. </p>



<p>It's not only biodegradable but also biocompatible, making it highly sought after for medical applications such as sutures and artificial ligaments. </p>



<p>However, the challenge has been in its production. Harvesting spider silk on a large scale is impractical, prompting scientists to seek laboratory-based solutions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-code">Cracking the code</h2>



<p>The artificial silk gland created by the researchers overcomes this hurdle. It meticulously simulates the intricate molecular structure of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/riding-the-wind-joro-spiders-are-invading-the-u-s-at-an-alarming-rate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk by replicating the chemical and physical transformations occurring within a spider's silk gland. </p>



<p>This biomimetic approach, which uses microfluidics -- the manipulation of small fluid amounts through narrow channels -- has been pivotal.</p>



<p>"In this study, we attempted to mimic natural spider silk production using microfluidics, essentially treating the spider's silk gland as a natural microfluidic device," explains Numata. </p>



<p>This process involves guiding a precursor spidroin solution through microfluidic channels in a small rectangular box-like device. </p>



<p>As the solution moves, influenced by negative pressure rather than force, it undergoes specific chemical and physical changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microfluidics-and-controlled-conditions">Microfluidics and controlled conditions</h2>



<p>These meticulously controlled conditions allow the proteins to self-assemble into silk fibers, mirroring the complex structure of natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-a-colorful-jumping-spider-that-is-color-blind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk. </p>



<p>The challenge lay in fine-tuning the microfluidic system's conditions to achieve the correct alignment of molecular substructures known as beta sheets, crucial for the silk's unique mechanical properties.</p>



<p>"It was surprising how robust the microfluidic system was, once the different conditions were established and optimized," remarks Senior Scientist Ali Malay, a co-author of the paper. </p>



<p>"Fiber assembly was spontaneous, rapid, and highly reproducible, with the fibers exhibiting the distinct hierarchical structure found in natural silk fiber."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-artificial-spider-silk">The future of artificial spider silk</h2>



<p>This method of producing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-trapdoor-spider-was-five-times-bigger-than-its-modern-relatives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk has vast implications. It offers an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional textile manufacturing and opens new doors in biomedical applications. </p>



<p>However, for these benefits to be fully realized, the process requires scaling up.</p>



<p>"Ideally, we want to have a real-world impact," says Numata, underlining the need to make fiber production continuous and to enhance the quality of the artificial silk further. </p>



<p>The success of this endeavor could mark a new era in material science, offering a sustainable and versatile material that's both eco-friendly and medically beneficial.</p>



<p>In summary, the successful replication of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-venom-might-soon-be-the-new-viagra/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk by RIKEN researchers marks a significant milestone in material science. This breakthrough opens up a realm of possibilities in both environmental sustainability and medical innovation. </p>



<p>As the team works towards scaling up production and refining the quality of the artificial silk, the potential impact of this eco-friendly, biocompatible material in various industries cannot be overstated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spider-silk">More about spider silk</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/welcome-to-the-not-so-creepy-crawly-world-of-spider-silk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spider</a> silk captivates us with its extraordinary blend of strength and elasticity. </p>



<p>As discussed above, this natural fiber, spun by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-can-protect-tomatoes-from-invasive-pests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spiders</a>, outperforms many human-made materials and holds immense potential for various applications.</p>



<p>What sets spider silk apart is its tensile strength, which rivals that of steel, and its impressive elasticity. </p>



<p>Remarkably lightweight, spider silk can stretch up to five times its length without breaking. This combination of toughness and flexibility makes it an engineering marvel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-silk-can-help-human-cells-kill-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Spiders</a> produce silk from specialized glands. They use it for a range of purposes: from constructing webs for trapping prey to creating egg sacs and even using it as a lifeline when dropping down or floating away.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-composition-and-applications-of-spider-silk">Composition and applications of spider silk</h3>



<p>At a molecular level, spider silk consists of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-genetics-spider-silk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protein chains</a> organized in a specific way. This structure gives it its unique properties. </p>



<p>Researchers study this composition, hoping to replicate or even enhance these qualities in synthetic materials.</p>



<p>The potential applications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spider-silk-produced-by-genetically-modified-silkworms-is-6x-stronger-than-kevlar/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk are vast. In medicine, its biocompatibility makes it ideal for sutures and tissue engineering. </p>



<p>In the textile industry, its strength and durability offer an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic fibers. </p>



<p>Furthermore, its lightweight yet robust nature could revolutionize materials used in aerospace and military sectors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harvesting-and-replicating-artificial-spider-silk">Harvesting and replicating artificial spider silk</h3>



<p>Despite its potential, harvesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spiders-turn-to-cannibalism-when-food-sources-are-limited/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spider</a> silk in large quantities remains a challenge, as spiders are territorial and cannibalistic, making farming difficult. </p>



<p>Consequently, as discussed previously in this article, scientists are exploring synthetic production methods, including genetic engineering and microfluidics, to create artificial spider silk.</p>



<p>The quest to harness the properties of spider silk continues. Its replication and mass production could lead to significant advancements in various fields, offering a sustainable and high-performance material.</p>



<p>In summary, spider silk, both natural and artificial, stands as a testament to the ingenuity of nature, inspiring scientists and engineers to push the boundaries of material science. </p>



<p>The future looks promising as we stand on the brink of harnessing one of nature's most remarkable creations for widespread human benefit.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-44733-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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New artificial spider silk is indistinguishable from natural silk

Researchers have successfully engineered a device that creates artificial spider...

<p>The future of sustainable food production has taken a significant leap forward. Researchers at the <a href="https://www.tufts.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tufts University</a> Center for Cellular Agriculture (TUCCA), led by Professor David Kaplan, have engineered bovine muscle cells that could dramatically reduce the costs associated with cultivated meat production.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The innovative approach holds immense potential for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feeding-the-world-at-a-cost-food-production-and-biodiversity-loss/">food industry</a>, steering it towards more eco-friendly and cost-effective practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fibroblast-growth-factor">Fibroblast growth factor</h2>



<p>At the heart of this advancement is the modification of bovine (beef) muscle cells to produce their own growth factors, particularly fibroblast growth factor (FGF).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Skeletal muscle cells are the primary type found in products like steaks and hamburgers, and FGF plays a crucial role in the development and differentiation of these cells. </p>



<p>Prior to this breakthrough, external addition of growth factors was necessary, significantly driving up production costs. </p>



<p>“FGF is not exactly a nutrient,” said Andrew Stout, the lead researcher on the project. “It’s more like an instruction for the cells to behave in a certain way. What we did was engineer bovine muscle stem cells to produce these growth factors and turn on the signaling pathways themselves.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-breakthrough">Significant breakthrough</h2>



<p>The traditional method of adding growth factors to the cell culture media is both costly and inefficient, as these factors need frequent replenishment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By enabling the cells to produce their own FGF, the researchers have effectively eliminated a major cost component, potentially reducing overall meat production expenses by a staggering 90 percent. This advancement could pave the way for making cultivated meat more affordable and accessible to consumers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-optimization-is-needed">Further optimization is needed</h2>



<p>However, the journey to commercial viability is not without its challenges. According to Stout, while the cost of media has been significantly reduced, further optimization is needed to make the process industry-ready.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The engineered cells exhibited slower growth, but Stout is optimistic about overcoming this hurdle through strategic modifications in the expression and timing of FGF or altering other cell growth pathways.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“While we significantly cut the cost of media, there is still some optimization that needs to be done to make it industry-ready,” said Stout. “We did see slower growth with the engineered cells, but I think we can overcome that.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-nbsp">Broader implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Notably, this method does not involve adding foreign genes but instead focuses on editing and expressing existing genes, which could simplify regulatory approvals.</p>



<p>The implications of this technology extend beyond beef production. Stout believes that this strategy could be applied to other types of meat, such as chicken, pork, or fish, since many cell types rely on FGF for growth. The variability in growth factors for different species presents an area for further research.</p>



<p>“Work is continuing at TUCCA and elsewhere to improve cultivated meat technology, including exploring ways to reduce the cost of nutrients in the growth media, and improving the texture, taste, and nutritional content of the meat," said Professor Kaplan.</p>



<p>"Products have already been awarded regulatory approval for consumption in the U.S. and globally, although costs and availability remain limiting. I think advances like this will bring us much closer to seeing affordable cultivated meat in our local supermarkets within the next few years.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports-sustainability/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell Reports Sustainability</em></a>. </p>



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Cultivated meat production costs slashed by 90 percent with new technology

The future of sustainable food production has taken a significant...

Plant,Vertical,Farms,Producing,Plant,Vaccines

<p>A recent study led by the University of Michigan dove into the world of urban agriculture, uncovering fascinating insights about its impact on the environment. </p>



<p>This comprehensive study, the largest of its kind, juxtaposes the carbon footprint of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/how-to-get-started-urban-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban-grown</a> fruits and vegetables with their conventionally grown counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-footprint-of-city-grown-produce">Environmental footprint of city-grown produce</h2>



<p>The study, involving 73 urban farms and gardens across five countries, reveals a complex picture. </p>



<p>On average, <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/step-into-the-future-urban-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban-grown</a> produce has a carbon footprint six times larger than conventionally grown fruits and vegetables. </p>



<p>This is a significant finding, considering the growing popularity of urban agriculture worldwide. </p>



<p>An estimated 20% to 30% of urban dwellers globally engage in some form of city farming, making these findings particularly relevant.</p>



<p>However, the study also highlights intriguing exceptions. Certain crops, like tomatoes cultivated in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-gardens-promote-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">open-air urban plots</a>, have a lower carbon intensity compared to those grown in conventional greenhouses. </p>



<p>Additionally, the carbon emissions gap between conventional and urban agriculture narrows for crops typically air-freighted, such as asparagus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-agriculture-has-low-carbon-potential">Urban agriculture has low-carbon potential</h2>



<p><a href="https://seas.umich.edu/research/phd-profiles/jason-jake-hawes" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jason Hawes</a>, a doctoral student at the University of Michigan’s <a href="https://seas.umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School for Environment and Sustainability</a> and co-lead author of the study, emphasizes the potential for urban agriculture to reduce its climate impacts. </p>



<p>"The exceptions revealed by our study suggest that urban agriculture practitioners can reduce their climate impacts by cultivating crops that are typically greenhouse-grown or air-freighted, in addition to making changes in site design and management," he explains. </p>



<p>This approach not only benefits the climate but also the communities and the very essence of sustainable urban living.</p>



<p>Urban agriculture isn't just about food production. It's a multifaceted practice that offers a myriad of social, nutritional, and localized environmental benefits. </p>



<p>"Urban agriculture offers a variety of social, nutritional and place-based environmental benefits, which make it an appealing feature of future sustainable cities," Hawes said. </p>



<p>"This work shines light on ways to ensure that urban agriculture benefits the climate, as well as the people and places it serves."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-contrast-urban-vs-conventional-agriculture">Carbon contrast: Urban vs. conventional agriculture</h2>



<p>The study meticulously compared the carbon footprints of low-tech urban agriculture sites with those of conventional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-crops-have-higher-yields-in-an-urban-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crops</a>. </p>



<p>This comparison involved urban farms (professionally managed for food production), individual gardens (small plots tended by a single gardener), and collective gardens (communal spaces managed by groups). </p>



<p>Researchers calculated the greenhouse gas emissions associated with each site's materials and activities over its lifetime.</p>



<p>Their findings are telling: urban agriculture emits an average of 0.42 kilograms of carbon dioxide equivalents per serving of produce, a stark contrast to the 0.07 kg CO2e per serving from conventional methods. </p>



<p>"By assessing actual inputs and outputs on urban agriculture sites, we were able to assign climate change impacts to each serving of produce,"&nbsp;notes <a href="https://seas.umich.edu/research/faculty/benjamin-goldstein" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Benjamin Goldstein</a>, assistant professor at U-M's School for Environment and Sustainability and co-lead author of the study.</p>



<p>"This dataset reveals that urban agriculture has higher carbon emissions per serving of fruit or vegetable than conventional agriculture -- with a few exceptions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-composition-of-urban-agriculture">Composition of urban agriculture</h2>



<p>Urban farming sites are typically characterized by three key elements: infrastructure (such as raised beds and pathways), supplies (like compost, fertilizers, and gasoline for machinery), and irrigation water. </p>



<p>These components form the backbone of any urban farm but also contribute significantly to its overall carbon impact.</p>



<p>Goldstein highlights a critical point, saying, "Most of the climate impacts at urban farms are driven by the materials used to construct them -- the infrastructure." </p>



<p>He points out that the limited operational lifespan of these farms, often just a few years or a decade, means that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-our-way-out-of-the-climate-crisis-with-farm-free-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gases</a> emitted to produce these materials are not utilized effectively. </p>



<p>"These farms typically only operate for a few years or a decade, so the greenhouse gases used to produce those materials are not used effectively. Conventional agriculture, on the other hand, is very efficient and hard to compete with," Goldstein concluded.</p>



<p>This inefficiency contrasts sharply with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-technologies-can-reverse-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conventional agriculture</a>, which tends to be more efficient and harder to compete with in terms of carbon footprint.</p>



<p>In conventional farming, practices like mono-cropping, aided by pesticides and fertilizers, lead to larger harvests and, as a result, a smaller carbon footprint per unit of produce when compared to urban farming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-making-urban-farming-carbon-efficient">Making urban farming carbon-efficient</h2>



<p>The study outlines three best practices to enhance the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agriculture-could-play-a-key-role-in-limiting-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> competitiveness of low-tech urban agriculture:</p>



<p><strong>Extending Infrastructure Lifetimes:</strong> Prolonging the use of urban agriculture materials and structures, such as raised beds and composting infrastructure, can significantly reduce their environmental impact per serving of food. For instance, a raised bed used for 20 years will have a quarter of the impact of one used for just five years.</p>



<p><strong>Utilizing Urban Wastes:</strong> Adopting "urban symbiosis" can conserve carbon by repurposing used materials like construction debris for urban agriculture. This approach also includes using rainwater and recycled grey water for irrigation, thereby reducing the carbon footprint.</p>



<p><strong>Maximizing Social Benefits:</strong> The study underscores the non-environmental advantages of urban farming, noting improvements in mental health, diet, and social networks among UA farmers and gardeners. While these benefits don't directly reduce carbon emissions, they contribute to the holistic appeal of urban agriculture, potentially making it more competitive with conventional farming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-collaboration-and-insights">International collaboration and insights</h2>



<p>In summary, while urban farming currently faces challenges in terms of its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-food-system-must-change-if-nations-hope-to-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a>, this study provides actionable insights and strategies to mitigate these impacts. </p>



<p>By extending the life of infrastructure, creatively reusing urban waste, and enhancing social benefits, urban agriculture can evolve into a more sustainable and competitive alternative to conventional farming.</p>



<p>This expansive study was a collaborative effort led by Joshua Newell, professor and co-director of the Center for Sustainable Systems at U-M's School for Environment and Sustainability. </p>



<p>The team consisted of international collaborators from universities near the urban farming sites, and farmers and gardeners in France, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed as citizen scientists.</p>



<p>Their dedication to recording daily inputs and harvests throughout the 2019 season provided an invaluable dataset. </p>



<p>The team's research expands our understanding of urban agriculture's environmental footprint but also guides future practices towards sustainability. </p>



<p>As cities continue to grow and evolve, incorporating climate-friendly urban farming practices becomes increasingly vital for a sustainable future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s44284-023-00023-3">Nature Cities</a></em>.</p>



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Urban agriculture's carbon footprint is 6x greater than normal farms

A recent study led by the University of Michigan dove...

<p>A new study reveals the presence of hazardous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/creators-of-forever-chemicals-covered-up-the-toxic-dangers-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS chemicals</a> in the soils of ski mountains around the world, a discovery that has significant implications for both the environment and public health.</p>



<p>This disturbing research was conducted by <a href="https://www.hutton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The James Hutton Institute</a> in Aberdeen and the <a href="https://www.uni-graz.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Graz</a>, unveiling a concerning environmental issue plaguing popular skiing destinations. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevalence-of-pfas-in-ski-mountains">Prevalence of PFAS in ski mountains</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/banning-forever-chemicals-may-threaten-us-national-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a>, or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of human-made chemicals known for their persistence in the environment and in human bodies, hence their nickname "forever chemicals." </p>



<p>These substances, commonly found in ski wax, have been detected in alarmingly high concentrations in the soils of family-friendly skiing areas. </p>



<p>The levels measured starkly contrast with those in non-skiing regions, highlighting the direct impact of skiing activities on environmental contamination.</p>



<p>Viktoria Müller, leading the study as part of her Ph.D. research at the University of Graz, states, "These chemicals are called forever chemicals because they take hundreds of years to break down. Their potential to accumulate or spread, including into groundwater systems, is our main concern."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-concerns-and-regulatory-actions">Health concerns and regulatory actions</h2>



<p>The revelation of PFAS in ski mountains comes in the wake of a recent ban on PFAS-containing ski waxes in professional skiing due to their association with serious health issues such as cancer, fertility problems, and liver damage. This study underscores the urgency of this ban.</p>



<p>Despite the prohibition, Müller notes, "Even where there is no skiing, there are still small detections because of how widely this chemical has now spread in the environment."</p>



<p>The research team examined about 30 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-invention-turns-toxic-forever-chemicals-pfas-into-harmless-molecules/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> compounds expected in ski wax and tested six commercially available waxes bought before the ban. </p>



<p>Five of these contained fluorinated compounds, reflecting the widespread use of PFAS in ski products.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-nature-of-pfas">Widespread nature of PFAS</h2>



<p>The enforcement of the ban on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pfas-crisis-humans-are-early-warning-system-for-wildlife-impacts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> waxes has been challenging. International skiing bodies only recently started implementing it in events, owing to the time required to develop effective testing methods. </p>



<p>A notable case involved a two-time Olympic medalist disqualified for using PFAS-laden skis during the Alpine World Cup in Austria.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-dolphins-suffer-from-the-highest-known-levels-of-pfas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS chemicals</a>, first synthesized in the 1940s, are found in various household items, from non-stick cookware to waterproof clothing. </p>



<p>Their ability to travel through the atmosphere has led to global contamination, with recent studies finding PFAS in unexpected places like bottled water.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-action-and-future-research">Current action and future research</h2>



<p>The health risks associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-an-underestimated-source-of-water-contamination/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> have prompted calls for broader bans and ongoing research into safer alternatives. </p>



<p>As these efforts continue, the skiing community and the public at large face the challenge of addressing the environmental impact of these persistent chemicals.</p>



<p>In summary, the study by The James Hutton Institute and the University of Graz highlights a critical environmental issue within popular skiing destinations. </p>



<p>It brings to light the urgent need for effective regulation and the development of eco-friendly alternatives to protect both our health and the environment from the insidious spread of PFAS chemicals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-pfas-and-ski-mountains">More about PFAS and ski mountains</h2>



<p>As discussed above, Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-encourage-cancer-to-spread-around-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a>) have emerged as a significant environmental concern. </p>



<p>These synthetic chemicals, widely used for their water and stain-resistant properties, present a formidable challenge due to their persistence in the environment and potential health risks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-pfas">What are PFAS?</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/not-so-green-hidden-chemicals-found-in-paper-straws/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> are a large family of over 12,000 human-made chemicals, first developed in the 1940s. They have found applications in numerous everyday products, including non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, and firefighting foams. </p>



<p>Their unique molecular structure, which resists heat, water, and oil, has made them popular in various industries.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-ski-mountains-from-pfas">Protecting ski mountains from PFAS</h3>



<p>The most alarming characteristic of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-us-drinking-water-taps-are-likely-to-contain-forever-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> is their persistence. These chemicals do not break down easily in the environment, earning them the nickname "forever chemicals." </p>



<p>Once PFAS enter the ski mountain ecosystems, they remain for an extended period, accumulating in soil, water, and living organisms.</p>



<p>Health studies link PFAS exposure to several serious health issues. These include increased cancer risk, immune system disorders, and developmental problems in children. </p>



<p>As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-iss-is-contaminated-with-a-disturbing-amount-of-harmful-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> accumulate in the human body over time, their potential health impacts become a growing concern.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-actions-and-public-response">Regulatory actions and public response</h3>



<p>Governments and environmental agencies worldwide have started to take notice of the PFAS problem. Several countries have begun regulating the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-containers-may-release-forever-chemicals-into-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a>, and research is underway to find safer alternatives. </p>



<p>In some cases, this has led to bans on specific PFAS compounds, especially in consumer products and industrial applications.</p>



<p>The public has also become increasingly aware of PFAS risks. Consumer demand for PFAS-free products is rising, prompting companies to reformulate their products and seek out safer alternatives.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h3>



<p>Efforts to combat the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-drinking-water-often-contains-unsafe-levels-of-toxic-contaminants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> challenge involve a multi-faceted approach. This includes developing effective cleanup methods for contaminated sites, researching biodegradable alternatives, and enforcing stricter regulations on PFAS use and disposal.</p>



<p>As we gain a deeper understanding of PFAS and their impact, it becomes clear that proactive measures are essential to safeguard both the environment and public health from these persistent chemicals.</p>



<p>In summary, PFAS chemicals, both on ski mountains and every other region of the world, represent a complex environmental issue that requires immediate attention. </p>



<p>By taking concerted actions across government, industry, and the public, we can mitigate the risks associated with these "forever chemicals" and work towards a safer, healthier environment.</p>



<p>The work is published in the journal <em><a href="http://xlink.rsc.org/?DOI=D3EM00375B" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science: Processes &amp; Impacts</a></em>.</p>



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Skiers are spreading PFAS 'forever chemicals' around the world’s mountains

A new study reveals the presence of hazardous PFAS chemicals...

<p>Researchers have unveiled new insights into how adolescent girls process social rejection.&nbsp;The study reveals a distinct pattern of brain activity in girls who tend to internalize rejection more deeply.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detrimental-dwelling">Detrimental dwelling</h2>



<p>The phenomenon of rumination – the persistent dwelling on negative events – is common to most people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Whether it is triggered by a distressing breakup, a humiliating failure, or a simple unkind remark, many find it challenging to escape the spiral of negative thoughts. This tendency can have detrimental effects on mental health, particularly among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marijuana-use-may-change-brain-structure-in-adolescents/">adolescents</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Amanda Guyer, the associate director of the Center for Mind and Brain and professor of Human Ecology at <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Davis</a>, emphasized the significance of the research.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Everyone experiences rejection, but not everyone experiences it in the same way,” said Professor Amanda Guyer. “By identifying what brain processes cause differences in the tendency to ruminate, we can provide people better ways to avoid long-term harm.”</p>



<p>"Rumination is a significant risk factor for psychopathology in adolescent girls and is associated with heightened and prolonged physiological arousal following social rejection," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"However, no study has examined how rumination relates to neural responses to social rejection in adolescent girls; thus, the current study aimed to address this gap."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study involved 116 girls between the ages of 16 and 19. They were subjected to an innovative experiment that used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe real-time changes in blood flow and electrical activity in the brain during experiences of social rejection.</p>



<p>Initially, the participants selected peers they would like to interact with from a set of photographs. In a subsequent session, while in the fMRI scanner, they were informed about the peers who had reciprocated or rejected their interest.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During this process, the participants also shared their emotional responses to this social feedback. This unique setup provided an unprecedented glimpse into how social rejection impacts the adolescent brain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



<p>The results revealed a striking pattern. The fMRI scans showed heightened activity in brain regions associated with self-perception and emotional processing, especially in girls who reported a higher tendency to ruminate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These regions showed increased blood flow and electrical activity, signaling a deeper internalization of the rejection experience.</p>



<p>“Our results suggest that girls who tend to ruminate are experiencing more than just momentary sadness after rejection,” said Professor Guyer. “They are deeply internalizing this negative feedback into their self-concept.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research paves the way for targeted interventions. By understanding the unique brain processes that occur post-rejection in girls prone to rumination, it becomes possible to develop strategies that could effectively curb the tendency to ruminate, thereby preventing larger mental health issues.</p>



<p>“Our study suggests that it can make a difference to reframe their negative experiences in a way that makes them feel better afterward instead of worse,” said Professor Guyer</p>



<p>The research was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health. The findings are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Social rejection impacts brain activity in adolescent girls

Researchers have unveiled new insights into how adolescent girls process...

<p>Researchers from <a href="https://rutgershealth.org/">Rutgers Health</a> have analyzed millions of Medicare records, uncovering vital insights into the end-of-life care trajectories of older Americans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Older adults may require help managing their chronic conditions, taking medications, or performing personal care activities, such as eating, bathing, and dressing," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The ability of patients, caregivers, and communities to support aging in place is impacted by advanced illness and the presence of multiple chronic conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improving-end-of-life-care-nbsp">Improving end-of-life care&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study presents a novel approach to improving end-of-life care by mapping out the distinct paths followed by individuals in their final years.</p>



<p>“Identifying which paths people actually take is a necessary precursor to identifying which factors send different people down different paths and designing interventions that send more people down whatever path is right for them," said study co-author Olga Jarrín.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team evaluated the final three years of clinical records from a randomly selected group of Medicare beneficiaries who died in 2018.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The analysis focused on the amount and location of personal care each patient received, leading to the identification of three major care clusters: home, skilled home care, and institutional care.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



<p>The researchers found that 59 percent of patients predominantly spent their last three years at home, relying on assistance from friends and family for daily tasks, with professional care being minimal until their final year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another 27 percent of patients were part of the "skilled home care" cluster, where nurses and other skilled professionals supplemented the care provided by family and friends within the patient's home.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The remaining 14 percent fell into the "institutional care" cluster, spending most of their last years in hospitals or nursing homes, where they received comprehensive professional care.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-additional-insights">Additional insights</h2>



<p>The researchers used a group-based trajectory modeling approach to correlate these care trajectories with sociodemographic and health-related metrics. They found notable differences among the clusters, with patients in the skilled home care and institutional care clusters more likely to be female, enrolled in Medicaid, or suffering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-owners-are-much-less-likely-to-develop-dementia/">dementia</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Geographic variations were also evident, with extensive use of skilled home care more prevalent in Southern states and institutional care more common in the Midwest.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications </h2>



<p>Haiqun Lin, lead author of the study and a professor of Biostatistics at Rutgers, highlighted the broader implications of the findings.</p>



<p>“Our study not only identifies different patterns of care but also sheds light on the clinical and policy factors that dictate where and when patients receive care,” said Lin. </p>



<p>“Understanding these patterns is crucial for advance care planning, and ultimately, for achieving the triple aim of improving care experiences, reducing care costs, and improving care quality.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supportive-interventions">Supportive interventions </h2>



<p>The research lays the foundation for future studies aimed at identifying key factors that influence individual end-of-life care paths and developing interventions to support people in following their preferred trajectory.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Most people want to stay at home with minimal professional help,” said Jarrín. “However, the goal for a significant minority of people is to avoid being a burden to family and friends, and such people tend to want professional care.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our goal isn’t forcing people toward any particular type of care. It’s helping them to plan for and get the care that’s right for them.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04610-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>BMC Geriatrics</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Studying how Americans die may improve end-of-life care

Researchers from Rutgers Health have analyzed millions of Medicare records,...

<p>In the realm of quantum computing and molecular science, a new paper by Insilico Medicine, a leader in AI-driven drug discovery, is turning heads. </p>



<p>The researchers, in collaboration with the University of Toronto’s <a href="https://acceleration.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Acceleration Consortium</a> and Foxconn Research Institute, have unveiled a novel approach that integrates quantum computing with the study of living organisms. </p>



<p>This fascinating work holds the promise of deepening our understanding of complex biological processes like aging and disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-merging-ai-with-quantum-computing">Merging AI with quantum computing</h2>



<p>The foundation for this innovative approach was laid in May 2023 when the collaborative team published their research on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-ping-pong-game-played-by-two-atoms-controlling-photons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> generative adversarial networks in generative chemistry in the American Chemical Society’s <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00562" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling</a>. </p>



<p>This marked a significant stride in demonstrating the potential benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> computing in this field.</p>



<p>The latest <a href="https://wires.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcms.1701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper from Insilico</a> builds upon this foundation. It offers a comprehensive view of how a fusion of AI, quantum computing, and the physics of complex systems can lead to new insights into human health. </p>



<p>The researchers highlight the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">latest advancements</a> in physics-guided AI, emphasizing its potential in revolutionizing our understanding of biological phenomena.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-challenge-in-biological-research">Complexity challenge in biological research</h2>



<p>AI has been instrumental in helping scientists process and analyze vast, intricate biological datasets, uncovering new disease pathways and linking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-cells-could-be-used-to-slow-down-or-even-reverse-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> and disease at the cellular level. </p>



<p>However, applying these insights to more complex interactions within the body remains a challenge. </p>



<p>According to the <a href="https://www.insilico.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Insilico</a> team, overcoming this hurdle requires multimodal modeling methods that can handle the complexity of scale, algorithms, and ever-growing datasets.</p>



<p>“While we are not a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum</a> company, it is important to utilize capabilities to take advantage of the speed provided by the new hybrid computing solutions and hyperscalers," says co-author Alex Zhavoronkov, PhD, founder and co-CEO of Insilico Medicine. </p>



<p>"As this computing goes mainstream, it may be possible to perform very complex biological simulations and discover personalized interventions with desired properties for a broad range of diseases and age-associated processes. We are very happy to see our research center in the UAE producing valuable insights in this area,” Zhavoronkov concludes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-computing-and-biological-analysis">Quantum computing and biological analysis</h2>



<p>The paper delves into the intricate biological processes that span from cellular to organ to systemic levels, highlighting the need for simultaneous multi-scale analysis. </p>



<p>With the advent of projects like the 1000 Genomes Project and the UK Biobank, which have generated an unprecedented volume of biological data, the necessity for immense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diamonds-bring-quantum-networks-one-step-closer-to-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computing power</a> to process and analyze this data has never been greater.</p>



<p>Quantum computing emerges as a game-changer in this context. Its ability to augment AI methods, thanks to the unique properties of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lasers-make-quantum-materials-reveal-their-hidden-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">qubits</a> that hold values of both 0 and 1 simultaneously (unlike classical bits), provides vastly superior computing speed and capability. </p>



<p>This advancement is evidenced by IBM’s recent developments in quantum computing, including a utility-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-cream-can-teach-us-a-lot-about-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum processor</a> and the first modular quantum computer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-in-computational-molecular-science">New era in computational molecular science</h2>



<p>The authors advocate for a physics-guided <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computing-and-machine-learning-enhance-airplane-performance-and-safety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI approach</a> to gain a deeper understanding of human biology. </p>



<p>This emerging field, combining physics-based and neural network models, is poised to unlock new dimensions of biological research. </p>



<p>By leveraging AI, quantum computing, and complex systems physics, scientists are better equipped to understand how interactions at smaller scales within cells, organisms, or societies give rise to emergent characteristics observable at larger scales.</p>



<p>In summary, this research represents a significant leap forward in computational molecular science. By harnessing the combined powers of AI and quantum computing, researchers are on the cusp of unraveling some of the most intricate mysteries of life, paving the way for revolutionary discoveries in human health and disease.</p>



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Quantum computing can help decode the mysteries of aging and disease

In the realm of quantum computing and molecular science, a...

<p>Recent research by MIT physicists has led to an intriguing discovery regarding the motion of stars in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/milky-way-galaxy_outer-stars_travel-slower_annotated-image_nasa_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way galaxy</a>. </p>



<p>Their study suggests a possible revision in our understanding of the galaxy's composition, particularly in terms of its gravitational core and the elusive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/large-amount-of-dark-matter-may-be-missing-from-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cosmic-tools-gaia-and-apogee">Cosmic tools Gaia and APOGEE</h2>



<p>Utilizing data from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Gaia_overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gaia space telescope</a> and the <a href="https://sites.krieger.jhu.edu/idg/instrumentation/ground-based-astronomy/the-apache-point-observatory-galactic-evolution-experiment-apogee/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">APOGEE</a> ground-based survey, the team embarked on an extensive analysis of over 33,000 stars across the Milky Way. </p>



<p>Gaia, an orbiting telescope, offers precise tracking of the location, distance, and movement of stars, while APOGEE complements this with detailed ground observations.</p>



<p>The focal point of the study was the "circular velocity" of the stars -- essentially, how swiftly each star orbits within the galactic disk relative to its distance from the galaxy's center. </p>



<p>By plotting these velocities against their respective distances, the team constructed a rotation curve, a critical tool in astronomy for understanding the distribution of both visible and dark matter within a galaxy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-odd-behavior-of-the-milky-way-s-outer-stars">Odd behavior of the Milky Way's outer stars</h2>



<p>“What we were really surprised to see was that this curve remained flat, flat, flat out to a certain distance, and then it started tanking,” says Lina Necib, assistant professor of physics at <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a>. “This means the outer stars are rotating a little slower than expected, which is a very surprising result.”</p>



<p>This unexpected behavior of the outer stars prompted the team to reinterpret the distribution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a> within the Milky Way, leading to a startling conclusion: the galaxy's core might be lighter and contain less dark matter than previously believed. </p>



<p>“This puts this result in tension with other measurements,” Necib says. “There is something fishy going on somewhere, and it’s really exciting to figure out where that is, to really have a coherent picture of the Milky Way.”</p>



<p>The study features contributions from MIT scientists, including first author Xiaowei Ou, Anna-Christina Eilers, and Anna Frebel.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vera-rubin-s-and-dark-matter">Vera Rubin's and dark matter</h2>



<p>The research builds on the pioneering work of astronomer <a href="https://www.amnh.org/learn-teach/curriculum-collections/cosmic-horizons-book/vera-rubin-dark-matter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vera Rubin</a> from the 1970s. Rubin first observed that galaxies rotate in a manner that cannot be solely attributed to visible matter. </p>



<p>Her work suggested that some unseen, or "dark," matter exerted an influence on distant stars, accounting for their unexpected motion.</p>



<p>Rubin's pioneering work in understanding galactic rotation curves laid the groundwork for the discovery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-may-reveal-the-origin-of-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dark matter</a>, an elusive entity that seemingly outweighs all visible matter in the universe. </p>



<p>Since then, astronomers have consistently found similar flat rotation curves in distant galaxies, reinforcing the theory of dark matter's omnipresence. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenge-of-measuring-milky-way-stars">Challenge of measuring Milky Way stars</h2>



<p>However, charting the rotation curve of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-features-found-in-the-heart-of-milky-way-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, our own galaxy, has presented unique challenges.</p>



<p>“It turns out it’s harder to measure a rotation curve when you’re sitting inside a galaxy,” notes Xiaowei Ou.</p>



<p>This challenge was undertaken in 2019 by Anna-Christina Eilers, assistant professor of physics at MIT, using data from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-from-stars-can-be-used-to-measure-distances-in-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gaia satellite</a>. </p>



<p>Gaia's initial data release, which included stars up to 25 kiloparsecs (approximately 81,000 light years) from the galaxy's center, suggested a flat yet mildly declining rotation curve for the Milky Way, hinting at a high concentration of dark matter at its core.</p>



<p>A more recent batch of Gaia data, encompassing stars up to 30 kiloparsecs (nearly 100,000 light years) from the core, offered new insights. </p>



<p>Anna Frebel points out the significance of these distances, "We're at the galaxy's edge, where stars become sparse, and understanding matter movement here is exploring the unknown."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advanced-technological-tools">Advanced technological tools</h2>



<p>Leveraging this new data, Frebel, Necib, Ou, and Eilers sought to build upon Eilers' initial findings. </p>



<p>They enhanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/gaia-has-captured-the-largest-catalog-of-stars-in-the-milky-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gaia's data</a> with APOGEE (Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment) measurements, which provide intricate details on over 700,000 Milky Way stars, including their brightness, temperature, and elemental composition. </p>



<p>“We feed all this information into an algorithm to try to learn connections that can then give us better estimates of a star’s distance,” Ou explains. “That’s how we can push out to farther distances.”</p>



<p>The team determined precise distances for over 33,000 stars, creating a three-dimensional map of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a> up to 30 kiloparsecs. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pushing-the-boundaries-of-star-measurement">Pushing the boundaries of star measurement</h2>



<p>They used this map to model circular velocity, simulating each star's travel speed based on the distribution of all other stars. </p>



<p>Plotting each star's velocity and distance, they produced an updated rotation curve.</p>



<p>Here, the unexpected emerged. The curve showed a more significant dip than expected at the outer end. Contrary to earlier findings, stars at the galaxy's outskirts travel slower than anticipated. </p>



<p>This downturn suggests that while stars maintain speed up to a certain point, they abruptly slow down in the farthest reaches.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dark-matter-and-the-milky-way-s-outer-stars">Dark matter and the Milky Way's outer stars</h2>



<p>Translating this rotation curve to the requisite amount of dark matter, the team inferred that the Milky Way's core might house less dark matter than previously thought. </p>



<p>“This result is in tension with other measurements,” Necib says. “Really understanding this result will have deep repercussions.&nbsp;This might lead to more&nbsp;hidden masses just beyond the edge of the galactic disk, or a reconsideration of the state of equilibrium of our galaxy. We seek to find these answers in upcoming work, using high resolution simulations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way-like galaxies</a>."</p>



<p>In summary, this study's conclusions have significantly altered our understanding of the Milky Way. By employing sophisticated techniques and advanced tools like the Gaia satellite and APOGEE, they have revealed a surprising slowdown in the rotation speeds of stars at the galaxy's outskirts, challenging previous assumptions about the distribution of dark matter in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-third-of-our-galaxys-planets-could-be-habitable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>. </p>



<p>Their research underscores the dynamic nature of space exploration and raises new questions for future investigations. It prompts a reevaluation of existing galactic models and propels the scientific community towards uncovering the deeper mysteries of our universe, particularly in understanding the elusive nature of dark matter.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/528/1/693/7513209" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Stars at the edge of our Milky Way galaxy travel more slowly

Recent research by MIT physicists has led to an intriguing...

<p>A team of Japanese researchers has made a groundbreaking discovery in the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-talk-soil-growth/">plant</a> communication, capturing real-time footage of plants transmitting defense responses to their neighbors. </p>



<p>This significant achievement, led by molecular biologist Masatsugu Toyota from <a href="https://en.saitama-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saitama University</a>, was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41589-9#Sec1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volatile-organic-compounds">Volatile organic compounds</h2>



<p>The study's breakthrough lies in observing undamaged plants responding to volatile organic compounds (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-christmas-trees-produce-that-fresh-festive-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a>) emitted by other plants experiencing mechanical damage or insect attacks. </p>



<p>The research involved Yuri Aratani, a Ph.D. student, and Takuya Uemura, a postdoctoral researcher, as key team members.</p>



<p>“Plants perceive volatile organic compounds (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-can-warn-each-other-of-imminent-dangers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a>) released by mechanically- or herbivore-damaged neighboring plants and induce various defense responses. Such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interplant communication</a> protects plants from environmental threats,” the authors explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plant-communication">Studying plant communication </h2>



<p>The experimental setup included an air pump connected to a container of leaves and caterpillars and another chamber housing <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, a common weed from the mustard family. </p>



<p>The Arabidopsis plants were genetically engineered to fluoresce green upon detecting calcium ions, which act as stress messengers. </p>



<p>Using a fluorescence microscope, the team could monitor the signals released by the undamaged plants after they received <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-gives-pine-trees-fresh-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a> from the damaged leaves.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="y3jCxgUSpz-3322206-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-airborne-warning-messages">Airborne warning messages</h2>



<p>This study builds on initial observations of plant communication documented in 1983, which sparked significant discussion within the scientific community.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We have finally unveiled the intricate story of when, where, and how plants respond to airborne 'warning messages' from their threatened neighbors," Toyota said. </p>



<p>He emphasized the crucial role of this unseen communication network in alerting neighboring plants to imminent threats in a timely manner.</p>



<p>In summary, Toyota's research shines a spotlight on the complex and subtle interactions within the plant kingdom, while broadening our understanding of ecological relationships and plant defense mechanisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-communication">More about plant communication</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the world of plant communication is a realm where chemical signals, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-talk-to-plants-using-light-based-messaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light messaging</a>, electrical impulses, and networked roots create a complex language that is crucial for plant survival and interaction. </p>



<p>Let's now explore, in greater detail, the intricate ways plants communicate -- a fascinating aspect of botany that challenges our traditional understanding of plant life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemical-language-of-plants">Chemical language of plants</h3>



<p>At the heart of plant communication lies the use of chemical signals. As discussed previously in this article, plants release a variety of volatile organic compounds (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-skunky-cannabis-emissions-affect-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VOCs</a>) into the air. </p>



<p>VOCs serve as messages to neighboring plants. They can convey information about environmental conditions, such as drought or pest attacks. </p>



<p>For example, when a plant is attacked by herbivores, it emits specific VOCs that can be detected by nearby plants. </p>



<p>These neighboring plants, upon receiving the signal, may then bolster their own chemical defenses in anticipation of a similar attack.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarm-signals-and-defensive-responses">Alarm signals and defensive responses</h3>



<p>One of the most fascinating aspects of plant communication is the transmission of alarm signals. </p>



<p>When a plant suffers physical damage, it releases VOCs that signal distress. </p>



<p>This not only alerts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-cells-message-each-other-using-rna-and-escort-proteins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neighboring plants</a> to potential dangers but also attracts natural predators of the pests harming the plant. </p>



<p>In essence, plants can call for help, recruiting allies in their fight for survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-communication-through-electrical-signals">Plant communication through electrical signals</h3>



<p>Plants also communicate through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-fruit-warns-the-rest-of-the-plant-when-attacked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">electrical signals</a>, a method reminiscent of the nervous system in animals. </p>



<p>When a plant is stressed or damaged, it generates electrical impulses that travel throughout its structure. </p>



<p>These signals can prompt physiological changes in the plant, such as closing stomata to prevent water loss during drought conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wood-wide-web-underground-plant-communication-networks">Wood wide web: Underground plant communication networks</h3>



<p>Beneath the soil, plants engage in a complex form of communication <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-talk-soil-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">through their roots</a> and associated fungal networks, often termed the "Wood Wide Web." </p>



<p>This network is primarily formed by mycorrhizal fungi, which connect the roots of different plants. Through these connections, plants can share nutrients, water, and information. </p>



<p>For instance, a plant experiencing nutrient deficiency can receive supplies from a neighboring plant through this underground network. </p>



<p>This symbiotic relationship not only facilitates communication but also fosters a supportive plant community.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-plant-communication-in-ecosystems">Role of plant communication in ecosystems</h3>



<p>Understanding plant communication is crucial for appreciating the dynamics of ecosystems. </p>



<p>It helps explain how plant communities respond to environmental challenges and how they can be resilient in the face of disturbances like pests or climate change. </p>



<p>This knowledge is invaluable for agriculture, forestry, and conservation efforts, as it can guide practices that support healthy plant communication and, by extension, ecosystem health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-secret-language-of-the-green-world">Understanding the secret language of the green world</h3>



<p>In summary, plant communication is a testament to the complexity and interconnectedness of life on Earth. </p>



<p>By emitting chemical signals, generating electrical impulses, and forming underground networks, plants engage in a form of dialogue that is as intricate as it is essential for their survival. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore and understand this hidden language, we gain not only scientific insights but also a deeper appreciation for the remarkable world of plants. </p>



<p>This quiet symphony of silent whispers, echoing through leaves and roots, serves as a reminder of the sophisticated life processes that occur all around us, often unnoticed.</p>



<p>Video Credit: Masatsugu Toyota/ Saitama University</p>



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Plants communicating with each other caught on video for the first time ever

A team of Japanese researchers has made a groundbreaking discovery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



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Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



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<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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