<p>Inside our bodies, countless decisions play out silently at the cellular level. Some cells divide, some die, and others are forced out when they no longer serve their purpose. </p>



<p>A study from <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King’s College London</a> and the <a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Francis Crick Institute</a> reveals that epithelial cells use electricity to spot weak neighbors and remove them. This breakthrough offers fresh insight into how diseases like cancer and stroke arise when energy balance within cells is disturbed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cells-renew-constantly">Cells renew constantly</h2>



<p>Epithelial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hemifusome-newly-discovered-organelle-inside-human-cells-with-immense-potential/">cells</a> form the barrier that lines organs, renewing rapidly to stay protective. Their balance depends on extrusion, the process of ejecting damaged or excess cells. This keeps tissues tightly packed and efficient. </p>



<p>If extrusion falters, cell numbers become chaotic, creating openings for disease. Without this constant regulation, unhealthy cells may linger, disrupt organ integrity, and interfere with critical signaling pathways. </p>



<p>Over time, these disturbances can weaken the protective barrier, encourage unchecked growth, and increase vulnerability to conditions such as cancer, chronic inflammation, or infections that compromise overall tissue health and resilience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electricity-targets-weak-cells">Electricity targets weak cells</h2>



<p>Earlier work showed that overcrowding forces some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-the-first-cells-life-form-on-earth-scientists-think-they-finally-figured-it-out/">cells</a> to be squeezed out mechanically. The latest discovery goes further. It shows that extrusion is not random but targets energy-poor cells. Crowding pushes sodium into cells through specialized ion channels, altering their electrical signals. </p>



<p>Healthy cells restore balance, but weak ones cannot, triggering shrinkage and eventual extrusion. This reveals a precise surveillance system where tissues actively monitor cellular energy, ensuring only the strongest cells remain. </p>



<p>Such control preserves organ stability, while defects in this mechanism may promote disease progression and unchecked cellular growth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cells-sense-crowding-with-electricity">Cells sense crowding with electricity</h2>



<p>The researchers noticed a striking prelude to extrusion: cells briefly shrank before being expelled. This stage, termed homeostatic early shrinkage, reflects water leaving the cell. </p>



<p>Roughly 70 percent of extruding cells undergo this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cells-vomit-waste-to-speed-up-healing-in-our-body/">shrinkage</a>. It is not caused by contractile forces but by ion channels regulating water movement. Key players include the potassium channels Kv1.1 and Kv1.2, and the chloride channel SWELL1.</p>



<p>The study revealed that an epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, senses crowding. It acts as a tension detector, letting sodium rush in when cells press against one another.</p>



<p>If a cell has enough ATP, it pumps sodium back out and stabilizes. If not, depolarization occurs, potassium and chloride exit, water follows, and the cell shrinks, crossing the threshold that triggers extrusion.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-energy-as-a-trigger">Low energy as a trigger</h2>



<p>Time-lapse experiments revealed that cells destined for extrusion show falling ATP levels before they depolarize and shrink. When ATP levels were artificially lowered, extrusion increased. </p>



<p>This shows energy deficiency directly selects <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-space-changes-our-cells-insights-from-the-iss/">cells</a> for removal. In essence, epithelial tissue runs a built-in fitness test: cells unable to maintain their electrical balance are expelled.</p>



<p>"We see this sodium channel acting as a sensor, exposing cells with the least amount of energy and targeting those cells for death," noted study lead author Dr. Saranne Mitchell. </p>



<p>"This mechanism gives epithelia a constant surveillance system to rapidly detect weak cells and remove them. It's like an electrical quality-control check, keeping tissues robust and functional."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-diseases">Implications for diseases</h2>



<p>The study highlights how epithelial tissues are not passive layers but dynamic communities constantly testing their members. By identifying weaker cells early, they can preserve strength and protect organ function.</p>



<p>"By revealing that cells with low energy are targeted for extrusion, our work also adds a new layer into how metabolism can impact many diseases," said Professor Jody Rosenblatt.</p>



<p>"This new insight could suggest how overconsumption, through eating more and consuming more calories, might override this 'low energy trigger' for extrusion and prevent the elimination of defective cells, allowing them to accumulate into cancers." </p>



<p>"It might also reveal how energy deprivation following a stroke, caused by impacted blood supply, could lead to excess extrusion and organ damage."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cells-use-electricity-effectively">Cells use electricity effectively</h2>



<p>This model highlights energy sufficiency as a deciding factor in cell survival. Much like how mitochondria regulate apoptosis, epithelial extrusion uses energy balance as a checkpoint. </p>



<p>The findings also connect to conditions like cystic fibrosis and cancer, where ion channel malfunctions are common. By linking ion flow, energy, and crowding, this study reframes how tissues maintain integrity.</p>



<p>The discovery paints epithelia as more than static barriers. They are dynamic, electrically sensitive tissues constantly probing their members for weakness. </p>



<p>Cells that cannot meet the energy demands are removed for the greater good of the tissue. Even the faintest electrical flicker within these cellular communities can tip the balance between health and disease.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09514-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: CC0 Public Domain</p>



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Body tissues use electricity to expel weak cells

Inside our bodies, countless decisions play out silently at the cellular level. Some cells divide, some die, and others are forced out when they no longer serve their purpose. A study from King’s College London and the Francis Crick Institute reveals that epithelial cells use electricity to spot weak neighbors and remove them. This breakthrough offers fresh insight into how diseases like cancer and stroke arise when energy balance within cells is disturbed. Cells renew constantly Epithelial cells form the barrier that lines organs, renewing rapidly to...

<p>A giant discovery has revolutionized our understanding of the <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em>'s origins in North America. This research introduces <em>Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis</em>, the earliest known relative of the iconic T. rex on the continent.</p>



<p>This newly unearthed predator shares a striking resemblance in size with the infamous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-weighed-up-to-33000-pounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>T. rex</em></a>, akin to a double-decker bus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis-was-discovered">How <em>Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis</em> was discovered</h2>



<p>The catalyst for this discovery was a partial skull, unearthed years ago in western New Mexico and displayed at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History &amp; Science (<a href="https://www.nmnaturalhistory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NMMNHS</a>). </p>



<p>This specimen suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-t-rex-fossils-belong-a-distinct-tyrannosaur-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus</a> species inhabited North America much earlier than previously believed.</p>



<p>An illustrious team of researchers from various esteemed institutions, including the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bath</a> (UK), <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a>, The <a href="https://www.gwu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">George Washington University</a>, <a href="https://www.harrisburgu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harrisburg University</a>, <a href="https://lehighvalley.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State Lehigh Valley</a>, <a href="https://www.ualberta.ca/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Alberta</a>, and the NMMNHS, contributed to this study.</p>



<p>“New Mexicans have always known our state is special, now we know that New Mexico has been a special place for tens of millions of years,” Dr Fiorillo, Executive Director of NMMNHS said. </p>



<p>“This study delivers on the mission of this museum through the science-based investigation of the history of life on our planet.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-t-rex-s-mysterious-origins"><em>T. Rex</em>'s mysterious origins</h2>



<p>The appearance of <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/real-t-rex-feathers-massive-eyes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></em>, arguably the largest and most formidable land predator in history, in North America about 66 million years ago was shrouded in mystery, especially due to the absence of close relatives on the continent. This discovery sheds light on this enigma.</p>



<p>The journey to this revelation began when then-student Sebastian Dalman revisited the study of a horned dinosaur from western New Mexico, sparking a comprehensive reevaluation of the region's dinosaur fossils.</p>



<p>Dalman recalls, “I embarked on this project in 2013 with co-author Steve Jasinski. As we delved deeper, we began suspecting we were uncovering something unprecedented.”</p>



<p>The researchers meticulously examined the skeleton, comparing each bone with those of numerous <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tyrannosaurus-rex-planted-fruit/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a></em> specimens. They identified subtle yet significant differences, affirming the uniqueness of the New Mexico tyrannosaur.</p>



<p>“The differences are subtle, but that’s typically the case in closely related species," said Dr Nick Longrich, a co-author from the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/research-centres/milner-centre-for-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milner Centre for Evolution</a> at the University of Bath.</p>



<p>"Evolution slowly causes mutations to build up over millions of years, causing species to look subtly different over time.” </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancestral-tree-of-tyrannosaurus-mcraeensis">Ancestral tree of <em>Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis</em></h2>



<p>The <em>Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis</em>, roughly parallel in size to the <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-may-have-had-brains-and-brawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a></em>, was a formidable meat-eater. The study highlights jawbone distinctions that suggest it's not a direct <em>T. rex</em> ancestor, hinting at more undiscovered tyrannosaur species.</p>



<p>Dr. Spencer Lucas, Paleontology Curator at NMMNHS, emphasizes this point, saying,  “Once again, the extent and scientific importance of New Mexico’s dinosaur fossils becomes clear -- many new dinosaurs remain to be discovered in the state, both in the rocks and in museum drawers!”</p>



<p>This discovery expands our knowledge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-cousins-had-even-shorter-arms-and-bulldog-snouts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tyrannosaurs</a> in several aspects. It suggests that apex predators like <em>T. rex</em> roamed the southern United States at least 72 million years ago. </p>



<p>The study theorizes that tyrannosaurs likely originated in southern North America before expanding westward.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-patterns-and-evolutionary-trends">Fossil patterns and evolutionary trends</h2>



<p>Interestingly, the fossils, unearthed on lands managed by the <a href="https://www.usbr.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Bureau of Reclamation</a>, indicate that larger and more advanced tyrannosaurs evolved in the southern United States.</p>



<p>These fossils contrast with the smaller and more rudimentary species in regions like Montana and Canada. This pattern of size evolution in dinosaurs is the opposite of what is observed in modern mammals.</p>



<p>Finally, towards the end of the Cretaceous Period, these giant tyrannosaurs, alongside other large dinosaurs like Triceratops and Torosaurus, spread northward. </p>



<p>This movement might have been driven by the emergence of new food sources capable of sustaining such colossal creatures.</p>



<p>In summary, the discovery of <em>Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis</em>, stemming from the analysis of a partial skull found in western New Mexico, suggests an earlier presence of Tyrannosaurus in North America. </p>



<p>The study's revelation that Tyrannosaurus likely originated in southern North America highlights the evolutionary patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-refutes-the-claim-that-t-rex-was-multiple-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tyrannosaurs</a>, contrasting with those of modern mammals and adding a new chapter to our understanding of these prehistoric giants.</p>



<p>Over a century after the first discovery of Tyrannosaurus, these findings remind us that there's still much to learn about these prehistoric giants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-tyrannosaurus-rex">More about <em>Tyrannosaurus rex</em></h2>



<p>As discussed above, <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-bite-skull/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyrannosaurus rex</a></em>, often abbreviated as <em>T. rex</em>, stands as one of the most renowned dinosaurs in the prehistoric world. </p>



<p>This colossal predator roamed the earth about 68 to 66 million years ago, during the late Cretaceous Period.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-and-diet">Size and diet</h3>



<p>Characterized by its massive size, the <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-did-t-rex-really-look-like/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a></em> measured up to 40 feet in length and could reach a height of 12 feet at the hips. </p>



<p>Its most striking features included a large, heavy skull balanced by a long, heavy tail, and its tiny, almost comical forelimbs which contrasted sharply with its otherwise formidable appearance. </p>



<p>Despite their size, these arms were incredibly strong, capable of lifting hundreds of pounds.</p>



<p>The <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-tyrannosaurus-rexs-arms-so-short/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a></em> was a carnivorous dinosaur, and its diet consisted primarily of other large dinosaurs. It had an extraordinary biting force, one of the strongest ever recorded for any terrestrial animal. </p>



<p>Its jaws were filled with large, serrated teeth that could grow up to 12 inches long, perfect for tearing into flesh and bone.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics">Characteristics</h3>



<p>Recent studies have shed light on the <em>T. rex</em>'s sensory abilities. Its keen sense of smell, for instance, was likely among the best in the dinosaur kingdom, enabling it to track prey over great distances. </p>



<p>Moreover, there is growing evidence that suggests the <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/t-rex-was-even-more-fearsome-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T. rex</a></em> may have been more than just a solitary hunter, possibly displaying complex social behaviors such as hunting in packs and caring for its young.</p>



<p>The <em>T. rex</em>'s legacy continues to captivate scientists and the public alike. Not only does it play a starring role in pop culture and media, but ongoing research into its biology and ecology keeps providing new insights into this iconic dinosaur.</p>



<p>The <em>T. rex</em>, a true titan of the prehistoric era, remains a symbol of the awe-inspiring world of dinosaurs.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-47011-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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New dinosaur species,  Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, discovered in New Mexico

A giant discovery has revolutionized our understanding of the Tyrannosaurus...

<p>In a breakthrough study, experts have potentially linked the skin microbiome to signs of aging such as wrinkles and overall skin health. The research opens new avenues in understanding and possibly mitigating the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/">aging</a> on skin.</p>



<p>The skin microbiome, a complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing on our skin, has been a subject of interest for quite some time. However, this is the first study to isolate microbes associated specifically with signs of skin aging and skin health, rather than chronological age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The analysis was conducted by experts in the Center for Microbiome Innovation (CMI) at the <a href="https://ucsd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California San Diego</a> in collaboration with L'Oréal Research and Innovation.</p>



<p>The researchers examined data collected during 13 studies by L’Oréal. This information included 16S rRNA amplicon sequence data and corresponding skin clinical data for over 650 female participants between the ages of 18 and 70. The goal of the study was to identify trends related to specific microbes, taking into account variables like age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pinpointing-microbes-linked-to-skin-aging">Pinpointing microbes linked to skin aging</h2>



<p>“Previous studies have shown that the types of microbes on our skin change fairly predictably with age,” said study co-author Se Jin Song. </p>



<p>“Our skin also changes physiologically with age; for example, we gain wrinkles and our skin gets drier. But there is variation in what this looks like in people - you've probably noticed that there are some people who have younger or older looking skin than many others their age."</p>



<p>"Using advanced statistical methods, we were able to tease apart the microbes that are associated with these types of aging signs for skin, like crow's feet wrinkles, from those that are associated with simply age as a chronological number.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-nbsp">Key findings&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study revealed two significant trends. First, there was a positive association found between skin microbiome diversity and lateral cantonal lines (crow’s feet wrinkles).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Second, a negative correlation was observed between microbiome diversity and transepidermal water loss, which is the amount of moisture that evaporates through the skin. The researchers identified several potential biomarkers for further investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study co-author Qian Zheng, head of advanced research at L'Oréal, expressed excitement about the implications of this research for beauty products.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“At L'Oréal, our commitment is to create beauty products that meet the unique needs of each individual. Our recent collaboration with the Center for Microbiome Innovation has shed light on the role of the skin microbiome in aging, particularly in how it affects wrinkles and overall skin quality," said Zheng.</p>



<p>"This research is groundbreaking in identifying new microbial biomarkers linked to visible signs of aging like crow's feet wrinkles. It marks a significant step towards developing technologies for healthier, more youthful skin. We look forward to sharing new results as they become available, furthering the scientific community's understanding and contributing to advancing new skincare solutions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions-nbsp">Future research directions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study, while preliminary, sets the stage for more in-depth research into the microbial associations with skin aging. Future research directions include metabolomics to discover chemical biomarkers related to skin aging and meta-transcriptomics research into potential targets for genetic engineering.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers also hope to explore other layers of the skin, which have been less studied due to the difficulty of sample collection.</p>



<p>"While the study's findings represent an advance of our knowledge of the skin microbiome, we view them as just the beginning of a new phase of research," said study co-author Professor Rob Knight.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"By confirming a link between the microbiome and skin health, we've laid the groundwork for further studies that discover specific microbiome biomarkers related to skin aging, and, one day, show how to modify them to generate novel and highly targeted recommendations for skin health."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em>Frontiers in Aging</em>.</p>



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Secrets of aging have been found in the skin microbiome

In a breakthrough study, experts have potentially linked the skin...

Many,Red,Sea,Fans,And,White,Cluster,Sea,Whip,Coral

<p>Researchers have unveiled a new ally in the fight to protect corals against the ravages of ocean warming: a unique single-celled microbe. This discovery marks a pivotal moment in our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reefs-in-some-parts-of-the-world-actually-benefit-from-warming-el-nino-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral resilience</a>, especially in the face of escalating ocean-warming events such as bleaching.</p>



<p>The study was spearheaded by a team from the University of Miami <a href="https://www.earth.miami.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rosenstiel School</a> of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, alongside colleagues from the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (<a href="https://www.ibe.upf-csic.es/">IBE: CSIC-UPF</a>) in Barcelona. </p>



<p>The team highlights the intricate role microbes play in bolstering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recent-coral-recovery-in-the-great-barrier-reef-has-paused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> defenses against the severe impacts of end-of-century heat stress and climate change projections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-indicator-of-coral-resilience">Microbial indicator of coral resilience</h2>



<p>At the heart of this research lies the revelation that specific protists within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/devastating-coral-bleaching-is-expected-around-the-world-within-the-next-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> microbiome -- the diverse microorganisms residing in corals -- can serve as indicators of a coral's ability to endure heat stress. </p>



<p>This insight is particularly vital for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a> worldwide as they increasingly confront more frequent ocean warming events. </p>



<p>The study places a spotlight on corals devoid of zooxanthellae, a type of symbiotic algae expelled during warm water-induced bleaching, underlining their vulnerability.</p>



<p>“This is the first time that a non-algae microbe has been shown to influence the ability of corals to survive a heat-stress event,” reveals Javier del Campo, the study’s senior author, adjunct assistant professor at the Rosenstiel School, and principal investigator of the IBE. </p>



<p>He emphasizes the critical need for a comprehensive understanding of the microbial factors affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-growth-cannot-keep-pace-with-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> survivability to guide conservation strategies, particularly in prioritizing corals for intervention amid climate change.</p>



<p>“As corals face more and more heat-stress events due to climate change, a better understanding of all the microbes that may influence survivability can inform conservation practitioners as to which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nutrients-from-seabird-poop-accelerate-coral-reef-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals</a> they should prioritize for intervention," del Campo explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



<p>To arrive at these findings, the international research team embarked on a meticulous journey. </p>



<p>They collected samples of the violescent sea-whip (<em>Paramuricea clavata</em>), a vital architect of the Mediterranean temperate reefs currently facing the threats of mass mortality due to global warming. </p>



<p>In the lab, they analyzed the coral’s microbiome and subjected it to natural heat-stress conditions, observing signs of mortality.</p>



<p>The study identified a group of single-celled parasitic protists, known as Syndiniales, that are more prevalent in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-coral-adaptations-challenge-conservation-plans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">corals surviving</a> heat stress. </p>



<p>In contrast, Corallicolids -- protists closely related to human malaria parasites -- are found more abundantly in corals succumbing to heat stress.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-horizon-in-coral-conservation">New horizon in coral conservation</h2>



<p>Protists, or single-cell eukaryotes, are less studied than bacteria in most host organisms but may have a major influence on the health of their coral host. </p>



<p>del Campo underscores the importance of considering all members of the microbiome, from bacteria to protists, in assessing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-corals-survive-warming-waters-by-remembering-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral health</a>.</p>



<p>“The microbiome is a vital component of coral host health and we should study all members of it from the bacteria to the protists,” said del Campo.</p>



<p>In summary, this study unveils a critical microbial player in the coral ecosystem, while clearing new paths for more targeted conservation efforts. </p>



<p>Understanding the complex interplay of various microorganisms within corals is crucial in developing strategies to bolster coral resilience against the escalating challenges posed by climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-sea-whip-coral-and-their-microbes">More about sea-whip coral and their microbes</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, sea-whips, captivating marine organisms, claim their place in the underwater world with their unique, whip-like structures. </p>



<p>These intriguing sea creatures, belonging to the soft <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> family, paint the ocean floor with their vivid colors and intricate forms. </p>



<p>Unlike their hard coral cousins, sea-whips lack a rigid calcium carbonate skeleton, allowing them a flexibility that adds a dynamic element to the seascape.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-and-habitat">Anatomy and habitat</h3>



<p>Sea-whips exhibit a fascinating anatomy. They consist of a central, whip-like skeleton covered in polyps, tiny animals that make up the living part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-skeletons-improve-reef-recovery-after-bleaching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a>. </p>



<p>These polyps possess stinging cells, enabling them to capture tiny organisms for nutrition. Sea-whips thrive in a variety of marine environments, from shallow reefs to deep-sea floors, displaying an incredible adaptability to different ocean conditions.</p>



<p>Sea-whips play a crucial role in marine ecosystems. They serve as habitats for a multitude of marine species, offering shelter and breeding grounds. </p>



<p>Fish, crustaceans, and other sea creatures often seek refuge within the branches of sea-whips, finding protection from predators and harsh environmental conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-and-conservation-efforts">Threats and conservation efforts</h3>



<p>Despite their resilience, sea-whips face several threats, primarily from human activities. Overfishing, pollution, and destructive fishing practices, like trawling, pose significant risks to their survival. </p>



<p>Additionally, climate change and the resulting ocean acidification and warming further exacerbate these challenges. Thankfully, as discussed above, single-celled microbes are proving adept at protecting these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-skeletons-improve-reef-recovery-after-bleaching/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral</a> from climate change.</p>



<p>Conservation efforts focus on protecting sea-whip habitats, promoting sustainable fishing practices, and raising awareness about the importance of these delicate marine organisms.</p>



<p>Sea-whips attract considerable scientific interest due to their unique biological properties. Researchers study them for insights into coral growth, reproduction, and resilience. </p>



<p>Moreover, sea-whips are of interest in the field of biomedicine for their potential in drug discovery, as they produce a range of bioactive compounds.</p>



<p>In summary, sea-whips stand as guardians of the ocean's beauty and biodiversity. Their presence adds to the aesthetic value of the underwater world while playing a pivotal role in maintaining the health and balance of marine ecosystems. </p>



<p>Protecting these magnificent creatures is essential for preserving the richness and diversity of life beneath the waves.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://ami-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.16548" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Microbiology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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A single-celled microbe is protecting corals from heat and helping them survive climate change

Researchers have unveiled a new ally in the fight to...

<p>A new study published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.11.006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>American Journal of Infection Control</em></a> (AJIC) has exposed a significant concern in hospital hygiene practices. </p>



<p>Despite strict adherence to disinfection protocols, high-touch surfaces in hospitals are still harboring dangerous microbes, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/non-alcoholic-beer-can-be-a-hotbed-for-pathogens/">pathogenic bacteria</a>. </p>



<p>This finding underscores a critical vulnerability in the ongoing battle against healthcare-associated infections (HAIs).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-so-well-known-pathogens-nbsp">Not-so-well-known pathogens&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Surfaces in the health care environment harbor both well-known and not-so-well-known human pathogens," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Several not-so-well-known pathogens are skin flora or environmental bacteria, which in the right setting, can become pathogenic and cause diseases including meningitis, brain abscess, endocarditis, and bacteremia."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-findings">Alarming findings</h2>



<p>Conducted at the Central Texas Veterans Healthcare System, the study took place during June and July of 2022. The team sampled 400 surfaces, focusing on areas frequently touched by multiple individuals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These included simulation manikins used in resuscitation training, workstations on wheels, breakroom tables, bed rails, and computer keyboards at nurse’s stations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Astonishingly, all of these surfaces tested positive for bacterial presence, with manikins and bed rails showing the greatest variety of bacterial types.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-60-different-bacterial-species">60 different bacterial species</h2>



<p>The researchers identified 60 different bacterial species across these samples. Of these, 18 were well-known human pathogens, and several others were potentially pathogenic under certain conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notable among these pathogens were Enterococcus, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella aerogenes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Some bacteria correlated with severe conditions like bloodstream infections, meningitis, and endocarditis. Intriguingly, about half of these bacteria mirrored those found in clinical patient samples from 2022.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-evolution-of-microbial-threats">Continuous evolution of microbial threats</h2>



<p>The study serves as a stark reminder of the continuous evolution of microbial threats and the need for innovative disinfection strategies in healthcare settings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings call for a reassessment of current practices and the development of more effective cleaning protocols and educational efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is a continuing frustration to healthcare professionals that HAIs persist despite rigorous attention to disinfection practices,” said study senior author Dr. Piyali Chatterjee.</p>



<p>“Our study clearly shows the bioburden associated with high-touch hospital surfaces - including simulation manikins, which are not typically regarded as a risk because patients rarely touch them - and indicates that we must do better in protecting the health of our patients and our hospital employees.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>As the fight against HAIs intensifies, the research highlights the importance of vigilance and innovation in maintaining the highest standards of hospital hygiene.</p>



<p>“This study underscores the critical value of infection prevention and control efforts in our healthcare systems,” said Dr. Tania Bubb.</p>



<p>“By understanding the gaps in our current disinfection protocols, we can focus on developing more effective protocols and education strategies to prevent the spread of dangerous organisms and better protect patients and healthcare workers from HAIs.”</p>



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Harmful microbes persist on hospital surfaces after disinfection 

A new study published in the American Journal of Infection...

<p>A recent study conducted by an international team of scientists from China, the United States, New Zealand, Italy, and France has shed light on alarming trends in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/">global warming</a>, with a particular focus on ocean temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The comprehensive analysis confirms that 2023 was the hottest year on record, continuing a decade-long pattern where each year surpassed the previous in ocean heat levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ocean-s-role-in-climate">The ocean's role in climate</h2>



<p>Covering 70% of the planet, the ocean is a crucial component of the Earth's climate system. It absorbs about 90% of the heat generated by global warming, significantly influencing atmospheric conditions. A warmer ocean leads to a warmer atmosphere that holds more moisture, resulting in extreme weather patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, the ocean plays a pivotal role in dictating the pace of climate change, making it a key focus for understanding future climatic shifts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data-analysis-nbsp">Data analysis&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The data, derived from two prominent research teams - the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the National Centers for Environmental Information of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) - present a concerning picture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The IAP analysis showed an increase in ocean temperature by 15 zettajoules compared to 2022, while NOAA's findings indicated a slightly lower increase of 9 zettajoules. Despite these differences, both groups agree on the overall trend of ocean warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-zettajoules">Understanding zettajoules</h2>



<p>To put these figures into perspective, the entire global energy consumption annually is about half a zettajoule. Therefore, 15 zettajoules is an immense amount of energy - equivalent to the energy it would take to boil away 2.3 billion Olympic-sized swimming pools.</p>



<p>The discrepancy in data between IAP and NOAA has prompted further investigation. Early evidence suggests that the differences may stem from varying methodologies in data handling, particularly in quality control and the mapping of individual data points onto a global grid. In a warming climate, it's possible that new high ocean temperature measurements could be mistakenly discarded.</p>



<p>“What this means is the warming might be greater than the numbers reported here," explained study lead author Dr. Lijing Cheng from IAP/CAS.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-ocean-composition">Shifting ocean composition</h2>



<p>The experts also noted shifts in rainfall and evaporation patterns, altering ocean salinity. These changes affect marine life and ocean currents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, the increasing stratification of the ocean, where less dense, warm, and fresh waters remain near the surface, impedes the ocean's ability to transport heat and carbon dioxide to deeper layers. This leads to reduced oxygen levels and a diminished capacity for carbon dioxide absorption, adversely affecting marine wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-oceans-and-extreme-weather">Warming oceans and extreme weather</h2>



<p>A warmer ocean supercharges weather systems, contributing to more severe storms with heavier rainfall, stronger winds, and significant flooding.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The economic and human costs of these events are staggering. In the United States alone, damages are estimated at approximately $200 billion per year.</p>



<p>These findings highlight the urgent need to halt the burning of fossil fuels and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Transitioning to renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower is critical for decarbonizing the economy and mitigating the impacts of climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00376-024-3378-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Advances in Atmospheric Sciences</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Ocean temperatures were a driving force behind 2023's record heat

A recent study conducted by an international team of scientists...

<p>In an important medical study study, <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford</a> researchers have discovered a potential psychoactive druge treatment for the invisible wounds of war. In particular, the study focused on traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), such as concussions, that often lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and suicide.</p>



<p>Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02705-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Medicine</em></a>, the study reveals that the plant-based psychoactive drug ibogaine, in combination with magnesium, can significantly reduce symptoms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ptsd-cancer-heart-disease/">PTSD</a>, anxiety, and depression, and improve functioning in veterans with traumatic brain injury.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-ibogaine-and-traumatic-brain-injury">Studying ibogaine and traumatic brain injury</h2>



<p>TBIs are commonly caused by external forces such as blast explosions, vehicle collisions, or other physical impacts, leading to significant neuropsychiatric symptoms. </p>



<p>With mainstream treatments falling short, researchers have been exploring alternative therapies. </p>



<p>Ibogaine, derived from the African shrub <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drugs-secreted-from-toad-skin-greatly-improve-cognitive-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iboga</a>, has traditionally been used in spiritual ceremonies and has recently caught the attention of the medical community for its potential in treating opioid and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blocking-dopamine-receptors-cocaine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cocaine addiction</a>.</p>



<p>Dr. Nolan Williams, associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford, highlighted the uniqueness of the study. </p>



<p>“No other drug has ever been able to alleviate the functional and neuropsychiatric symptoms of traumatic brain injury. The results are dramatic, and we intend to study this compound further.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ibogaine-treatment-assessments">Ibogaine treatment assessments </h2>



<p>The researchers, collaborating with <a href="https://www.veteransinc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VETS, Inc.</a>, a foundation that facilitates psychedelic-assisted therapies for veterans, conducted a study on 30 U.S. special forces veterans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These veterans, having sustained TBIs and experiencing severe psychiatric symptoms and disabilities, underwent treatment with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnesium-is-an-essential-mineral-for-plant-growth-and-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a> and ibogaine at a clinic in Mexico. </p>



<p>Pre- and post-treatment assessments at Stanford showed significant improvements in PTSD, anxiety, depression, and overall functioning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformative-results">Transformative results</h2>



<p>“These men were incredibly intelligent, high-performing individuals who experienced life-altering functional disability from TBI during their time in combat,” Williams said. “They were all willing to try most anything that they thought might help them get their lives back.”</p>



<p>Craig, a 52-year-old study participant and Navy veteran, shared his transformative experience: “Since [ibogaine treatment], my cognitive function has been fully restored. This has resulted in advancement at work and vastly improved my ability to talk to my children and wife.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Similarly, Sean, a 51-year-old veteran, said that ibogaine treatment “saved his life,” lifting him from a state of hopelessness to clarity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exciting-potential-and-future-research">Exciting potential and future research</h2>



<p>The study noted no serious side effects from ibogaine, with veterans reporting only typical symptoms like headaches and nausea. </p>



<p>The researchers plan to further analyze additional data, including brain scans, to understand how ibogaine led to cognitive improvements. </p>



<p>They also aim to explore the drug’s potential for treating other neuropsychiatric conditions beyond traumatic brain injury.</p>



<p>This research, independently funded by philanthropic donations and not associated with <a href="https://www.veteransinc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VETS, Inc.</a>, opens a promising avenue for treating TBI and related conditions, potentially revolutionizing the approach to mental health challenges faced by veterans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ibogaine-nbsp">More about ibogaine&nbsp;</h2>



<p>As discussed above, ibogaine, a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in the African iboga shrub, has garnered significant attention for its potential in treating addiction. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-and-discovery">Origins and discovery </h3>



<p>Ibogaine originates from the root bark of the iboga tree (Tabernanthe iboga), native to West Central Africa. Indigenous communities have long used it for ritualistic and medicinal purposes. </p>



<p>Its psychoactive properties were discovered by Western science in the late 19th century, but it wasn't until the 1960s that its potential for treating substance addiction was explored.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-ibogaine-works">How ibogaine works </h3>



<p>Ibogaine is unique in its ability to interrupt addiction. It acts on multiple neurotransmitter systems, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/serotonin-promotes-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">serotonin</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-regulates-both-learning-and-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dopamine</a>, and opioid receptors, making it particularly effective against a range of substances, including opioids, alcohol, and stimulants. </p>



<p>Its users often experience a profound psychedelic state, during which they report revisiting past traumas or gaining insights into their addiction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapeutic-use">Therapeutic use</h3>



<p>In addition to the new research discussed previously, studies have shown that ibogaine can significantly reduce withdrawal symptoms and cravings for drugs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/korean-red-ginseng-may-alleviate-alcohol-addiction-study-reveals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>. </p>



<p>It’s not a cure for addiction but a tool that can provide a window of opportunity for deep psychological healing and habit change. </p>



<p>Treatment typically occurs in specialized clinics, as the administration of ibogaine requires careful monitoring due to its potent effects and potential health risks.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controversies-and-risks">Controversies and risks </h3>



<p>Ibogaine treatment is not without controversy. The main concerns revolve around its safety, as the substance can cause cardiac complications and has been linked to several deaths. </p>



<p>Its hallucinogenic properties also raise questions about its psychological impact. Because of these risks, ibogaine remains illegal or tightly controlled in many countries, including the United States.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-status-and-future-research">Legal status and future research </h3>



<p>Despite its controversial status, ibogaine continues to be an area of interest for researchers. </p>



<p>In countries where it is legal, such as Mexico and New Zealand, studies are underway to better understand its efficacy and safety profile. </p>



<p>The growing opioid epidemic has also fueled interest in alternative treatments like ibogaine.</p>



<p>In summary, ibogaine stands at the crossroads of traditional medicine, psychedelic therapy, and addiction treatment. While promising, it requires careful consideration and further research to fully understand its benefits and risks. </p>



<p>For many, it offers a chance at a new life, free from the chains of addiction, but it's not a one-size-fits-all solution and must be approached with caution and respect for its power.</p>



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Psychoactive drug is the only known treatment that heals traumatic brain injuries

In an important medical study study, Stanford researchers have discovered...

3d,Rendering,Problem,Plastic,Bottles,And,Microplastics,Floating,In,The

<p>A new study has unveiled a startling truth about bottled water: it can contain hundreds of thousands of nanoplastics, a number that far exceeds previous estimates.</p>



<p>For the investigation, researchers at <a href="https://www.climate.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia Climate School</a> used a novel microscopic technique focused on nanoplastics, which is a largely unexplored domain. </p>



<p>These tiny particles, the offspring of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-inhale-the-equivalent-of-a-credit-card-in-microplastics-each-week/">microplastics</a>, pose potential threats to human health and ecosystems, as they can infiltrate blood, cells, and even the brain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-realm-of-nanoplastics">The realm of nanoplastics</h2>



<p>For years, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-deadly-and-widespread-environmental-pollutants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microplastics</a> -- particles formed from the breakdown of larger plastics -- have been a growing concern. They have been found in diverse environments ranging from Arctic ice to everyday items like drinking water and food.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the focus has now shifted to bottled water, which was already known to contain thousands of microplastic fragments.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zooplankton-are-rapidly-escalating-the-threat-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nanoplastic</a> comprises ever smaller fragments derived from microplastics. The Columbia team counted and identified these nanoplastics in bottled water, discovering an average of 240,000 fragments per liter -- a number 10 to 100 times greater than earlier estimates.</p>



<p>Nanoplastics, unlike their larger counterparts, can bypass the intestines and lungs, entering the bloodstream directly. From there, they can travel to various organs, including the heart and brain. </p>



<p>Their ability to invade individual cells and cross the placenta raises significant concerns about their impact on human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-finding-nanoplastics-in-bottled-water">Finding nanoplastics in bottled water</h2>



<p>The new detection technique used for the study, stimulated Raman scattering microscopy, was co-invented by study co-author Wei Min. </p>



<p>This method allows for precise identification of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanoplastics-can-easily-travel-through-food-webs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoparticles</a> and provides a clearer understanding of what these particles are and their potential toxicity.</p>



<p>Study co-author Beizhan Yan, an environmental chemist at Columbia University’s <a href="https://lamont.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory</a>, highlighted the novelty of this research.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Previously this was just a dark area, uncharted. Toxicity studies were just guessing what’s in there,” said Yan. “This opens a window where we can look into a world that was not exposed to us before.”</p>



<p>Globally, plastic production is approaching 400 million metric tons annually, with over 30 million tons discarded into water bodies or landfills.</p>



<p>Unlike organic matter, plastics do not degrade into harmless substances. Instead, they continue to break down into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microwaving-baby-food-containers-releases-billions-of-nanoplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">smaller particles</a>, potentially down to the molecular level.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-discovery-nbsp">Alarming discovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Nanoplastics are defined as particles smaller than one micrometer, measured in billionths of a meter. This is significantly smaller than microplastics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The discovery of these nanoplastics in bottled water is particularly alarming, considering their potential for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nanotoxicology-could-help-assess-the-risks-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological interaction</a>.</p>



<p>The issue of plastics in bottled water came to the forefront following a 2018 study that detected 325 particles per liter. However, this new research suggests that the actual number could be exponentially higher.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The challenge has been in detecting particles smaller than one micrometer, which marks the boundary of the nano world.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-nanoplastics">Identifying nanoplastics</h2>



<p>Study lead author Naixin Qian, a Columbia graduate student in Chemistry, explained the limitations of previous studies in identifying nanoplastics.</p>



<p>“People developed methods to see <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastic-pollution-found-in-every-aquatic-species-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nanoparticles</a>, but they didn’t know what they were looking at,” said Qian. She noted that previous studies could provide bulk estimates of nano mass, but for the most part could not count individual particles, nor identify which were plastics or something else.</p>



<p>The new technique allows for not only detecting these particles but also identifying their composition. This understanding is crucial for assessing the potential health risks posed by different types of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-can-be-passed-from-mothers-to-unborn-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a>.</p>



<p>In their analysis, the researchers found that polyethylene terephthalate (PET), commonly used in water bottles, was not the most abundant plastic.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Instead, polyamide, a type of nylon likely originating from water purification processes, was more prevalent. This indicates that even processes meant to purify water may contribute to the problem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bottled-water-nanoplastics-and-future-research">Bottled water, nanoplastics, and future research</h2>



<p>An intriguing aspect of the study was the discovery that the seven types of plastics identified accounted for only about 10% of all the nanoparticles found.</p>



<p>This means that a vast array of unknown particles are present in bottled water, emphasizing the complexity of this issue.</p>



<p>The team is expanding their research beyond bottled water to include tap water and other sources of potential nanoplastic contamination.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Collaborative efforts are underway to study nanoplastics in different environments, including Antarctic snow and human tissues, to better understand their ecological and health impacts.</p>



<p>“There is a huge world of nanoplastics to be studied,” said Min. He noted that by mass, nanoplastics comprise far less than microplastics, but “it’s not size that matters. It’s the numbers, because the smaller things are, the more easily they can get inside us.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-nanoplastics">More about nanoplastics</h2>



<p>As discussed above, nanoplastics are minuscule fragments of plastic, much smaller than microplastics, often measuring less than 100 nanometers in size. </p>



<p>Despite their tiny dimensions, these particles pose a significant environmental threat due to their widespread presence and potential to harm ecosystems and human health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Origins of nanoplastics</h3>



<p>The origin of nanoplastics primarily lies in the breakdown of larger plastic debris. Over time, factors such as sunlight, physical abrasion, and biological degradation reduce these larger pieces into increasingly smaller fragments. </p>



<p>Additionally, nanoplastics can originate from consumer products like cosmetics and industrial processes.</p>



<p>Once in the environment, nanoplastics present unique challenges. Their small size allows them to evade filtration systems and disperse widely in water bodies and soils. </p>



<p>This widespread distribution raises concerns about their accumulation in the food chain, as they can be ingested by a wide range of organisms, from plankton to larger animals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Impact on organisms and human health</h3>



<p>The impact of nanoplastics on living organisms is a topic of ongoing research. Studies suggest that these particles can cause physical and chemical harm. </p>



<p>Physically, they can clog the digestive systems of aquatic animals and reduce nutrient absorption. </p>



<p>Chemically, nanoplastics may release toxic additives or adsorb harmful pollutants from their surroundings, introducing these substances into organisms that ingest them.</p>



<p>For human health, the implications are equally concerning. Nanoplastics can potentially enter the human body through the consumption of contaminated food and water or inhalation. Once inside, they might cause inflammatory responses or release toxic substances.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Addressing the nanoplastic problem in bottled water</h3>



<p>Addressing the nanoplastics issue requires a multifaceted approach. Reducing plastic waste at the source is crucial. </p>



<p>This reduction can be achieved through better waste management practices, promoting the use of biodegradable materials, and enhancing public awareness about the impact of plastic pollution. </p>



<p>Additionally, advancing filtration and remediation technologies to capture and remove nanoplastics from the environment is essential.</p>



<p>In summary, nanoplastics represent a growing environmental hazard. Understanding their behavior, impacts, and methods to mitigate their presence is vital for preserving ecosystems and safeguarding human health. </p>



<p>It's a global challenge that demands immediate and sustained action from individuals, industries, and governments worldwide.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2300582121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Over 240,000 cancer-causing nanoplastics found in bottled water

A new study has unveiled a startling truth about bottled...

<p>Sharks have endured for over 400 million years, surviving five mass extinctions and diversifying into numerous forms. Today, however, sharks face a dire situation: they are among the world's most threatened species. This is primarily due to overexploitation and the spread of wasteful finning practices.</p>



<p>Governments worldwide have attempted to mitigate this crisis by introducing various regulations to decrease shark catch and finning. Despite these efforts, a new global assessment has revealed that while the regulations are sometimes effective, they have not been sufficient to reverse the trend of increasing shark mortality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>An international team including researchers from Dalhousie University, <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a>, and The Nature Conservancy conducted a thorough investigation into shark mortality trends. </p>



<p>The experts analyzed shark catches from 2012 to 2019 across 150 fishing countries and the high seas, covering a period marked by the implementation of numerous conservation measures. Their dataset encompassed an estimated 1.1 billion sharks caught globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shocking-results">Shocking results</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that total shark fishing mortality rose from 76 million to 80 million sharks per year, despite a more than tenfold increase in anti-finning legislation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over 30% of these catches involved species currently threatened with extinction, pushing the global mortality estimate to 101 million <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sharks-need-better-protection-to-maintain-functional-diversity/">sharks</a> in 2019.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-problem-of-staggering-proportions">A global problem of staggering proportions</h2>



<p>Study senior author Darcy Bradley is an adjunct faculty member at UC Santa Barbara and a scientist with the Nature Conservancy in California.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The unsustainable fishing of sharks is a global problem of staggering proportions that could eventually lead to the extinction of some of our planet’s most ancient and revered species,” said Bradley. “We found that despite myriad regulations intended to curb shark overfishing, the total number of sharks being killed by fisheries each year is not decreasing. If anything, it’s slightly increasing.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-too-many-sharks-are-still-dying">Too many sharks are still dying</h2>



<p>While finning prohibitions likely reduced shark finning at sea, the team found that these regulations had little effect on mortality overall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We show that widespread legislation designed to prevent shark finning was successful in addressing this wasteful practice but did not reduce mortality overall,” said study lead author Boris Worm, a research professor in the Department of Biology at Dalhousie University. “Too many sharks are still dying; this is especially worrisome for threatened species such as hammerheads.”</p>



<p>"Complete bans on shark fishing, through protective measures such as shark sanctuaries can be successful, highlighting an opportunity to prioritize these and other area-based conservation measures,” said Bradley.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-demand-for-shark-meat">Rising demand for shark meat</h2>



<p>“We have seen the demand for shark fins decreasing and the demand for shark meat increasing, with Brazil and Italy being the main consumers. Because shark meat is a relatively cheap substitute for other types of fish, there is considerable mislabeling, making some consumers eat shark meat without their knowledge," said study co-author Leonardo Feitosa, a shark biologist at UC Santa Barbara.</p>



<p>"Effective conservation actions for sharks are often impeded by lack of community-based awareness and stewardship projects,” said study co-author Nidhi D’Costa, a shark researcher at Dalhousie. “This is especially crucial in countries where small-scale artisanal fisheries are a major driver of shark mortality.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team emphasizes the need for more specific measures targeting shark mortality. Prohibiting fishing in certain areas and requiring fishers to release accidentally caught vulnerable species are among the recommended strategies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our analysis highlights the need for improved transparency and reporting requirements,” said Sara Orofino, a data analyst at UC Santa Barbara. “Shark catches are often self-reported, aggregated into broad groups, and crucial information on discarding practices is often lacking. Accurate, comprehensive, and accessible data are critical to effectively evaluate how well regulations are working in safeguarding sharks and other threatened species.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adf8984" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>. </p>



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Shocking shark mortality rates are on the rise worldwide

Sharks have endured for over 400 million years, surviving five...

<p>Australia, a land known for its unique and captivating wildlife, faces a grim reality with the increasing threat of climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-changes-our-understanding-of-mammal-evolution/">Marsupials</a> in arid regions are particularly at risk, as rising temperatures may exceed their survival thresholds. Among these is the numbat, a termite-loving marsupial that is already struggling with escalating heat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-heat-limits-of-numbats-nbsp">The heat limits of numbats&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Researchers Christine Cooper from <a href="https://www.curtin.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curtin University</a> and Philip Withers of the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a> have conducted on an innovative study to understand the impact of rising temperatures on the numbat.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Utilizing infrared cameras and advanced computer models, the researchers sought to determine the heat limits that numbats can withstand before succumbing to the harsh environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-findings-nbsp">Alarming findings&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team discovered that numbats can only forage under the sun for approximately 10 minutes in high temperatures before needing to seek refuge in the shade.&nbsp;</p>



<p>With increasing ambient temperatures and humidity, the shade may soon be insufficient for their survival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



<p>In an unprecedented field study during 2020 and 2021, Cooper and Withers traversed the forest paths of Western Australia's Dryandra Woodland and Boyagin Nature Reserve.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers filmed around 50 numbats using infrared technology, simultaneously measuring environmental factors like air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed. This comprehensive approach provided a holistic view of the numbat's struggle against the elements.</p>



<p>Numbats, uniquely diurnal among marsupials, spend 62% of their time under the sun. The researchers meticulously measured the surface temperatures of different body parts of the numbat, both in sunlight and shade.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-troubling-insights">Troubling insights</h2>



<p>The experts determined that direct sunlight was responsible for a mere 18% of the numbat's heat gain, indicating other significant heat sources at play. The investigation revealed that, at peak temperatures, numbats continued to absorb heat even in the shade. </p>



<p>The team discovered that air and ground temperatures, along with heat radiating from surrounding objects, are the primary contributors to the risk of overheating in numbats. This means that even shaded environments may soon become too hostile for these marsupials to cool down.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangerous-body-temperature-threshold-nbsp">Dangerous body temperature threshold&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed the amount of time that numbats could hunt for food before their body temperature reached a critical 40°C.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They discovered that at air and ground temperatures of 23°C, numbats could only sustain 10 minutes of sun exposure before reaching this dangerous body temperature threshold. This presents a dire situation for numbats, whose sole diet consists of termites.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since termites are not particularly nutritious, numbats must consume them in large quantities for survival. However, termites ascend near the surface only when the ground is sufficiently warmed by the sun, limiting the numbats' feeding to daylight hours.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-uncertain-fate">An uncertain fate</h2>



<p>The future for numbats, under the current trajectory of climate change, is increasingly precarious. Nighttime foraging is not a viable alternative due to the inaccessibility of termites and heightened predation risks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, if the climate continues to warm as projected, even shaded areas will not provide the necessary relief from the accumulating heat in the air and rocks.</p>



<p>The study suggests that if immediate action is not taken to curb global temperature rise, the numbat could become yet another tragic casualty of climate change.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.246301" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Experimental Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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A race against heat: The numbat's fight for survival

Australia, a land known for its unique and captivating wildlife,...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://med.nyu.edu/our-community/about-us" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NYU Grossman School of Medicine</a> have discovered a potential new method to prevent the spread of influenza in humans, drawing from experiments conducted on infant mice. </p>



<p>The research may ultimately represent a significant advancement in the fight against seasonal flu, a notorious killer that claims over 36,000 lives annually in the United States alone.</p>



<p>"In the last century, influenza A virus (IAV) has led to numerous pandemics, solidifying its enduring presence and burden to humans through continuous transmission. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the biology of IAV transmission and devise improved strategies to contain its spread," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-mechanism">Understanding the mechanism</h2>



<p>The study was focused on the interaction between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-unleashing-ancient-zombie-viruses/">viruses</a> and sialic acids (SAs), sugar molecules found on the surfaces of cells in the mammalian respiratory tract.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The sialic acids act like locks to which viral particles - acting as keys - attach to initiate infections. The research team set out to inhibit this attachment process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-findings">Revolutionary findings</h2>



<p>The experts used a novel approach of desialylation, which involves stripping away SA receptors in the nasal cavities of infant mice using a neuraminidase enzyme.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This process significantly impeded the transmission of influenza A from mouse to mouse. The enzyme reduced transmission rates dramatically, from 51% to 100% in various influenza strains tested.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ideal-model-for-studying-the-flu-nbsp">Ideal model for studying the flu&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Infant mice were chosen for this study due to their high concentration of sialic acids in the upper respiratory tract, mirroring the human respiratory system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This similarity makes infant mice an ideal model for studying flu transmission in children, who are known to be significant vectors in spreading the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exciting-potential-nbsp">Exciting potential&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study lead author and infectious disease specialist Dr. Mila Ortigoza expressed optimism about the potential application of this method in humans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"If further experiments in humans prove successful, desialylating neuraminidase enzymes may prevent the flu from spreading,” said Dr. Ortigoza, who is also an assistant professor in the Departments of Medicine and Microbiology at NYU Langone.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-proactive-approach">A proactive approach</h2>



<p>Dr. Ortigoza emphasized the novelty of this strategy. It represents a shift from conventional methods, which mainly involve vaccines and symptom treatments, to a proactive approach in preventing the spread of infectious diseases by treating potential hosts.</p>



<p>“While current approaches with vaccines and treatments target the virus, ours is the first study to demonstrate that treating the host, either infected mice or potentially infected humans, to prevent them from transmitting the virus to another host could be another effective strategy for combating pervasive infectious diseases."</p>



<p>Dr. Ortigoza noted that extensive clinical trials are necessary before this treatment can be approved for human use. The research team is planning further experiments to understand why infants are more susceptible to respiratory viruses and to explore if blocking sialic acids can prevent flu spread in children.</p>



<p>The research is published in the American Society for Microbiology journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.02203-23" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>mBio</em></a>. </p>



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Experts have discovered a way to keep the flu from spreading

Scientists at the NYU Grossman School of Medicine have discovered...

<p>In a groundbreaking approach to environmental sensing, researchers Suyi Li from <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> and Ian Walker from <a href="https://www.clemson.edu/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clemson University</a> are developing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-humans-react-to-coexisting-with-robots/">robots</a> inspired by plant behavior. Supported by a four-year, $840,000 grant from the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation</a>, their work aims to deploy sensors in challenging, often inaccessible environments.</p>



<p>Li, an associate professor in mechanical engineering, and Walker, a professor of electrical and computer engineering, are exploring the idea of creating devices that mimic native plants.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-from-the-plant-kingdom-nbsp">Learning from the plant kingdom&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Li expressed his initial surprise in robotics: “When I started to venture into robotics a few years ago, I was surprised to see that almost all robots are inspired by humans and animals to some degree. However, I believe the vast plant kingdom can offer us many unique lessons on approaching the design, actuation, and operation of robots. This is how Ian and I started working on this topic together.”</p>



<p>The researchers' goal is to create robotics capable of surviving in wild conditions for long periods. They plan to utilize principles from the plant kingdom, such as the ability of sunflowers to move with the sun or the opening and closing mechanisms of floral organs like those in a venus flytrap.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-forms-of-soft-robotics-nbsp">Novel forms of soft robotics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Li's team specializes in using origami principles to create novel forms of soft robotics, while Walker brings extensive experience in biologically inspired robotics.</p>



<p>The challenge lies in merging sophisticated electronics with the unpredictability of nature. Traditional technology often fails in dynamic outdoor environments due to battery limitations and component breakdowns. Li and Walker's solution is to develop robots that can adapt and respond to their surroundings, similar to how plants do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-highly-dynamic-environments">Highly dynamic environments</h2>



<p>“As humans, we naturally tend to think of change on the time scale of our attention span, like seconds and minutes. However, long-term and continuous deployments outdoors pose alternative and unique challenges,” Walker explained.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Over weeks and months, outdoor natural environments are highly dynamic places. Vegetation grows up and debris comes down in storms. Robotic operation in these conditions needs to become more like the ambient environment in novel ways to maintain monitoring.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-robots-that-mimic-plants">Robots that mimic plants</h2>



<p>The new approach involves creating accordion-like robotic trunks that can unfold and self-lock, capable of adapting within congested spaces that may form as foliage grows. The robotics will also incorporate mechanisms that mimic tree leaves and needles, equipped with sensors that guide operation and adaptation.</p>



<p>Powering these robots is a critical aspect, and the researchers are looking into energy harvesting methods that mimic real plants. This approach would allow for long-term operation without the need for human intervention in changing batteries.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Li and Walker are also considering the specific requirements for different deployment durations, tailoring their approach based on whether the robot is tasked with monitoring pollution levels over years or rare animal sightings over weeks.</p>



<p>“When monitoring city environments, having static devices is not a problem because the environment is controlled. But in areas like coral reefs or forests with dynamic and volatile surroundings, having a robotic plant that can grow and adapt with its environment instead of needing to be replaced and moved by humans will revolutionize how we are able to study and monitor remote regions,” Li said.</p>



<p>This innovative research promises to open new frontiers in environmental monitoring, offering sustainable and adaptable solutions for studying and protecting diverse ecosystems.</p>



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Origami-inspired robots mimic the behavior of plants

In a groundbreaking approach to environmental sensing, researchers Suyi Li...

<p>For centuries, "magic mushrooms," or <em>Psilocybe</em> fungi, have captivated cultures, particularly in Mesoamerica, where their profound significance is well-documented. </p>



<p>Fast forward to the psychedelic era of the 60s and 70s, these mystical organisms have now emerged as pivotal players in the mental health domain. </p>



<p>The psychoactive components, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-microdosing-may-improve-mental-health-by-boosting-stress-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a>, and psilocin, harbored in these fungi, are being recognized for their potential in treating mental health conditions like PTSD, depression, and assisting in end-of-life care.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-magic-mushrooms-need-a-genetic-blueprint">Magic mushrooms need a genetic blueprint</h2>



<p>However, to harness psilocybin for therapeutic purposes, a comprehensive understanding of its genetics and <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Psilocybe_evolutionary-tree_magic-mushrooms_1big.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary background</a> is crucial - a feat yet to be accomplished. </p>



<p>Our present knowledge is based on a mere fraction of the approximately 165 identified <em>Psilocybe</em> species. For most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-learn-why-psilocybin-mushrooms-make-you-hallucinate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a>-producing mushrooms, their stories remained untold since their discovery. That is, until now.</p>



<p>A groundbreaking study led by the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a> and the Natural History Museum of Utah (<a href="https://nhmu.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NHMU</a>) marks a significant leap in this field. </p>



<p>The team has executed the most extensive genomic diversity study for <em>Psilocybe</em> to date, analyzing 52 specimens, including 39 species previously unsequenced.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-journey-back-in-psilocybe-time">A journey back in <em>Psilocybe</em> time</h2>



<p>The findings are astonishing. The <em>Psilocybe</em> genus is estimated to have emerged around 65 million years ago, coinciding with the catastrophic asteroid event that led to the dinosaurs' extinction. </p>



<p>The study suggests that the synthesis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-can-treat-depression-by-restructuring-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> in mushrooms began within the <em>Psilocybe</em> genus. It also indicates four to five horizontal gene transfers to other mushrooms between 40 and 9 million years ago.</p>



<p>A pivotal discovery in the study is the identification of two distinct gene orders in the gene cluster responsible for producing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psilocybin-may-protect-against-opioid-use-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a>. These patterns point to an ancient divergence within the genus, implying two independent origins of psilocybin. </p>



<p>This is the first study to unveil such a distinct evolutionary pattern in the gene sequences linked to the synthesis of these psychoactive proteins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-psilocybin-in-nature">Potential of psilocybin in nature</h2>



<p>“If <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drug-therapy-could-help-treat-alcoholism/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> does turn out to be this kind of wonder drug, there’s going to be a need to develop therapeutics to improve its efficacy. What if it already exists in nature?” said&nbsp;<a href="https://dentingerlab.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bryn Dentinger,</a>&nbsp;curator of mycology at&nbsp;NHMU&nbsp;and senior author of the study.</p>



<p>“There’s&nbsp;a wealth of diversity of these compounds out there. To understand where they are and how they’re made, we need to do this kind of molecular work to use biodiversity to our advantage.”</p>



<p>The DNA analyzed in this study was sourced from museum collections worldwide, with 23 out of the 52 specimens being “type specimens.” These are the gold standard in taxonomy, serving as the benchmark for identifying species. </p>



<p>Alexander Bradshaw, postdoctoral researcher at the University of Utah and lead author of the study, reflects on the significance of this approach. </p>



<p>“These type specimens represent hundreds of years of thousands of scientists’ collective effort to document diversity, way before people were thinking about DNA,” said Bradshaw. </p>



<p>“That’s the beauty of it -- no one has really sequenced type specimens at this scale, and now we get to produce molecular and genomic data to the gold standard of&nbsp;<em>Psilocybe&nbsp;</em>types for people to compare against.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-magic-mushroom-evolution">Understanding magic mushroom evolution</h2>



<p>Past research on <em>Psilocybe</em>, commonly known as magic mushrooms, identified four key genes responsible for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelics-could-help-us-reinvent-ourselves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> production, but only in a limited set of closely related species. </p>



<p>A new comprehensive study of 52 <em>Psilocybe</em> specimens, however, has unearthed a second distinct gene pattern, revolutionizing our understanding of these fungi.</p>



<p>Virginia Ramírez-Cruz, a mycologist at the <a href="https://www.udg.mx/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad de Guadalajara</a> and co-lead author of the study, highlights the significance of this research. </p>



<p>“This work represents a big step in the understanding of the evolutionary relationships in&nbsp;<em>Psilocybe</em>&nbsp;because it is the first to include a broad species sampling and is based on&nbsp;type specimens,” she notes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biotech-implications-of-psilocybe">Biotech implications of <em>Psilocybe</em></h2>



<p>Of the specimens studied, 17 displayed the original gene order, while 35 revealed a new pattern. Bryn Dentinger, an associate professor of biology at the University of Utah, emphasizes the biotechnological potential of these findings.</p>



<p>“We’ve shown here that there’s been a lot of change in gene order over time, and that provides some new tools for biotechnology," Dentinger said.</p>



<p>"If you’re looking for a way to express the genes to produce the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hallucinogen-use-is-on-the-rise-among-young-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> and related compounds, you no longer have to rely on only one set of gene sequences to do that. Now there’s tremendous diversity that scientists can look at for lots of different properties or efficiencies.”</p>



<p>The research also dated a pivotal split in the gene cluster patterns to about 57 million years ago, linked to a major ecological transition. </p>



<p>The earliest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australia-is-the-first-country-to-legalize-psychedelics-for-mental-health-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a>-producing mushrooms likely evolved as wood decomposers before shifting to soil, and in some cases, to herbivore dung. This ecological adaptation occurred independently at least twice in their evolutionary history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psilocybin-s-purpose-an-unresolved-mystery">Psilocybin's purpose: An unresolved mystery</h2>



<p>The team contemplates the essential question: What role does psilocybin serve for mushrooms? </p>



<p>While it's clear that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetic-diversity-of-magic-mushrooms-leaves-room-for-new-cultivars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a>-producing gene clusters offer some advantages, their exact nature remains a mystery. </p>



<p>Psilocybin’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-did-mushrooms-evolve-psychedelic-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecular structure</a> closely resembles serotonin and binds to certain receptors in mammals, insects, and arachnids, inducing altered behaviors. Theories about its purpose range from deterring predators to spreading spores, but empirical evidence is sparse.</p>



<p>The authors are exploring an intriguing theory they call the Gastropod Hypothesis. Coinciding with the KPg boundary marked by a massive asteroid impact, the emergence of <em>Psilocybe</em> around 65 million years ago aligns with a time when fungi and terrestrial gastropods thrived. </p>



<p>Given the significant increase in gastropods post-impact and their known predation on mushrooms, the researchers speculate that psilocybin may have evolved as a deterrent against slugs. Upcoming feeding experiments aim to test this hypothesis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-collections-of-magic-mushrooms">Global collections of magic mushrooms</h2>



<p>The team has set an ambitious goal: to sequence the genome of every <em>Psilocybe</em> type specimen. So far, they've achieved this for 71 specimens, thanks to global collaborations. </p>



<p>Alexander Bradshaw, reflected on the importance of these collections. “It’s impossible to overstate the importance of collections for doing studies like this," Bradshaw reflected.</p>



<p>"We are standing on the shoulders of giants, who spent thousands of people-power hours to create these collections, so that I can write an email and request access to rare specimens, many of which have only ever been collected once, and may never be collected again,” said Bradshaw.</p>



<p>In summary, this study marks a monumental advancement in our understanding of <em>Psilocybe</em> fungi, or "magic" mushrooms. The team's research enriches our knowledge of their genetics and evolution, while also opening new avenues for biotechnological applications.</p>



<p>As research continues, the enigmatic nature of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insightful-psychedelic-experiences-may-improve-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">psilocybin</a> and its role in the natural world becomes a captivating chapter in the ever-evolving story of mycology.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2311245121">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

How psilocybin mushrooms got their "magic"

For centuries, "magic mushrooms," or Psilocybe fungi, have captivated cultures,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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