<p>PFAS - short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances - are so common that they’ve earned the nickname “forever chemicals.” They’re in rain jackets, dental floss, and even the sticky side of a bandage. Too often, they’re also in drinking water.</p>



<p>For years, U.S. contamination maps showed clusters of problem spots in places like California, Michigan, and New England. But those dots didn’t necessarily reveal where PFAS actually are - they only marked where testing had happened.</p>



<p>Now, researchers at Northeastern University’s <a href="https://pfasproject.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS Project Lab</a> have redrawn the picture. Their new analysis suggests that while roughly 2,200 sites have confirmed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-that-eat-forever-chemicals-discovered-in-contaminated-soil/">contamination</a>, as many as 80,000 more are likely polluted but untested.</p>



<p>The result is what the team calls the most complete snapshot yet - a tool designed to help regulators and communities figure out where to look next.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-presumptive-pfas-sites-fill-the-map">Presumptive PFAS sites fill the map</h2>



<p>Because PFAS testing in the U.S. is spotty and often driven by state programs or local advocacy, the “known” map has always been incomplete. </p>



<p>To bridge that gap, the team built a model that flags “presumptive” contamination sites based on what those facilities do. If a type of place is well documented as a PFAS emitter, similar facilities elsewhere likely pose the same risk.</p>



<p>The approach flips the script: instead of waiting for sampling to reveal bad news one neighborhood at a time, it directs investigators toward the most probable sources before problems spread further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-groundwater-reveals-contamination">Groundwater reveals contamination</h2>



<p>When the researchers looked closely at the 2,200 verified sites, the picture was grim. Ninety-four percent of the locations with groundwater data had average PFAS concentrations above accepted regulatory levels.</p>



<p>Kimberly Garrett is the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral fellow at the PFAS Project Lab.</p>



<p>“We did find that, overall, all of the sites that we knew about had elevated PFAS concentrations that were above health-based guidelines,” said Garrett. "Some were associated with really high values, but they were all associated with unacceptable values.”</p>



<p>That matters for more than just the communities adjacent to those dots. PFAS contamination moves - through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reed-beds-a-sustainable-revolution-in-wastewater-management/">industrial waste</a> streams, municipal wastewater systems, biosolids applied to fields, and rivers that cross county and state lines. Knowing where it likely starts is the key to cutting it off.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foam-linked-to-high-pfas">Foam linked to high PFAS</h2>



<p>To make the presumptive map, the team sorted potential sources into categories. These included airports, military installations, industrial facilities, municipal fire activities, and wastewater treatment plants. They then compared how often and how strongly PFAS turned up.</p>



<p>Three stood out again and again: airports, military sites, and municipal fire activities. The common thread is aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), a firefighting foam historically loaded with PFAS. Foam used in training and emergency response can soak into soil and groundwater or run off into nearby waterways.</p>



<p>“AFFF was consistently connected to the highest average PFAS concentrations,” Garrett said - a pattern researchers and regulators have suspected for years, now mapped at a national scale.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factories-tied-to-pfas-leaks">Factories tied to PFAS leaks</h2>



<p>Beyond firefighting, the lab’s latest updates begin to tease out which industrial operations are most associated with PFAS releases. Metal manufacturing and electronics manufacturing emerged as frequent suspects.</p>



<p>“Metal manufacturers and electronic manufacturers could use a little more scrutiny in that area, especially as we think about making investments in semiconductor manufacturing and things like that,” Garrett said.</p>



<p>The point isn’t to halt innovation; it’s to ensure new industrial growth doesn’t lock in another generation of contamination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fixing-pfas-starts-upstream">Fixing PFAS starts upstream</h2>



<p>Public conversation around PFAS often zeroes in on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nearly-100-million-americans-exposed-to-contaminated-drinking-water/">drinking water</a> and wastewater utilities - logical endpoints where contamination becomes visible. But those facilities are downstream. </p>



<p>They inherit what industries and other emitters send them. Treating the problem at the end of the pipe is far harder and more expensive than preventing it in the first place.</p>



<p>“Turning off the tap of PFAS starts at the source,” said Garrett. “We can’t discount the industrial contributions to PFAS contamination.”</p>



<p>Phil Brown, the lab’s co-director, frames it as following the waste stream: identify the treatment plant, then look upstream for likely users and manufacturers.</p>



<p>“We can then tell them that they have to cut down their emissions before it gets into our plants,” he said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-triage-plan-for-limited-budgets"><a></a>A triage plan for limited budgets</h2>



<p>Testing is costly, and agencies and utilities have finite staff and funds. The new map is designed with that reality in mind. </p>



<p>By highlighting presumptive hotspots, it helps decision-makers prioritize where sampling will have the biggest payoff. It also indicates where interim protections might be warranted. In some cases, this could mean providing alternative <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pfas-forever-chemicals-in-tap-water-linked-to-33-percent-increase-in-cancer-rates/">water</a> sources while testing ramps up.</p>



<p>“We know that resources for testing bodies and regulatory bodies and municipal utilities are very limited,” said Garrett.</p>



<p>“So we hope that our tools can serve as a guide for if a municipality or a state has so much money for testing and they say, what would be the most impactful way to use this? We think that this paper can contribute to those decisions.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-scattered-dots-to-a-strategy"><a></a>From scattered dots to a strategy</h2>



<p>PFAS are called forever chemicals because their carbon-fluorine bonds don’t readily break down. That persistence has made them useful - in nonstick coatings, waterproof gear, and industrial processes - and a nightmare to clean up once they escape into the environment.</p>



<p>The Northeastern team’s work doesn’t solve PFAS pollution, but it does something essential: it replaces a misleading patchwork of test results with a forward-looking map of risk.</p>



<p>The takeaway is not simply that PFAS sites are widespread; it’s that the problem has a pattern. Airports, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-u-s-military-bases-for-sea-level-rise/">military bases</a>, and firefighting sites are likely hotspots. Certain industries deserve closer scrutiny. And the most efficient path to safer water starts upstream, before PFAS reach the taps.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.4c14474%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Toxic ‘forever chemical' sites severely underestimated in the U.S.

PFAS - short for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances - are so common that they’ve earned the nickname “forever chemicals.” They’re in rain jackets, dental floss, and even the sticky side of a bandage. Too often, they’re also in drinking water. For years, U.S. contamination maps showed clusters of problem spots in places like California, Michigan, and New England. But those dots didn’t necessarily reveal where PFAS actually are - they only marked where testing had happened. Now, researchers at Northeastern University’s PFAS Project Lab have redrawn the...

Drift,Ice,In,Baltic,Sea

<p>The debate over the first human settlement of America has long captivated the archaeological community. Traditional theories posited that early humans arrived in American through an ice-free corridor around 13,000 years ago. </p>



<p>However, recent archaeological and genetic discoveries, such as the 23,000-year-old human footprints found in New Mexico, challenge this timeline, suggesting an earlier arrival.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-americans-traveled-on-ice">First Americans traveled on ice</h2>



<p>Increasing evidence indicates that the first Americans might have traversed the Pacific coastline from Beringia, a land bridge connecting Asia and North America. This route became accessible during the last glacial maximum as ice sheets trapped vast water amounts, lowering sea levels.</p>



<p>At the American Geophysical Union Annual Meeting (<a href="https://www.agu.org/Fall-Meeting" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AGU23</a>) in San Francisco, researchers presented paleoclimate reconstructions of the Pacific Northwest. These findings suggest that sea ice might have facilitated southward migration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-kelp-highway-hypothesis">The kelp highway hypothesis</h2>



<p>The idea of coastal migration isn't novel. Scientists speculate that early Americans were south of the continental ice sheets at least 16,000 years ago, long before the ice-free corridor opened. </p>



<p>The "kelp highway" theory proposes that these individuals traveled in boats down into North America, exploiting coastal waters' rich resources.</p>



<p>Archaeological evidence from western Canada indicates coastal settlements dating back to 14,000 years ago. However, a 2020 study highlighted potential challenges to coastal migration, such as strong currents from glacial meltwater.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-conditions-for-the-first-americans">Ocean conditions for the first Americans</h2>



<p>Summer Praetorius from the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US Geological Survey</a> and colleagues turned to climate proxies in ocean sediment to understand ocean conditions during these migration periods. By analyzing fossilized plankton, they reconstructed past ocean temperatures, salinity, and sea ice cover.</p>



<p>Praetorius' presentation is part of a <a href="https://agu.confex.com/agu/fm23/meetingapp.cgi/Session/207108#isCurrent" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">session</a> focusing on the Pleistocene climate history and geology of Beringia and the North Pacific. The AGU23 conference, attracting over 24,000 experts, explores various Earth and space science topics.</p>



<p>Praetorius' team used climate models and discovered that, around 20,000 years ago, ocean currents were over twice as strong as today, making boat travel challenging. However, their records also indicated significant winter sea ice presence until about 15,000 years ago.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sea-ice-highway-concept">The sea ice highway concept</h2>



<p>Praetorius suggests that early Americans, adapted to cold environments, might have used sea ice as a platform for migration, similar to how Arctic people today use dog sleds and snowmobiles. </p>



<p>This "sea ice highway" could have been a viable route between 24,500-22,000 and 16,400-14,800 years ago.</p>



<p>While proving sea ice travel remains challenging due to underwater archaeological sites, this theory offers a new perspective on how humans might have reached North America. </p>



<p>Praetorius emphasizes that various migration methods, including sea ice and later coastal boat travel, are not mutually exclusive. Praetorius concludes, "Nothing is off the table. We will always be surprised by ancient human ingenuity." </p>



<p>This statement encapsulates the ongoing quest to understand the complex and ingenious ways early humans conquered new frontiers.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The first American settlers traveled there on an "ice highway"

The debate over the first human settlement of America has...

Viking,Warrior,With,Sword,Standing,Near,Drakkar,On,The,Seashore.

<p>Recent research at the University of Gothenburg has shed light on surprising dentistry practices among the Viking Age population in Varnhem, Västergötland, Sweden. The study, which involved a comprehensive examination of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vikings-landed-in-the-americas-500-years-before-columbus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viking</a> teeth, reveals not only widespread dental problems but also evidence of advanced dentistry, including tooth filing and treatment of infections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-research-on-viking-teeth">Extensive research on Viking teeth</h2>



<p>The research team, consisting of experts from the University of Gothenburg’s <a href="https://www.gu.se/en/odontology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Odontology</a> and an osteologist from <a href="https://vastergotlandsmuseum.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Västergötland’s Museum</a>, conducted an in-depth study of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Viking-teeth_Credit-Carolina-Bertilsson-and-Henrik-Lund_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3,293 teeth from 171 individuals</a>. These teeth, extracted from well-preserved skeletons found in Viking and medieval tombs in Varnhem, were subjected to clinical examinations using modern dentistry tools and X-ray techniques.</p>



<p>The findings are quite revealing. Almost half (49%) of the Viking population studied had one or more caries lesions, with 13% of adult teeth affected, mainly at the roots. Intriguingly, children with milk teeth or a mix of milk and adult teeth showed no signs of caries. </p>



<p>Tooth loss was a common phenomenon, with adults losing about 6% of their teeth, excluding wisdom teeth, over their lifetimes. The risk of tooth loss correlated with age, indicating a pattern of dental deterioration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-viking-dental-care">Evidence of Viking dental care</h2>



<p>Despite these dental issues, the study also uncovered evidence of dental care practices. Carolina Bertilsson, a dentist and Associate Researcher and the study’s lead author, noted signs of dental hygiene and treatment efforts. </p>



<p>"There were several signs that the Vikings had modified their teeth, including evidence of using toothpicks, filing front teeth, and even dental treatment of teeth with infections,” she stated.</p>



<p>The research highlighted parallels between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-vikings-had-the-worlds-deadliest-virus-1400-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Viking</a> and contemporary dental practices. Some molars showed filed holes leading into the tooth pulp, likely done to alleviate severe toothache caused by infection. </p>



<p>"This is very exciting to see, and not unlike the dental treatments we carry out today when we drill into infected teeth," Bertilsson remarked. The study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vikings-brought-their-horses-and-dogs-to-britain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vikings</a> might have possessed substantial dental knowledge, though it's unclear whether these procedures were self-administered or performed by others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-significance-of-viking-dentistry">Cultural significance of Viking dentistry</h2>



<p>The study also touches on the cultural aspects of dental practices among the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vikings-settled-warmer-greenland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Vikings</a>. The filing of front teeth, observed primarily in males, might have served as an identity marker in Viking society. </p>



<p>Bertilsson added, "This study provides new insights into Viking oral health and indicates that teeth were important in Varnhem’s Viking culture. It also suggests that dentistry in the Viking Age was probably more sophisticated than previously thought.”</p>



<p>In summary, the research conducted at the University of Gothenburg opens a new window into the Viking Age, challenging previous assumptions about dental care during this period. </p>



<p>The findings highlight the prevalence of dental issues among the Vikings and underscore their efforts at dental care and treatment, drawing surprising parallels with modern dentistry. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of Viking culture and their approach to health and hygiene.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0295282" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Vikings had surprisingly advanced dentistry skills 1000 years ago

Recent research at the University of Gothenburg has shed light...

Bowl,And,Spoon,With,Chia,Seeds,,Closeup

<p>Scientists at <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a> have made a significant advancement in the field of agricultural genomics by sequencing the genome of chia seeds. This research, detailed in their latest publication, offers a comprehensive blueprint that could revolutionize future studies focusing on the nutritional and health benefits of the chia plant.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sequencing-the-chia-genome">Sequencing the chia genome</h2>



<p>The research team, led by Pankaj Jaiswal, a professor in the Department of Botany and Plant Pathology at Oregon State University, has delved into the chia genome, uncovering genes linked to nutrition and pharmaceutical properties. These discoveries hold the potential for developing treatments for a range of ailments, including cancer and high blood pressure.</p>



<p>Chia seeds have garnered increasing attention for their nutritional value. High in fiber, healthy fats, and proteins, they are a popular ingredient in various health foods like smoothies, yogurt, and granola bars. This study marks a deeper exploration into the molecular aspects of chia, emphasizing its health benefits.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-cultivation-and-global-impact">Local cultivation and global impact</h2>



<p>While other researchers have sequenced the chia genome, the team at Oregon State University provides a more detailed molecular analysis. Sushma Naithani, an associate professor and senior researcher in the Department, emphasized the importance of diversifying the human diet through breeding and genetic improvement of nutrient-rich, minor crops like chia.</p>



<p>The findings could also inspire the cultivation of chia in Oregon, with its climate conditions resembling those of South America, where chia is primarily grown. This approach follows the successful example set by researchers in Kentucky, who have encouraged local chia seed farming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-chia-seeds">Health benefits of chia seeds</h2>



<p>Traditionally considered an orphan or minor crop, chia has not received as much scientific attention as staples like rice, wheat, and maize. However, its role in mitigating global hunger and contributing to food security is increasingly recognized, especially as it thrives on marginal lands.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-properties">Nutritional Properties</h3>



<ul>
<li>Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: These are known to improve cardiovascular health and have anti-cancer properties.<br></li>



<li>High Fiber Content: Beneficial for stabilizing blood glucose levels in type-2 diabetes and aiding gastrointestinal health.<br></li>



<li>Protein Content: Holds potential in treating cancer, high blood pressure, and boasts antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties.</li>
</ul>



<p>Chia seeds, when soaked in water, form a gel used in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals as a texture modifier, emulsifier, and gelling agent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-chia-seed-variety">Enhancing chia seed variety</h2>



<p>Parul Gupta, a research associate in the <a href="https://www.jaiswallab.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaiswal laboratory</a> and the first author of the study, reported the identification of specific genes in chia. These include:</p>



<ul>
<li>29 genes involved in the biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids.<br></li>



<li>93 genes contributing to the gel-forming property of chia seeds.<br></li>



<li>2,707 genes highly expressed in the seed, linked to the production of bioactive peptides with potential health benefits.</li>
</ul>



<p>In summary, this study marks the first plant genome analysis with direct implications for human health. It opens new avenues for scientific exploration in improving human health through diet and holds promise for agricultural advancements in breeding chia with amplified health benefits.</p>



<p>The researcher team released the chia genome data via its genome portal <a href="https://salviagdb.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://salviagdb.org</a>.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2023.1272966/full">Frontiers in Plant Science</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Chia seeds have great potential to improve human health

Scientists at Oregon State University have made a significant advancement...

<p>A new study has linked the second plague <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-pandemic-was-especially-damaging-to-the-mental-health-of-college-students/">pandemic</a>, infamously known as the Black Death, with shifts in human oral microbiomes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research suggests that the long-term consequences of the plague may reach far beyond what we initially understood, possibly shaping our current struggle with chronic diseases.</p>



<p>"The prevalence of chronic, non-communicable diseases has risen sharply in recent decades, especially in industrialized countries. While several studies implicate the microbiome in this trend, few have examined the evolutionary history of industrialized microbiomes," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-death">Black Death</h2>



<p>The second plague pandemic was a catastrophic event in the mid-14th century that killed 30 to 60 percent of the European population.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The repercussions of this mass mortality event are well-documented, but a recent study from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> and the University of Adelaide sheds new light on the legacy of the Black Death.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-microbiomes-nbsp">Modern microbiomes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers found that the plague may be associated with a shift in the composition of the human oral microbiome due to the resulting changes in diet and hygiene.</p>



<p>“Modern microbiomes are linked to a wide range of chronic diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease and poor mental health,” said study co-author Professor Laura Weyrich. “Uncovering the origins of these microbial communities may help in understanding and managing these diseases.”</p>



<p>According to Professor Weyrich, dietary changes are believed to have influenced oral microbiome evolution through time, but few studies have directly examined the history of human oral microbiomes in a single population.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faulty-strategy-nbsp">Faulty strategy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Weyrich noted that some studies have used the microbiomes of living Indigenous people who practice traditional subsistence lifestyles as a proxy for the microbiomes of pre-industrialized peoples.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Yet, this strategy is faulty, said Weyrich, because modern-day populations may not have microbes that accurately reflect those that existed in the ancestors of industrialized peoples.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This research places unnecessary responsibilities and obligations on Indigenous communities to participate in microbiome research, where the benefits of these studies may not directly serve Indigenous peoples."</p>



<p>Comprehensive analysis&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team examined dental calculus from 235 individuals spanning from 2200 B.C. to A.D. 1853 across 27 archaeological sites in England and Scotland.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers identified 954 microbial species, falling into two distinct bacterial communities: one dominated by Streptococcus, common in modern industrialized populations, and the other by Methanobrevibacter, now nearly extinct in healthy industrialized people.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-influence">Dietary influence</h2>



<p>The research team explored how dietary changes, possibly following the Black Death, could have influenced these microbiome shifts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found that the Streptococcus-dominated group aligns with modern diets that are high in carbohydrates and low in fiber, while the Methanobrevibacter group lacked traits associated with such diets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-health">Implications for modern health</h2>



<p>The experts discovered that the Streptococcus group is associated with periodontal disease, which has far-reaching health implications. Conversely, the Methanobrevibacter group correlated with skeletal pathologies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This indicates that changes in diet, potentially stemming from the Black Death, might reflect in today's oral microbiomes, influencing the prevalence of chronic diseases.</p>



<p>“Our research suggests that modern-day oral microbiomes may reflect past changes in diet, resulting from the second plague pandemic,” Weyrich said. “Importantly, this work helps to inform our understanding of modern-day chronic, noncommunicable diseases.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-023-01527-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Microbiology</em></a>.</p>



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Diet changes following Black Death linked to chronic diseases 

A new study has linked the second plague pandemic, infamously...

<p>The issue of heavy metals in our food supply has gained significant attention, especially following a 2021 US Congressional Report which revealed alarming levels of the toxic substances in infant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tobacco-companies-pushed-addictive-hyperpalatable-foods-into-us-markets/">food products</a>. The discovery of lead in children's fruit puree pouches has only heightened concerns.</p>



<p>Two recent studies investigated the correlation between heavy metal consumption and severe health risks, including cancer.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, which highlights an urgent need for more stringent food safety regulations, will be presented at the <a href="https://www.sra.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Society for Risk Analysis</a> Annual Conference.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contaminated-crops">Contaminated crops</h2>



<p>The studies were led by Felicia Wu, a food scientist at Michigan State University. They were focused on the health implications of lead, arsenic, and cadmium found in everyday foods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These heavy metals are absorbed by food crops from contaminated sources like soil, air, and water, and pose significant risks to human health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-risks">Dietary risks</h2>



<p>The first study, conducted by Wu along with Charitha Gamlath and Patricia Hsu, was a comprehensive evaluation of health risks from dietary exposure to heavy metals. </p>



<p>The team analyzed various data sources to investigate the relationship between metal consumption and health effects, both cancerous and non-cancerous.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lead-nbsp">Lead&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Lead is often found in old paint, water pipes, and contaminated soil, and also lurks in food items like root vegetables.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found that lead poses a moderate to high risk of causing several cancers, including lung, kidney, and brain cancer. Non-cancer risks such as neurological and respiratory effects also scored moderately to highly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arsenic">Arsenic</h2>



<p>Arsenic is a natural element that contaminates water and food, particularly in areas with high soil arsenic levels. Foods like rice and leafy greens are common sources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study showed that arsenic is associated with a moderate to high risk for various cancers, including skin and lung cancer, and non-cancer risks like cardiovascular disease and developmental effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cadmium">Cadmium</h2>



<p>Found in nuts, potatoes, and tobacco smoke, cadmium also emerges from fertilizers and industrial emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Cadmium was found to pose a moderate to high risk for cancers like breast and pancreatic cancer and non-cancer risks, including renal and reproductive effects.</p>



<p>Previously, Wu co-authored a study which revealed that infants and young children are exposed to cadmium through common foods. This research underscored the vulnerability of children, with their cadmium exposure often exceeding safe levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arsenic-exposure">Arsenic exposure</h2>



<p>In the second study, the team assessed the cancer risks associated with inorganic arsenic in U.S. food products.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The preliminary results suggest that every year, more than 6,000 additional cases of bladder and lung cancers and over 7,000 cases of skin cancers can be attributed to the consumption of inorganic arsenic in the United States.</p>



<p>The researchers also found that certain food products can be associated with higher cancer risks than others. These include rice, wheat, and leafy green vegetables.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings of these studies highlight the need for stricter food safety regulations and heightened public health policies.&nbsp;</p>



<p>More importantly, the research emphasizes the need for consumer awareness about the potential dangers lurking in everyday foods.</p>



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Heavy metals in food pose a threat to children's health

The issue of heavy metals in our food supply has...

<p>In the icy expanse of the Arctic winter, where the landscape is cloaked in snow and darkness, reindeer possess a remarkable adaptation that aids in their survival: the ability to see <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-does-skin-become-leathery-after-too-much-uv-light-from-sun-exposure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ultraviolet light</a>. </p>



<p>This unique trait enables reindeer to locate their primary food source, lichen, in the harsh winter months.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-survival">Arctic survival</h2>



<p>Researchers from <a href="https://home.dartmouth.edu/dartmouth">Dartmouth</a> and the University of St. Andrews in Scotland have shed light on the long-standing mystery of why reindeer, including the legendary Rudolph, can perceive ultraviolet (UV) light. The study, led by Professor Nathaniel Dominy, reveals a fascinating aspect of reindeer biology.</p>



<p>"Reindeer are so cool, but many people think about them only at Christmas," said Dominy. "Now is a good time to alert people to their extraordinary visual system."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lichen-connection">The lichen connection</h2>



<p>Reindeer moss, or Cladonia rangiferina, is not moss but a type of algae-fungus fusion known as lichen. This lichen forms extensive mats across northern latitudes and is critical for reindeer survival, so much so that its name is derived from the scientific term for reindeer, Rangifer.</p>



<p>In the Cairngorms mountains of the Scottish Highlands, home to Britain's only reindeer herd, the researchers observed the reindeer's reliance on C. rangiferina, especially during winter. This preference for a singular food source is uncommon among large mammals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ultraviolet-light">Ultraviolet light</h2>



<p>The researchers discovered that C. rangiferina and a few other lichen species absorb UV light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While invisible to the human eye against the snowy backdrop, these lichens appear as distinct, dark patches in reindeer vision, making them more identifiable in the vast white landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-reindeer-see-the-world">How reindeer see the world</h2>



<p>"Getting a visual approximation of how reindeer might see the world is something other studies haven't done before," said Dominy, who published a paper in 2015 on how Rudolph's red nose would have acted as an effective foglamp in the haze of winter.</p>



<p>"If you can put yourself in their hooves looking at this white landscape, you would want a direct route to your food."</p>



<p>"Reindeer don't want to waste energy wandering around searching for food in a cold, barren environment. If they can see lichens from a distance, that gives them a big advantage, letting them conserve precious calories at a time when food is scarce."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-visual-adaptations-nbsp">Visual adaptations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Reindeer not only have unique visual capabilities but also undergo seasonal changes in their eyes. During winter, their tapetum (a light-reflecting layer) shifts from a golden to a vivid blue hue. This transition is thought to enhance low light visibility in polar winters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"If the color of the light in the environment is primarily blue, then it makes sense for the eye to enhance the color blue to make sure a reindeer's photoreceptors are maximizing those wavelengths," explained Dominy.</p>



<p>The blue tapetum also allows about 60% of UV light to reach the retina, painting the winter world in shades of purple, akin to a room under a black light.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-human-perception-nbsp">Beyond human perception&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This study offers an answer to why reindeer, despite being diurnal Arctic animals, have evolved to perceive UV light. It seems their vision is specially adapted to distinguish food sources like lichen from the reflective snow-covered surroundings.</p>



<p>Given the importance of lichens in their diet, it is possible that reindeer eyes are optimized to single out this food staple at the time of year it would be most difficult to find, noted the researchers.</p>



<p>While the red-nosed reindeer may guide Santa's sleigh with his luminous nose, it is, in fact, the blue eyes of reindeer that play a crucial role in their survival. These eyes, attuned to a world beyond human perception, allow them to efficiently locate their food in a landscape where every calorie counts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/20416695231218520" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>i-Perception</em></a>.</p>



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Reindeer use ultraviolet vision to find food in the winter

In the icy expanse of the Arctic winter, where the...

<p>On Thursday afternoon, an extraordinary solar event unfolded as the sun unleashed its <a href="https://blogs.nasa.gov/solarcycle25/wp-content/uploads/sites/304/2023/12/Flare_12.14.2023.gif" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most powerful solar flare</a> in over six years, resulting in widespread radio blackouts, especially across South America. This significant flare, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sun_stronest-solar-radio-event_CME_X-class-flare_2-2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">classified as an X2.8</a>, where 'X' indicates the highest intensity category and the numeral specifies its strength, marked a notable moment in space weather.</p>



<p>The Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.swpc.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>), a division of NOAA, described this occurrence as an "amazing event" and potentially "one of the largest solar radio events ever recorded." This solar activity has already caused notable disruptions, including interference with aircraft radio communications, as reported by the SWPC. The effects of this solar flare were so extensive that they were "felt from one end of the nation to the other."</p>



<p>In addition to the flare, the SWPC is closely watching a potential Earth-directed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannibal-cme-from-the-sun-is-headed-our-way-watch-for-auroras-tonight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection</a> (CME) associated with this event. CMEs, as explained by NASA, are massive clouds of electrified, magnetic gas ejected from the sun at speeds between 12 to 1,250 miles per second. These ejections can lead to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/geomagnetic-storms-are-influenced-by-earths-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic storms</a> on Earth, which are responsible for creating auroras.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-december-17-2023-09-20-est">*** Update -- December 17, 2023, 09:20 EST ***</h2>



<p>WARNING: Geomagnetic K-Index of 6 expected<br>Valid From: December 17, 2023<br>Warning Condition: Onset<br>NOAA Scale: G2 - Moderate</p>



<p>Potential Impacts: Area of impact primarily poleward of 55 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude.</p>



<p>Induced Currents - Power grid fluctuations can occur. High-latitude power systems may experience voltage alarms.</p>



<p>Spacecraft - Satellite orientation irregularities may occur; increased drag on low Earth-orbit satellites is possible.</p>



<p>Radio - HF (high frequency) radio propagation can fade at higher latitudes.</p>



<p>Aurora - Aurora may be seen much as low as New York to Wisconsin to Washington state, with potential to reach lower southern states as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-update-december-16-2023-07-35-est">*** Update -- December 16, 2023, 07:35 EST ***</h2>



<p>According to the SWPC, solar activity is likely to reach moderate (R1-R2/Minor-Moderate) levels, with a chance for X-class flares (R3/Strong), on December 16 and 17. This is primarily due to the flare potential of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sun_strongest-solar-radio-event_CME_SDO_NOAA_8medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Region 3514</a>. Periods of active conditions are expected through December 18 due to residual CME effects and the onset of CH HSS influences.</p>



<p>Expectations suggest mild impacts from a <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sun_strongest-solar-storm_CME_NASA_10medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection</a> (CME) until around midday on December 16th. Later on the same day, the convergence of multiple CMEs is anticipated to intensify solar wind conditions. Modeling predicts that solar wind speeds could reach approximately 650-700 kilometers per second during the CME's transit. A gradual return to typical solar conditions is forecasted for December 18th.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-x-class-solar-flare-update-12-15-est">*** Strong X-class solar flare -- Update 12:15 EST ***</h2>



<p>The NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center has issued a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solar-storms-will-intensify-then-slow-as-the-solar-cycle-peaks-in-early-2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">geomagnetic storm</a> warning on the heels of a massive solar event this morning. Region 3514, located over the far northwest area of the Sun, emitted an X2.8 flare (R3). This likely ranks as one of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sun_stronest-solar-radio-event_CME_SDO_NOAA_2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">largest solar radio events</a> ever recorded. </p>



<p>On Dec 14 at 1702 UTC, AR 3514 produced an X2.8 flare, causing R3 (Strong) radio blackouts on portions of the sunlit side of the Earth. These blackouts may temporarily degrade or completely lose high frequency radio signals. </p>



<p>This flare stands as the largest of this solar cycle and the biggest since the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sun_stronest-solar-radio-event_CME_X-class-flare_2-2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X8.2 flare</a> observed at GOES-15 on Sep 10, 2017. SWPC forecasters will closely monitor this sunspot region due to its potential for producing additional M-class and greater flares.</p>



<p>Multiple National Weather Service Center Weather Service Units (<a href="https://www.weather.gov/aviation/cwsu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CWSU</a>) co-located at FAA facilities reported radio communication interference with aircraft. The impacts extended from one end of the nation to the other. </p>



<p>Additionally, the Space Weather Prediction Center (<a href="https://www.weather.gov/aviation/cwsu#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SWPC</a>) is analyzing a potential Earth-directed Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) associated with this flare. </p>



<p>Please continue to monitor our webpage for the latest information and updates.</p>



<p>*****</p>



<p>In a significant celestial event, the Sun has erupted with its most potent solar flare in six years. This massive Class X flare, the largest category of solar flares possible, has raised concerns among scientists about potential geomagnetic storms and extensive power outages on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-class-x-solar-flare">The Class X solar flare</h2>



<p>The flare, categorized as <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sun_stronest-solar-radio-event_CME_SDO_NOAA_2medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Class X</a>, represents the highest intensity in the solar flare classification system. Solar flares are ranked from A to X, with X being the most powerful. The classes are further divided by numbers, indicating their relative strength. An X2 flare, for instance, is twice as potent as an X1.</p>



<p>NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory detected significant activity in the Sun’s northern hemisphere at 17:00 GMT yesterday. This observation led to the identification of a Class X2.8 solar flare, marking it as the most intense since the colossal X8.2 flare in September 2017. The flare originated from a sunspot labeled AR 3514, which, in a testament to its massive scale, is larger than Earth itself.</p>



<p>Solar flares occur when the Sun’s powerful magnetic fields, twisted and entangled by currents of super-heated gas, suddenly release the energy stored in these fields. This process is common in sunspots, cooler regions on the Sun's surface where magnetic fields are intensely concentrated. The sudden release results in the heating of vast amounts of material to millions of degrees, leading to the emission of a burst of energy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-solar-flare-events-on-earth">Impact of solar flare events on Earth</h2>



<p>The immediate effect of this solar flare has been temporary radio blackouts across South America, resulting in a partial or complete loss of radio signals for approximately two hours. This impact illustrates the flare's potential to disrupt radio communications on Earth.</p>



<p>Scientists warn that the arrival of this solar flare's energy could spark geomagnetic storms and lead to substantial power outages. Geomagnetic storms, caused by interactions between solar emissions and the Earth's magnetic field, can have far-reaching effects on power grids, satellite operations, and various forms of communication.</p>



<p>In summary, the occurrence of this Class X2.8 solar flare serves as a reminder of our Sun's immense power and the potential impact of solar activity on our technologically dependent society. As scientists continue to monitor the Sun's activity, this event underscores the importance of preparedness for space weather events and the need for ongoing research in solar physics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-x-class-solar-flares">More about X-class solar flares</h2>



<p>Solar flares are powerful bursts of energy emanating from the sun, caused by the sudden release of magnetic energy stored in the solar atmosphere. These events, part of the sun's natural solar cycle, are classified based on their strength. The most intense category, known as <a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10109" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-class solar flares</a>, are the focus of this report.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-x-class-solar-flares">Understanding X-class solar flares</h3>



<p>X-class flares are the most powerful of solar flares. They are characterized by their extreme brightness, often outshining the sun's regular luminosity in certain wavelengths. These flares can release as much energy as a billion hydrogen bombs.</p>



<p>The primary cause of X-class flares is the complex interaction of the sun’s magnetic field lines. These lines can become twisted and entangled, and when they suddenly realign, they release immense amounts of energy.</p>



<p>X-class flares are detected using space-based telescopes equipped with special instruments, like the Solar Dynamics Observatory. They are measured on a scale, with each unit representing a tenfold increase in energy output. For example, an X2 flare is twice as powerful as an X1 flare.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-x-class-solar-flares">Impacts of X-class solar flares</h3>



<p>Despite their intensity, X-class flares do not directly harm humans, as Earth’s atmosphere protects us. However, they can have significant effects on satellite operations, radio communications, and power grids.</p>



<p>These flares often lead to geomagnetic storms, which can disturb the Earth's magnetosphere. This can result in beautiful auroras but also disrupt navigational systems and even cause power outages.</p>



<p>In summary, X-class solar flares, like the one that struck Earth on December 14, represent some of the most powerful phenomena in our solar system. Understanding them is crucial for mitigating their potential impacts on modern technology and for gaining insight into the broader workings of the sun. Ongoing research and observation continue to shed light on these fascinating and formidable solar events.</p>



<p>Please continue to monitor our webpage for the latest information and updates.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

"NOAA Warning": Strong solar storm event will cause auroras and disruptions today

On Thursday afternoon, an extraordinary solar event unfolded as the...

Camels,Eating,Grass,On,Arabian,River,Shore,,Located,In,Taif,

<p>New research indicates that Homo erectus likely capitalized on a "greener" corridor through the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-driving-forces-behind-greening-in-the-sahara-desert/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sahara Desert</a> in northeastern Africa, which was wetter and more vegetated than it is today, during their migration out of Africa. Climate cycles aligned to create this green passage, facilitating their journey.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-humans-and-the-green-sahara-desert">Early humans and the green Sahara Desert</h2>



<p>Around 6 million years ago, a significant divergence occurred between humans and chimpanzees, our closest relatives in the animal kingdom. Over time, our early human ancestors developed distinct characteristics, such as the ability to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/apes-may-have-begun-walking-upright-to-eat-leaves-not-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">walk upright</a> and manipulate tools.</p>



<p>The transition from tree-dwelling to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earliest-humans-were-bipedal-and-could-swing-through-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bipedal locomotion</a> allowed our ancestors to venture out of their forest habitats and explore new environments. </p>



<p>Approximately 2.1 million years ago, a group of early humans known as Homo erectus embarked on a migration out of Africa. This journey took them through northeastern Africa and the Middle East, eventually leading to Europe and Asia.</p>



<p>For many years, researchers have pondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/homo-erectus_skull_Mizmareck_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Homo erectus</a> managed to traverse the arid and unforgiving deserts that now dominate these regions. New research from <a href="https://international.au.dk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aarhus University</a> suggests that during the time of Homo erectus migration, the Sahara Desert may have provided a green corridor through which they could travel. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-about-past-sahara-climates">Clues about past Sahara climates</h2>



<p>Rachel Lupien, one of the researchers involved in the study, explains. She says, "We know that there are recurring periods when the climate in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sahara-desert-getting-bigger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sahara changes</a>. We call the phenomenon 'Green Sahara' or 'African Humid Periods'. During a green period, the desert shrinks significantly and is transformed into a landscape that resembles the savannas we know from eastern Africa today."</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-satellites-are-monitoring-the-sahara-dust-cloud/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Sahara</a>, as we know it today, is currently experiencing a dry period. However, the region undergoes cyclic changes, with full cycles of wet and dry intervals occurring approximately every 20,000 years. These wet intervals are referred to as "African Humid Periods" by Lupien.</p>



<p>The extent of the wet periods during these humid intervals varies, influenced by two additional cycles. One cycle lasts 100,000 years, while the other spans 400,000 years. This means that the wet periods fluctuate within these longer cycles, becoming either wetter or drier than usual.</p>



<p>But how can we accurately determine what the climate was like several hundred thousand years ago in Africa?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-core-samples-and-biomarkers">Core samples and biomarkers</h2>



<p>According to Lupien, valuable insights into past climates can be obtained from <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/sahara-desert_green_tropical_map_QGIS_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">core samples taken from the Mediterranean</a>. The layers of sediment on the seafloor provide a historical record of climate conditions. </p>



<p>Lupien elaborates, "Over time, new layers of material <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/saharan-dust-blowing-over-the-north-atlantic-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blow onto the seabed</a> from northern Africa, creating sediments that serve as a logbook of past climate conditions."</p>



<p>Within these layers, researchers can find biomarkers that store information about the past climate. One such biomarker is leaf wax, a series of molecules produced by plants to protect their leaves. </p>



<p>Lupien explains, "When plants die, most parts decompose quickly, but wax molecules can survive for a long time. This is why we often find these molecules in sediments that are millions of years old."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-sahara-desert-and-the-water-cycle">Green Sahara Desert and the water cycle</h2>



<p>The chemical composition of leaf wax, particularly the hydrogen molecules, provides insights into the amount of precipitation that occurred during the formation of a specific sediment layer. </p>



<p>Lupien says the role of hydrogen in tracking the water cycle, "Water contains hydrogen, and we can use hydrogen to track the water cycle. When there is abundant rainfall, plants absorb relatively less heavy hydrogen. Conversely, during dry periods, they absorb more heavy hydrogen."</p>



<p>The research team can analyze the amount of heavy hydrogen in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/leaf-wax-climate-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">leaf wax</a> to deduce periods of abundant rainfall and dry conditions. However, hydrogen alone does not provide information about the types of plants that thrived in the wet climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-plant-dominance">Shifting plant dominance</h2>



<p>This is where the carbon atoms in leaf wax come into play. They can differentiate between two types of plants: C3 and C4 plants. </p>



<p>According to Lupien, "Approximately 90 percent of all plants are C3 plants, which thrive in most regions except extremely arid or hot areas. C4 plants, on the other hand, are specialized to survive in low-rainfall and high-temperature environments."</p>



<p>By analyzing the proportion of heavy carbon in leaf wax, researchers can determine which type of plant dominated during a particular period. </p>



<p>Based on their findings, Lupien states, "During the migration of Homo erectus from Africa, we observed a higher proportion of C3 plants compared to any other humid period in the past 4.5 million years. This suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetter-climate-ancient-humans-asia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wetter climate</a> transformed parts of the region from a desert into grasslands and savannah."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-sahara-corridor-paved-the-way">"Green Sahara" corridor paved the way</h2>



<p>The occurrence of green periods in Africa, similar to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-earths-orbit-drives-global-ice-age-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice ages</a> in northern latitudes, can be attributed to small orbital variations of the Earth around the Sun, known as Milanković cycles. </p>



<p>Lupien explains the role of these cycles in increasing precipitation in the Sahara. She said, "The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-wobbles-spins-axis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth wobbles</a> slightly in its orbit around the Sun, causing climate fluctuations every 21,000 years, which lead to the 'African Humid Period'. </p>



<p>"Additionally, the circularity of the Earth's orbit varies periodically, with some periods being more elliptical and others more circular. These variations result in fluctuations occurring every 100,000 and 400,000 years," concluded Lupien.</p>



<p>Approximately 2.1 million years ago, multiple cycles likely coincided, creating the greenest period in the Sahara. This timing aligns with the migration of Homo erectus, suggesting that the climate conditions likely facilitated their journey.</p>



<p>In summary, recent research indicates that during the time of Homo erectus migration, the Sahara Desert experienced significant changes, creating a green corridor that allowed early humans to venture out of Africa. </p>



<p>By analyzing sediment core samples from the Mediterranean, scientists can uncover information about past climates based on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-neanderthal-settlement-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biomarkers</a> such as leaf wax. This research sheds light on the environmental conditions our ancestors faced, and demonstrates the pivotal role climate played in shaping human history.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-023-01034-7">Communications Earth &amp; Environment</a></em>.</p>



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A lush, green Sahara Desert helped early humans migrate out of Africa

New research indicates that Homo erectus likely capitalized on a...

<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CU Boulder</a> raises concerns about the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/underwater-upheaval-the-ecological-impact-of-deep-sea-mining/">ecological impacts</a> of reintroducing beavers on a large scale in the Western United States. The research reveals the potential for the spread of mercury-containing toxins in rivers and their surrounding habitats.</p>



<p>The study was presented at the 2023 <a href="https://www.agu.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Geophysical Union</a> meeting by Clifford Adamchak, a PhD student in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology.</p>



<p>“In a world where beavers are increasingly being seen as an effective means to achieve various conservation and restoration goals, there is a possibility that we would see an abnormally large flush of methylmercury if we were to reintroduce beavers in the Western U.S. on a larger scale,” said Adamchak. "So it is important to better understand the impacts of their activities.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-beavers">Significance of beavers</h2>



<p>Beavers are key players in ecosystem dynamics. Their ability to alter streamflow through dam construction creates rich wetland habitats. These changes have far-reaching effects, including water conservation and improvement in biodiversity.</p>



<p>The study was focused on the impact of beaver activities and their potential role in exacerbating the spread of methylmercury.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-benefits">Environmental benefits</h2>



<p>Beavers were widespread in North American streams before European settlement led to hunting and habitat loss. Their population dwindled, as well as their environmental benefits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Over time, beavers change the environment significantly. By damming up streams and trapping water in their ponds, they help to replenish groundwater supplies and maintain wetland habitats for other species, noted the researchers.</p>



<p>Beaver ponds can also ease the effects of drought and help to mitigate wildfires, which is increasingly significant in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-hotspots-nbsp">Mercury hotspots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>However, the study highlights a critical concern. Beaver ponds, which often lack oxygen, can become hotspots for bacteria producing mercury-containing neurotoxins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“A stream that flows smoothly with nothing stopping it would have very different biological chemical and geological processes than a stream that has cascading beaver dams and ponds,” said Adamchak. “Beaver activities also impact the surrounding landscape, because the animals forage for woody vegetation on land.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Human activities, such as coal burning and mining, emit mercury into the atmosphere, which eventually invades water bodies. Here, it transforms into methylmercury, a toxic compound that accumulates in organisms and travels up the food chain, posing health risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research involved collecting over 300 water and sediment samples from beaver ponds in California and Colorado. Adamchak found low methylmercury levels in the water but high levels in the sediment, indicating potential accumulation in the ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This raises concerns about the spread of mercury-containing neurotoxins, especially as beavers move and abandon ponds, allowing vegetation in high methylmercury areas to grow and enter the food chain.</p>



<p>Since the research is still in its early stages, Adamchak said it’s unclear to what degree methylmercury can affect the wetland ecosystem as a result of beaver activities. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-research-is-needed">More research is needed</h2>



<p>Previous studies have shown that methylmercury concentrations in beaver ponds decrease with age, indicating a lesser potential impact.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"That suggests beavers probably don’t have overwhelmingly negative effects on the ecosystem. But at this point, it’s very hard to say if more beaver activities are good or bad in terms of mercury levels,” said Adamchak.</p>



<p>Going forward, he plans to investigate the influence of pond age and seasonal variations on methylmercury levels.</p>



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Boosting beaver populations could have toxic consequences

A new study from CU Boulder raises concerns about the...

<p>The Geminids meteor shower is set to reach its peak activity this week with an extraordinary display of "shooting stars." This particular event, known for its reliability and intensity, is one of the most anticipated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-weekends-perseid-meteor-shower-will-be-the-most-dazzling-of-2023/">meteor showers</a> of the year.</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the Geminids have been gracing our skies since November 19 and will continue until December 24. However, the peak of this astronomical spectacle is expected to occur on Wednesday and Thursday night.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geminids-are-a-spectacular-event">Geminids are a spectacular event</h2>



<p>Stargazers are in for a treat, as a thin crescent moon will set the stage for a dark sky and an ideal stargazing environment. This moon phase, less than 4% visible, minimizes light pollution and enhances the visibility of the meteor shower.</p>



<p>During the peak night on December 14, observers can expect to witness around 120 meteors per hour. This frequency makes the Geminid meteor shower one of the most spectacular astronomical events of the year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The shower is visible all over the world, with the best views in areas far from city and street lights, particularly during the night and predawn hours.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geminids-meteor-shower-origin">Geminids meteor shower origin</h2>



<p>Contrary to the popular term "shooting stars," these meteors are actually fragments of asteroids and comet particles.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Geminids originate from the disintegrating pieces of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-sheds-new-light-on-mysterious-asteroid-phaethon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">3200 Phaethon</a> asteroid, which travels at a staggering speed of 79,000 miles per hour. The cosmic debris ignites upon entering Earth's atmosphere, resulting in the stunning meteor shower.</p>



<p>The Geminids follow several other notable meteor showers this year, including the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/southern-taurid-meteor-showers-will-peak-this-weekend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leonids</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orionids-meteor-shower-peaks-this-weekend-heres-what-to-expect/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orionids</a>, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/over-100-meteors-per-hour-will-light-up-the-skies-this-weekend-as-the-perseids-peak/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Perseids</a> - each offering its own unique features. However, the Geminids are particularly special due to their intensity and the favorable viewing conditions this year.</p>



<p>The name "Geminids" is derived from the constellation of Gemini, the Twins. The meteors appear to radiate from near the bright star Castor in this constellation. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peak-visibility-of-the-geminids">Peak visibility of the Geminids</h2>



<p>The Earth's rapid movement through the meteor stream results in a broad, lopsided activity profile, with the peak offering the most brilliant display. For optimal viewing, stargazers should look to the skies after 10 p.m. local time, when the Gemini constellation rises above the horizon. </p>



<p>The most spectacular views are anticipated around 2 a.m., with the radiant point of the shower passing nearly overhead, maximizing the number of meteors visible across the sky.</p>



<p>What sets the Geminids apart is their origin. While most meteor showers are spawned by comets, the Geminids are associated with the asteroid 3200 Phaëthon. This asteroid, possibly a dead comet nucleus, orbits closer to the sun than any other named asteroid, adding a layer of intrigue to the Geminid meteor shower.</p>



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Look up! Best meteor shower of the year, the Geminids, peaks tonight

The Geminids meteor shower is set to reach its peak...

<p>A study on grey reef <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ghost-sharks-unraveling-the-mysteries-of-these-strange-and-elusive-sea-monsters/">sharks</a> in the Seychelles is challenging long-held beliefs about shark breathing and sleeping patterns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research contradicts the long-held belief that some sharks, known as obligate ram ventilators, must constantly swim to breathe.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-of-shark-breathing">Science of shark breathing</h2>



<p>Traditionally, experts believed that sharks employed two primary methods of respiration: ram ventilation and buccal pumping.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ram ventilators, like the grey reef shark, were thought to require constant movement to force water over their gills.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, buccal pumpers can actively pump water while stationary. This distinction has significant implications for how these creatures rest and potentially sleep.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-discovery-nbsp">Surprising discovery&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"On routine survey dives around D’Arros we found grey reef sharks resting under coral reef ledges," said Dr. Robert Bullock, the director of research at the <a href="https://saveourseas.com/sosf-darros-research-centre/">Save Our Seas D’Arros Research Centre</a> (SOSF-DRC).</p>



<p>The team observed the sharks resting alone and in groups, showing signs of what could be considered sleep.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="rAGq3DzqGF-3243712-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>"This is not something we believed they could do. The grey reef shark has been considered a ram-ventilating species, unable to rest, so to find these ones resting turns our fundamental understanding of them on its head," said Dr. Bullock.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-shark-sleep">Rethinking shark sleep</h2>



<p>The sharks demonstrated lower jaw movements, suggesting a shift from ram ventilation to buccal pumping. This is a remarkable adaptation for a species that was previously believed to be incapable of such behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"There is something very special about 'tiptoeing' around underwater at a depth of 25 meters and looking into the open eyes of sleeping sharks, moving carefully so as not to wake the peaceful beauties," said Craig Foster, founder of the SeaChange Project.</p>



<p>"I love things that challenge our current thinking, and I’ve always thought of the grey reef shark as a clear example of a species that needs to swim to breathe. Clearly not from this discovery!"</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-questions-emerge">New questions emerge</h2>



<p>The research presents essential questions about the resting and potential sleeping patterns of sharks, particularly those thought to be obligate ram ventilators.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This raises all kinds of other questions. How are they coping? How long for? How often? We have so much to learn still, and to me, that’s exciting," said Dr. James Lea, CEO of the Save Our Seas Foundation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers plan to explore how these behaviors impact the sharks' use of their environment. They noted that if the grey reef shark can switch its mode of breathing, and rest, there’s more to uncover about similar sharks.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It’s key to understanding how they use their environment and also how this may change in response to shifts in environmental conditions," explained Dr Lea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"How important is this rest, or possible sleep, for the sharks? And what’s the impact on them if they can’t get that rest if conditions change, such as oxygen levels rising or falling due to a changing climate?"</p>



<p>"I hope that these findings serve as a reminder of how much we still do not know and how exciting that is," said Dr. Bullock. "Science is about being wrong quite a lot. And that’s OK."</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jfb.15623" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Fish Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>Video Credit: Filmed by Craig Foster | © Save Our Seas Foundation</p>



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Grey reef sharks can stop and rest, which was thought to be impossible

A study on grey reef sharks in the Seychelles is...

<p>NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cassini mission</a> has revealed the presence of vital components for life on Saturn’s icy moon, Enceladus.&nbsp;Based on data from Cassini, experts have identified crucial organic compounds and a potent energy source, hinting at the moon's potential to support life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hydrogen-cyanide-nbsp">Hydrogen cyanide&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team has detected the presence of hydrogen cyanide - a molecule that is key to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-from-asteroid-bennu-about-the-origins-of-life/">origin of life</a> - and an abundance of chemical energy sources.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The discovery of hydrogen cyanide was particularly exciting, because it’s the starting point for most theories on the origin of life,” said lead author Jonah Peter, a doctoral student at Harvard University who conducted the research while working at <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Enceladus has long captivated scientists with its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-on-saturns-moon-enceladus-massive-water-plume-has-scientists-wondering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive plume</a> of ice grains and water vapor, known to contain a rich mix of organic compounds. These compounds are crucial for life as we recognize it on Earth. </p>



<p>The latest research goes beyond previous discoveries, providing solid evidence of hydrogen cyanide.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Our work provides further evidence that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Enceladus</a> is host to some of the most important molecules for both creating the building blocks of life and for sustaining that life through metabolic reactions,” said Peter. </p>



<p>“Not only does Enceladus seem to meet the basic requirements for habitability, we now have an idea about how complex biomolecules could form there, and what sort of chemical pathways might be involved.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enceladus-has-great-potential-for-life">Enceladus has great potential for life</h2>



<p>The study also sheds light on the ocean beneath Enceladus's icy surface, which feeds the plume. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-finds-17-exoplanets-that-have-oceans-and-possibly-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hidden ocean</a> holds a potent source of chemical energy that was previously unidentified.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The discovery of various organic compounds, analogous to those fueling organisms on Earth, suggests a  greater potential for life on Enceladus than previously assumed. Because its molecules can be stacked together in many different ways, the study authors refer to hydrogen cyanide as the Swiss army knife of amino acid precursors.</p>



<p>“The more we tried to poke holes in our results by testing alternative models, the stronger the evidence became," said Peter. "Eventually, it became clear that there is no way to match the plume composition without including hydrogen cyanide.”</p>



<p>In 2017, scientists found indications of methanogenesis chemistry in Enceladus's ocean, hinting at life-sustaining processes. Methanogenesis, a process that generates methane, possibly played a role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-like-planets-may-be-more-common-than-we-ever-imagined/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emergence of life</a> on our planet. </p>



<p>The recent findings, however, suggest the presence of even more diverse and powerful chemical energy sources.</p>



<p>“If methanogenesis is like a small watch battery, in terms of energy, then our results suggest the ocean of Enceladus might offer something more akin to a car battery, capable of providing a large amount of energy to any life that might be present,” said study co-author Kevin Hand of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meticulous-and-convincing-analysis-nbsp">Meticulous and convincing analysis&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research team utilized detailed statistical methods, analyzing data from Cassini's ion and neutral mass spectrometer. This approach allowed them to discern subtle differences in how various chemical compounds match Cassini's observations, leading to a refined understanding of Enceladus's chemical composition.</p>



<p>While the question of whether life exists on Enceladus remains unanswered, the study outlines possible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-alien-life-exists-on-enceladus-scientists-have-unambiguous-proof-they-will-find-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical pathways for life</a> that can be explored further in laboratory settings.</p>



<p>“There are many potential puzzle pieces that can be fit together when trying to match the observed data,” said Peter. “We used math and statistical modeling to figure out which combination of puzzle pieces best matches the plume composition and makes the most of the data, without overinterpreting the limited dataset.”</p>



<p>Tom Nordheim, a JPL planetary scientist and co-author of the study, emphasized the ongoing impact of Cassini's observations, even after the mission's conclusion in 2017. “Our study demonstrates that while Cassini’s mission has ended, its observations continue to provide us with new insights about Saturn and its moons – including the enigmatic Enceladus,” said Nordheim.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-enceladus-nbsp">More about Enceladus&nbsp;</h2>



<p>As discussed above, Enceladus, one of Saturn's many moons, stands out as a celestial body of immense interest to astronomers and astrobiologists alike. This relatively small moon has captured the imagination and curiosity of scientists due to its unique characteristics and potential for harboring life.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Discovery and basic characteristics</h3>



<p>William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789. This icy moon, measuring about 500 kilometers in diameter, ranks as the sixth-largest moon of Saturn. Despite its small size, Enceladus plays a significant role in Saturn's E ring, contributing to its composition.</p>



<p>Enceladus exhibits a diverse range of geological features. Its surface, primarily composed of water ice, reflects sunlight, making it one of the most reflective bodies in the solar system. The moon's south pole particularly fascinates researchers due to the presence of 'tiger stripes', long fractures that emit water vapor and other particles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Subsurface ocean on Enceladus may support life</h3>



<p>Scientists believe that a subsurface ocean of liquid water exists beneath Enceladus's icy crust. This ocean likely interacts with the moon's rocky core, leading to hydrothermal activity. Such conditions could potentially support microbial life, drawing parallels to the hydrothermal vents found in Earth's oceans.</p>



<p>Enceladus is famous for its dramatic plumes of water vapor and ice particles. These plumes, first observed by the Cassini spacecraft, erupt from the tiger stripes and reach heights of hundreds of kilometers. They provide compelling evidence of the moon's geological activity and the existence of a subsurface ocean.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Future study and exploration</h3>



<p>The discovery of organic compounds in Enceladus's plumes, hydrogen cyanide most recently, has intensified the debate about the moon's habitability. NASA and other space agencies are considering future missions to Enceladus to search for signs of life and to further explore its intriguing features.</p>



<p>In summary, Enceladus, with its active geology, potential subsurface ocean, and organic-rich plumes, remains a prime candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life. Its mysteries continue to inspire and challenge our understanding of the solar system, making it a focal point for future exploratory missions.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natastron/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Astronomy</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute</p>



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Life-sparking energy source found on Enceladus hints at alien life on Saturn's moon

NASA's Cassini mission has revealed the presence of vital components...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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