<p>We tend to explain the world by pointing to what things are, not what they’re interacting with. A new analysis argues that this bias has repeatedly steered science down blind alleys. </p>



<p>The pattern shows up in classic missteps and in how people, even experts, reason today. The upshot: human cognition nudges theory toward inherent properties and away from the environment.</p>



<p>A team of psychology researchers from the <a href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Edinburgh</a> and <a href="https://www.nyu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York University</a> mapped this recurring bias across history and in modern minds.</p>



<p>“Early scientific theories across multiple fields share a common pattern, in that they focus too much on built-in features and too little on interactions with surroundings,” said Zachary Horne, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Edinburgh and the paper’s lead author.</p>



<p>“This bias appears throughout the history of science, and its ‘fingerprints’ can even be seen among scientists today.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bias-behind-early-theories"><a></a>The bias behind early theories</h2>



<p>The authors argue that many foundational explanations leaned on assumed inner essences. Medieval accounts of motion, for example, claimed projectiles carried an internal “impetus” that kept them going until it ran out. Only later did Galileo and Newton replace this with dynamics grounded in external forces.</p>



<p>Study co-author Andrei Cimpian highlighted the cost of our default lens: “Some of the most significant achievements have come about as a result of scientific ingenuity," he said.</p>



<p>"But our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-brain-process-experiences-over-time/">cognitive processes</a>, which favor explaining phenomena in terms of their inherent properties rather than external factors, seem to have historically slowed scientific discovery.” </p>



<p>The researchers use the label “inherence bias” for this systematic tilt toward built-in features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-repeated-bias-in-science">Repeated bias in science</h2>



<p>To test whether this pattern is widespread, the team surveyed historians of science in the U.S., Canada, and the U.K. Each historian listed major transitions: the initial explanation for an observation and the later, more accurate account. </p>



<p>One example is the explanation of tides. Early observers described them simply as the “tidal motions of Earth’s large bodies of water.” </p>



<p>Galileo suggested they were caused by the sloshing of oceans due to Earth’s motion, an idea researchers later categorized as an “inherent” explanation. </p>



<p>Over time, however, this view was replaced by a more accurate understanding. Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton demonstrated that tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon - a model coded as “extrinsic” by the researchers.</p>



<p>Doctoral students trained in philosophy of science coded the responses as “inherent” or “extrinsic.” The vast majority of the nearly 80 initial explanations emphasized inherent properties; later explanations showed much less of that emphasis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brownian-motion-as-a-case-study"><a></a>Brownian motion as a case study</h2>



<p>Robert Brown’s 1827 observations offer a vivid example. Under the microscope, pollen grains suspended in water jittered. </p>



<p>Early on, many biologists invoked a “vital force” inside living matter. But the pattern didn’t fit the data.</p>



<p>Decades later, the correct mechanism pointed outward: rapid, unseen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-molecules-found-throughout-the-universe-hint-that-life-began-in-deep-space/">molecules</a> in the surrounding water battering the grains. What looked like life’s essence was really interaction - now textbook “Brownian motion.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-today-s-scientists-fall-for-bias">Today’s scientists fall for bias</h2>



<p>The authors then asked whether contemporary minds fall into the same groove. They ran experiments with practicing scientists, adult non-scientists, and children aged five to nine. Participants received real scientific observations they were unlikely to know and were asked to explain them.</p>



<p>Children, for instance, got: “why a hammer fell at the same speed as a feather on the Moon.” Adult non-scientists were asked to explain sediment appearing in distilled water after boiling. </p>



<p>Scientists confronted harder puzzles, such as why some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronomers-announce-evidence-suggesting-that-our-solar-system-has-nine-planets-again/">planets</a> lose mass over time, why a planet might have a given magnetosphere size, or why the tadpoles of the poisonous dart frog are not poisonous.</p>



<p>Across groups, first-pass theories leaned inward. When faced with sediment in boiled distilled water, one non-scientist reasoned that “heat caused the water to begin to turn into soil” - a throwback to ancient thinking.</p>



<p>Even experts showed the same pull, if in more technical language. On planetary mass loss, some cited “ejecta from volcanoes” and “transformation of matter on the planet into gas that dissipates away from the planet,” proposals that downplayed complex star-planet interactions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fixing-science-starts-with-minds">Fixing science starts with minds</h2>



<p>The researchers emphasized that these are not failures of scientists so much as features of human cognition. The world’s messiness tempts us to reach for what seems built in. That tendency can be productive at times, but it also detours progress when the real drivers are external forces and interactions.</p>



<p>“The path from initial explanatory intuitions to mature scientific understanding is rarely straightforward,” the authors wrote.</p>



<p>“This work suggests that one systematic source of detours may lie in our cognitive architecture itself - in the basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-human-brain-processes-visual-information/">information processing</a> constraints that guide how we first attempt to make sense of unfamiliar phenomena." </p>



<p>"Understanding these constraints is crucial not just for advancing cognitive science, but also for improving how we train future generations of scientists.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-bias-shapes-science-s-path">One bias shapes science’s path</h2>



<p>History’s wrong turns were not random. They followed a recognizable bias toward inherent properties. That same bias shows up today in children, laypeople, and trained researchers when they explain unfamiliar phenomena.</p>



<p>Recognizing the pull of “inherence bias” can help teachers and scientists nudge thinking outward - toward context, interaction, and the environment - so our next theories start closer to the truth.</p>



<p><br>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2424725122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



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Centuries of scientific errors reveal a hidden human bias

We tend to explain the world by pointing to what things are, not what they’re interacting with. A new analysis argues that this bias has repeatedly steered science down blind alleys. The pattern shows up in classic missteps and in how people, even experts, reason today. The upshot: human cognition nudges theory toward inherent properties and away from the environment. A team of psychology researchers from the University of Edinburgh and New York University mapped this recurring bias across history and in modern minds. “Early scientific theories...

<p>NASA has successfully received data from a record-breaking distance using laser, or optical, communications. This achievement marks a pivotal moment in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-space-exploration-could-be-shut-down-by-orbiting-debris/">space exploration</a> and communication technology.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/deep-space-optical-communications-dsoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Deep Space Optical Communications</a> (DSOC) experiment transmitted a near-infrared laser encoded with test data from an astonishing distance of nearly 10 million miles. This distance is approximately 40 times farther than the space between the Earth and the Moon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The data was accurately received by the <a href="https://sites.astro.caltech.edu/palomar/about/telescopes/hale.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hale Telescope</a> at Caltech's Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-light">First light</h2>



<p>This achievement, referred to as "first light," represents a significant advancement in increasing data transmission capabilities throughout the solar system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Trudy Kortes, the director of Technology Demonstrations at <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> Headquarters in Washington, D.C., emphasized the importance of this milestone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Achieving first light is one of many critical DSOC milestones in the coming months, paving the way toward higher-data-rate communications capable of sending scientific information, high-definition imagery, and streaming video in support of humanity’s next giant leap: sending humans to Mars," said Kortes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optical-laser-communications">Optical/laser communications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA compares this upgrade in communication technology to the significant shift from traditional telephone lines to fiber optics. The use of optical communications is expected to enhance the capacity of current state-of-the-art radio systems used by spacecraft by a factor of 10 to 100.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The DSOC experiment forms part of NASA's first demonstration of optical communications beyond the Moon. It comprises a sophisticated system featuring a flight laser transceiver, a ground laser transmitter, and a ground laser receiver. These components worked in unison to achieve this historic feat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electromagnetic-radiation-nbsp">Electromagnetic radiation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Both radio waves and lasers are forms of electromagnetic radiation, capable of traversing the vacuum of space at the speed of light.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the key difference lies in their frequency. Infrared light, used in NASA's new system, is a higher-frequency wave, allowing for the transfer of more information per second compared to radio waves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flight-laser-transceiver">Flight laser transceiver</h2>



<p>The core of this system is the flight laser transceiver. It encodes data into the photons that constitute the laser beam. This high-tech encoding of bits into photons represents a significant advancement in data transmission technology.</p>



<p>The transceiver was part of NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/successful-launch-for-nasas-psyche-mission-to-study-an-asteroid-worth-10000-quadrillion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psyche spacecraft</a>, which launched on October 13. The primary mission of this spacecraft is to reach and study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psyche-asteroid-is-worth-10000-quadrillion-and-nasa-is-sending-a-space-probe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psyche 16</a>, a metal-rich asteroid in the asteroid belt.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-the-laser-communication">Capturing the laser communication</h2>



<p>Upon reaching Earth, the laser signal is captured by a superconducting high-efficiency detector array. This sophisticated receiver identifies individual photons as they arrive and decodes the data they carry. Despite the signal traveling at the speed of light, accurately targeting a laser signal to a receiver on Earth from vast distances poses a considerable challenge.</p>



<p>To overcome this, the DSOC system first locks onto a powerful uplink laser beacon emitted by the Optical Communications Telescope Laboratory at JPL’s Table Mountain Facility in California. This precise alignment allows the spacecraft to aim its laser accurately at the communications array at Palomar, located approximately 130 kilometers to the south.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-formidable-challenge-nbsp">Formidable challenge&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Meera Srinivasan, the operations lead for DSOC at NASA's <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a>, highlighted the complexity and novelty of this test.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It was a formidable challenge, and we have a lot more work to do, but for a short time, we were able to transmit, receive, and decode some data," said Srinivasan.</p>



<p>The test involved full integration of the ground assets and flight transceiver, requiring close coordination between the DSOC and Psyche operations teams.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-laser-communication-system-nbsp">Laser communication system&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA is also preparing to establish a two-way laser communication system on the International Space Station (ISS). Earlier this month, NASA sent a laser communication terminal to the ISS to explore how high-rate lasers could function in low Earth orbit.</p>



<p>This initiative is part of NASA's broader vision to integrate lasers into the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-lost-contact-with-voyager-2-spacecraft-12-billion-miles-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communications network in space</a>, aiming to build a faster, more efficient, and reliable system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The successful implementation of such technology will not only enhance current space missions but also pave the way for more ambitious explorations in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-laser-communication">More about laser communication</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, laser communication, also known as optical communication, represents a significant leap in data transmission technology. Utilizing light to transfer information, this method offers advantages over traditional radio frequency (RF) systems in several key aspects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mechanics-of-laser-communication">Mechanics of laser communication</h3>



<p>At its core, laser communication employs focused light beams, typically in the infrared spectrum, to transmit data. These laser beams, directed through telescopes, carry digital information over vast distances with remarkable precision. The process involves modulating the light beam to encode data, which the receiver then decodes upon capture.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-over-traditional-methods">Advantages over traditional methods</h3>



<p>One of the most significant benefits of laser communication is its potential for extremely high bandwidth. This aspect allows for the transmission of large amounts of data at speeds much greater than RF communications. Additionally, laser beams have a much narrower focus compared to radio waves, leading to enhanced security and reduced risk of interception or jamming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-in-space-and-beyond">Applications in space and beyond</h3>



<p>Laser communication shows immense promise in space applications. Spacecraft equipped with laser communication systems can transmit scientific data back to Earth at unprecedented speeds. Organizations like NASA and the European Space Agency are actively researching and implementing this technology in various missions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-laser-communication">Future of laser communication</h3>



<p>As technology progresses, laser communication is poised to revolutionize data transmission on Earth and in space. Its implementation in satellite networks, deep space missions, and potentially even in consumer internet services, promises a future where data transfer is faster, more secure, and more efficient than ever before.</p>



<p>In summary, laser communication stands as a cutting-edge technology, offering significant improvements in data transmission. Its continued development and implementation will undoubtedly have a profound impact on communication technologies in the coming years.</p>



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Laser beam message sent to Earth from deep outer space

NASA has successfully received data from a record-breaking distance using...

<p>New research from the <a href="https://publichealth.gmu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Public Health</a> has shed light on the critical link between nutrition, mental health, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-caffeine-levels-reduce-the-risk-of-diabetes/">diabetes</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Two literature reviews led by Professor Raedeh Basiri reveal that poor nutrition not only increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes but also adversely impacts mental health, particularly anxiety and depression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mutually-influential-relationship-nbsp">Mutually influential relationship&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Across the world, diabetes, depression, and anxiety symptoms have gained widespread recognition as significant public health issues," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Recent research has unveiled a mutually influential relationship between diabetes and these two mental health conditions, where each disorder impacts the course and outcomes of the others. The role of nutrition emerges as pivotal in preventing and treating depression, anxiety, and diabetes."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diabetes-treatment-nbsp">Diabetes treatment&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Centers for Disease Control has found that people with diabetes are two-to-three times more likely to experience depression compared to those without the condition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This correlation is the foundation of current treatments that often include therapy, medication, or a combination of both. However, the intricate relationship between diet, mental health, and diabetes is a relatively new area of study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-interventions-nbsp">Dietary interventions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Basiri's research indicates that mental disorders like depression and anxiety can heighten the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. In turn, having diabetes also increases the likelihood of experiencing these mental health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>What's notable in these findings is the suggestion that dietary interventions can play a significant role in managing and mitigating these health concerns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-individuals-nbsp">Empowering individuals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Our findings underscore the pivotal role of dietary choices in reducing the risks associated with both diabetes and mental health. The implications of these findings extend beyond the scientific community, as they hold promise for informing public health policies, health care practices, and dietary recommendations that can positively impact the general population," said Professor Basiri.</p>



<p>“Ultimately, the research seeks to empower individuals to make informed and health-promoting dietary choices that can serve as a proactive strategy for the prevention and management of diabetes, as well as anxiety and depression."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights">Critical insights</h2>



<p>The team found that diets rich in fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and low-fat dairy are linked with a lowered risk of both type 2 diabetes and mental health disorders. Conversely, diets heavy in processed foods are associated with increased susceptibility to these conditions.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the team discovered that diets lacking in essential nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins D, E, B6, B12, folate, selenium, chromium, and magnesium, tend to exacerbate symptoms related to both mental health and the development of type 2 diabetes. This connection underscores the importance of nutrient-rich dietary choices for overall health and well-being.</p>



<p>“Current scientific evidence underscores the potential benefits of adopting a well-balanced dietary regimen in decreasing anxiety and depression symptoms while enhancing glycemic control in individuals with diabetes,” said Basiri.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/19/4226" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nutrients</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Poor nutrition linked to poor mental health and diabetes

New research from the College of Public Health has shed...

<p>The development of a method to detect infectious bird flu in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coastal-wetlands-are-inching-closer-to-extinction-as-the-world-heats-up/">wetlands</a> marks a significant advancement in our understanding and management of avian influenza, especially the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, led by Laura Hubbard and her team at the <a href="https://www.usgs.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Geological Survey</a>, highlights the importance of rigorous monitoring of wild bird populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is especially relevant in the context of recent outbreaks that have led to the deaths of millions of poultry and the subsequent rise in the cost of eggs and poultry products.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deadly-virus">Deadly virus</h2>



<p>The study focused on wetlands, a critical habitat for waterfowl, which are known to be a significant reservoir for the avian influenza virus.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While many strains of this virus do not cause disease, highly pathogenic avian influenza can be deadly, making its detection and management crucial.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-the-virus-in-natural-environments">Detecting the virus in natural environments</h2>



<p>One of the primary challenges in controlling the spread of bird flu has been the difficulty in detecting the virus in natural environments like wetlands, where the concentration of infectious viruses is typically low.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The new method developed by Hubbard's team addresses this issue by using a multistep process to concentrate and identify the virus in environmental samples.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-contaminated-wetland-sites">Contaminated wetland sites</h2>



<p>The effectiveness of this new method was demonstrated in a study conducted in the spring of 2022, where the team collected surface water samples from four wetlands and a lake in Iowa. The results were telling: infectious bird flu virus strains were found in all four wetland sites in April, but not in the lake.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, the detection rates for viral RNA using standard diagnostic protocols were significantly lower (11.1%) compared to the rates when the samples were inoculated into eggs for virus isolation (66.7%). This discrepancy underlines the need for improved RNA detection techniques to avoid false negatives.</p>



<p>Interestingly, most of the viral strains detected in the water samples were of low pathogenicity. However, the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in one sample was particularly noteworthy, marking the first time this strain has been identified in a U.S. waterway.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-factors">Environmental factors</h2>



<p>Subsequent testing five weeks later did not detect the virus at the same sites, despite previous research indicating that the virus could persist for months in such environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers suggest that environmental factors, such as the presence of fewer waterfowl and warmer water temperatures, might influence the survival of the virus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-risks">Potential risks</h2>



<p>This research underscores the potential risks that bird flu poses not only to wild and domestic birds but also to other animals and humans, especially those using these waterways for recreational purposes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The detection of both highly pathogenic avian influenza and other strains in the wetlands highlights the importance of regular monitoring and early detection of the virus.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Such measures are vital for mitigating the transmission of the virus, which can have significant economic implications, as evidenced by the recent increase in poultry and egg prices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-spread-of-avian-influenza-nbsp">Controlling the spread of avian influenza&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The innovative method developed by Hubbard and her team offers a more effective way to monitor and understand the transmission of bird flu in natural environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This advancement is critical in our ongoing efforts to manage and control the spread of avian influenza, thereby protecting not only our poultry industry but also public health and natural ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-research-is-needed">More research is needed</h2>



<p>"Further research is needed to improve the collective understanding of AIV in the environment, including persistence and potential for transmission via water to birds and mammals, supporting early detection of HPAI viruses and other AIVs, and mitigation to reduce the spread of disease into domestic poultry and potentially to other wildlife," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This information also has potential human health implications, especially in public use waterways, where people may have direct exposure to AIV with primary or secondary contact."</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00668" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Detecting avian influenza could save millions of birds each year

The development of a method to detect infectious bird flu...

<p>NASA's Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission has surpassed expectations in its ability to identify sources of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/">greenhouse gas emissions</a> - particularly methane - from space.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Originally designed to map key minerals in arid regions, EMIT's proficiency in detecting methane emissions has become a significant aspect of its mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-capabilities-nbsp">Unexpected capabilities&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The spectrometer aboard the International Space Station has identified over 750 sources of methane emissions since August 2022. These sources vary in size and location, with some being small and others located in remote areas.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Andrew Thorpe is a research technologist at NASA’s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> and the lead author of a study on EMIT's capabilities.</p>



<p>“We were a little cautious at first about what we could do with the instrument,” said Thorpe. “It has exceeded our expectations.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-detection">Methane detection</h2>



<p>Methane detection is crucial in addressing climate change due to its potent greenhouse effect. This potent gas is up to 80 times more effective at trapping heat compared to carbon dioxide over a decade, although it remains in the atmosphere for a shorter period of time.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By pinpointing methane emission sources, which include landfills, agricultural sites, and oil and gas facilities, EMIT enables operators to mitigate these emissions effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-emitters">Super-emitters</h2>



<p>EMIT's sensitivity to both large and small methane emissions is notable. It has detected emissions ranging from tens of thousands to just hundreds of pounds of methane per hour.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This range allows for the identification of "super-emitters," which contribute disproportionately to total emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-airborne-instruments-nbsp">Airborne instruments&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The instrument's data collection, covering large areas of the Earth's arid regions, marks a significant improvement over traditional airborne methane detection methods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Airborne instruments, although more sensitive, are limited by the need for prior indications of methane presence, costs, and geographical reach. EMIT's space-based approach allows for broader and more consistent coverage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extensive-data">Extensive data</h2>



<p>The study highlights EMIT's ability to detect 60 to 85 percent of methane plumes typically seen in airborne campaigns within its first 30 days of greenhouse gas detection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The instrument captures large surface images from its position on the ISS, providing extensive data on methane emissions in regions previously unreachable by airborne methods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-mitigation-efforts">Global mitigation efforts</h2>



<p>EMIT’s findings are made available to the public, scientists, and organizations through maps of methane plumes on a dedicated website and underlying data at the NASA-United States Geological Survey Land Processes Distributed Active Archive Center (LP DAAC).&nbsp;</p>



<p>This transparency and data sharing enhance global understanding and mitigation efforts for greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p>The detection of a cluster of emissions in southern Uzbekistan and a small emission source in southeastern Libya exemplifies EMIT's wide-reaching capabilities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These findings underscore the mission's importance in the global effort to monitor and combat climate change through advanced space technology.</p>



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NASA mission has surpassed expectations in tracking emissions

NASA's Earth Surface Mineral Dust Source Investigation (EMIT) mission has...

Big,Male,Wild,Boar,With,Tusks,At,Summer,Scenery

<p>The invasion of "super pigs" in Canada presents a looming ecological and agricultural threat to the United States. These animals, a crossbreed of wild Eurasian boar and domestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-passed-swine-flu-to-pigs-370-times-since-2009/">swine</a>, exhibit enhanced survival skills, adaptability, and high fertility, earning them the title of "super pigs."&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are a product of an initiative in the 1980s when Canadian farmers were encouraged to raise wild boar. However, after the market crashed in 2001, some farmers released these pigs into the wild.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-pigs-are-spreading-like-a-virus">Super pigs are spreading like a virus</h2>



<p>The super pigs are remarkably adept at surviving in harsh conditions, including Canadian winters. They are omnivorous, consuming crops and wildlife, and are capable of causing significant land damage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, they pose a risk to hog farms by potentially spreading diseases like African <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-passed-swine-flu-to-pigs-370-times-since-2009/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">swine fever</a>. Their high reproductive rate exacerbates the problem; a single sow can produce up to 12 piglets annually.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ryan Brook, a leading authority on this issue from the <a href="https://www.usask.ca/">University of Saskatchewan</a>, referred to feral pigs as “the most invasive animal on the planet” and “an ecological train wreck.” Brook said that even if 65% of this population is culled annually, their numbers would continue to rise.</p>



<p>Hunting these pigs has proven ineffective and counterproductive, as it tends to make them more cautious and nocturnal, making eradication efforts even more challenging.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-detection-is-needed">Early detection is needed</h2>



<p>In the United States, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/explosive-population-growth-of-wild-pigs-slowed-by-conservation-efforts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild pigs</a> are already responsible for approximately $2.5 billion in crop damage annually, mainly in southern states like Texas. They also pose a direct threat to human safety, as evidenced by a fatal wild pig attack in Texas in 2019.</p>



<p>Eradication of wild pigs is no longer possible in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, said Brook, but the situation isn’t hopeless everywhere and a few U.S. states have eliminated them. The key, he said, is having a detection system that finds them early and fast, and then responding quickly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventive-measures-nbsp">Preventive measures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Brook and his team have documented 62,000 wild pig sightings in Canada. Using aerial surveys, they have spotted the pigs on both sides of the Canada-North Dakota border.</p>



<p>“Nobody should be surprised when pigs start walking across that border if they haven’t already,” said Brook. “The question is: What will be done about it?”</p>



<p>Montana has taken significant preventive measures, including banning the raising and transportation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tracking-study-on-wild-pigs-reveals-when-they-move-and-why/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild pigs</a> within the state.</p>



<p>“The only path forward is you have to be really aggressive and you have to use all the tools in the toolbox,” Brook said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eradicating-super-pigs">Eradicating super pigs</h2>



<p>Various methods are being considered for controlling these populations, ranging from large ground traps to more innovative approaches like net guns from helicopters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Crowdsourced tracking programs and potential use of poisons like sodium nitrite are also under consideration, though the latter poses risks to other wildlife species.</p>



<p>The U.S. is ramping up its efforts to combat this issue. The <a href="https://www.dnr.state.mn.us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Minnesota Department of Natural Resources</a> is preparing a report to identify gaps in their management plan and propose new preventive measures.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-surveillance-nbsp">Increased surveillance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The U.S. Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>) has increased surveillance along the northern border using aircraft and drones. Despite successful eradication in Minnesota in 2016, vigilance remains high.</p>



<p>Feral swine have been reported in at least 35 U.S. states, with an estimated population of 6 million. The USDA's National Feral Swine Management Program, initiated in 2014, has provided funding to 33 states, focusing on eradication in areas with emerging populations and damage control in states with established populations.</p>



<p>While significant progress has been made in some states, complete eradication is not anticipated in the near future. The situation calls for a concerted effort and utilization of a variety of strategies to mitigate the threat posed by these super pigs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-impact-of-super-pigs">Economic impact of super pigs</h2>



<p>The economic impact of super pigs" can be significant and multifaceted. These impacts primarily stem from their destructive behaviors and the challenges in controlling their populations. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-damage">Agricultural damage</h3>



<p>Super pigs are known for their voracious appetites and can cause extensive damage to crops and farmlands. They uproot and consume a wide variety of crops, leading to significant yield losses for farmers. The cost of such damage can run into millions of dollars annually in affected regions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-livestock-threat-from-super-pigs">Livestock threat from super pigs</h3>



<p>Besides crop damage, these animals can also pose a threat to livestock. They compete with domestic animals for food and can transmit diseases to livestock, which can result in additional costs for veterinary care and, in severe cases, loss of livestock.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-property-and-infrastructure-damage">Property and infrastructure damage</h3>



<p>Super pigs can cause physical damage to property and infrastructure. This includes damage to fencing, irrigation systems, and other farm structures, leading to costly repairs and maintenance.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-control-and-eradication-costs">Control and eradication costs</h3>



<p>The cost of controlling and attempting to eradicate super pig populations can be substantial. This includes expenses related to hunting, trapping, fencing, and employing other management strategies. Government agencies and private landowners spend significant amounts on these efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-management">Environmental management</h3>



<p>The environmental impact of super pigs, such as soil erosion and destruction of native habitats, can necessitate costly environmental management and restoration efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-tourism-and-recreation">Impact on tourism and recreation</h3>



<p>In areas where outdoor recreation and tourism are economically important, the presence of super pigs can deter these activities. They can destroy natural areas used for hiking, camping, and hunting, thereby indirectly affecting revenue from tourism.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-and-safety-costs">Health and safety costs</h3>



<p>There can be health and safety concerns associated with super pigs, including the risk of vehicle collisions and the spread of diseases to humans. These issues can lead to healthcare costs and necessitate public safety measures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-super-pigs-impact-on-financial-markets">Super pigs' impact on financial markets</h3>



<p>In regions heavily affected by super pigs, there can be indirect market impacts. For example, the cost of crop insurance might increase, or there might be changes in the prices of certain commodities due to fluctuations in supply caused by crop damages.</p>



<p>In summary, the economic impact of super pigs is complex and involves direct costs such as crop and property damage, as well as indirect costs related to control efforts, environmental management, and public health and safety. The total economic burden can be significant, especially in areas where these animals are prevalent and not effectively managed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-feral-pigs">More about feral pigs</h2>



<p>As mentioned above, Feral pigs, also known as wild boars or hogs, are a species that have become a significant ecological and agricultural concern worldwide. These animals, originating from domestic pigs that have escaped or been released into the wild, are highly adaptable and prolific breeders.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origin-and-spread">Origin and spread</h3>



<p>Feral pigs trace their lineage back to domesticated pigs. Over centuries, some of these pigs escaped human control and adapted to life in the wild. Their remarkable adaptability has enabled them to thrive in diverse environments, from forests to grasslands.</p>



<p>Originally native to Eurasia, feral pigs have spread across the globe, largely due to human activities. They were introduced to new regions both accidentally and intentionally, for hunting and agricultural purposes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-impact">Ecological impact</h3>



<p>Feral pigs are notorious for their destructive feeding habits. They root up large areas of land in search of food, leading to soil erosion, damage to plant life, and disruption of native ecosystems.</p>



<p>These animals pose a significant threat to native wildlife. They compete for resources, prey on smaller animals and bird eggs, and can spread diseases to other species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-and-economic-effects">Agricultural and economic effects</h3>



<p>Farmers often bear the brunt of the feral pig problem. These animals can cause extensive damage to crops and property, leading to significant financial losses.</p>



<p>Efforts to control feral pig populations include trapping, hunting, and fencing. However, these methods are often costly and only partially effective, making the management of these animals a challenging task.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feral-pig-management-strategies">Feral pig management strategies</h3>



<p>Effective management of feral pigs requires an integrated approach. This includes habitat modification, public education, and the implementation of more effective trapping and hunting techniques.</p>



<p>Ongoing research and monitoring are crucial for understanding the behavior and impact of feral pigs. This information aids in developing more effective management strategies.</p>



<p>In summary, feral pigs are a complex ecological and agricultural problem. Their ability to adapt and reproduce quickly makes them a challenging species to manage. However, with continued research and integrated management strategies, it is possible to mitigate their impact on the environment and agriculture.</p>



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Ecological train wreck: "Super pigs" from Canada pose a growing threat to the U.S.

The invasion of "super pigs" in Canada presents a looming...

<p>The rapid pace at which human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/babies-talk-more-when-interacting-with-artificial-objects-than-with-things-made-by-nature/">babies</a> acquire language skills in their first year of life is remarkable. However, the role of prenatal exposure to language in this process has remained largely unknown.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new study published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj3524" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science Advances</em></a> sheds new light on this intriguing aspect of early human development. The research indicates that newborn babies are already primed for the language they were exposed to the most while in utero.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compelling-evidence-nbsp">Compelling evidence&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"These results provide the most compelling evidence to date that language experience already shapes the functional organization of the infant brain, even before birth," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>This finding is a significant leap in understanding how early life experiences influence language acquisition and brain development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prenatal-experiences">Prenatal experiences</h2>



<p>Traditionally, newborns have been categorized as "universal listeners," capable of learning any human language. However, by their first birthday, their brains start to specialize in the sounds of their native language.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This specialization is a crucial part of language development, but the study suggests that prenatal experiences also play a critical role in preparing the brain for auditory and speech perception.</p>



<p>Key to this development is the ability of fetuses, from as early as five to seven months of gestation, to hear sounds outside the womb.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prenatal-auditory-processing">Prenatal auditory processing</h2>



<p>Infants show a preference for their mother's voice and native language just days after birth. They can even recognize rhythms and melodies they heard while in utero, pointing to a sophisticated level of prenatal auditory processing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the extent to which language exposure before birth influences language development has been unclear until now.</p>



<p>The study was conducted by Benedetta Mariani, a PhD student at the University of Padova's Padova Neuroscience Center, and her colleagues.</p>



<p>The team found that sleeping babies, who had greater exposure to their mother's native language, displayed brain signals indicative of long-term speech and language learning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>For the study, the researchers recruited 33 native French-speaking expectant mothers from Paris's Robert Debré Hospital. They monitored the brain waves of the mothers' babies, aged between one and five days, using encephalography (EEG).</p>



<p>Study co-author Judit Gervain is a professor at the University of Padua and senior research scientist at the Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition Center, CNRS and Université Paris Cité.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In adults, we know that a series of neural oscillations or brain waves play a role in understanding speech and language," said Gervain. "Waves oscillating at different frequencies align with the rhythms of different units in speech, such as the syllable or individual speech sounds."</p>



<p>The researchers set out to determine if newborns, despite their limited language experience, already possess a similar brain architecture and whether their brain rhythms align with the language heard most frequently in the womb.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>During the experiment, as the infants slept, recordings of "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" in French, Spanish, and English were played in varying sequences. The babies wore caps fitted with electrodes, strategically placed over brain regions associated with auditory and speech perception.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These electrodes recorded electrophysiological activity, enabling the researchers to investigate whether exposure to these languages triggered brain waves linked to processing speech elements like syllables (theta oscillations) and phonemes (gamma oscillations).</p>



<p>"EEG is effective because it directly measures brain activity as a time scale, in milliseconds, that is necessary to detect the temporal dynamics of neural oscillations," explained Gervain. "EEG is fully non-invasive and well-tolerated, (even by) young infants."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-new-insights-nbsp">Critical new insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The EEG signals were processed to measure the "memory" or long-range correlations within them. Mariani noted that this analysis provided evidence of language learning, indicating lasting brain dynamics changes following exposure to language, particularly the language heard prenatally.</p>



<p>Gervain noted that missing out on prenatal "language priming" does not necessarily lead to developmental setbacks. While prenatal language experience supports language development, it is not the sole determinant of developmental outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research">Future research</h2>



<p>"We are investigating and following up on infants at various ages to see whether and how these neural mechanisms support later language development," said Gervain. "[EEG] can be used across the life span, so we could use the same method and study design for the various ages we studied in the bigger project."</p>



<p>"This technique could certainly help us in the future to quantify how the learning abilities change with the baby's age, and which frequency bands are targeted by the language learning at different ages," said Mariani.</p>



<p>Gervain described how babies that are one day, six months or two years old exhibit different patterns of brain activity, as postnatal experience continues to fine-tune their neural oscillations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Future studies focusing on these patterns at different life stages could reveal key language development milestones, like learning words, offering profound insights into human language acquisition.</p>



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Babies begin to learn language before they are even born

The rapid pace at which human babies acquire language skills...

<p>A study from the <a href="https://www.plymouth.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Plymouth</a> has revealed startling findings about the efficacy of chlorine disinfectants used in hospitals. Despite their widespread use for cleaning scrubs and surfaces, these disinfectants fail to kill Clostridioides difficile (C. diff), a major cause of antibiotic-associated sickness in healthcare settings.</p>



<p>The study was led by Dr. Tina Joshi, associate professor in Molecular Microbiology, and Humaira Ahmed, a fourth-year Medicine student. The team found that even high concentrations of bleach used in hospitals do not affect C. diff spores.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimicrobial-resistance-nbsp">Antimicrobial resistance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research indicates that using chlorine chemicals as a surface disinfectant is no more effective than using plain water. This revelation is particularly concerning given the rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/river-plastics-may-harbor-antimicrobial-resistance-genes/">antimicrobial resistance</a> (AMR) globally. The overuse of biocides, such as chlorine disinfectants, is contributing to this increase in AMR.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study authors are calling for urgent research to identify alternative strategies to disinfect C. diff spores, emphasizing the need for disinfectants and guidelines that are effective against evolving bacterial threats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-c-diff-spores-tolerate-disinfection-nbsp">C. diff spores tolerate disinfection&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"With incidence of antimicrobial resistance on the rise, the threat posed by superbugs to human health is increasing. But far from demonstrating that our clinical environments are clean and safe for staff and patients, this study highlights the ability of C. diff spores to tolerate disinfection at in-use and recommended active chlorine concentrations," said Dr. Joshi.</p>



<p>"It shows we need disinfectants, and guidelines, that are fit for purpose and work in line with bacterial evolution, and the research should have significant impact on current disinfection protocols in the medical field globally.”</p>



<p>C. diff, a microbe causing diarrhea, colitis, and other bowel complications, infects millions annually worldwide. It is responsible for approximately 29,000 deaths each year in the USA and almost 8,500 in Europe. The incidence of C. diff infection was rising even before the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Prior research by Dr. Joshi and colleagues showed C. diff spores’ survival against recommended concentrations of sodium dichloroisocyanurate, used in liquid form and in personal protective fabrics like surgical gowns.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The new study took this further by testing the response of C. diff spores to different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite, a common ingredient in bleach. The spores were placed on surgical scrubs and patient gowns, with no significant morphological changes observed under scanning electron microscopes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unanswered-questions-remain-nbsp">Unanswered questions remain&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Joshi, a member of the Microbiology Society Council, emphasized the importance of understanding the interaction between these spores and disinfectants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Understanding how these spores and disinfectants interact is integral to practical management of C. diff infection and reducing the burden of infection in healthcare settings. However, there are still unanswered questions regarding the extent of biocide tolerance within C. diff and whether it is affected by antibiotic co-tolerance," said Dr. Joshi.</p>



<p>"With AMR increasing globally, the need to find those answers – both for C. diff and other superbugs – has never been more pressing.”</p>



<p>The research was published during World Antimicrobial Awareness Week in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.001418" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Microbiology</em></a>.</p>



<p>Video Credit: Microbiology Society</p>



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Chlorine disinfectants used in hospitals are no more effective than water

A study from the University of Plymouth has revealed startling...

Pfas,-,Per-,And,Poly-fluoroalkyl,Substances,-,3d,Molecule,Conformer.

<p>In a recent development, the Pentagon has expressed concerns that sweeping bans on PFAS chemicals, often referred to as ‘forever chemicals,’ could jeopardize United States national security. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-are-raining-down-all-over-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">These substances</a> are ubiquitous in numerous everyday products and have been connected to health issues like cancer and infertility.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> (DoD) relies heavily on various PFAS-containing items, including weapons, uniforms, batteries, and microelectronics.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-military-equipment-and-technology">Military equipment and technology</h2>



<p>In a report to Congress in August, the DoD stated that comprehensive regulations or significant market shifts leading to the unavailability of PFAS could significantly hinder national security and the department’s operational capabilities.</p>



<p>The report highlights the vital role of PFAS chemicals in maintaining key military equipment and technology critical to military readiness and sustainability. Items ranging from microelectronic chips, lithium-ion batteries, helicopters, torpedoes, and tanks to everyday military gear like shoes, tents, and duffel bags all incorporate PFAS.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-concerns">Health concerns</h2>



<p>PFAS, or per- and polyfluorinated substances, are synthetic chemicals found in a vast array of products due to their properties that render items nonstick, waterproof, and oil-resistant.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, they have been associated with numerous health concerns, including various cancers, low birth weight, thyroid issues, and developmental delays in children.</p>



<p>Military personnel may face increased risks from PFAS exposure due to the Department of Defense’s use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), a PFAS-containing foam for extinguishing certain types of fires. AFFF is highly effective but now known to be harmful to humans. The use of these chemicals has resulted in environmental contamination, including PFAS-laden water near military bases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-military-applications-nbsp">Military applications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The issue has gained further attention with numerous firefighters and military workers suing manufacturers after observing higher cancer rates among their colleagues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>PFAS are utilized in a wide range of military applications, from water-repellent uniform coatings to brake fluid in aircraft, insulation in submarines, and missile components to enhance explosive performance and stability.</p>



<p>A government study in July established a direct correlation between testicular cancer and PFOS, a PFAS variant detected in the blood of many military personnel. In March, the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/">Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) proposed the first-ever limits on PFAS in drinking water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, the 2023 James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act instructed the Pentagon to evaluate the extent of PFAS in military equipment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pfas-based-foam">PFAS-based foam</h2>



<p>The Department of Defense plans to discontinue purchases of PFAS-containing firefighting foam by year-end and phase it out entirely by 2025. The use of this foam in training was already ceased in 2020 following a congressional mandate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although new Navy ships are being built with alternative fire suppression methods like water mists, PFAS-containing systems are still in limited use where alternatives are deemed unsuitable.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For existing ships, there are currently no viable alternative foams, and the report emphasizes the dependence on PFAS-based foam for the safety and survival of naval ships and crews until an effective replacement is identified.</p>



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Banning PFAS 'forever chemicals' may threaten US national security

In a recent development, the Pentagon has expressed concerns that...

<p>The <a href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Heart Association</a> (AHA) is providing advice for individuals with conditions like heart disease or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-are-at-risk-of-a-stroke-from-intense-exercise/">stroke</a> who are planning to travel during the holidays. The agency says that with a little pre-travel prep, you can turn travel woes from “oh no” to “let’s go!”</p>



<p>Dr. Gladys Velarde, a national volunteer with the AHA and a professor at the University of Florida in Jacksonville, emphasized the importance of pre-travel preparation for those with chronic health conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planning-and-preparation-nbsp">Planning and preparation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“As we look forward to the holidays, many people will be traveling to spend treasured time with family and friends, or maybe just to enjoy some relaxation on the beach or ski slopes. For some that just means throwing a few essentials into a backpack and hitting the roads or airways,” said Dr. Velarde.</p>



<p>“It’s not always that simple for people who have chronic health conditions that require multiple medications or special medical equipment. There are also considerations for how to maintain your health and not put yourself at increased risk.”</p>



<p>Dr. Velarde said that doesn’t mean travel is off limits if you have a chronic health condition: a little planning and preparation can take the stress out of travel and prepare you for your next adventure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-recommendations-nbsp">Key recommendations&nbsp;</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consult-your-doctor-nbsp">Consult your doctor&nbsp;</h3>



<p>It's important to discuss travel plans with your doctor, considering any health-related restrictions or precautions. Carrying medical records and emergency contact information is also advised.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-manage-medications">Manage medications</h3>



<p>Ensure medications are properly labeled and sufficient for the trip. Include a list of all medications, dosages, and pharmacy details. Adjust medication schedules for different time zones and plan for refrigeration needs if necessary.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medical-devices-and-supplies">Medical devices and supplies</h3>



<p>Advance planning is needed for transporting wheelchairs, walkers, oxygen devices, CPAP machines, and regular monitoring devices like blood pressure or glucose monitors.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-location-specific-research">Location-specific research</h3>



<p>Understand how local climate and elevation might affect health. Familiarize yourself with emergency numbers, medical facilities, and pharmacies in the area.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-travel-tips">Air travel tips</h3>



<p>Request wheelchair assistance or courtesy carts at airports if needed. Be aware of special security screenings for pacemakers or ICDs. To reduce the risk of blood clots on long flights, wear compression socks and stay active in the cabin.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emergency-preparedness">Emergency preparedness</h3>



<p>Know the signs of a heart attack, stroke, or cardiac arrest. In an emergency, call 9-1-1 immediately as EMS can start treatment right away.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintain-health-during-travel">Maintain health during travel</h3>



<p>Stay hydrated, avoid overindulgence in food or drink, know your physical limits, and rest as needed. Stress management is also crucial in ensuring a healthy and enjoyable trip.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-do-your-research-nbsp">Do your research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Depending on where you’re traveling, you’ll also want to do some research and planning specific to the location,” said Dr. Velarde. “The local climate and elevation may impact how you feel - extreme heat or cold can affect circulation and put extra strain on your heart."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In high altitudes there is less oxygen in the air, and that means less oxygen will be carried in your blood. You’ll want to familiarize yourself with the local emergency numbers and the location of nearby medical facilities and pharmacies of the area where you’re visiting."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aha-guidelines-nbsp">AHA guidelines&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The AHA provides an interactive map to locate hospitals across the U.S. that adhere to up-to-date treatment guidelines for heart and stroke care. These guidelines and tips aim to help individuals with heart conditions travel safely and enjoy their holidays without added health risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planning-ahead">Planning ahead</h2>



<p>Dr. Velarde said air travel is especially busy during the holiday season, and planning ahead can make the experience easier.</p>



<ul>
<li>Walking through busy airports can take a toll. When booking your ticket request a wheelchair or courtesy cart to get to your terminal.<br></li>



<li>If you have a pacemaker or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) you may need to go through a special security screening at the airport.<br></li>



<li>Long plane rides, especially flights longer than 4 hours, may increase your risk for blood clots, including deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Consider wearing compression socks and get up and walk around the cabin when it’s safe to do so to help improve your circulation. You can also exercise your calf muscles and stretch your legs while you're sitting with some simple heel and toe lifts.</li>
</ul>



<p>Know the signs of a heart attack, stroke or cardiac arrest and if you or someone you’re with experience any symptoms, call 9-1-1. EMS can often start treatment immediately and put a hospital on alert for the type of emergency care needed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pace-yourself">Pace yourself</h2>



<p>“Maintaining your health while you’re traveling is also important. Stay well hydrated, don’t overindulge in food or drink, know your physical activity limits, pace yourself and rest as often as you need,” Velarde said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Anticipating a big trip can be stressful for many – and stress is not good for your health. Every individual’s condition is unique, and you’ll want to tailor your travel plans to your specific needs. By taking a little time now to plan and prepare, you can enjoy your holiday or vacation can be just what the doctor ordered to help you unwind and recharge."</p>



<p>Learn more about healthy traveling at <a href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart.org</a>.</p>



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Holiday travel: Healthy tips from the American Heart Association

The American Heart Association (AHA) is providing advice for individuals...

<p>A nutrient found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/12-of-americans-are-responsible-for-over-half-of-all-u-s-beef-consumption/">beef</a> and dairy products enhances the immune system's response to cancer, according to a new study from the <a href="https://www.uchicago.edu/en">University of Chicago</a>. The researchers identified trans-vaccenic acid (TVA), a long-chain fatty acid, as a key player in improving the effectiveness of CD8+ T cells in fighting cancer cells.</p>



<p>The study represents a major step forward in understanding the complex relationship between diet and health, particularly in the context of cancer treatment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-response-nbsp">Immune response&nbsp;</h2>



<p>TVA is a long-chain fatty acid prevalent in meat and dairy from grazing animals like cows and sheep. The experts determined that TVA improves the infiltration and cancer cell-killing capabilities of CD8+ T cells, crucial players in the body's immune response.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research revealed that patients with higher levels of TVA circulating in the blood responded better to immunotherapy, indicating this nutrient's potential as a dietary supplement to augment cancer treatment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-diet-and-health-nbsp">Link between diet and health&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“There are many studies trying to decipher the link between diet and human health, and it’s very difficult to understand the underlying mechanisms because of the wide variety of foods people eat. But if we focus on just the nutrients and metabolites derived from food, we begin to see how they influence physiology and pathology,” said study senior author Dr. Jing Chen.</p>



<p>“By focusing on nutrients that can activate T cell responses, we found one that actually enhances anti-tumor immunity by activating an important immune pathway.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study began with a comprehensive analysis of about 700 known metabolites derived from food. The researchers developed a “blood nutrient” compound library of 235 bioactive molecules from these metabolites.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This library was used to identify compounds that could activate anti-tumor immunity by stimulating CD8+ T cells, and TVA emerged as a top candidate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While TVA is abundant in human milk, the body cannot produce it independently. Approximately 80% of ingested TVA remains in the blood, suggesting other significant roles for this nutrient.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers discovered that TVA intake notably reduced tumor growth in mice and enhanced CD8+ T cells' tumor infiltration.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Advanced molecular and genetic analyses, including a novel technique called kethoxal-assisted single-stranded DNA sequencing (KAS-seq), revealed that TVA inactivates the GPR43 receptor, which is typically triggered by short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota. This inactivation leads to the activation of the CREB pathway, vital for various cellular functions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-treatment">Cancer treatment</h2>



<p>The experts collaborated with other UChicago experts to examine TVA's effects on patients undergoing CAR-T cell immunotherapy for lymphoma and leukemia cell lines.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Patients with higher TVA levels responded more favorably to treatment, and TVA also enhanced the efficacy of an immunotherapy drug against leukemia cells.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>Despite the health risks associated with excessive red meat and dairy consumption, this study suggests that TVA supplements could promote T cell activity in cancer treatments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Chen noted that it is important to determine the optimized amount of the nutrient itself, not the food source.</p>



<p>“There is early data showing that other fatty acids from plants signal through a similar receptor, so we believe there is a high possibility that nutrients from plants can do the same thing by activating the CREB pathway as well,” said Dr. Chen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolites-nbsp">Metabolites&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study underscores the potential of a metabolomic approach in understanding how dietary components affect health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Chen said his team hopes to build a comprehensive library of nutrients circulating in the blood to understand their impact on immunity and other biological processes like aging.</p>



<p>“After millions of years of evolution, there are only a couple hundred metabolites derived from food that end up circulating in the blood, so that means they could have some importance in our biology,” said Dr. Chen.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“To see that a single nutrient like TVA has a very targeted mechanism on a targeted immune cell type, with a very profound physiological response at the whole organism level - I find that really amazing and intriguing.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06749-3"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Beef and dairy contain a powerful cancer-fighting nutrient

A nutrient found in beef and dairy products enhances the...

<p>Thanksgiving is a time of indulgence and celebration, but it's important to remember that our dogs have different dietary needs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a recent report from the <a href="https://www.akc.org/expert-advice/nutrition/thanksgiving-foods-to-share-with-your-dog-or-avoid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Kennel Club</a>, veterinary experts highlight the importance of being mindful about what we share with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-live-longer-and-happier-lives-when-they-get-to-socialize-often/">dogs</a> during this festive season.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-points">Key Points</h2>



<ul>
<li>Turkey meat, sweet potatoes, and pumpkin are all safe, healthy foods to share with your dog.<br></li>



<li>Bones, sweets, alcohol, and fatty foods are all things that you should avoid giving dogs.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-potatoes-nbsp">Sweet potatoes&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Gary Richter, author of <em>The Ultimate Pet Health Guide: Breakthrough Nutrition and Integrative Care for Dogs and Cats</em>, pointed out that sweet potatoes are a great source of dietary fiber, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and beta-carotene. “Sweet potato treats can be as simple as a dehydrated sweet potato chew.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts noted that you should not give your pet sweet potatoes loaded up with added ingredients like brown sugar, marshmallows, or maple syrup. Plain mashed sweet potatoes are also an option.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-apples">Apples</h2>



<p>“Apples are full of vitamins A and C and contain lots of great fiber, making them a healthy Thanksgiving treat for your pet,” said Dr. Richter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, if you’re sharing an apple with your pooch, be sure to cut around the core, as large amounts of apple seeds can be toxic.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turkey-meat">Turkey meat</h2>



<p>Plain, cooked turkey meat is a great source of protein for dogs. Dr. Sarah Ochoa said that it's okay to give your dog turkey meat as long as it has not been prepared with any seasoning.</p>



<p>Dr. Jerry Klein, chief veterinary officer for the American Kennel Club, advises owners to skip the turkey bones, as well as the turkey’s skin.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Skin itself can be fatty, and the outer layer of the turkey’s skin was likely slathered in butter or oil before cooking, all of which can add up to triggering a bout of painful and dangerous pancreatitis or other digestive issues for your dog," the experts wrote.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"If you’d like to share turkey with your dog without worrying about preparing a separate, dog-safe portion, you can look for Thanksgiving-themed canned dog food that did the work for you."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-beans-nbsp">Green beans&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“With ample amounts of plant fiber, manganese, and vitamins C and K, plain green beans are great for dogs,” said Dr. Richter. The green beans should be prepared and served plain, without added ingredients like butter or salt.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts noted that plain peas make a good addition to a dog’s diet in moderation, but creamed peas are a no-go, just like creamy mashed potatoes. They say that any fatty food or casserole can cause digestive issues. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pumpkin">Pumpkin</h2>



<p>“Pumpkin itself is a very healthy snack,” explained Dr. Richter. “Pumpkin helps with digestive health and it’s great for a dog’s skin and coat. Also, if feeding canned pumpkin, make sure it’s just pure pumpkin puree and not the pre-spiced or sugary pie mix.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plain-yogurt">Plain yogurt</h2>



<p>Plain frozen yogurt is okay for dogs, but make sure to read the label and look for xylitol, which can be fatal to dogs. The calcium, protein, and probiotics in plain yogurt are good for a dog's digestive system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Klein warned that Thanksgiving coincides with an uptick in emergency vet visits across the U.S. because of the unsafe “human” food that dogs end up consuming at this time of year.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to the potential for unsafe or unhealthy ingredients, the following foods should not be shared with dogs at Thanksgiving:&nbsp;</p>



<ul>
<li>Turkey bones, skin, and gravy<br></li>



<li>Stuffing<br></li>



<li>Casseroles<br></li>



<li>Mashed potatoes<br></li>



<li>Creamed peas<br></li>



<li>Chocolate, cookies, pies, and sweets (as well as anything “sugar-free” or containing xylitol, which can be fatal for dogs)<br></li>



<li>Alcoholic beverages<br></li>



<li>Raisins and grapes<br></li>



<li>Onions, scallions, and garlic<br></li>



<li>Ham<br></li>



<li>Yeast dough<br></li>



<li>Fatty foods<br></li>



<li>Foods containing spices</li>
</ul>



<p>In summary, as we gather around the Thanksgiving table, it's important to remember that what's a treat for us can be dangerous for our pets. </p>



<p>By avoiding risky foods and opting for safer alternatives, we can ensure that our dogs enjoy the holiday just as much as we do, without any health complications. Moderation is key, and when in doubt, it's always best to stick to your dog's regular diet.</p>



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Which Thanksgiving leftovers are safe to give your dog?

Thanksgiving is a time of indulgence and celebration, but it's...

White,Summer,Daisies,Reaching,Towards,Blue,Sky

<p>In a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, the team led by Prof Christian Fankhauser at the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/central/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lausanne</a> (UNIL), in collaboration with <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPFL</a>, has made a significant breakthrough in understanding how plants perceive light. </p>



<p>This study reveals how plants, devoid of visual organs, determine the source of light using the unique optical properties at the air-water interface within their tissues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phototropism-in-plants">Phototropism in plants</h2>



<p>Phototropism, the orientation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-talk-to-plants-using-light-based-messaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> towards light, is a critical phenomenon for their survival. As Prof Fankhauser explains, "The majority of living organisms (micro-organisms, plants and animals) have the ability to determine the origin of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-why-plants-have-a-burst-of-activity-at-dawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light source</a>, even in the absence of a sight organ comparable to the eye." </p>



<p>This ability is crucial for plants to optimally position their organs for maximum <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-affects-seasonal-rhythms-of-plants-in-the-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunlight exposure</a>, facilitating efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, the process by which they convert light energy into chemical energy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-detection-mechanism">Light detection mechanism</h2>



<p>The key to this discovery was the observation of a mutant variety of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, a model plant species, with a uniquely transparent stem. Prof Fankhauser's team, in conjunction with DrSc. Andreas Schüler and the UNIL's Electron Microscopy Centre, found that the normal, milky appearance of plant stems is due to air-filled channels in their tissues. </p>



<p>In contrast, the mutant plants had these channels filled with water, giving them a translucent appearance. These channels, it turns out, are crucial for establishing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-control-plants-using-nothing-but-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light gradient</a> within the plant, a mechanism previously unknown.</p>



<p>Martina Legris, a postdoctoral fellow in Prof Fankhauser's group, sheds light on the underlying science. She clarifies, “More specifically, air and water have different refractive indices. This leads to light scattering as it passes through the seedling." </p>



<p>This scattering of light, akin to the formation of rainbows, enables the plant to 'read' the light gradient and determine the light source's direction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-phototropism">Broader implications of phototropism</h2>



<p>This fascinating research elucidates a novel mechanism for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-and-temperature-collaborate-to-boost-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light perception</a> in plants, and also provides insights into the formation and functions of air-filled intercellular channels. These channels are known to aid in gas exchange and offer resistance to hypoxia during flooding. </p>



<p>Understanding their development from embryonic stages to adulthood remains an area ripe for exploration. The genetic resources utilized in this study promise to further our understanding of these intricate structures.</p>



<p>In summary, the collaborative efforts of UNIL and EPFL have unveiled a fascinating aspect of plant biology, opening new avenues in our understanding of plant physiology and their interaction with the environment. This study not only enriches our scientific knowledge but also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in unraveling the complexities of nature.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9384" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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How plants know where to find the light

In a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, the team...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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