Stellar Jet in Sh2-284

<p>A young and giant star that is forming on the outer edge of our Milky Way just made itself known in spectacular fashion - by beaming a huge jet of gas across 8 light-years of interstellar space. That’s almost twice the distance from our Sun to Alpha Centauri, the next closest star system.</p>



<p>NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/webb/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JWST</a>) happened to catch the event in action, and what it saw has scientists buzzing.</p>



<p>The eruption, which tears through space at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour, looks like something out of <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/may-the-4th-be-with-you-chemistry-of-star-wars-revealed/">Star Wars</a></em> - a double-bladed lightsaber made of pure plasma. </p>



<p>But this isn’t science fiction. This is a real, powerful stream of gas being flung out from a forming star that already weighs ten times as much as our Sun.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-massive-jet-from-a-giant-star">Massive jet from a giant star</h2>



<p>This wasn’t something astronomers planned to find. The discovery happened during unrelated observations, and it took even the experts by surprise. </p>



<p>The outflow - technically called a “jet” - is extremely rare for a star this massive. Most similar jets come from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-tiny-stars-orbit-each-other-in-just-125-minutes-and-emit-unknown-radio-signals/">small stars</a>.</p>



<p>“We didn’t really know there was a massive star with this kind of super-jet out there before the observation. Such a spectacular outflow of molecular hydrogen from a massive star is rare in other regions of our galaxy,” said Yu Cheng of the <a href="https://www.nao.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Astronomical Observatory</a> of Japan.</p>



<p>“I was really surprised at the order, symmetry, and size of the jet when we first looked at it,” said Jonathan Tan of the <a href="https://www.virginia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Virginia</a> and Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mechanics-behind-a-stellar-eruption">The mechanics behind a stellar eruption</h2>



<p>So what’s actually happening here? When stars form, they pull in huge amounts of gas and dust from their surroundings. </p>



<p>But not all that material makes it to the surface. Some of it gets shot back out, blasting away along the poles of the spinning star, likely driven by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-holes-capture-magnetic-fields-from-collapsing-stars/">magnetic fields</a>.</p>



<p>These supercharged jets are like the star’s version of a birth cry - an announcement that something big has arrived.</p>



<p>The jets don’t just happen randomly - they carry traces of the star’s entire growth history. As the forming star gathers mass, the surrounding material channels into a disk that rotates rapidly. </p>



<p>Along the poles of this spinning system, the jet shoots outward in both directions. Over time, the oldest parts of the jet stretch farthest into space, while newer bursts stay closer to the source.</p>



<p>“Originally the material was close into the star, but over 100,000 years the tips were propagating out, and then the stuff behind is a younger outflow,” said Tan.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-nursery-on-the-edge">Stellar nursery on the edge</h2>



<p>This jet isn’t happening anywhere near Earth. It’s coming from a star cluster called Sharpless 2-284, located 15,000 light-years away. </p>



<p>That’s about twice as far from the center of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-ways-black-hole-unleashes-mysterious-flares/">Milky Way</a> as our Sun is. It’s out on the fringes, in a quiet, less-developed corner of the galaxy.</p>



<p>That part of space has fewer heavy elements - things like carbon, oxygen, and iron - than areas closer to the galactic center, and it’s a big deal because the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-planets-formed-in-the-harsh-early-universe/">early universe</a> was also low in these elements.</p>



<p>“Massive stars, like the one found inside this cluster, have very important influences on the evolution of galaxies," said Cheng. </p>



<p>"Our discovery is shedding light on the formation mechanism of massive stars in low metallicity environments, so we can use this massive star as a laboratory to study what was going on in earlier cosmic history,” Cheng explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-old-debate-about-giant-star-jets">Old debate about giant star jets</h2>



<p>For decades, astronomers have argued over how giant stars form. There are two leading <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.0919" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theories</a>. One says they grow in a steady, stable way, through a process called core accretion. </p>



<p>The other says it’s more chaotic, with gas falling in from different directions in a competition between stars.</p>



<p>Now, new observations from Webb offer strong support for the more stable model.</p>



<p>“Webb’s new images are telling us that the formation of massive stars in such environments could proceed via a relatively stable disk around the star that is expected in theoretical models of star formation known as core accretion,” said Tan.</p>



<p>“However, what we’ve seen here, because we’ve got the whole history – a tapestry of the story – is that the opposite sides of the jets are nearly 180 degrees apart from each other. That tells us that this central disk is held steady and validates a prediction of the core accretion theory,” he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-waiting-to-see-what-s-next">Waiting to see what's next</h2>



<p>The star behind the jet is still growing. The Webb team used new theoretical models to match what they saw and figure out what kind of star could be launching the jet. </p>



<p>Everything points to a massive, still-forming star that’s busy pulling in more material and blasting out excess energy.</p>



<p>Other stars in the same area might not be far behind. Data from the Atacama Large Millimeter Array in Chile has already found another dense core nearby - one that could give birth to another massive star soon.</p>



<p>The discovery shows that the outer edges of our galaxy, while often overlooked, may be full of surprises. And thanks to Webb’s sharp eyes, we’re finally seeing them.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/addf4b" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Astrophysical Journal</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Webb captures a massive cosmic jet from a young star growing in deep space

A young and giant star that is forming on the outer edge of our Milky Way just made itself known in spectacular fashion - by beaming a huge jet of gas across 8 light-years of interstellar space. That’s almost twice the distance from our Sun to Alpha Centauri, the next closest star system. NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) happened to catch the event in action, and what it saw has scientists buzzing. The eruption, which tears through space at hundreds of thousands of miles per hour,...

<p>Massive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrasses-continue-to-release-methane-after-they-die/">seagrass</a> die-offs are currently occurring all over the world due to a variety of stressors. These include high temperatures, hypersalinity, hypoxia, and exposure to sediment-derived hydrogen sulfide, a phytotoxin which accumulates as seagrass meadows become richer in nutrients.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although hydrogen sulfide intrusion into seagrass tissue is considered a leading cause of recurrent mortality events, its effects on subsequent recruitment and distribution of new populations, along with the ability of seagrass meadows to “bounce back” and recolonize in open bare patches, have not yet been properly investigated.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Now, a team of scientists led by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.fau.edu/">Florida Atlantic University</a> (FAU) has examined whether porewater hydrogen sulfide prevents&nbsp;<em>Thalassia testudinum</em> - a tropical Atlantic-Caribbean&nbsp;marine seagrass commonly known as&nbsp;turtlegrass - from recruiting into unvegetated sediment in Florida Bay, one of the largest contiguous seagrass systems in the world.</p>



<p>“Seagrass&nbsp;meadows sustain coastal ecosystems by protecting against erosion, maintaining water quality, and providing habitat and food for many marine species and organisms,” said&nbsp;senior author Marguerite Koch, a professor of Biological Sciences at FAU. “Because of their importance in coastal communities, the current decline of seagrass ecosystems on a global scale across geographic regions is a concern.”</p>



<p>Since the 1980s, seagrass meadows in Florida Bay – an estuary covering 1,100 square miles between Florida Keys and the southern tip of Florida – have experienced recurrent biomass losses and die-offs, usually occurring during high temperature and salinity conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These particular seagrass meadows are exposed to high levels of porewater hydrogen sulfide and are surrounded by vast unvegetated areas that are usually recolonized by turtle grass recruits after major die-offs, which makes them an excellent case study to investigate seagrass resilience and its relation to hydrogen sulfide exposure.</p>



<p>The experts analyzed the leaf, stems, and roots of turtlegrass to determine tissue exposure to hydrogen sulfide in new recruits and, by using state-of-the-art microsensors and stable isotopic analyses, they measured internal hydrogen sulfide and oxygen dynamics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The investigation revealed that, after die-off events, turtlegrass can successfully recruit into open bare sediment due to biomass partitioning during early development (a process by which they efficiently divide their energy among roots, leaves, stems, and reproductive parts), young root structure, and a capacity to efficiently oxidize internally that helps them lower hydrogen sulfide exposure.</p>



<p>Although these findings suggest that turtlegrass can be highly resilient and able to recover after mortality events, their recovery takes quite a long period of time. The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2023.103650"><em>Aquatic Botany</em></a><em>.</em>&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Long-term monitoring programs in Florida Bay indicate that the time frame for full recovery of&nbsp;turtlegrass meadows after major die-off events is at least a decade. Therefore, preventing large-scale seagrass mortality events should be the management goal, particularly as global warming and associated stressors are likely to get more extreme in the future,” Koch concluded.</p>



<h2 id="h-seagrass-meadows-and-the-environment">Seagrass meadows and the environment&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Seagrass meadows are underwater plant communities comprised of flowering plants known as seagrasses. They are found in shallow coastal waters and estuaries, and are essential for maintaining healthy marine ecosystems. Seagrass meadows provide various environmental benefits, including:</p>



<h3 id="h-carbon-sequestration">Carbon sequestration</h3>



<p>Seagrasses are highly efficient at capturing and storing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This process, known as "blue carbon" sequestration, helps mitigate climate change by reducing the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.</p>



<h3 id="h-water-quality-improvement">Water quality improvement</h3>



<p>Seagrasses act as natural water filters, trapping sediment and absorbing excess nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus. This helps maintain water clarity and prevents harmful algal blooms, which can lead to dead zones in the ocean.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat-provision">Habitat provision</h3>



<p>Seagrass meadows serve as essential habitats for a wide variety of marine species, including fish, crustaceans, and marine mammals. These habitats support high levels of biodiversity and act as nurseries for juvenile fish, which in turn support commercial and recreational fisheries.</p>



<h3 id="h-shoreline-protection">Shoreline protection</h3>



<p>Seagrass meadows help to stabilize the seafloor by holding sediments together with their roots and rhizomes. They also dampen wave energy, reducing coastal erosion and protecting shorelines from the impacts of storms and sea level rise.</p>



<h3 id="h-food-source">Food source</h3>



<p>Seagrasses provide a direct food source for herbivores, such as green sea turtles and manatees, as well as indirectly supporting other marine life through the food chain.</p>



<p>Despite their importance, seagrass meadows are under threat from various human activities, such as coastal development, pollution, and climate change. Loss of seagrass meadows can lead to reduced biodiversity, increased carbon emissions, and weakened coastal resilience. Efforts to conserve and restore seagrass meadows are essential for maintaining the health of our marine ecosystems and the valuable services they provide.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.<br></p>

Seagrass meadows can recover after major die-offs

Massive seagrass die-offs are currently occurring all over the world...

<p>Deep beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, lies a frigid, dark subglacial lake filled with tales yet to be discovered. More enigmatic than even the planets of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-the-delicate-balance-of-our-solar-system/">solar system</a>, these mysterious lakes have remained largely unexplored due to their inaccessibility.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, scientists have made a groundbreaking discovery in one such lake, known as Mercer Lake, by studying the chemical fingerprint of the water, microbes, and sediments found there. This has led to a surprising revelation about the geologic history of the region, as well as new insights into the carbon cycle of these extreme ecosystems.</p>



<p>In the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2022AV000846"><em>AGU Advances</em></a>, the researchers describe how they examined the carbon cycle within Mercer Lake to determine the sources of energy for the lake's resilient microbial inhabitants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings provide the first-ever description of how these hardy microbes obtain and utilize carbon, the energy source of choice for most life forms, in such a hostile environment.</p>



<p>The data obtained from the sediment, microbes, and carbon cycle also allowed the scientists to infer the geological history of the region, with results that defied their expectations. Previously, it was believed that the ice covering Mercer Lake had been stable for hundreds of thousands of years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the new findings confirm that the lake was connected to the ocean around 6,000 years ago, when the West Antarctic Ice Sheet was significantly smaller than it is today. This period marked a time of relative climate stability following the last ice age, and even compared to the ongoing anthropogenic climate change.</p>



<p>Ryan Venturelli, lead author of the study and assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.mines.edu/">Colorado School of Mines</a>, stated: "This is the first time we have unequivocal geologic proof that the grounding line of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which is like its shoreline where the ice meets the ocean, was at least 250 kilometers further inland than it is today – possibly more."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>Venturelli conducted the research alongside her former PhD advisor, marine geologist Brad Rosenheim from the <a href="https://www.usf.edu/">University of South Florida</a> College of Marine Science.</p>



<p>Their research indicates that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet retreated approximately 155 miles (about 250 kilometers) just a few thousand years ago, only to regrow to its current size. This information is crucial for validating ice sheet models and improving our understanding of the dynamic nature of these ice formations.</p>



<p>The samples analyzed in the study were collected during the historic Subglacial Antarctic Lake Scientific Access (SALSA) expedition, funded by the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/">National Science Foundation</a>. The 25-member team, including Venturelli and Rosenheim, worked tirelessly in the challenging conditions of Mercer Lake, located a few hundred miles from the South Pole.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Utilizing a clean-access, custom hot water drill, they managed to retrieve the longest sediment core ever taken from a subglacial lake, measuring approximately seven feet in length. This feat required drilling through more than half a mile of ice, all the while racing against time as the water-filled hole began to refreeze.</p>



<p>This achievement marks only the second time in history that a sediment core has been extracted from a subglacial lake, with the first occurring in 2013 at Lake Whillans.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Rosenheim believes that their work represents a significant advancement in our understanding of these mysterious ecosystems. "We'd thought the glacier retreated back to where it is now, but it went back well beyond that, which indicates the ice is a lot more dynamic than we realized. Now we need to incorporate this new understanding into models so we can better predict what may happen in the future as the planet warms."</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-discovered">What the researchers discovered</h2>



<p>The scientists have combined geochemistry tools, including isotopes and radiocarbon dating, to understand how carbon cycles through this extraordinary ecosystem. The findings not only shed light on the resilience of microbial life in these hidden lakes but also provide valuable insights into the geological history of the region.</p>



<p>Venturelli noted that the research has finally confirmed the maximum extent of the last deglaciation.</p>



<p>The team discovered that microbes in the lake are feeding off carbon that is 6,000 years old, a time when the region was still connected to the ocean. This evidence challenges previous assumptions about the stability and extent of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.</p>



<p>In the absence of sunlight, the microbial life in these subglacial lakes relies on alternative sources of energy. Brent Christner, a study co-author and microbe expert from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/">University of Florida</a>, explained that in Mercer Lake, microbes utilize chemical energy from physical processes associated with the ice sheet itself.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As the ice moves, the rock beneath it is ground into fine particles, which are then mobilized in the water. Microbes, primarily bacteria and Archaea, access these minerals for energy during a process called chemosynthesis. Archaea are unique microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs and deep-sea hydrothermal vents.</p>



<p>Venturelli explained that the pool of carbon in the sediment at the bottom of Mercer Lake is at least 100 times larger than any other carbon pool in the cycle, and the microbes use it efficiently.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, they also utilize carbon introduced into the system from water bodies upstream. The subglacial lakes, connected by a network of water and sediment transport, function more like a braided subglacial river system than isolated lakes.</p>



<h2 id="h-why-the-results-of-this-study-are-important">Why the results of this study are important</h2>



<p>Understanding the fate of the Antarctic ice sheet has significant implications for global sea-level rise. If the entire West Antarctic Ice Sheet were to melt, some estimates suggest that coastlines worldwide could see an increase of more than nine feet.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite the alarming potential consequences of climate change, Venturelli remains hopeful, stating that their work highlights the dynamic nature of ice sheets and the need to investigate the reversibility of these processes. By probing the mechanisms that caused the ice sheet to re-advance to its current state, scientists can better predict future scenarios.</p>



<p>With over 650 subglacial lakes estimated to exist in Antarctica, scientists have only just begun to explore their mysteries. Venturelli emphasizes the importance of examining the base of the glacier, particularly the water and sediment in these subglacial lake systems, to unearth exciting findings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study demonstrates that sometimes a new perspective is needed to unlock the secrets hidden within some of the most remote and enigmatic ecosystems on Earth.</p>



<p>As scientists continue to unravel the secrets of subglacial lakes and the dynamic history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, these discoveries will undoubtedly prove invaluable in informing our understanding of climate change and the future of our planet.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-west-antarctic-ice-sheet">More about the West Antarctic Ice Sheet</h2>



<p>The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is an enormous mass of ice covering approximately 1.9 million square kilometers of Antarctica. It is considered one of the most vulnerable ice sheets on Earth due to its marine-based nature and the presence of underlying warm ocean currents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As climate change intensifies, the WAIS is experiencing significant ice loss, leading to concerns about its future stability and the potential consequences for humanity and the environment.</p>



<p>One of the primary drivers of ice loss in the WAIS is the warming of ocean waters, which has accelerated the melting of the ice sheet from below. In addition, warmer air temperatures have led to increased surface melting and a higher frequency of ice-shelf disintegration events.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These processes contribute to the destabilization of the WAIS, with several glaciers – such as the Pine Island, Thwaites, and Smith glaciers – experiencing rapid retreat and thinning.</p>



<p>The potential collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet carries severe implications for humanity and the environment, primarily due to its impact on global sea levels. If the entire WAIS were to melt, it is estimated that sea levels could rise by more than nine feet (around 3 meters).&nbsp;</p>



<p>Such a rise in sea levels would have catastrophic consequences for coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems worldwide. Millions of people living in low-lying areas would be displaced, while countless plant and animal species would face the risk of extinction due to habitat loss.</p>



<h2 id="h-issues-other-than-rising-sea-levels-caused-by-the-loss-of-wais">Issues other than rising sea levels caused by the loss of WAIS</h2>



<p>Beyond sea-level rise, the loss of the WAIS would also have implications for global ocean circulation and weather patterns. The influx of freshwater from the melting ice sheet could disrupt ocean circulation, potentially affecting regional climate systems and marine ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This, in turn, could have far-reaching consequences for agriculture, fisheries, and the overall functioning of Earth's climate system.</p>



<p>The recent discoveries in subglacial lakes, such as Mercer Lake, have highlighted the dynamic nature of the WAIS and the need for a better understanding of the processes that drive its behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As scientists continue to study these enigmatic ecosystems and the history of the WAIS, it is crucial to improve our ability to predict its future evolution and develop strategies to mitigate the impacts of its potential collapse.</p>



<p>Addressing climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy sources, and implementing sustainable development practices will be key to slowing down the melting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and preserving the delicate balance of Earth's climate system.</p>



<p>&nbsp;By taking action now, we can help safeguard our planet for future generations and protect the rich biodiversity of our world's coastal regions.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Antarctic ice sheet was more dynamic than previously thought

Deep beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, lies a frigid,...

<p>The “biological age” is a concept increasingly used in medicine to describe the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-health-benefits-of-city-life-are-diminishing/">health</a> of an individual’s cells and tissues. Unlike the chronological age, the biological one is more flexible, and can be influenced by a variety of factors, including stress, disease, lifestyle changes, and environmental exposures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although there have been hints that biological age might be reversible, a new study led by the <a href="https://brighamandwomens.org/">Brigham and Women’s Hospital</a> has provided the first strong evidence – both from preclinical models and humans – that when stress is relieved, biological age can be restored.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts found that, while stress from surgery, pregnancy, and severe Covid-19 increased signs of biological age, these markers were reversed following recovery -&nbsp; a discovery which may have major implications for testing anti-aging drugs. The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.015"><em>Cell Metabolism</em></a><em>.</em> &nbsp;</p>



<p>“Traditionally, biological age has been thought to just go up and up, but we hypothesized that it’s actually much more dynamic,” said study lead author Jesse Poganik, a researcher at the Brigham’s <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org/research/departments/genetics/overview">Division of Genetics</a>. “Severe stress can trigger biological age to increase, but if that stress is short lived, the signs of biological aging can be reversed.”</p>



<p>The scientists collected data related to biological age from several situations likely to cause severe physiological stress. In one experiment, they collected blood samples from elderly patients undergoing emergency surgery immediately before the surgery, a few days after the surgery, and before discharge from the hospital.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While signs of biological age increased among patients receiving emergency surgery to repair a hip fracture, they returned to baseline four to seven days after the surgery – a pattern not seen among patients receiving other non-trauma surgeries.</p>



<p>In another experiment, by examining blood samples from pregnant mice and humans from early, late phases of pregnancy, and after giving birth, the experts witnessed a consistent pattern in both mice and humans: biological age increased during the pregnancy, peaking around the time of delivery, but resolved postpartum.</p>



<p>Finally, the researchers examined blood samples from Covid-19 patients who were admitted to intensive care units (ICUs). In this case, although the investigation revealed an increase in biological age that was partially resolved by the time of discharge from the ICU for female patients, no significant change was observed among male patients, suggesting that a severe infectious disease such as Covid-19 can induce a reversible increase in biological age, but with more nuanced and sex-specific results.</p>



<p>Since not all people recover their biological age at the same rate or to the same extent, better understanding how and why biological age increases and how to boost recovery is necessary. </p>



<p>Moreover, since the “clocks” used in this study were biomarkers, they may reflect biological age but could also be driven by other factors that have not yet been identified, calling for further research to disentangle the complex causality behind biological aging.</p>



<p>“Our findings challenge the concept that biological age can only increase over a person’s lifetime and suggest that it may be possible to identify interventions that could slow or even partially reverse biological age. When stress was relieved, biological age could be restored. This means that finding ways to help the body recover from stress could increase longevity,” concluded senior author Vadim Gladyshev, a professor of Medicine at Bingham.</p>



<h2 id="h-stress-and-biological-aging">Stress and biological aging&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Stress and biological age are interconnected, as chronic stress can contribute to accelerated biological aging. Biological age refers to the functional and physiological age of an individual, which may differ from their chronological age. Several factors influence biological age, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Chronic stress is one such factor that has been shown to have a negative impact on biological age.</p>



<h3 id="h-stress-can-affect-biological-age-in-various-ways">Stress can affect biological age in various ways:</h3>



<h4 id="h-telomere-shortening">Telomere shortening</h4>



<p>Telomeres are protective caps at the ends of chromosomes that shorten as cells divide. Shorter telomeres have been associated with aging and age-related diseases. Chronic stress has been shown to accelerate telomere shortening, which in turn, may increase biological age.</p>



<h4 id="h-inflammation">Inflammation</h4>



<p>Chronic stress can lead to increased inflammation in the body. Inflammation is an important contributor to the aging process and has been linked to various age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease.</p>



<h4 id="h-oxidative-stress">Oxidative stress</h4>



<p>Chronic stress can lead to an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize them, resulting in oxidative stress. Oxidative stress can damage cells and DNA, contributing to aging and age-related diseases.</p>



<h4 id="h-hormonal-imbalance">Hormonal imbalance</h4>



<p>Chronic stress can cause hormonal imbalances, such as elevated cortisol levels. High cortisol levels have been linked to accelerated aging, as they can negatively affect various systems in the body, including the immune system, metabolism, and cognitive function.</p>



<h4 id="h-negative-impact-on-lifestyle">Negative impact on lifestyle</h4>



<p>Chronic stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as poor diet, lack of exercise, and substance abuse. These lifestyle factors can negatively impact biological age by promoting the development of age-related diseases and deteriorating overall health.</p>



<p>In conclusion, chronic stress can accelerate biological aging through various mechanisms, including telomere shortening, inflammation, oxidative stress, and hormonal imbalances. It is essential to manage stress effectively and adopt a healthy lifestyle to promote overall health and well-being, which in turn may slow down the aging process.</p>



<h2 id="h-best-strategies-for-reducing-stress">Best strategies for reducing stress</h2>



<p>Reducing stress is essential for maintaining mental and physical health. Here are some effective strategies to help manage and reduce stress:</p>



<h3 id="h-exercise">Exercise</h3>



<p>Regular physical activity has been shown to reduce stress levels, improve mood, and boost overall well-being. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities on two or more days per week.</p>



<h3 id="h-mindfulness-and-meditation">Mindfulness and meditation</h3>



<p>Practicing mindfulness and meditation can help you become more aware of your thoughts and feelings, allowing you to better manage stress. Techniques such as deep breathing, progressive muscle relaxation, and guided imagery can help you relax and reduce stress.</p>



<h3 id="h-sleep">Sleep</h3>



<p>Getting adequate, quality sleep is crucial for stress management. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night and establish a consistent sleep schedule to promote good sleep hygiene.</p>



<h3 id="h-social-support">Social support</h3>



<p>Connect with friends and family to share your feelings and concerns. Social support has been shown to help alleviate stress and improve mental health.</p>



<h3 id="h-time-management">Time management</h3>



<p>Prioritize tasks, break them down into smaller steps, and set realistic deadlines to help manage stress related to work or daily responsibilities.</p>



<h3 id="h-healthy-diet">Healthy diet</h3>



<p>Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats can help provide the necessary nutrients for managing stress and maintaining overall health.</p>



<h3 id="h-limit-caffeine-and-alcohol">Limit caffeine and alcohol</h3>



<p>Excessive caffeine and alcohol consumption can contribute to increased stress levels. Limit your intake and opt for water, herbal tea, or other non-alcoholic beverages instead.</p>



<h3 id="h-practice-gratitude">Practice gratitude</h3>



<p>Focus on the positive aspects of your life and practice gratitude daily. This can help shift your mindset and reduce stress.</p>



<h3 id="h-seek-professional-help">Seek professional help</h3>



<p>If stress becomes unmanageable, consider seeking help from a mental health professional, such as a therapist or counselor, who can provide guidance and support.</p>



<h3 id="h-engage-in-hobbies">Engage in hobbies</h3>



<p>Participate in activities that bring you joy and relaxation, such as reading, gardening, painting, or playing a musical instrument.</p>



<p>Remember that everyone is different, and what works for one person may not work for another. It's essential to explore various stress-reduction techniques and find the ones that work best for you.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Stress-induced increases in biological age can be reversed

The “biological age” is a concept increasingly used in medicine...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="http://www.uwyo.edu/">University of Wyoming</a> and <a href="https://go.okstate.edu/">Oklahoma State University</a> has argued that the U.S. federal government’s management of wild horses will likely fail without major legal and policy changes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to the experts, since contrasting societal views have led to an approach which simultaneously manages horses on the range as wildlife, livestock, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pet-owners-are-happier-than-people-who-dont-have-pets/">pets</a>, current government programs of managing wild horses are incapable of succeeding.</p>



<p>“For the federal government to sustain healthy populations, ecosystem health, and fiscal responsibility, lawmakers must properly define how feral equids should be labeled. Each label (wild, livestock, pet) has validity, and management plans can be implemented to optimize equid populations with other land uses. Furthermore, providing a clear definition of feral equids will determine the legal tools that can be applied for their management,” the authors explained.</p>



<p>Although the fossil record provides evidence that there were horses in North America previously, they went extinct about 10,000 years ago. Thus, the horses that currently inhabit the continent are descendants of livestock that underwent thousands of years of domestication and artificial selection. Moreover, most of the large predators which could help limit their population growth went extinct at the end of Pleistocene.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since horses have no natural predators, cannot be legally hunted, and are no longer slaughtered as livestock in the U.S., their populations have nearly doubled over the past decade. In addition, the number of horses removed from the range by the <a href="https://www.blm.gov/">Bureau of Land Management</a> (BLM) and held in government facilities and private lands has grown by 33 percent, with BLM spending more than $550 million since 2013 to support these captive populations.</p>



<p>“The BLM has increased the number of individuals removed from the wild in each of the past four years, leading to decreases in the on-range population,” the authors wrote. “However, the total on-range population is still approximately 50,000 individuals above the maximum (appropriate management level), and the recent moderate decrease in on-range individuals is directly correlated with an increase in the off-range population and subsequent expenditures.”</p>



<p>According to the scientists, removing wild horses from their Western range to place them in long-term holding is not an efficient solution, since such a method “simply exports the issue elsewhere - including the imperiled tallgrass prairie ecosystem - with unknown ecological effects.” And while fertility control has helped to a certain degree, there are still too many horses on the range for such an approach to work.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These problems are compounded by the fact that wild horses are treated differently from other wildlife, since the federal Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971 prohibits their hunting, while the BLM’s practice of gathering and removing wild horses from the range resembles livestock operations rather than wildlife management. At the same time, “adoption programs, sales restrictions, and the abolition of slaughter have resulted in feral equids effectively serving as society’s pets.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the experts’ opinion, a better alternative would be choosing one of the labels – wild, livestock, or pets – and apply different rules for the management of each category.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As a wild species that lacks sufficient predation to keep most populations in check, a hunting or culling program, like those for other wild ungulates, could slow their population growth. As livestock, gathers and removals that lead to sale or slaughter would limit growth and give the animals the monetary value they currently lack. As pets, simultaneously conducting large-scale removals and administering fertility control, including permanent sterilization (and potentially euthanasia), could reduce population sizes and slow growth,” the authors explained.</p>



<p>“The current state of feral horse and burro management in the United States is unsustainable and will continue to be a painful resource sink without fundamental changes to the law. We recommend that the U.S. federal government should officially declare the status of feral equids as either wild, livestock, or pets and should provide the BLM and (U.S. Forest Service) the legal latitude and funding to develop and implement respective management options,” they concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad033"><em>BioScience</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-wild-horses-in-the-american-west">Wild horses in the American West</h2>



<p>The history of wild horses in the American West is an intriguing tale of resilience, adaptation, and survival. The wild horses that roam the western landscape today, also known as mustangs, are descendants of domesticated horses brought to the Americas by Spanish explorers and settlers in the 16th century.</p>



<h3 id="h-early-introduction">Early introduction</h3>



<p>The initial wave of horses arrived with the Spanish conquistadors, such as Hernán Cortés in 1519, and later with colonizers like Juan de Oñate in the late 16th century. The horses were of various breeds, including Andalusians, Barbs, and Garranos, and they were primarily used for transportation, agriculture, and warfare.</p>



<h3 id="h-escaped-and-released-horses">Escaped and released horses</h3>



<p>Over time, many horses escaped from the Spanish settlements or were released into the wild. These animals began to breed and form feral populations, which eventually led to the emergence of the mustang. The term "mustang" comes from the Spanish word "mestengo," which means "stray" or "ownerless" animal.</p>



<h3 id="h-expansion-and-adaptation">Expansion and adaptation</h3>



<p>As the Spanish territories expanded in the 17th and 18th centuries, the mustangs' range also grew. They adapted to the harsh conditions of the American West, developing characteristics such as hardiness, endurance, and agility. The Native American tribes of the Great Plains, like the Comanche and the Sioux, quickly recognized the value of these horses and began to capture and domesticate them for transportation, hunting, and warfare.</p>



<h3 id="h-the-horse-s-impact-on-native-american-cultures">The horse's impact on Native American cultures</h3>



<p>The introduction of horses had a profound impact on the lives of Native Americans, transforming their cultures, economies, and modes of warfare. The tribes that mastered horsemanship became powerful and influential in the region, and horses became central to their way of life.</p>



<h3 id="h-19th-century-westward-expansion">19th-century westward expansion</h3>



<p>As Euro-American settlers moved westward in the 19th century, they encountered vast herds of wild mustangs. Ranchers began capturing and using these horses for work, breeding them with other breeds to create the American Quarter Horse and other popular stock horse breeds. </p>



<h3 id="h-wild-horse-protection-and-management">Wild Horse Protection and Management</h3>



<p>In the 20th century, concerns about the mustangs' dwindling numbers led to efforts to protect and manage the remaining herds. In 1971, the US Congress passed the Wild Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act, which aimed to protect, manage, and control the populations of wild horses and burros on public lands. The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the United States Forest Service (USFS) were tasked with managing these animals, using techniques like roundups and adoptions to maintain sustainable herd sizes.</p>



<p>Today, wild horses continue to be an iconic symbol of the American West, representing freedom, resilience, and the untamed spirit of the frontier. Efforts to protect and manage their populations are ongoing, with the goal of preserving these magnificent animals for future generations to appreciate.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Experts propose a new strategy for managing wild horses

A new study led by the University of Wyoming and...

<p>Scientists from <a href="https://www.tmu.ac.jp/english/index.html">Tokyo Metropolitan University</a> have recently proposed an intriguing hypothesis to explain the rarity of insects in marine environments, a question that has puzzled scientists for decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research team, led by Professor Tsunaki Asano, has attributed this phenomenon to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/octopus-and-squid-senses-linked-to-human-brain-evolution/">evolution</a> of a unique chemical mechanism that hardens insects' shells, which gives them an advantage on land but a disadvantage in the sea.</p>



<h2 id="h-insects-have-conquered-the-land-but-not-the-seas">Insects have conquered the land, but not the seas</h2>



<p>Insects are among the most successful organisms on Earth, accounting for the majority of biomass of all terrestrial animals and playing a significant role in the global ecosystem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite their abundance on land, however, insects are strikingly rare in marine environments. This perplexing disparity has left scientists searching for answers.</p>



<p>Recent advances in molecular phylogenetics have revealed that insects and crustaceans belong to the same family, Pancrustacea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Insects branched off from their crustacean ancestors and adapted to life on land, but both groups share a common feature: an exoskeleton composed of a wax layer and a hard cuticle (see image <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/insects-in-ocean_infographic_Tokyo-Metropolitan-University_1big.jpg">here</a>).&nbsp;</p>



<p>In previous work, Asano's team discovered that insects evolved a unique gene responsible for creating an enzyme called multicopper oxidase-2 (MCO2), which allows them to harden their cuticles using oxygen.</p>



<p>MCO2 mediates a reaction in which molecular oxygen oxidizes compounds known as catecholamines in the cuticle, transforming them into agents that bind and harden the surface. This is distinct from crustaceans, who rely on calcium from seawater to harden their cuticles.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The researchers argue that the terrestrial environment, with its abundant oxygen, is more favorable for insects, whereas the ocean, with its relative lack of oxygen and presence of better-adapted organisms, is less hospitable.</p>



<p>But the benefits of MCO2 for insects don't end with shell hardening. The MCO2 pathway produces a cuticle that is not only protective but also lightweight.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team postulates that this lightweight material enabled insects to climb plants, glide, and eventually fly, allowing them to migrate and occupy previously unoccupied ecological niches. This diversification and expansion is a significant factor in the insects' incredible success on land.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In contrast, crustacean shells are much denser, with a strong correlation between density and the degree of calcification.</p>



<p>While insects are not the only arthropods to have adapted to life on land, the characteristics of their cuticles are key to their success in terrestrial environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers believe that MCO2 is a defining feature of insects, even going so far as to say, "no MCO2, no insects." This groundbreaking work offers a fresh perspective on the role that cuticle hardening might play in insect evolution and the transition from aquatic to terrestrial habitats.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-insects">More about insects</h2>



<p>Insects are a diverse and fascinating group of organisms, belonging to the class Insecta within the phylum Arthropoda.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are the most abundant and diverse group of animals on Earth, with over a million described species and estimates suggesting that millions more are yet to be discovered. Insects can be found in virtually every habitat, from the highest mountains to the deepest caves, and they play a critical role in many ecosystems as pollinators, decomposers, and food sources for other organisms.</p>



<h3 id="h-some-key-characteristics-of-insects-include">Some key characteristics of insects include:</h3>



<h4 id="h-body-structure">Body structure</h4>



<p>Insects typically have a segmented body divided into three main parts: the head, thorax, and abdomen. The head contains sensory organs, such as compound eyes and antennae, as well as mouthparts adapted for feeding. The thorax bears three pairs of legs and, in many species, two pairs of wings. The abdomen houses the digestive, reproductive, and excretory systems.</p>



<h4 id="h-exoskeleton">Exoskeleton</h4>



<p>Insects have a hard, protective exoskeleton made of a material called chitin. The exoskeleton provides support, protection from predators and harsh environments, and helps prevent water loss.</p>



<h4 id="h-life-cycle">Life cycle</h4>



<p>Insects undergo either complete or incomplete metamorphosis during their life cycle. Complete metamorphosis consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult, as seen in butterflies, beetles, and flies. Incomplete metamorphosis involves three stages: egg, nymph, and adult, which occurs in insects like grasshoppers and true bugs.</p>



<h4 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h4>



<p>Most insects reproduce sexually, with males and females producing sperm and eggs, respectively. Some species, however, are capable of asexual reproduction through processes such as parthenogenesis.</p>



<h4 id="h-respiration">Respiration</h4>



<p>Insects breathe through a series of tiny tubes called tracheae that connect to the outside of their body through small openings called spiracles. Oxygen diffuses through these tubes and reaches the cells directly, while carbon dioxide is expelled through the same system.</p>



<h4 id="h-communication-and-behavior">Communication and behavior</h4>



<p>Insects exhibit a wide range of behaviors, including communication through chemical signals (pheromones), visual displays, and auditory signals. Many insects are social, with some, like ants and bees, forming complex colonies with division of labor and intricate communication systems.</p>



<h4 id="h-diet">Diet</h4>



<p>Insects have diverse feeding habits, ranging from herbivores that feed on plant material to carnivores that prey on other insects or animals. Some insects, like butterflies and bees, consume nectar from flowers, while others, such as mosquitoes and ticks, feed on the blood of their hosts.</p>



<h4 id="h-economic-and-ecological-importance">Economic and ecological importance</h4>



<p>Insects have significant ecological and economic impacts. They are essential for pollination of many plants, including agricultural crops, and they help recycle nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter. Insects also serve as a vital food source for numerous other species. However, some insects are pests, causing damage to crops, transmitting diseases, and invading homes.</p>



<h4 id="h-conservation">Conservation</h4>



<p>Many insect populations are declining due to factors such as habitat loss, pesticide use, and climate change. It is crucial to protect insect biodiversity, as they play a vital role in maintaining healthy ecosystems and providing essential services to humans.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Why do so few insect species live in the ocean? Scientists think they know

Scientists from Tokyo Metropolitan University have recently proposed an intriguing...

<p>The American <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-way-transmission-of-coronavirus-confirmed-between-humans-and-minks/">mink</a> is an invasive species in Europe that was first introduced from North America during the 1920s for fur farming. Soon after their introduction, individual minks escaped from fur farms due to poor housing facilities or deliberate releases by activists and started to spread throughout Europe, with many mink populations becoming established in the wild.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Currently, scientists worry that this invasive species may threaten European native species and biodiversity, while also facilitating the circulation of various infectious diseases, including mink-related strains of Covid-19.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Now, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.uclm.es/?sc_lang=en">University of Castilla-La Mancha</a> in Spain has compiled data from 34 databases covering 32 countries to map this species’ distribution across Europe in order to help officials develop reliable risk assessment and risk management policies. </p>



<p>The analysis revealed a progressive spread of the American mink in most European countries, including the Baltic States, France, Germany, Iceland, Poland, Scandinavia, Spain, and the United Kingdom.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although the mink is reported to be absent from some areas, such as parts of Norway, Iceland, and the UK, and data is still deficient for countries in south-eastern Europe, the findings suggest that, over the past 15 years, the species has continued to spread across Europe, and can be currently found across most of the continent.</p>



<p>“The study underscores the urgent need for effective control strategies and continued monitoring of American mink populations across Europe to prevent further harm to biodiversity and potential transmission of zoonotic diseases,” said senior author Joaquin Vicente, an expert in the health and population monitoring of wildlife at the University of Castilla-La Mancha. </p>



<p>“The research findings will be valuable to policymakers, conservationists, and other stakeholders working to protect European ecosystems and public health.”</p>



<p>The authors conclude that population monitoring of the American mink in Europe requires a coordinated effort, which should be particularly intensified in regions currently lacking data, such as southeastern Europe. The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mam.12315"><em>Mammal Review</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-invasive-species">More about invasive species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Invasive species refer to non-native species that are introduced to a new environment and have a negative impact on the native species and the ecosystem. Invasive species can be plants, animals, or microorganisms, and they can cause significant economic, environmental, and social problems.</p>



<p>The introduction of invasive species often happens through human activities such as trade, transportation, and travel. Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources such as food, water, and habitat, leading to the decline or even extinction of the native species. </p>



<p>They can also alter the physical characteristics of the environment, such as the water chemistry or the soil composition, which can further impact the native species and ecosystem.</p>



<p>In addition to their impact on the environment, invasive species can also have economic consequences. They can reduce crop yields, damage infrastructure, and increase management costs, among other effects. Invasive species can also have social impacts, such as reduced recreational opportunities and reduced quality of life.</p>



<p>Efforts to control or eradicate invasive species can be challenging and expensive. Prevention through measures such as education, regulation, and early detection is often the most effective approach. </p>



<p>Once established, control measures may include physical, chemical, or biological methods, such as manual removal, herbicides, or biological control agents. However, it is important to consider the potential unintended consequences of these methods and to ensure that they are applied in a responsible and sustainable way.</p>



<h2 id="h-some-of-the-most-threatening-invasive-species">Some of the most threatening invasive species</h2>



<p>There are many invasive species that are considered to be highly threatening due to their ability to rapidly spread and negatively impact the environment, economy, and/or human health. Here are a few examples:</p>



<h3 id="h-burmese-python">Burmese Python</h3>



<p>Native to Southeast Asia, the Burmese Python is an invasive species in Florida, where it has become established and has had a significant impact on native wildlife populations.</p>



<h3 id="h-zebra-mussel">Zebra Mussel&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Native to Europe and Asia, the Zebra Mussel has invaded waterways throughout North America, where it can damage water treatment facilities, clog pipes, and outcompete native species.</p>



<h3 id="h-asian-carp">Asian Carp</h3>



<p>Originally from China, the Asian Carp has invaded many waterways in North America, where it poses a threat to the food web by outcompeting native fish and disrupting ecosystems.</p>



<h3 id="h-emerald-ash-borer">Emerald Ash Borer</h3>



<p>This invasive beetle is responsible for killing millions of ash trees in North America, resulting in significant economic and ecological impacts.</p>



<h3 id="h-giant-hogweed">Giant Hogweed</h3>



<p>Originally from Asia, this invasive plant can grow up to 15 feet tall and produce a toxic sap that can cause severe burns and blisters on human skin.</p>



<p>These are just a few examples of the many invasive species that can pose a threat to the environment, economy, and/or human health. It is important to be aware of invasive species in your area and take steps to prevent their spread.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Invasive American mink has spread throughout Europe

The American mink is an invasive species in Europe that...

<p>A team of researchers led by the <a href="https://illinois.edu/">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> has recently designed a virtual eight-week moderate-intensity <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yoga-together-with-regular-exercise-improves-heart-health/">yoga</a> program dedicated specifically to full-time working adults experiencing symptoms of stress. In the trial, the experts enrolled 86 low-active, full-time working adults to participate in three self-paced remote yoga workouts each week, and assessed their anxiety and stress levels, as well as their cognitive health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed significant decreases in stress and anxiety and improved working memory, suggesting that yoga can effectively contribute to physical and mental well-being. The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-022-00385-4"><em>Journal of Behavioral Medicine.</em></a></p>



<p>“There is some literature that has directly compared yoga to aerobic exercise, and we’ve known for quite a long time that aerobic exercise has benefits for the brain,” said study senior author Sean Mullen, an associate professor in the <a href="https://ahs.illinois.edu/kch-home">Department of Kinesiology &amp; Community Health</a> at Illinois. “Our research investigates complex movements - not just riding a bicycle or walking in a straight line, but multi-planar movements that require navigating one’s space a little differently and being conscious of movement, technique, and breathing.”</p>



<p>For instance, participants were guided through self-paced instructional videos in learning a well-known yoga exercise called <em>Surya Namaskar </em>(Sun Salutation), consisting in a progression of poses emulating the rising and setting of the sun, in order to assess if learning such new chains of yoga sequences could improve working memory in a similar way as learning a new dance.</p>



<p>“Having to move through multiple active postures, as opposed to static holds, should theoretically improve attentional abilities or inhibition control. Going through the flow could potentially improve spatial memory,” Mullen explained.</p>



<p>While the analysis revealed significant reductions in stress and anxiety and an increase in working memory, further research is needed to clarify how yoga may impact other elements of cognitive functioning.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The reductions in anxiety and improvements in short-term working memory suggest that it is possible to practice moderate-intensity yoga at home and still reap the benefits of reducing stress and anxiety without compromising safety,” Mullen said.</p>



<p>According to Mullen, participants’ overwhelmingly positive response was another encouraging outcome of the trial. “When participants are willing to recommend the program to friends and family, that’s great. To me, that suggests we were successful and that everyone involved had a good time.”</p>



<p>The scientists plan to continue their investigation of mind-body interventions and promote adherence to exercise by developing new technologies to gamify cognitively challenging activities such as yoga, kickboxing, or martial arts, while testing their neurological effects in increasingly larger cohorts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-health-benefits-of-yoga">More about the health benefits of yoga</h2>



<p>Yoga has been practiced for thousands of years and is known for its numerous physical, mental, and emotional health benefits. Some of these benefits include:</p>



<h3 id="h-improved-flexibility">Improved flexibility</h3>



<p>Practicing yoga regularly can help increase flexibility by stretching and lengthening muscles, which can also help to prevent injury.</p>



<h3 id="h-increased-muscle-strength">Increased muscle strength&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Yoga poses require you to use your muscles to support your body weight, which can help to build strength and tone muscles.</p>



<h3 id="h-improved-balance">Improved balance</h3>



<p>Many yoga poses require balance, which can help to improve overall stability and body coordination.</p>



<h3 id="h-better-posture">Better posture</h3>



<p>Yoga encourages proper alignment of the spine and strengthens the muscles that support good posture.</p>



<h3 id="h-enhanced-respiratory-function">Enhanced respiratory function</h3>



<p>The breathing techniques used in yoga can help to improve lung capacity, oxygen intake, and overall respiratory function.</p>



<h3 id="h-stress-reduction">Stress reduction</h3>



<p>Yoga's focus on mindfulness, deep breathing, and relaxation can help to reduce stress and anxiety.</p>



<h3 id="h-improved-mental-clarity">Improved mental clarity</h3>



<p>Practicing yoga regularly can help to increase concentration, memory, and cognitive function.</p>



<h3 id="h-enhanced-emotional-well-being">Enhanced emotional well-being</h3>



<p>Yoga can help to promote self-awareness, self-acceptance, and a sense of inner peace.</p>



<h3 id="h-increased-body-awareness">Increased body awareness</h3>



<p>Yoga helps you become more aware of your body and its movements, which can lead to improved body confidence and overall self-image.</p>



<h3 id="h-pain-management">Pain management</h3>



<p>Yoga has been shown to help alleviate chronic pain, such as lower back pain, arthritis, and headaches.</p>



<h3 id="h-improved-sleep-quality">Improved sleep quality</h3>



<p>The relaxation techniques and stress reduction associated with yoga can help to improve sleep quality.</p>



<h3 id="h-boosted-immune-system">Boosted immune system</h3>



<p>Yoga has been shown to help reduce inflammation and support immune function.</p>



<h3 id="h-enhanced-cardiovascular-health">Enhanced cardiovascular health</h3>



<p>Yoga can help to improve circulation, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of heart disease.</p>



<p>It's important to note that individual experiences with yoga may vary, and some of the health benefits may be more pronounced for some people than others. As with any exercise routine, it's essential to listen to your body, practice within your limits, and consult with a healthcare professional if you have any health concerns.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-history-of-yoga">More about the history of yoga</h2>



<p>Yoga has a rich and diverse history that dates back thousands of years. While the exact origins of yoga are debated among scholars, it is widely believed to have originated in ancient India around 5,000 years ago.</p>



<h3 id="h-pre-classical-yoga">Pre-classical Yoga</h3>



<p>The earliest references to yoga can be found in the Rigveda, one of the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, dating back to around 1500-1000 BCE. During this time, yoga was primarily a set of spiritual practices aimed at cultivating inner awareness and self-realization. Early practices of yoga were passed down orally from teacher to student and were later documented in texts like the Upanishads and the Bhagavad Gita.</p>



<h3 id="h-classical-yoga">Classical Yoga</h3>



<p>Around 400 CE, the Indian sage Patanjali compiled the Yoga Sutras, a collection of 196 aphorisms that systematized the philosophy and practice of yoga. Patanjali's Yoga Sutras outline the Eight Limbs of Yoga (Ashtanga), which include ethical principles, physical postures, breath control, concentration, and meditation, ultimately leading to self-realization and spiritual liberation. This period is known as the classical period of yoga.</p>



<h3 id="h-post-classical-yoga">Post-classical Yoga</h3>



<p>After Patanjali, yoga continued to evolve and adapt to various cultural and philosophical influences. During this period, Tantra Yoga emerged, focusing on techniques to cleanse and balance the body's energy centers (chakras) and awaken the dormant spiritual energy (kundalini). Hatha Yoga, which emphasizes physical postures (asanas), breathing techniques (pranayama), and meditation, also emerged during this time and laid the foundation for modern yoga.</p>



<h3 id="h-modern-yoga">Modern Yoga</h3>



<p>Yoga began to spread to the West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, largely due to the influence of Indian gurus like Swami Vivekananda and Paramahansa Yogananda. In the 20th century, yoga masters like T. Krishnamacharya, B.K.S. Iyengar, K. Pattabhi Jois, and Swami Sivananda further popularized and expanded upon yoga practices, creating their own styles and lineages.</p>



<p>Today, yoga is practiced worldwide, with various styles and approaches that combine elements of traditional yoga with contemporary fitness and wellness trends. Some popular styles of yoga include Hatha, Vinyasa, Ashtanga, Iyengar, Kundalini, and Yin, among many others. Yoga continues to evolve and adapt to the needs and interests of practitioners, while its core principles of self-realization, mindfulness, and inner peace remain constant.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Yoga can reduce stress and improve brain health

A team of researchers led by the University of Illinois...

<p>As cities gobble up increasingly more natural spaces, a variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-birds-lay-larger-eggs/">birds</a> have adapted to live alongside traffic, noise, skyscrapers, and large numbers of humans. In order to help cities strengthen biodiversity through better urban planning, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA) has recently identified the most important traits that help birds adapt to urban living.</p>



<p>“Identifying traits that help wildlife adapt or even thrive in cities can help urban planners bolster biodiversity by, for example, increasing green spaces, planting more and taller trees, building more varied potential habitats, or reducing housing density,” explained study lead author Monte Neate-Clegg, a postdoctoral fellow in Ornithology at UCLA. “It can also help conservation biologists to identify which types of species are most threatened by urbanization.”</p>



<p>The researchers used data on over 125 million individual bird sightings from the public science project <a href="https://ebird.org/home">eBird</a> to calculate an “urban association index” - which describes how closely each bird species is associated with living in cities – and applied it to 3,768 bird species in 137 cities across six continents.</p>



<p>“Many of the most common urban birds globally are very familiar to us here in the U.S., including the house sparrow, barn swallow, osprey, and peregrine falcon,” said senior author Morgan Tingley, an associate professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at UCLA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Although, interestingly, the species with the strongest associations with urban areas are actually three species of parakeet and a tanager from South America. Plus, of course, the feral pigeon.” Moreover, bird families with high average scores on the index included starlings, swallows, swifts, parrots, blackbirds, and orioles.</p>



<p>The birds with the highest urban associated index shared a variety of traits that allow them to thrive in urban settings, including smaller body size, lower territoriality, greater ability to fly over long distances – a trait known as “dispersal ability” – broader dietary preferences and habitat niches, and larger clutch sizes. Such traits make it easier for birds to find food and suitable nesting places in cities, while raising offspring that survive.</p>



<p>“In a city like Los Angeles, for example, the American crow is a cosmopolitan species whose broad diet, arboreal nesting habits, and long lifespan favor life in the concrete jungle. In contrast, canyon wrens are highly territorial insectivores with low dispersal ability that shun cities and keep to steep, rocky terrain,” Neate-Clegg&nbsp;explained.</p>



<p>However, cities’ geographical properties – such as latitude, population sizes, or surrounding terrain – moderated the importance of these traits. For instance, while a broad diet was found to be more important in temperate cities such as New York, habitat generalists were more prevalent in tropical cities such as Bogotá.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, if in cities with small populations and plentiful natural surroundings such as Anchorage, Alaska, large birds like bald eagles - which feed on fish from rivers and lakes - can easily thrive, sprawling, densely populated cities like Bangkok usually feature smaller birds that don’t require much raw land and can adapt to consuming a variety of foods to survive.</p>



<p>“Thus, the importance of trait filters in birds varies predictably across cities, indicating biogeographic variation in selection for urban tolerance that could explain prior challenges in the search for global patterns. A globally informed framework that predicts urban tolerance will be integral to conservation as increasing proportions of the world’s biodiversity are impacted by urbanization,” the authors concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.024"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<h2 id="h-which-birds-are-common-in-cities">Which birds are common in cities?</h2>



<p>The types of birds commonly found in cities can vary depending on the location and habitat of the city. However, here are some of the most common bird species found in urban areas:</p>



<h3 id="h-pigeons">Pigeons</h3>



<p>Pigeons are one of the most common bird species found in cities around the world. They are adaptable and can survive on a diet of seeds and scraps.</p>



<h3 id="h-sparrows">Sparrows</h3>



<p>Sparrows are also common in urban areas, and they are known for their distinctive chirping songs. They can often be found in gardens and parks.</p>



<h3 id="h-starlings">Starlings</h3>



<p>Starlings are a species of bird that have adapted well to urban environments. They are known for their ability to mimic other birds' songs and sounds.</p>



<h3 id="h-seagulls">Seagulls</h3>



<p>Seagulls are a common sight in coastal cities, and they are opportunistic feeders that will eat almost anything.</p>



<h3 id="h-crows-and-ravens">Crows and ravens</h3>



<p>These birds are known for their intelligence and adaptability, and they are often found in urban areas scavenging for food.</p>



<h3 id="h-house-sparrows">House sparrows</h3>



<p>House sparrows are small birds that are found in cities worldwide. They are known for their brown and gray plumage and their habit of nesting in buildings and other man-made structures.</p>



<h3 id="h-canadian-geese">Canadian geese</h3>



<p>Canadian geese are migratory birds that often spend the winter in urban areas. They are known for their distinctive honking calls and their large size.</p>



<p>Overall, many species of birds can be found in urban areas, and the ones listed above are just a few of the most common.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-do-birds-thrive-in-cities">How do birds thrive in cities?</h2>



<p>Birds have adapted to living in urban environments by changing their behavior, habitat use, and diets. Here are some ways in which birds thrive in cities:</p>



<h3 id="h-nesting">Nesting</h3>



<p>Birds build nests in various urban environments, including buildings, trees, and even on the ground. Many birds also use nesting boxes or birdhouses provided by humans.</p>



<h3 id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Urban birds have adapted to eating a wide range of foods, including insects, seeds, fruits, and human food scraps. Some species, such as pigeons and gulls, have become particularly adept at scavenging in urban areas.</p>



<h3 id="h-flight">Flight</h3>



<p>Birds have plenty of space to fly in urban areas, and they use rooftops and other structures as perches and launch sites. Additionally, urban areas often have less wind turbulence, which makes it easier for birds to fly.</p>



<h3 id="h-light">Light</h3>



<p>Urban areas often have a lot of light pollution, which can disrupt some bird species' migratory patterns. However, other species, such as owls and nightjars, have adapted to living in areas with artificial light.</p>



<h3 id="h-temperature">Temperature</h3>



<p>Urban areas can be warmer than rural areas due to the urban heat island effect, which can benefit some bird species. However, this effect can also be harmful if temperatures become too high.</p>



<p>Overall, while living in urban areas can present challenges for birds, many species have adapted to thrive in these environments.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Which traits help birds thrive in urban areas?

As cities gobble up increasingly more natural spaces, a variety...

<p>A re-examination of data from the <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/">Voyager spacecraft</a>, coupled with advanced computer modeling, has led to a groundbreaking discovery by <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/">NASA</a> scientists.&nbsp;They now believe that four of Uranus' largest moons - Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon - likely contain an ocean layer sandwiched between their cores and icy crusts (see image <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/e-pia25500-new-uranus-1041.jpg">here</a>).</p>



<p>This new research is the first to delve into the evolution of the interior makeup and structure of all five major moons of Uranus, including Miranda, and suggests that four of these moons may harbor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atmospheric-dust-plays-surprisingly-crucial-role-in-stabilizing-ocean-ecosystems/">oceans</a> that could be tens of miles deep.</p>



<p>Uranus boasts at least 27 moons in total, with the four largest ranging in size from Ariel, which measures 720 miles (1,160 kilometers) across, to Titania, which spans 980 miles (1,580 kilometers) in diameter. Scientists have long speculated that Titania, due to its larger size, would be more likely to retain internal heat generated by radioactive decay.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The other moons were previously thought to be too small to retain enough heat to prevent an internal ocean from freezing, particularly given that heating caused by the gravitational pull of Uranus is only a minor heat source.</p>



<h2 id="h-studying-uranus-from-afar-before-launching-a-mission">Studying Uranus from afar before launching a mission</h2>



<p>The 2023 Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey conducted by the National Academies prioritized the exploration of Uranus. In anticipation of a potential mission, planetary scientists are concentrating their efforts on studying the ice giant and its mysterious system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The recent study, published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/21562202"><em>Journal of Geophysical Research</em></a>, not only provides insight into how a future mission might explore the moons of Uranus, but also has broader implications for understanding other celestial bodies, according to lead author Julie Castillo-Rogez of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.</p>



<p>“When it comes to small bodies - dwarf planets and moons - planetary scientists previously have found evidence of oceans in several unlikely places, including the dwarf planets Ceres and Pluto, and Saturn’s moon Mimas," said Castillo-Rogez.</p>



<p>“So there are mechanisms at play that we don’t fully understand. This paper investigates what those could be and how they are relevant to the many bodies in the solar system that could be rich in water but have limited internal heat.”</p>



<p>To conduct their research, the scientists revisited data from the 1980s Voyager 2 flybys of Uranus and combined it with findings from ground-based observations. They then developed computer models that incorporated additional discoveries from NASA's Galileo, Cassini, Dawn, and New Horizons missions, each of which unveiled ocean worlds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These models also included insights into the chemistry and geology of Saturn's moon Enceladus, Pluto and its moon Charon, and Ceres - all icy bodies similar in size to the moons of Uranus.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>The research team made use of advanced computer modeling to analyze the porosity of their surfaces. They discovered that the moons' surfaces are likely insulated enough to retain the internal heat necessary for hosting an ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, they identified a potential heat source within the moons' rocky mantles, which release hot liquid and could help maintain a warm environment for an ocean—particularly in Titania and Oberon, where the oceans may even be warm enough to potentially support habitability.</p>



<p>By investigating the composition of the oceans, scientists can also gain insights into the materials that may be present on the moons' icy surfaces, depending on whether substances from the subsurface were pushed up through geological activity.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>Observations from telescopes have revealed evidence that at least one of the moons, Ariel, has material that flowed onto its surface, possibly from icy volcanoes, relatively recently.</p>



<p>Miranda, the innermost and fifth largest moon, also exhibits surface features that appear to be of recent origin, suggesting it may have held enough heat to maintain an ocean at some point. However, recent thermal modeling indicates that Miranda is unlikely to have hosted water for long, as it loses heat too rapidly and is probably frozen now.</p>



<p>Castillo-Rogez explained that internal heat isn't the only factor contributing to a moon's subsurface ocean. The study's key finding reveals that chlorides, along with ammonia, are likely abundant in the oceans of Uranus' largest moons.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Ammonia is known to act as an antifreeze, and the modeling also suggests that salts present in the water would provide an additional antifreeze source, helping to maintain the moons' internal oceans.</p>



<h2 id="h-many-questions-left-unanswered">Many questions left unanswered</h2>



<p>Despite these groundbreaking discoveries, many questions about Uranus' large moons remain. Castillo-Rogez acknowledges the need for further research: “We need to develop new models for different assumptions on the origin of the moons in order to guide planning for future observations.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unraveling the mysteries of these moons will help scientists and engineers select the most suitable instruments for studying them. For instance, knowing that ammonia and chlorides may be present would mean that spectrometers, which identify compounds by their reflected light, would need to use a wavelength range covering both types of compounds.</p>



<p>Furthermore, this knowledge can aid in designing instruments capable of probing the deep interior for liquid. Generally, searching for electrical currents contributing to a moon's magnetic field is the best way to detect a deep ocean, as demonstrated by the Galileo mission scientists at Jupiter's moon Europa.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the cold water in the interior oceans of moons like Ariel and Umbriel could hinder the oceans' ability to carry these electrical currents, presenting a new challenge for scientists working to uncover what lies beneath the surface of these enigmatic celestial bodies.</p>



<p>The integration of this wealth of data has allowed scientists to deepen our understanding of the moons of Uranus and the potential for water-rich bodies throughout our solar system.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-uranus">More about Uranus</h2>



<p>Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun and the third largest in our solar system, with a diameter of about 31,518 miles (50,724 kilometers). It is an ice giant, like Neptune, and consists primarily of hydrogen and helium along with various ices such as water, ammonia, and methane.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It has a unique pale blue-green color due to the presence of methane in its atmosphere, which absorbs red light and reflects the blue-green hues. Uranus also has a distinct feature: its axis is tilted at an extreme angle of 98 degrees relative to its orbit, causing the planet to essentially rotate on its side.</p>



<p>Uranus has a ring system composed of 13 faint rings that are predominantly made up of dust and small chunks of rock. It also has a complex system of at least 27 known moons, named after characters from the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The five largest moons are Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon, each displaying distinct geological features and characteristics.</p>



<h3 id="h-miranda">Miranda</h3>



<p>The innermost and smallest of the five main moons, Miranda has a diameter of about 290 miles (466 kilometers) and features a bizarre landscape with giant canyons, ridges, and icy cliffs. Some theories suggest that the moon might have experienced a massive impact or tectonic activity in the past.</p>



<h3 id="h-ariel">Ariel</h3>



<p>With a diameter of approximately 720 miles (1,160 kilometers), Ariel is the fourth largest moon of Uranus. It has a relatively smooth surface with some large impact craters and a network of fault valleys and ridges, indicating signs of past geological activity.</p>



<h3 id="h-umbriel">Umbriel</h3>



<p>Umbriel is the third largest moon, with a diameter of around 727 miles (1,169 kilometers). It has a dark and heavily cratered surface, indicating that it has been relatively inactive geologically.</p>



<h3 id="h-titania">Titania</h3>



<p>The largest moon of Uranus, Titania has a diameter of approximately 980 miles (1,580 kilometers). Its surface features deep canyons, vast plains, and large impact craters, suggesting a mix of geological processes.</p>



<h3 id="h-oberon">Oberon</h3>



<p>With a diameter of about 945 miles (1,520 kilometers), Oberon is the second largest moon of Uranus. It has a heavily cratered surface with some large impact basins and mountainous terrain.</p>



<p>Recent studies have revealed that four of these major moons—Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon—likely contain subsurface oceans between their cores and icy crusts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery has sparked interest in understanding their potential habitability and the mechanisms that allow them to maintain liquid water beneath their surfaces.</p>



<p>While there is still much to learn about Uranus and its moons, these celestial bodies provide a fascinating glimpse into the diverse range of planetary systems and environments that exist within our solar system.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

NASA: Four Uranus moons may have oceans that are miles deep

A re-examination of data from the Voyager spacecraft, coupled with...

<p><a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/meteors-and-meteorites/eta-aquarids/in-depth/">Eta Aquarids</a> is a dazzling meteor shower with an intriguing history that calls for all skywatchers to look up this weekend and witness a celestial spectacle.</p>



<p>The Eta Aquarids create a marvelous cosmic show that lights up the night every year in early May, treating us to a breathtaking display of meteors streaking across the sky. The meteor shower will peak this weekend on May 6, so grab your friends, family and let's dive into the dazzling world of the Eta Aquarids meteor shower.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-intriguing-history-and-origins-of-the-eta-aquarids">The intriguing history and origins of the Eta Aquarids</h2>



<p>The Eta Aquarids meteor shower, as the name suggests, is associated with the constellation Aquarius. It gets its name from Eta Aquarii, one of the brighter stars in the Aquarius constellation. However, the actual source of the meteor shower is a bit more famous than the star it's named after: none other than the legendary <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/comets/1p-halley/in-depth/">Halley's Comet</a>.</p>



<p>Yep, you read that right. The Eta Aquarids are actually debris left behind by Halley's Comet as it makes its way around the sun. And if that's not cool enough, Halley's Comet is also responsible for another meteor shower, the Orionids, which occurs around October. Talk about a multitasking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-comet-ever-spotted-is-hurtling-toward-earth/">comet</a>!</p>



<p>The Eta Aquarids meteor shower has been observed and recorded for over a thousand years, with some of the earliest documented sightings dating back to the 7th and 8th centuries in China. The shower was later observed by European astronomers in the late 19th century, and since then, it has become an annual event eagerly anticipated by skywatchers worldwide.</p>



<h2 id="h-when-and-where-to-watch">When and Where to Watch</h2>



<p>The Eta Aquarids shower typically occurs between April 19th and May 28th, but the peak of the shower usually falls around May 4th to 6th. During the peak, you can expect to see around 30 meteors per hour if you're blessed with clear skies and minimal light pollution. And don't worry if you can't catch the peak; the days leading up to and following the peak can still offer a worthwhile display of celestial fireworks.</p>



<p>The Eta Aquarids are best viewed from the Southern Hemisphere and the tropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere, where the radiant - the point in the sky from which the meteors appear to emanate - is highest in the sky. However, even if you're located further north, you can still catch a glimpse of the action, albeit with fewer meteors per hour.</p>



<p>To maximize your chances of witnessing this cosmic spectacle, find a dark spot away from city lights, and let your eyes adjust to the darkness for about 20 minutes. Then, look toward the eastern horizon, where the constellation Aquarius will be rising. You don't need a telescope or binoculars to enjoy the show, but they can be fun to use if you want to explore the night sky in greater detail.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-diverse-perspectives-of-skywatchers">The Diverse Perspectives of Skywatchers</h2>



<p>The beauty of the Eta Aquarids meteor shower is that it brings together a diverse group of people who share a common love for the night sky. From seasoned astronomers to casual stargazers, everyone can appreciate the celestial display put on by these meteors.</p>



<p>For scientists, the Eta Aquarids provide valuable data on the composition of Halley's Comet and the dynamics of meteor showers. Amateur astronomers and astrophotographers, on the other hand, find joy in capturing stunning images of the event and sharing their passion with others.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Families and friends often use the meteor shower as an opportunity to bond over a shared experience, while others find solace in the quiet moments of reflection that come from gazing at the stars.</p>



<p>One of the most fascinating aspects of the Eta Aquarids is how the shower is perceived and celebrated by different cultures around the world.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In some places, the meteor shower is seen as a sign of good fortune, while in others, it is believed to be the tears of a deity or a symbol of transformation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These diverse interpretations add a layer of depth and intrigue to the event, making it an even more enriching experience for all who take the time to look up at the night sky.</p>



<h2 id="h-tips-for-a-memorable-meteor-shower-experience">Tips for a Memorable Meteor Shower Experience</h2>



<h3 id="h-to-make-the-most-of-your-eta-aquarids-experience-consider-the-following-tips">To make the most of your Eta Aquarids experience, consider the following tips:</h3>



<h4 id="h-plan-ahead">Plan ahead</h4>



<p>Keep an eye on the weather forecast, and choose a night with clear skies. Also, try to find a location that is far away from city lights to minimize light pollution.</p>



<h4 id="h-dress-warmly">Dress warmly</h4>



<p>Spending a night under the stars can get chilly, so dress in layers, and don't forget a blanket or a comfortable chair.</p>



<h4 id="h-be-patient">Be patient</h4>



<p>It may take some time for your eyes to adjust to the darkness, and the meteors may not appear right away. Give yourself plenty of time to enjoy the experience.</p>



<h4 id="h-bring-company">Bring company</h4>



<p>Watching a meteor shower is a fantastic experience to share with loved ones. Invite friends and family to join you, and make it a memorable night for everyone.</p>



<h4 id="h-capture-the-moment">Capture the moment</h4>



<p>If you're into photography, try your hand at capturing the beauty of the meteor shower. Experiment with different settings on your camera, and don't forget a tripod for those long exposures.</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



<p>The Eta Aquarids meteor shower is a celestial event that has captured the imaginations of people from all walks of life for centuries. It's an opportunity to marvel at the wonders of the universe and to share a magical experience with those around you.&nbsp;</p>



<p>So, whether you're a seasoned astronomer, a casual skywatcher, or simply someone who appreciates the beauty of nature, the Eta Aquarids offer a dazzling display that's well worth staying up for. Happy stargazing!</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-halley-s-comet">More about Halley’s Comet</h2>



<p>Halley's Comet, officially designated as 1P/Halley, is arguably the most famous and well-known comet in human history. Named after the English astronomer Edmond Halley, who first determined its periodic nature, this cosmic celebrity has been fascinating scientists and skywatchers alike for centuries. So, let's delve into the fascinating world of Halley's Comet and uncover its secrets.</p>



<h3 id="h-a-brief-history-and-cultural-significance">A Brief History and Cultural Significance</h3>



<p>Halley's Comet has been documented in historical records for over two millennia, with some of the earliest observations dating back to 240 BCE in ancient China. Throughout history, the comet has been considered both an omen of doom and a harbinger of change. For example, it is famously depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, where it is associated with the Norman conquest of England in 1066.</p>



<h3 id="h-edmond-halley-and-the-comet-s-periodicity">Edmond Halley and the Comet's Periodicity</h3>



<p>Halley's Comet owes its name to the 18th-century astronomer Edmond Halley, who, after examining historical records, concluded that the same comet was making an appearance roughly every 76 years. He predicted that it would return in 1758, and although he did not live to see his prediction come true, the comet's timely return cemented both his legacy and the comet's place in the annals of scientific history.</p>



<h3 id="h-orbital-characteristics-and-composition">Orbital Characteristics and Composition</h3>



<p>Halley's Comet is a short-period comet, meaning that it orbits the Sun in a relatively short time compared to other comets. Its elliptical orbit takes it as close as 0.59 astronomical units (AU) to the Sun (roughly between the orbits of Mercury and Venus) and as far away as 35 AU, which is beyond Neptune's orbit. The comet takes approximately 75-76 years to complete one orbit.</p>



<p>The nucleus of Halley's Comet is an irregularly-shaped, potato-like object measuring about 15 x 8 x 8 kilometers (9.3 x 5 x 5 miles). It is composed primarily of water ice, with traces of other volatile compounds such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and methane. The comet also contains a significant amount of dust and rocky material.</p>



<p>As Halley's Comet approaches the Sun, solar radiation causes the ice on its surface to evaporate, creating a glowing coma (an envelope of gas and dust) around the nucleus. Solar radiation and the solar wind also cause the formation of two tails: a dust tail and an ion tail. The tails always point away from the Sun due to the solar radiation pressure and the interaction with the solar wind.</p>



<h3 id="h-visits-and-space-missions">Visits and Space Missions</h3>



<p>Halley's Comet last passed closest to Earth in 1986, and its next visit is predicted to occur in 2061. The 1986 apparition was particularly significant because it marked the first time spacecraft had been sent to study a comet up close. The European Space Agency's Giotto probe was the most successful of these missions, returning valuable data and high-resolution images of the comet's nucleus.</p>



<h3 id="h-in-summary">In Summary</h3>



<p>Halley's Comet is a captivating celestial object that has inspired awe and wonder in people throughout history. Its periodic visits have shaped the course of human events and spurred scientific inquiry. As we eagerly await its return in 2061, we can continue to learn from its past appearances and the data collected from its encounters with our spacecraft.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

The Eta Aquarids meteor shower peaks this weekend

Eta Aquarids is a dazzling meteor shower with an intriguing...

Romantic,Venetian,Canals,-,Artwork,In,Painting,Style

<p>Art has long been considered a powerful source of emotional and psychological impact on our lives. But in the digital age, with access to art no longer restricted to physical spaces like museums, can virtual experiences of art have a similar effect on our mood and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-spaces-in-childhood-improve-well-being-later-in-life/">well-being</a>?</p>



<p>A team of international researchers from the University of Vienna, the <a href="https://www.mpi.nl/">Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</a>, and the <a href="https://www.aesthetics.mpg.de/en.html">Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics</a> (MPIEA) sought to explore this question.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their study, funded by the EU Horizon ART*IS Project, has recently been published as an open access article in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2023.107764"><em>Computers in Human Behavior</em></a>.</p>



<p>For the investigation, 240 participants were asked to view an interactive Monet Water Lily art exhibition provided by Google Arts and Culture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By responding to a questionnaire, participants reported on various aspects of their experience, including their state of mind, the pleasure they felt when viewing the paintings, and how meaningful they found the experience to be.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The results indicated that even just a few minutes of virtual art viewing led to significant improvements in participants' mood and anxiety levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Study first author MacKenzie Trupp highlights the potential of digital art as a well-being tool, stating that “online art viewing is an untapped source of support for well-being that can be consumed as bite-sized bits of meaning-making and pleasure.”</p>



<p>In addition to the general benefits of viewing virtual art, the researchers also discovered that some participants were more receptive to art than others and, as a result, experienced greater benefits. This advantage was predicted using a metric called "aesthetic responsiveness." </p>



<p>Edward A. Vessel of MPIEA, who developed the Aesthetic Responsiveness Assessment (AReA), explains that "aesthetic responsiveness describes how people react to diverse aesthetic stimuli, like art and nature. The results showed that individuals with high levels of art and aesthetic responsiveness benefit more from online art viewing due to having more pleasurable and meaningful art experiences."</p>



<p>This research holds significant implications for those who may be unable to visit museums or art galleries in person, such as individuals with health issues.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the findings suggest that designers of interactive art exhibitions and similar online experiences should take into account individual differences in aesthetic responsiveness in order to maximize the potential benefits for users.</p>



<p>By shedding light on the benefits and limitations of experiencing art through digital media, this study paves the way for further exploration of how online art can contribute to enhancing well-being and overall quality of life.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-art-as-therapy">More about art as therapy</h2>



<p>Art as therapy, also known as art therapy or expressive arts therapy, is a form of psychotherapy that utilizes the creative process of making and experiencing art to improve a person's mental, emotional, and physical well-being.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Art therapy has been used to treat a wide range of issues, including stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, and grief, as well as to foster personal growth and self-awareness. The therapeutic benefits of art can be observed in several key areas:</p>



<h3 id="h-emotional-expression-and-catharsis">Emotional expression and catharsis</h3>



<p>Engaging in artistic activities allows individuals to express their feelings and emotions, even those that may be difficult to articulate verbally. This emotional release can lead to a sense of relief, improved mood, and a better understanding of one's emotional state.</p>



<h3 id="h-stress-reduction-and-relaxation">Stress reduction and relaxation</h3>



<p>The process of creating art can be meditative and calming, helping to reduce stress and promote relaxation. The act of focusing on a creative task can help shift attention away from stressors and alleviate tension.</p>



<h3 id="h-self-awareness-and-self-discovery">Self-awareness and self-discovery</h3>



<p>Art therapy can help individuals explore and understand their inner thoughts, feelings, and experiences. By creating visual representations of their emotions, people can gain insight into their personal challenges, patterns, and coping mechanisms.</p>



<h3 id="h-communication-and-social-skills">Communication and social skills</h3>



<p>Art therapy can facilitate communication between individuals and their therapists, as well as among group therapy participants. By sharing their artwork and discussing the meaning behind it, people can improve their ability to express themselves and connect with others.</p>



<h3 id="h-cognitive-abilities-and-problem-solving">Cognitive abilities and problem-solving</h3>



<p>Engaging in creative activities can stimulate the brain and improve cognitive functions, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. Art therapy can also help individuals develop new perspectives on their issues and explore alternative solutions.</p>



<h3 id="h-sense-of-accomplishment-and-self-esteem">Sense of accomplishment and self-esteem</h3>



<p>Creating art can provide individuals with a sense of achievement, which in turn can boost self-esteem and self-confidence. This can be particularly helpful for those struggling with feelings of worthlessness or low self-worth.</p>



<h3 id="h-distraction-and-enjoyment">Distraction and enjoyment</h3>



<p>Art therapy can provide a healthy and enjoyable distraction from life's challenges, promoting positive emotions and experiences. This can help individuals develop resilience and coping skills to better manage stress and difficult emotions.</p>



<p>It is important to note that art therapy can be beneficial for people of all ages and backgrounds, and no artistic talent or experience is required to participate. The focus of art therapy is on the process of creating and the personal meaning derived from the artwork, rather than the artistic merit of the finished piece. </p>



<p>By utilizing art as a tool for healing, self-expression, and personal growth, individuals can experience a wide range of therapeutic benefits and improve their overall well-being.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Virtual art has a highly positive impact on mood and mental health

Art has long been considered a powerful source of emotional...

<p>After more than three years of battling the devastating Covid-19 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-world-is-still-unprepared-for-the-next-pandemic/">pandemic</a>, which has claimed millions of lives and drastically altered daily life around the world, the <a href="https://www.who.int/">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) announced on Friday that it was ending the emergency it had declared for the disease.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In a momentous step towards recovery and a new normal, WHO Director General Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus declared, "With great hope, I declare Covid-19 over as a global health emergency."</p>



<p>The decision to end the emergency status, known officially as a "public health emergency of international concern," marks a turning point in humanity's evolving relationship with the novel coronavirus.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In practical terms, however, this decision does not lead to any major changes, as numerous countries have already lifted their states of emergency for Covid and removed most public health restrictions designed to control the virus. The United States, for example, is set to end its Covid emergency on May 11. Despite this, the virus will continue to maintain its pandemic status according to the WHO, much like HIV.</p>



<p>Dr. K. Srinath Reddy, who headed India's Public Health Foundation during the pandemic, told the NY Times that the decision to lift the emergency was appropriate, given the high levels of immunity to Covid worldwide, resulting from vaccination, infection, or both.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Reddy emphasized that Covid-19 "no longer possesses the same level of danger" and has reached "a level of equilibrium, a certain type of coexistence with the human host."</p>



<p>Furthermore, Dr. Reddy expressed that the end of the emergency status should be regarded as a moment of human accomplishment and a "celebration of science."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It's important to recognize that what made the virus change its character is not only evolutionary biology, but also the fact that we have induced it to actually become less virulent, by vaccination, by masks, by a number of public health measures."</p>



<p>As of May 3, the WHO has reported 765,222,932 confirmed cases of Covid-19 and 6,921,614 deaths globally. However, these numbers are considered to be a significant undercount of the true extent of the pandemic's impact. Independent researchers have estimated that the actual death toll from the virus could be much higher.</p>



<p>A year after the World Health Organization (WHO) revealed that 15 million more people had died in the first two years of the Covid-19 pandemic than would have in normal times, the global health body has officially ended the emergency it had declared for the disease.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This figure demonstrates the extent to which countries had undercounted victims, with developing nations suffering the most. By the end of 2021, nearly eight million more people than expected had died in lower-middle-income nations.</p>



<p>Despite the official declaration, Covid-19 continues to spread. Between April 3 and 30, the WHO recorded 2.8 million new cases worldwide and more than 17,000 deaths. With many countries having reduced Covid testing, these figures likely represent a significant undercount.</p>



<p>Dr. Githinji Gitahi, Executive Director of <a href="https://amref.org/">Amref Health Africa</a>, stated that it was time to lift the emergency. “The danger of keeping it forever is diluting the tool - you need it to retain its force.” The declaration did help mobilize resources for Africa, but did little to counter the grim reality of what he called "vaccine injustice."&nbsp;</p>



<p>Amref continues to support vaccination efforts in 35 African countries, with continent-wide coverage now at 52%.</p>



<p>Dr. Gitahi also highlighted a positive outcome of the pandemic: unprecedented cooperation among African countries, including the creation of an African Union task force to coordinate vaccine procurement.</p>



<p>On May 3, the WHO issued an updated Covid management plan to guide countries in transitioning from emergency response to long-term Covid prevention and control over the next two years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Speaking at a meeting of WHO experts in Geneva on Thursday, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus reported that for the past 10 weeks, the number of weekly reported Covid deaths had been the lowest since March 2020. As a result, life has returned to normal in most countries, and health systems are rebuilding.</p>



<p>However, Dr. Ghebreyesus cautioned that critical uncertainties about the virus's evolution persist, complicating predictions of future transmission dynamics or seasonality.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Surveillance and genetic sequencing have declined significantly around the world, making it more difficult to track known variants and detect new ones," said Dr. Ghebreyesus. Moreover, global access to lifesaving Covid treatments remains highly unequal.</p>



<p>Dr. Margareth Dalcolmo warned that the lifting of the global emergency should not be viewed as a milestone, but as an alert. She urged the world to "take this as a time to start being prepared for the next pandemic" and noted that respiratory viruses are expected to increase.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-covid-19-pandemic">More about the Covid-19 pandemic</h2>



<p>The Covid-19 pandemic, caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread across the globe, affecting virtually every country. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets produced when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes. It can also spread by touching surfaces contaminated with the virus and then touching the face.</p>



<p>Symptoms of Covid-19 can range from mild to severe, with some individuals remaining asymptomatic. Common symptoms include fever, cough, shortness of breath, fatigue, body aches, and loss of taste or smell. In severe cases, the disease can lead to pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, organ failure, and death, particularly in older adults and those with underlying health conditions.</p>



<p>In response to the pandemic, countries around the world implemented various measures to control the spread of the virus, such as social distancing, face mask mandates, travel restrictions, and lockdowns. These measures had significant social, economic, and mental health impacts.</p>



<p>Scientists and researchers worked tirelessly to develop vaccines to combat the virus. Several Covid-19 vaccines, including those developed by Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca, and Johnson &amp; Johnson, have been authorized for emergency use and have been widely distributed. Vaccination campaigns have helped reduce transmission rates, hospitalizations, and deaths in many countries.</p>



<p>Throughout the pandemic, the virus has mutated, leading to the emergence of new variants. Some of these variants, such as the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta strains, have shown increased transmissibility or the ability to partially evade immunity from prior infection or vaccination. This has posed challenges in controlling the pandemic and led to renewed surges in some areas.</p>



<p>The Covid-19 pandemic has underscored the importance of global cooperation in public health, the need for equitable distribution of resources like vaccines, and the value of investing in healthcare infrastructure and preparedness for future pandemics.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

WHO: Covid-19 is no longer a global health emergency

After more than three years of battling the devastating Covid-19...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



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<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



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The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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