<p>A new study led by Henry Häkkinen from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> highlights a critical ecological issue. The researchers predict that naturalized <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-invasive-plant-species-are-in-the-world/">species</a>, those that are not native but have established themselves in new locations, possess the potential to spread even further into suitable habitats globally.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study explores the dynamics of how naturalized species, including plants, birds, and mammals, have managed to extend their reach beyond their native regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-drives-species-invasions">What drives species invasions?</h2>



<p>"Understanding and predicting the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/economic-time-bomb-costs-of-invasive-species-are-greatly-underestimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">introduced species</a> is one of the key conservation and ecological challenges of the 21st century," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"However, we know little about what causes the introduced range of some species to increase rapidly, while other species remain in small, isolated populations years after establishing self-sustaining populations."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"This major gap in our understanding prevents us from understanding how much of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive spread</a> is due to characteristics of the invader or the invaded environment." </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-imminent-threat-of-naturalized-species">Imminent threat of naturalized species</h2>



<p>The researchers said the most imminent threat is posed by the many thousands of species that are naturalized outside their native range and may <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continue to spread</a> much more widely. "However, there is a surprising lack of attention paid to the potential spread of already-naturalized species." </p>



<p>"Without understanding what has affected the spread of these species historically, we can assess neither which species are likely to spread further nor the geographic regions that will be most affected."</p>



<p>Focusing on 833 naturalized plants, birds, and mammals, the researchers have identified the terrestrial areas most susceptible to future colonization by these species. Their findings highlight North America, Eastern Europe, and Australia as particularly vulnerable regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study reveals a significant potential for the further spread of naturalized birds in North America, mammals in Eastern Europe, and plants in both these regions as well as in Australia.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-spread-of-naturalized-species">Potential spread of naturalized species</h2>



<p>"The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unseen-crisis-37000-alien-species-have-been-introduced-by-human-activities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential spread</a> of naturalized species appears greatest in regions that are already heavily invaded, i.e., North America, Australia, and Europe. However, already-naturalized species also threaten areas of the world thought of as less invaded," wrote the study authors.</p>



<p>"In South America and Southern Africa around 200 regionally naturalized plants have the potential to spread widely - a number comparable to that in Australia and China, which have historically borne the brunt of biological invasions."</p>



<p>"Nonetheless, the potential for regionally naturalized species to spread in sub-Saharan Africa and the north of South America is lower than one would expect from the globally high numbers of species naturalized there. This is potentially encouraging given the recent increases in regional trade and transportation infrastructure in these regions that could increasingly facilitate the spread of naturalized species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delay-in-expansion-nbsp">Delay in expansion&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite having ample opportunities to expand, many of these species have not yet colonized all areas with a compatible climate. This delay in expansion suggests that some introduced species may not become problematic immediately but could pose risks after a lag period.</p>



<p>"Nearly all species we studied have yet to expand throughout most of the areas that are climatically suitable for them, within the biogeographic regions where they have naturalized. This is despite substantial time to invade: 25% have been established for over 150 years," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasional-meltdown">Invasional meltdown</h2>



<p>The experts also identified the key factors influencing the spread of naturalized species. They found that a species' introduction history, its dispersal capabilities, and the presence of suitable habitats are more critical in determining its spread than its preferred habitat or interactions with local species. This insight is vital for understanding and predicting the movement of non-native species.</p>



<p>A concerning finding of the study is the concept of "invasional meltdown." This phenomenon occurs when multiple introduced species collectively amplify their impact and ability to establish themselves in a new environment, potentially leading to devastating ecological consequences.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While many of the species that were studied have a minimal impact on their own, their collective effect could be significantly more harmful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-of-naturalized-species">Future implications of naturalized species</h2>



<p>“Species invasions can devastate biodiversity, agriculture, and livelihoods, so it’s worrying that so many naturalized species seem poised to spread further," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"But there is a glimmer of hope that invasions are much more limited than they could be – ecosystems may be holding off invaders better than we expected, and good management could help stem the spread.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002361" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLoS Biology</em></a>.</p>



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Invasive naturalized species will continue to spread globally

A new study led by Henry Häkkinen from the University...

White,Summer,Daisies,Reaching,Towards,Blue,Sky

<p>In a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, the team led by Prof Christian Fankhauser at the <a href="https://www.unil.ch/central/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Lausanne</a> (UNIL), in collaboration with <a href="https://www.epfl.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPFL</a>, has made a significant breakthrough in understanding how plants perceive light. </p>



<p>This study reveals how plants, devoid of visual organs, determine the source of light using the unique optical properties at the air-water interface within their tissues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phototropism-in-plants">Phototropism in plants</h2>



<p>Phototropism, the orientation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-talk-to-plants-using-light-based-messaging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> towards light, is a critical phenomenon for their survival. As Prof Fankhauser explains, "The majority of living organisms (micro-organisms, plants and animals) have the ability to determine the origin of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-why-plants-have-a-burst-of-activity-at-dawn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light source</a>, even in the absence of a sight organ comparable to the eye." </p>



<p>This ability is crucial for plants to optimally position their organs for maximum <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-affects-seasonal-rhythms-of-plants-in-the-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunlight exposure</a>, facilitating efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, the process by which they convert light energy into chemical energy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-light-detection-mechanism">Light detection mechanism</h2>



<p>The key to this discovery was the observation of a mutant variety of <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em>, a model plant species, with a uniquely transparent stem. Prof Fankhauser's team, in conjunction with DrSc. Andreas Schüler and the UNIL's Electron Microscopy Centre, found that the normal, milky appearance of plant stems is due to air-filled channels in their tissues. </p>



<p>In contrast, the mutant plants had these channels filled with water, giving them a translucent appearance. These channels, it turns out, are crucial for establishing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-control-plants-using-nothing-but-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light gradient</a> within the plant, a mechanism previously unknown.</p>



<p>Martina Legris, a postdoctoral fellow in Prof Fankhauser's group, sheds light on the underlying science. She clarifies, “More specifically, air and water have different refractive indices. This leads to light scattering as it passes through the seedling." </p>



<p>This scattering of light, akin to the formation of rainbows, enables the plant to 'read' the light gradient and determine the light source's direction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-phototropism">Broader implications of phototropism</h2>



<p>This fascinating research elucidates a novel mechanism for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-and-temperature-collaborate-to-boost-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light perception</a> in plants, and also provides insights into the formation and functions of air-filled intercellular channels. These channels are known to aid in gas exchange and offer resistance to hypoxia during flooding. </p>



<p>Understanding their development from embryonic stages to adulthood remains an area ripe for exploration. The genetic resources utilized in this study promise to further our understanding of these intricate structures.</p>



<p>In summary, the collaborative efforts of UNIL and EPFL have unveiled a fascinating aspect of plant biology, opening new avenues in our understanding of plant physiology and their interaction with the environment. This study not only enriches our scientific knowledge but also underscores the importance of interdisciplinary research in unraveling the complexities of nature.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9384" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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How plants know where to find the light

In a remarkable fusion of biology and engineering, the team...

Ingredients,For,Mediterranean,Diet

<p>A new study published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202300271" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Molecular Nutrition and Food Research</em></a> highlights the beneficial impact of a Mediterranean diet on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheese-may-contain-nutrients-that-prevent-cognitive-decline/">cognitive health</a> of older adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The extensive research, led by Mireia Urpí-Sardá, explores the biological mechanisms underlying the diet's positive effects on the aging brain.</p>



<p>The study is part of the European "Joint Programming Initiative - A Healthy Diet for a Healthy Life" (<a href="https://www.healthydietforhealthylife.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JPI HDHL</a>) and spans twelve years. The research involved 840 participants over the age of 65, predominantly women, from the Bourdeaux and Dijon regions of France.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dietary-metabolomic-index-nbsp">Dietary metabolomic index&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Within the framework of the study, a dietary metabolomic index has been designed - based on biomarkers obtained from the participants’ serum - on the food groups that form part of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-lifestyle-linked-to-a-30-percent-lower-risk-of-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet. Once this index is known, its association with cognitive impairment is evaluated," explained study co-author Cristina Andrés-Lacueva, a professor at the <a href="https://web.ub.edu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Barcelona</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-and-key-biomarkers">Mediterranean diet and key biomarkers </h2>



<p>Key biomarkers in this study include levels of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, gut microbiota-derived polyphenol metabolites, and other phytochemicals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Some of these indicators have been recognized as marks of exposure to the main food groups of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-in-the-mediterranean-sea-is-an-urgent-issue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet, and may also be responsible for the health benefits of this dietary pattern.</p>



<p>The biomarkers are part of a larger set called the metabolome, which is the complete set of small-molecule chemicals found within a biological sample.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among participants who were not suffering from cognitive decline at the start of the study, the metabolome was analyzed through serum samples.</p>



<p>Over the twelve-year period, cognitive impairment was evaluated using five different neuropsychological tests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results revealed a clear protective link between high scores on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-can-lead-to-longer-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet serum biomarker index and reduced cognitive decline in older individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Significance of the Mediterranean diet</h2>



<p>Mercè Pallàs, a professor at the <a href="http://www.neurociencies.ub.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UB Neurosciences Institute</a> (UBneuro), emphasized the significance of the team's approach.</p>



<p>"The use of dietary pattern indices based on food-intake biomarkers is a step forward towards the use of more accurate and objective dietary assessment methodologies that take into account important factors such as bioavailability," said Pallàs.</p>



<p>"We found that adherence to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-helps-offset-the-health-impacts-of-obesity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet assessed by a panel of dietary biomarkers is inversely associated with long-term cognitive decline in older people," noted study lead author Alba Tor-Roca.</p>



<p>"These results support the use of these indicators in long-term follow-up assessments to observe the health benefits associated with the Mediterranean diet or other dietary patterns and therefore, guide personalized counseling at older ages."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-nbsp">Mediterranean diet&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-reduces-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean</a> diet, inspired by the traditional eating habits of countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, is renowned for its numerous health benefits, particularly in promoting heart health and reducing the risk of chronic diseases. </p>



<p>This diet emphasizes the consumption of plant-based foods, including fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds. Olive oil is a key component, serving as the primary source of added fat, renowned for its heart-healthy properties.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-features-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Key features of the Mediterranean diet</h3>



<p>One of the main features of the Mediterranean diet is its emphasis on fresh, whole foods and minimal processing. Fruits and vegetables are consumed in abundance, providing a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Whole grains, like whole wheat, oats, barley, and brown rice, are preferred over refined grains, offering more fiber and nutrients.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-sources-nbsp">Protein sources&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Protein sources in the Mediterranean diet are primarily plant-based, with legumes such as beans, lentils, and chickpeas playing a significant role.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Fish and seafood are also important, recommended at least twice a week, providing heart-healthy omega-3 fatty acids. Poultry, eggs, cheese, and yogurt are consumed in moderate amounts, while red meats and sweets are limited.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mediterranean-diet-social-aspects">Mediterranean diet social aspects</h3>



<p>Another distinctive aspect of this diet is its social and lifestyle components. Meals are often enjoyed in a communal setting, encouraging slower eating and the enjoyment of food as part of a social experience. Moderate consumption of red wine is also a feature, usually enjoyed with meals.</p>



<p>Overall, the Mediterranean diet is not just about food choices but also about a healthier and more holistic lifestyle, emphasizing plant-based foods, healthy fats, moderate protein from lean sources, and an enjoyable eating experience.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-the-mediterranean-diet">Health benefits of the Mediterranean diet</h2>



<p>The Mediterranean diet offers a multitude of health benefits, making it one of the most recommended eating patterns by health professionals worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-health">Heart health</h3>



<p>At its core, this diet is heart-healthy, significantly reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. The high intake of olive oil, nuts, and fish, which are rich in healthy fats, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, contributes to lower cholesterol levels and improved heart health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-management-nbsp">Weight management&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Moreover, this diet is beneficial for weight management. The emphasis on whole, nutrient-dense foods, along with healthy fats and fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, helps in maintaining a healthy weight and can aid in weight loss.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The high fiber content also contributes to better digestive health and can help prevent constipation and other digestive issues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diabetes">Diabetes</h3>



<p>Another significant advantage of the Mediterranean diet is its role in reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. The diet’s low glycemic index foods help in stabilizing blood sugar levels.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation">Inflammation</h3>



<p>Additionally, its anti-inflammatory properties, primarily due to antioxidants found in fruits and vegetables, olive oil, and nuts, can reduce the risk of chronic diseases linked to inflammation, including certain types of cancer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cognitive-health">Cognitive health</h3>



<p>The diet also has a positive impact on cognitive health. Studies have shown that it may lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, possibly due to the combination of healthy fats and high levels of antioxidants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity">Longevity</h3>



<p>The Mediterranean diet promotes longevity and overall well-being. The combination of nutrient-rich foods, healthy fats, and a lifestyle that emphasizes social eating and moderate physical activity contributes to a longer and healthier life.</p>



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Food for the aging brain: Mediterranean diet protects cognitive health

A new study published in the journal Molecular Nutrition and...

<p>A forest modeling study has revealed important insights into how harvest rotations can be optimized for maximum carbon sequestration, a critical factor in the fight against climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study was led by Catherine Carlisle as a graduate student, alongside Temesgen Hailemariam and Stephen Fitzgerald from the <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU College of Forestry</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights">New insights</h2>



<p>The researchers determined that a site's productivity, reflecting the rate of tree growth and biomass accumulation, is a key determinant in establishing the ideal time period between timber harvests for maximizing above-ground carbon storage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding is particularly relevant for forest managers in the Pacific Northwest, who are looking to balance timber harvesting with carbon sequestration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northwest-forests-nbsp">Northwest forests&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Trees play a vital role in climate change mitigation by absorbing carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. The researchers noted that the carbon stored in the woody biomass of U.S. forests offsets about 13% of the country's greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The forests in the Northwest, covering nearly 25 million acres, are among the most productive globally. Specifically, the Oregon Coast Range forests stand out due to their high biomass and carbon densities, fostered by the region's favorable growing conditions.</p>



<p>“Whether short or long harvest rotations are better for maximizing carbon sequestration has been the subject of considerable debate,” said Carlisle. “Future management decisions will need to strive to meet harvest requirements while also striving to maintain high rates of carbon sequestration.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team used the McDonald-Dunn Research Forest, an 11,000-acre woodland managed by the College of Forestry, as the area for modeling. This forest, home to the Douglas-fir, Oregon's state tree, was chosen due to its varied productivity levels. The study was focused on over 300 stands.</p>



<p>The researchers utilized the Forest Vegetation Simulator, a software suite, to predict vegetation changes in response to different management activities or natural disturbances.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-settling-the-debate">Settling the debate</h2>



<p>“Some forest scientists have argued that multiple but shorter rotations lead to greater sequestration rates because of the accelerated growth rates of younger trees compared to mature or old-growth trees,” said Carlisle, who is now a forest carbon analyst at Finite Carbon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Others say frequent harvesting won’t allow forest carbon to rebound after each subsequent rotation, and thus longer periods between clearcutting are a better choice. And depending on who you ask, thinning will either enhance forest carbon uptake by facilitating growth in residual trees, or hurt it by removing above-ground biomass.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study revealed that for highly productive stands, 60-year rotations with a low-intensity thinning at 40 years maximized carbon storage.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, less productive sites showed optimal carbon storage with longer rotations of 80 or 120 years, requiring multiple thinning entries to manage understory vegetation and promote Douglas-fir growth.</p>



<p>“On these longer rotations, multiple entries for thinning were required to prevent buildup of understory vegetation that would have suppressed the growth of overstory Douglas-fir,” Carlisle said.</p>



<p>Moderately productive stands were found to perform the best with 80-year rotations and two low-intensity thinning treatments between harvests, she added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Forest management decisions in the Northwest in the future will aim to meet harvest requirements while maintaining high sequestration potential of the region’s forests,” said Carlisle.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Management techniques like determining the optimal rotation length and implementing silvicultural treatments can be powerful tools that can allow managers to meet both objectives.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-modeling-nbsp">Forest modeling&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Forest modeling is a sophisticated scientific method used to understand and predict the growth, structure, and behavior of forest ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It involves creating computer-based representations or simulations of forests, which help in assessing various aspects such as tree growth, biomass accumulation, carbon sequestration, and the impact of environmental factors and human activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data">Data</h3>



<p>In forest modeling, data from real forests is used to create models that simulate the processes occurring within a forest. These models can be quite complex, incorporating various elements like tree species, soil type, climate conditions, and management practices.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predictions-nbsp">Predictions&nbsp;</h3>



<p>By adjusting the parameters within the models, scientists can predict how forests will respond to different scenarios, such as climate change, natural disturbances like wildfires or pests, and different forest management strategies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



<p>One of the key uses of forest modeling is in the field of forest management and conservation. By simulating different management scenarios, such as varying the timing and intensity of timber harvests or the implementation of conservation practices, forest managers can predict the outcomes and make informed decisions that balance economic needs with ecological sustainability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-dynamics-nbsp">Carbon dynamics&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Forest models are also crucial in studying carbon dynamics in forests. With growing concerns over climate change, understanding how forests sequester carbon and how different management practices or disturbances can affect this process is vital.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Models can predict how much carbon a forest can store under various conditions, helping in the development of strategies to maximize carbon sequestration and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-dynamics-nbsp">Ecological dynamics&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, forest modeling is used in research to understand the ecological dynamics of forests. It helps in studying the interactions between different species, the impact of invasive species, and the effects of environmental changes on forest health and biodiversity.</p>



<p>Overall, forest modeling is a powerful tool that provides insights into the functioning of forest ecosystems, supporting efforts in sustainable forest management, conservation, and climate change mitigation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14102090" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Forests</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Forest modeling study reveals new insights into carbon sequestration

A forest modeling study has revealed important insights into how...

<p>A discovery by researchers at the <a href="https://www.utep.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas at El Paso</a> could potentially transform the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The breakthrough centers around the use of caffeic-acid based Carbon Quantum Dots (CACQDs), derived from spent coffee grounds, which have the potential to protect brain cells from damage caused by these diseases.</p>



<p>The study was led by doctoral student Jyotish Kumar and overseen by Professor Mahesh Narayan, a fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurodegenerative-disorders-nbsp">Neurodegenerative disorders&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts found that CACQDs could be key in addressing the root causes of neurodegenerative disorders. Their findings highlight the neuroprotective properties of CACQDs, particularly against damages triggered by obesity, aging, and exposure to environmental toxins like pesticides.</p>



<p>Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, impacting essential functions like movement, speech, and cognitive abilities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Early stages of these diseases, often linked to lifestyle and environmental factors, show elevated levels of harmful free radicals and the aggregation of amyloid protein fragments in the brain, leading to further complications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transformative-treatment">Transformative treatment</h2>



<p>“Caffeic-acid based Carbon Quantum Dots have the potential to be transformative in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders,” said Kumar. “This is because none of the current treatments resolve the diseases; they only help manage the symptoms. Our aim is to find a cure by addressing the atomic and molecular underpinnings that drive these conditions.”</p>



<p>The team demonstrated that CACQDs, especially in models of Parkinson’s disease induced by a pesticide called paraquat, could remove or neutralize free radicals and prevent the aggregation of amyloid proteins without significant side effects.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-intervention-nbsp">Early intervention&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that early intervention with CACQD-based treatments could effectively prevent the full onset of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is critical to address these disorders before they reach the clinical stage,” said Professor Narayan. “At that point, it is likely too late. Any current treatments that can address advanced symptoms of neurodegenerative disease are simply beyond the means of most people. Our aim is to come up with a solution that can prevent most cases of these conditions at a cost that is manageable for as many patients as possible.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-brain-cells">Protecting brain cells</h2>



<p>Caffeic acid, a polyphenol known for its antioxidant properties, is crucial in this discovery. Professor Narayan noted that caffeic acid is unique because it can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and is thus able to directly exert its effects upon the cells inside the brain.</p>



<p>The team employed a “green chemistry” method to extract CACQDs from used coffee grounds, making the process both environmentally friendly and cost-effective, given the abundant availability of coffee grounds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed">Further research is needed</h2>



<p>Supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, the project has involved numerous graduate and undergraduate students from UTEP, including Sofia Delgado, who is now pursuing her PhD at Yale University.</p>



<p>Despite the progress, Narayan and Kumar acknowledge that there’s still a considerable journey ahead. Their ultimate goal is to develop a medication, possibly in pill form, that could prevent the majority of neurodegenerative disorders not caused by genetics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team is now seeking additional funding to support further testing.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116932" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Research</em></a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



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Coffee grounds could help prevent neurodegenerative diseases

A discovery by researchers at the University of Texas at...

<p>Better air quality can significantly enhance natural carbon sequestration by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/indoor-plants-can-quickly-remove-dangerous-toxins-from-air/">plants</a>, according to a new study from the <a href="https://carnegiescience.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carnegie Institution for Science</a>.</p>



<p>Improved air quality increases sunlight availability for plants, thereby boosting their ability to absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide and mitigate climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team, including researchers Liyin He, Lorenzo Rosa, and Joe Berry, used satellite data to analyze the correlation between photosynthetic activity and aerosol pollution in Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The results showed that plants capture more carbon on the weekends when there is less industrial pollution and fewer people commute.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding highlights the impact of human activities and air quality on the natural carbon absorption process of plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosol-pollution-nbsp">Aerosol pollution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Photosynthesis, a vital process where plants convert sunlight into chemical energy, involves absorbing carbon dioxide and converting it into carbohydrates and fats. This natural mechanism plays a crucial role in combating climate change by removing carbon emissions from the atmosphere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, this can be diminished by poor air quality caused by aerosols, tiny particles that are spewed into the atmosphere when we commute and burn fossil fuels or wood,” explained He. “They have negative effects on air quality, which impacts human health. They can also scatter or absorb sunlight, which would affect a plant similarly to being stuck in the shade.”</p>



<p>Previous studies have indicated that aerosol pollution can reduce agricultural crop yields by up to 20 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-technique-nbsp">Innovative technique&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research involved collaboration with David Lobell and Yuan Wang from Stanford University; Yi Yin, Yitong Yao, and Christian Frankenberg from Caltech; and Russell Doughty from the University of Oklahoma.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team used the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite to measure photosynthetic activity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This innovative technique, developed about a decade ago by Berry, Frankenberg, and Caltech collaborators, leverages the fluorescence emitted during photosynthesis, observable from space.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthetic-activity-nbsp">Photosynthetic activity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team compared photosynthesis data with aerosol measurements from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We focused on Europe due to an established pattern of human activity throughout the week as compared to other regions,” Rosa said. “Additionally, many European ecosystems are already experiencing negative effects from climate change and European countries have set ambitious goals for cutting carbon pollution.”</p>



<p>The findings revealed a weekly cycle in photosynthetic activity, peaking on weekends and decreasing during weekdays, inversely correlating with aerosol pollution levels.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>A similar pattern emerged during COVID-19 lockdowns. The research suggests that reducing particulate pollution to maintain weekend-level photosynthetic activity throughout the week could remove 40 to 60 megatons of carbon dioxide annually, increasing agricultural productivity without expanding crop land.</p>



<p>“These findings have major policy implications for European governments who are working on a variety of systems to capture about 500 megatons per year of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and store it,” said Rosa. “Our work shows that improving air quality could also help meet climate goals.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-carbon-sequestration-nbsp">More about carbon sequestration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carbon sequestration is a critical process in the fight against climate change. It involves the capture and storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the primary greenhouse gases responsible for global warming. This process can occur both naturally and through human-engineered methods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants">Plants</h3>



<p>In natural carbon sequestration, ecosystems like forests, oceans, and soil play a pivotal role. Trees and plants, through the process of photosynthesis, absorb CO2 from the atmosphere and convert it into organic matter.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This CO2 is stored in the form of biomass in trees, plants, and soil. Healthy, growing forests, therefore, are essential carbon sinks, storing large amounts of carbon over long periods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceans">Oceans</h3>



<p>Oceans also sequester a significant amount of carbon, absorbing it from the atmosphere and storing it in various forms. Phytoplankton, small marine plants, use CO2 for photosynthesis, similar to terrestrial plants. The carbon can then become part of the oceanic food web or settle as sediment on the ocean floor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-soils">Soils</h3>



<p>Soils are another crucial component in natural carbon sequestration. They store carbon in organic matter, such as decomposed plant and animal material. Practices that enhance soil health, like organic farming and reforestation, can increase the amount of carbon that soils can sequester.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technologies">Technologies</h3>



<p>Human-engineered carbon sequestration methods aim to complement these natural processes. These include technologies like carbon capture and storage (CCS), where CO2 emissions from industrial and energy-related sources are captured at their point of origin and stored underground in geological formations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bioenergy">Bioenergy</h3>



<p>Another method is bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), which combines biomass energy generation with CCS. In this process, biomass is used as a fuel to generate energy, and the resulting CO2 emissions are captured and stored.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cities">Cities</h3>



<p>Urban carbon sequestration is also gaining attention. This involves enhancing green spaces in cities, such as urban forests and parks, which can absorb CO2. Green roofs and vertical gardens are other innovative ways to sequester carbon in urban areas.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>.&nbsp;</p>



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Reducing air pollution could greatly boost carbon sequestration by plants

Better air quality can significantly enhance natural carbon sequestration by...

Carbon,Dioxide,Or,Co2,Is,Colorless,Gas.,Which,Inhaling,This

<p>A new study brings a glimmer of hope in the battle against climate change. The research suggests that the Earth's plants could absorb more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-did-ancient-plants-affect-atmospheric-co2-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric CO2</a> caused by human activities than previously thought. </p>



<p>This exciting revelation was conducted by the <a href="https://www.westernsydney.edu.au/hie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment</a> at Western Sydney University and led by Dr. Jürgen Knauer. It comes from advanced ecological modeling techniques, offering a more optimistic outlook on the planet's capacity to combat carbon emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-plants-and-co2-interact">How plants and CO2 interact</h2>



<p>Despite these encouraging findings, the environmental scientists behind the study warn against any laxity in global efforts to reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-plants-continue-offsetting-our-carbon-emissions-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>. </p>



<p>"Plants take up a substantial amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year, thereby slowing down the detrimental effects of climate change, but the extent to which they will continue this CO2 uptake into the future has been uncertain,” Dr. Knauer explains. </p>



<p>Knauer continued, “What we found is that a well-established climate model that is used to feed into global climate predictions made by the likes of the <a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a> predicts stronger and sustained carbon uptake until the end of the 21<sup>st</sup>&nbsp;century when it accounts for the impact of some critical physiological processes that govern how plants conduct photosynthesis."</p>



<p>The research underlines the importance of not only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/us-cities-are-about-to-get-a-lot-greener-with-1-billion-for-tree-planting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planting more trees</a> but also conserving existing vegetation. However, it emphasizes that this is not a standalone solution but one of the many steps needed to tackle climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-climate-models">Enhancing climate models</h2>



<p>The study delves into the complexities of how plants conduct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. </p>



<p>"We accounted for aspects like how efficiently carbon dioxide can move through the interior of the leaf, how plants adjust to changes in temperatures, and how plants most economically distribute nutrients in their canopy," explained Dr. Knauer.</p>



<p>Knauer went on to explain that, "These are three really important mechanisms that affect a plant’s ability to ‘fix’ carbon, yet they are commonly ignored in most global models."</p>



<p>This enhanced understanding has allowed for more accurate predictions of vegetation's carbon uptake capabilities, which is critical in the fight against climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-photosynthesis-nature-s-climate-mitigator">Photosynthesis: Nature's climate mitigator</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-finally-decoded-the-process-of-photosynthesis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Photosynthesis</a>, the process by which plants convert CO2 into sugars for growth and metabolism, plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change. The study highlights the increasing land carbon sink observed over recent decades, largely driven by increased CO2 uptake by vegetation. </p>



<p>However, the long-term effects of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-greening-affects-carbon-uptake-by-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation carbon uptake</a>, especially under extreme conditions like droughts and heatwaves, remain a concern.</p>



<p>The research team tested various models under a high-emission climate scenario, assessing global climate change until the end of the 21st century. Models ranged in complexity and the extent to which they accounted for critical plant physiological processes. </p>



<p>The results consistently showed that more complex models, incorporating current understanding of plant physiology, projected stronger increases in global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deserts-as-carbon-sinks-study-reveals-potential-for-greening-arid-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation carbon uptake</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-modeling-plants-and-co2">Climate modeling, plants, and CO2</h2>



<p>Silvia Caldararu is an Assistant Professor at Trinity’s <a href="https://naturalscience.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Natural Sciences</a> and a contributor to the study. She contextualizes the findings, saying, "Because the majority of terrestrial biosphere models used to assess the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boreal-and-temperate-forests-have-emerged-as-the-main-carbon-sinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global carbon sink</a> are located at the lower end of this complexity range, accounting only partially for these mechanisms or ignoring them altogether, it is likely that we are currently underestimating climate change effects on vegetation as well as its resilience to changes in climate."</p>



<p>Caldararu continued, "We often think about climate models as being all about physics, but biology plays a huge role and it is something that we really need to account for."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-nature-based-solutions">Implications for nature-based solutions</h2>



<p>The study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-city-greening-reduces-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature-based solutions</a> to climate change, such as reforestation and afforestation, could be more impactful and sustainable than previously thought.</p>



<p>According to Silvia Caldararu, “These kinds of predictions have implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-savannas-have-a-hidden-weapon-against-global-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature-based solutions</a> to climate change such as reforestation and afforestation and how much carbon such initiatives can take up."</p>



<p>The team's findings suggest these approaches could have a larger impact in mitigating climate change and over a longer time period than we thought.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Caldararu cautions, however, that these measures cannot replace the urgent need to reduce emissions across all sectors. “Simply <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/initiatives-to-plant-billions-of-trees-threatened-by-seedling-undersupply/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planting trees</a> will not solve all our problems.&nbsp;We absolutely need to cut down emissions from all sectors. Trees alone cannot offer humanity a get out of jail free card,”&nbsp;says Caldararu.</p>



<p>In summary, this research marks a significant step in understanding the role of vegetation in mitigating climate change. It provides an optimistic perspective on the planet's ability to absorb CO2 but simultaneously serves as a reminder that this is not a panacea. </p>



<p>Concerted efforts in emission reductions, alongside nature-based solutions, remain paramount in addressing the global climate crisis.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adh9444" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em> <em>Advances</em></a>.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Good news: Plants are absorbing more human-produced CO2 than expected

A new study brings a glimmer of hope in the...

<p>A new study conducted by <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a> has shown promising results in using cannabinoids, compounds naturally found in hemp plants, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-travel-far-and-wide-endangering-aquatic-ecosystems/">pesticides</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research reveals a direct relationship between higher concentrations of cannabinoids in hemp leaves and reduced damage from insect larvae, suggesting these compounds might have evolved as a defense mechanism against pests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-previous-studies">Previous studies</h2>



<p>"In the decades since the first cannabinoids were identified by scientists, research has focused almost exclusively on the function and capacity of cannabinoids as medicines and intoxicants for humans and other vertebrates," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Very little is known about the adaptive value of cannabinoid production, though several hypotheses have been proposed including protection from ultraviolet radiation, pathogens, and herbivores."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defensive-compounds-nbsp">Defensive compounds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Larry Smart is a professor in the School of Integrative Plant Sciences at Cornell and the senior author of the study.</p>



<p>“It has been speculated that they are defensive compounds, because they primarily accumulate in female flowers to protect seeds, which is a fairly common concept in plants,” said Professor Smart.</p>



<p>“But no one has put together a comprehensive set of experimental results to show a direct relationship between the accumulation of these cannabinoids and their harmful effects on insects."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights">New insights</h2>



<p>Study first author George Stack, a postdoctoral researcher in Smart’s lab, said the research provides insight into how cannabinoids function in natural systems and can help us develop new THC-compliant hemp cultivars that maintain these natural built-in defenses against herbivores.</p>



<p>The researchers tested the efficacy of hemp plants with varying concentrations of cannabinoids. Smart said the team saw heavy insect damage in the absence of cannabinoids, and much less damage in the presence of cannabinoids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



<p>"In the field, foliar cannabinoid concentration was inversely correlated with chewing herbivore damage," wrote the researchers. </p>



<p>"On detached leaves, Trichoplusia ni larvae consumed less leaf area and grew less when feeding on leaves with greater concentrations of cannabinoids."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Cornell program cannot work with high THC plants due to federal mandate, so THC was not tested as a pesticide in this research, noted Smart.</p>



<p>Further research is needed to understand how effective cannabinoid-based pesticides may be for use on house plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The potential use of cannabinoids as a pesticide is an exciting area for future research, but there will certainly be regulatory barriers due to pharmacological activity of the compounds, and more studies are needed to understand what pests cannabinoids will be effective against,” explained Stack.</p>



<p>The research was funded by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets through Empire State Development.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhad207" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Horticulture Research</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Cannabinoids as pesticides: Study reveals potential of hemp compounds

A new study conducted by Cornell University has shown promising...

<p>A new study has uncovered how some plants used nitrogen to survive the cataclysmic events that led to the extinction of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-self-regulated-their-body-temperature/">dinosaurs</a>. Michael Kipp, the lead author of the study and an upcoming assistant professor of Earth and Climate Sciences at <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>, has provided significant insights into this enduring mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cycads">Cycads</h2>



<p>Cycads, once a prevalent source of food for grazing dinosaurs, have mostly vanished, with only a few species existing in tropical and subtropical areas today.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their decline, which began in the late Mesozoic and continued into the early Cenozoic Era, was accelerated by the asteroid impact and volcanic activity marking the K-Pg boundary 66 million years ago. However, unlike their ancient grazers, some cycads managed to survive until the present day.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-fixing-bacteria-nbsp">Nitrogen-fixing bacteria&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results of the study suggest that the key to their survival was their symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in their roots. This relationship allowed the plants to extract nitrogen directly from the atmosphere, similar to modern legumes and other nitrogen-fixing plants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Through this symbiosis, cycads traded sugars with the bacteria in exchange for atmospheric nitrogen, enabling them to thrive in changing environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nitrogen-fixing-plants">Nitrogen-fixing plants</h2>



<p>Kipp's research was based on the knowledge that the tissues of nitrogen-fixing plants can reveal the atmospheric composition of the past. He set out to analyze old plant fossils to gain insights into ancient atmospheres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This analysis led to the realization that the surviving cycads were the ones that had developed nitrogen-fixing capabilities, unlike their extinct counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolving-plants">Evolving plants</h2>



<p>“Instead of being a story about the atmosphere, we realized this was a story about the ecology of these plants that changed through time,” said Kipp, who spent nearly a decade on this finding, first at UW and then as a postdoctoral researcher at CalTech.</p>



<p>The surviving cycads showed the same nitrogen signatures in their fossils as modern cycads, indicating their reliance on symbiotic bacteria for nitrogen. This contrasted with older, extinct cycad fossils, which lacked this nitrogen signature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The exact benefits of nitrogen fixation for the survival of these cycads remain an area of ongoing research. It might have aided them in adapting to the dramatic climatic changes post-dinosaur extinction or in competing with rapidly proliferating angiosperms, or perhaps both.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Kipp's upcoming role at Duke University will further focus on using the fossil record to unravel Earth's climate history and its potential future.</p>



<p>Much of what we know about ancient atmospheres comes from chemical studies of ancient sea life and sediments, said Kipp. Applying some of those methods to terrestrial plants will add new pieces to this puzzle.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about cycads</h2>



<p>Cycads are a group of ancient, seed-producing plants that have a long and fascinating history. Here are some key aspects about them:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ancient lineage</h3>



<p>Cycads are among the oldest seed plants on Earth, dating back over 280 million years. They were already ancient when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, thriving during the Mesozoic era.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical appearance</h3>



<p>Cycads resemble palm trees or ferns but are not closely related to either. They typically have a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard and stiff, evergreen leaves. They can vary in size from small, few-centimeter-tall plants to large trees.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reproduction</h3>



<p>Cycads are dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. They reproduce via cones, with pollination often occurring through the wind or insects, notably beetles.&nbsp;Some species also exhibit environmental sex determination, where temperature influences the sex of the plant.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geographical distribution&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Cycads are primarily found in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. They are native to South and Central America, Australia, Asia, and Africa.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Diversity</h3>



<p>There are around 300 species of cycads, categorized into three families: Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae, and Zamiaceae. Each family and species have unique characteristics and adaptations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecological role</h3>



<p>In their native habitats, cycads play significant roles in the ecosystem. They provide food and habitat for various animal species. However, they are slow-growing and have specific habitat requirements, making them sensitive to environmental changes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Threats and conservation</h3>



<p>Many cycad species are endangered due to habitat destruction, over-collection, and environmental changes. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, cultivation in botanical gardens, and strict regulation of trade (many species are listed under CITES - the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Cycads have been used by various cultures for food, medicine, and ornamental purposes. However, care must be taken as many parts of the plant are toxic if not properly processed.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Fossil record</h3>



<p>Cycads have a rich fossil record, which helps scientists understand the Earth's prehistoric environments and the evolution of plant life. Their persistence through various geological periods and mass extinctions makes them an important subject of study in paleobotany and evolutionary biology.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02251-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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How plants used nitrogen to survive the dinosaur extinction

A new study has uncovered how some plants used nitrogen...

<p>A recent study conducted by the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> has uncovered a concerning insight into the world of bumblebees and their interaction with pesticides.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increased-exposure">Increased exposure</h2>



<p>The researchers found that bumblebees are unable to taste pesticides in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sipping-on-nectar-hummingbirds-consume-a-surprising-amount-of-alcohol/">nectar</a>, even when these pesticides are at levels that could be lethal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding is particularly alarming as it indicates that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-rusty-patched-bumblebee-a-very-important-pollinator-is-on-the-edge-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> cannot avoid ingesting contaminated nectar, thereby significantly increasing their risk of exposure to harmful pesticides.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bumblebees-and-pesticides">Bumblebees and pesticides</h2>



<p>"Bees are important pollinators of agricultural crops, but their populations are at risk when pesticides are used. One of the largest risks bees face is poisoning of floral nectar and pollen by insecticides," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Studies of bee detection of neonicotinoids have reported contradictory evidence about whether <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-have-an-incredible-sense-of-smell-to-find-their-way-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> can taste these pesticides in sucrose solutions and hence avoid them."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-toxic-compounds-nbsp">Detecting toxic compounds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Given their innate ability to taste and differentiate between various sugary solutions, the team wanted to investigate if this sense of taste could extend to detecting and avoiding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glyphosate-disrupts-brood-care-in-bumblebees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Previous observations had shown that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/european-bumblebees-face-extinction-as-their-habitats-vanish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebees</a> could detect certain toxic compounds, such as quinine, which tastes bitter to them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team, led by Dr. Rachel Parkinson of the University of Oxford's Department of Biology, employed two distinct methods to assess the bumblebees' ability to taste two types of pesticides: neonicotinoid and sulfoximine.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study focused on Bombus terrestris, a common species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bumblebees-choose-immediate-rewards-over-energy-efficiency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bumblebee</a>, and used nectar from oilseed rape (Brassica napus) as a base for the experiments.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bees-response-when-tasting-pesticides">Bees' response when tasting pesticides</h2>



<p>The first method involved electrophysiology to record the neuron responses in the taste sensilla, akin to tastebuds, on the bumblebees' mouthparts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This technique allowed the researchers to determine the strength of the bees' response to the taste. The second method involved offering the bees sugar solutions with and without the addition of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-increase-pesticide-toxicity-in-bees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a> and observing their feeding behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-into-bees-and-pesticides">Critical insights into bees and pesticides</h2>



<p>The results showed that there was no difference in neuron responses whether the bees consumed sugar solution alone or sugar solution mixed with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-cannot-fly-straight-after-ingesting-pesticides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a>. This indicates that the bumblebees' mouthparts lack the mechanisms to detect common pesticides in nectar.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Furthermore, in the behavioral tests, the bees consumed equal amounts of both the pesticide-laced and pesticide-free solutions, even when the pesticide concentration was high enough to be harmful.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-this-study-is-significant">Why this study is significant</h2>



<p>"As bumblebees cannot taste pesticides and don’t experience immediate negative consequences from drinking them, they likely would not be able to avoid consuming nectar contaminated with pesticides in the field," said Dr. Parkinson.</p>



<p>"This research is important when considering the use of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticides-make-it-harder-for-male-bees-to-attract-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a> on outdoor crops due to the risk posed to bees as they will not avoid drinking these compounds. Potentially, these findings could be applied towards searching for a non-toxic compound that tastes bad to bees and could be used as a 'bee deterrent' on pesticide-treated crops that do not require insect pollination."</p>



<p>The researchers also explored the concept of "bitter" taste avoidance using quinine. While bees did not reduce their intake of the pesticide-infused solutions, they did show an aversion to quinine-laced sugar solutions at high concentrations, suggesting some ability to detect and react to specific bitter tastes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study highlights a critical issue in the interaction between bees and pesticides, with the inability of bees to taste and therefore avoid pesticide-contaminated nectar posing a significant threat to their health and their indispensable role in pollinating crops.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The pesticides used in the study included neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and the sulfoximine pesticide sulfoxaflor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research opens the door to future studies and potential strategies to mitigate the risks posed by pesticide use in agriculture, particularly in relation to bee health and pollination services.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.89129.2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>eLife</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Hidden danger: Bumblebees can't taste lethal pesticides in nectar

A recent study conducted by the University of Oxford has...

Cropped,Image,Of,Woman,Gardening

<p>The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has introduced a new version of its <a href="https://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Hardiness Zone Map</a> (PHZM), marking a significant update to this essential resource for gardeners and agricultural researchers. </p>



<p>This is the first major revision since 2012, offering a more detailed and accurate guide for plant cultivation across the United States.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-updates-provide-better-accuracy">Updates provide better accuracy</h2>



<p>The 2023 PHZM, developed jointly by USDA's Agricultural Research Service (ARS) and Oregon State University's <a href="https://prism.oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PRISM Climate Group</a>, represents a notable improvement over previous versions. This enhanced map provides a refined tool for determining the most suitable plants for specific locations, catering to the needs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-is-beneficial-for-physical-and-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardeners</a> and growers.</p>



<p>In tandem with the map updates, the PHZM website has expanded, now featuring a "Tips for Growers" section. This addition offers insights into USDA ARS research programs, benefiting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-gardens-provide-a-reliable-food-supply-for-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardeners</a> and plant breeders with valuable information.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2023-plant-hardiness-map-innovations">2023 Plant Hardiness map innovations</h2>



<p>The latest map is based on 30-year temperature averages, categorized into 10-degree Fahrenheit zones and subdivided into 5-degree Fahrenheit half-zones. These divisions are crucial for understanding the nuances of local climate conditions.</p>



<p>Like its 2012 predecessor, the 2023 map maintains a user-friendly, Geographic Information System (GIS)-based interactive format. However, it surpasses the previous version by incorporating data from 13,412 weather stations, significantly more than the 7,983 stations used in 2012.</p>



<p>A noteworthy improvement in the new map is its detailed rendering for Alaska. The area of detail for this region has been refined from a 6 ¼-square-mile area to a more precise ¼ square mile. </p>



<p>ARS Administrator Dr. Simon Liu comments, "These updates reflect our ongoing commitment to ensuring the Plant Hardiness Zone Map remains a premier source of information for users across the U.S., including in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-plant-hardiness-zones">Understanding plant hardiness zones</h2>



<p>The PHZM is not only a resource for approximately 80 million American gardeners and growers. It also serves various other sectors. For instance, the <a href="https://www.rma.usda.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA Risk Management Agency</a> utilizes the map for setting crop insurance standards. In addition, scientists incorporate the zone designations in numerous research models.</p>



<p>The map's zones represent the "average annual extreme minimum temperature" at a location over a 30-year period. This measure is crucial for determining the survivability of plants in different regions, based on their winter temperature tolerance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-2023-map-s-zone-structure">The 2023 map's zone structure</h2>



<p>Maintaining the 13-zone structure of the 2012 map, each zone in the 2023 version is further divided into 'A' and 'B' half zones. A comparison between the two maps reveals significant shifts in some areas to warmer half zones, indicative of a 0-5 degrees Fahrenheit warming, though not uniformly across the country.</p>



<p>The 2023 map includes temperature data from 1991 to 2020, contributing to its updated zone boundaries. Notably, the map shows a "warmer" Alaska, primarily due to the inclusion of data from the state's mountainous regions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-variability-and-climate-change">Temperature variability and climate change</h2>



<p>The extreme minimum temperature, representing the coldest night of the year, varies significantly and is influenced by local weather patterns. Map developers caution against using these temperature updates as indicators of global climate change, as they are based on highly variable and specific data points.</p>



<p>In a shift towards digital accessibility, a paper version of the 2023 map will not be available for purchase. Instead, the map is freely downloadable online, allowing widespread access and the ability to print copies as needed. This approach ensures that the latest plant hardiness information is readily available to all interested parties.</p>



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New ‘Plant Hardiness Zone’ map released by the USDA

The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has introduced a new...

<p>A new study published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06723-z"><em>Nature</em></a> has found that allowing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-forests-with-many-tree-species-are-more-effective-at-carbon-storage/">forests</a> to naturally recover could capture approximately 226 Gigatons (Gt) of carbon. However, this is only feasible if there is a simultaneous reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study emphasizes the importance of community-driven efforts in conserving and restoring forest biodiversity to achieve these carbon capture goals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-carbon-potential-nbsp">Forest carbon potential&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The role of forests in carbon capture has been a subject of heated debate. A previous study published in the journal <em>Science</em> argued that forest restoration could sequester over 200 Gt of carbon, but subsequent discussions raised concerns about environmental impacts and the accuracy of this estimate.</p>



<p>Now, an international team of researchers led by <a href="https://ethz.ch/de.html">ETH Zurich</a> has integrated ground-sourced data and satellite datasets to clarify the forest carbon potential.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that forests currently store about 328 Gt less carbon than they could naturally, largely due to deforestation.</p>



<p>Excluding areas used for urban and agricultural purposes, forests could sequester around 226 Gt in low human footprint regions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, protecting and allowing existing forests to mature can contribute to 61 percent of this potential, with the remainder achievable through ecosystem restoration and management.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-forest-restoration-nbsp">Redefining forest restoration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings emphasize the need for a diverse range of species to maximize the forest carbon potential. According to the scientists, biodiversity accounts for approximately half of the global forest productivity, highlighting the necessity of including natural species diversity in restoration efforts.</p>



<p>The authors stress that effective restoration is a deeply social endeavor involving various community-driven efforts to promote biodiversity. “We need to redefine what restoration means to many people,” said senior author Thomas Crowther, a professor of Ecology at ETH Zurich.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Restoration is not about mass tree plantations to offset carbon emissions. Restoration means directing the flow of wealth towards millions of local communities, Indigenous populations, and farmers that promote biodiversity across the globe. Only when healthy biodiversity is the preferred choice for local communities will we get long-term carbon capture as a byproduct.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Thus, the study underscores the vital role of forests in carbon storage but cautions against considering them a substitute for reducing fossil fuel emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“My biggest fear is that corporations misuse this information as an excuse to avoid cutting fossil fuel emissions,” Crowther added. “The more we emit, the more we threaten nature and people. There can be no choice between reducing emissions and protecting nature because we urgently need both. We need nature for climate, and we need climate action for nature!”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Forests are incredible places, teeming with life and delivering countless benefits for humanity. This research reaffirms that we can make meaningful contributions to the fight against climate change by protecting and restoring degraded forests, and drawing on the wisdom and leadership of the local communities that know these ecosystems best. We owe it to nature, to future generations and to ourselves to meet this global challenge,” concluded world-famous primatologist and anthropologist Jane Goodall.</p>



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Restoring forest biodiversity has massive potential for carbon capture

A new study published in the journal Nature has found...

<p>Lightning has been identified as the leading cause of wildfires in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-changes-what-happens-to-boreal-forests-after-fire/">boreal forests</a>, a critical area for carbon storage, and is expected to become more frequent with climate change. This is the alarming conclusion of a new study led by Dr. Matthew Jones from the <a href="https://www.uea.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of East Anglia</a>’s Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, alongside international collaborators.</p>



<p>Using machine learning, the team predicted wildfire ignitions globally, identifying whether they were caused by humans or natural lightning. This research marks the first time fire ignition sources have been attributed on a global scale.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-important-insights">Important insights</h2>



<p>The findings revealed that 77% of burned areas in intact extratropical forests were caused by lightning. This contrasts sharply with tropical regions, where fires are predominantly human-caused.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Intact extratropical forests, largely undisturbed and sparsely populated, are mainly located in the remote boreal forests of the northern hemisphere.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-frequency">Lightning frequency</h3>



<p>Further insights were gained using climate models to predict changes in lightning frequency as the planet warms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study found an 11 to 31% increase in lightning frequency per degree of global warming over these forests, indicating a heightened risk of wildfires due to climate change.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-fires">Lightning fires</h3>



<p>Lightning fires tend to be larger, more intense, and more confined to remote areas during periods of extreme fuel dryness compared to human-caused fires.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team's previous work showed that conditions conducive to fires are becoming more frequent and intense as the climate warms, leading to increased forest flammability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extratropical-forests-nbsp">Extratropical forests&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Extratropical forests are globally significant, storing vast amounts of carbon in vegetation and permafrost soils.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Remarkably, although they cover only about 1% of Earth’s land surface, these forests contribute over 8% of global CO2 emissions from fires. Fires in these regions could amplify greenhouse gas emissions from permafrost thaw by 30% by the end of the century, following a moderate emissions scenario.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-stores">Carbon stores</h2>



<p>“Extratropical forests are globally important because they lock up dense stores of carbon in vegetation and soils, helping to keep CO2 out of the atmosphere and moderate global warming," said Dr. Jones. “However, when fires occur in these regions, they emit more CO2 per unit area than virtually anywhere else on Earth."</p>



<p>“Our research highlights that extratropical forests are vulnerable to the combined effects of a warmer, drier climate and a heightened likelihood of ignitions by lightning strikes."</p>



<p>“Future increases in lightning ignitions threaten to destabilize vast carbon stores in extratropical forests, particularly as weather conditions become warmer, drier, and overall more fire-prone in these regions.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-events">Extreme events</h2>



<p>The research gains relevance in the context of Canada's record-breaking fire season in 2023, where emissions were over four times the average of the past two decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Dr. Thomas Janssen from VU, the study's lead author, noted that while the research didn't specifically address Canada's fire season, it helps understand such extreme events.</p>



<p>“While our research did not focus specifically on this year’s extreme fire season in Canada, it does help us to understand this year’s events. Extreme fire seasons in boreal forests, like the one we saw in Canada this year, will be more likely in warmer climates due to hotter, drier weather and more lighting strikes," said Dr. Janssen.</p>



<p>“The fires in Canada this year closely follow record-breaking fire seasons in the Siberian boreal forests in 2020 and 2021.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reinforcing-feedback">Reinforcing feedback</h2>



<p>The researchers warn that greenhouse gas emissions from fires can contribute to rising concentrations of carbon in the atmosphere and drive additional warming, further exaggerating the likelihood of fires and other adverse impacts of climate change in future.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Increased greenhouse gas emissions from wildfires reinforces the problem of climate change, with more fires occurring as the climate warms and more greenhouse gases being emitted by fires," said Professor Sander Veraverbeke.</p>



<p>“This ‘reinforcing feedback’ is particularly important in boreal forests, most of which are underlain by carbon-rich permafrost soils that take many hundreds of years to form if they are lost to fire.”&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>"Our work has shown that the risk of lightning ignitions increases substantially as the planet warms, meaning that every tenth of a degree of warming that we can avoid will translate directly into a reduced risk of wildfire," said Dr. Jones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Curbing emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuel use and land use change is critical to avoiding the worst additional risks of wildfire in many regions, but especially in the boreal forests where fires are so sensitive to warming.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/ngeo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a>.</p>



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Lightning is the leading cause of wildfires in boreal forests

Lightning has been identified as the leading cause of wildfires...

Breathtaking,Panoramic,Aerial,View,Of,The,Hills,Of,Colorful,Red,

<p>In the global fight against climate change, trees serve as an invaluable ally. This is especially true in mixed forests. Through the process of photosynthesis, forests absorb atmospheric carbon dioxide -- a primary greenhouse gas -- and store it in soil, shrubs, and their very fibers. </p>



<p>This natural form of carbon sequestration is essential in the efforts to slow down the warming of our planet. Recognizing this, many countries have pledged to restore forests as a part of their environmental strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-forests-vs-monocultures">Mixed forests vs. monocultures</h2>



<p>Recent research emphasizes a key nuance in reforestation efforts: the type of forests we restore. Mixed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-use-social-distancing-to-promote-forest-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a> -- ecosystems where a variety of tree species coexist -- outshine their single-species counterparts in carbon storage. </p>



<p>Dr. Emily Warner of the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a> and her team have shown that forests with a mix of species can store up to 70% more carbon than monocultures. The secret lies in the complementary traits of different species which, when combined, lead to more effective carbon absorption and storage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dual-benefits-of-mixed-species-forests">Dual benefits of mixed species forests</h2>



<p>Apart from carbon storage, mixed forests bring forth increased resilience against threats such as pests, diseases, and climate disturbances. This resilience not only safeguards the forests but also ensures the longevity of their carbon storage capabilities.</p>



<p> Additionally, these forests are hotspots for biodiversity, supporting a richer variety of life forms and providing a wider range of ecosystem services.</p>



<p>Despite the clear advantages of mixed forests, reforestation efforts around the world are predominantly geared towards monoculture plantations. These are often chosen for their simplicity and economic benefits. However, this approach overlooks the long-term environmental and ecological gains of diversified planting.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparative-analysis-of-carbon-stocks">Comparative analysis of carbon stocks</h2>



<p>In a comprehensive study spearheaded by Dr. Warner, an international team of scientists has laid bare the stark differences in carbon storage between mixed and single-species forests. </p>



<p>Their analysis, which includes data from studies since 1975 and recent global tree diversity experiments, indicates that four-species mixtures are particularly effective as carbon sinks, more so than even the best-performing monocultures.</p>



<p>The implications of this study are significant for forest management. Dr. Susan Cook-Patton, a collaborator from <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>, highlights that there's not only an environmental but also a productivity incentive to diversify newly planted forests. </p>



<p>These findings could potentially reshape reforestation policies and practices, aligning them more closely with climate change mitigation goals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversification-as-a-strategy">Diversification as a strategy</h2>



<p>While the study's findings are compelling, the researchers acknowledge the need for more data, especially from older and more diverse forests. They call for extended research to further understand the dynamics behind the increased carbon storage in mixed forests and how it may vary by factors such as location, species mix, and forest age.</p>



<p>This research advocates for a shift in the global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-are-a-powerful-driver-of-forest-recovery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reforestation</a> approach. By embracing the diversification of planted forests, we can significantly amplify the benefits of our reforestation efforts, turning them into more potent tools against climate change. </p>



<p>As countries continue to develop and refine their environmental strategies, this study serves as a crucial piece of evidence for the potential of mixed-species forests in creating a more sustainable and resilient future.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://blog.frontiersin.org/2023/11/09/multiple-tree-species-effective-carbon-sinks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</a></em>.</p>



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Mixed forests with many tree species are more effective at carbon storage

In the global fight against climate change, trees serve as...

<p>In a remarkable discovery, Finnish scientists have identified that an extract from willow bark may hold the key to combating future viral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-can-we-learn-from-previous-bird-flu-outbreaks/">outbreaks</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This plant, which historically contributed to the development of aspirin, has now been found to have broad-spectrum antiviral properties, effective against both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. These include strains that cause common colds, COVID-19, flu, and meningitis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antiviral-agents">Antiviral agents</h2>



<p>Professor Varpu Marjomäki from the <a href="https://beta.jyu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Jyväskylä</a>, who led the research, emphasized the urgent need for versatile antiviral agents in the face of emerging epidemics.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We need broadly acting and efficient tools to combat the virus load in our everyday life,” said Professor Marjomäki. “Vaccinations are important, but they cannot deal with many of the newly emerging serotypes early enough to be effective on their own.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The research team had previously demonstrated the effectiveness of willow bark extract on enteroviruses. For the new study, they wanted to test the extract on additional types of viruses. The goal was to understand the underlying mechanism of action.</p>



<p>Through a meticulous process of harvesting, grinding, and hot water extraction, the researchers produced a willow bark extract.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-promising-results">Promising results</h2>



<p>The extract demonstrated high efficacy in protecting cells from viral infections without damaging the cells themselves. This finding is particularly significant given the absence of clinically approved drugs targeting enteroviruses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-mechanisms-nbsp">Distinct mechanisms&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Interestingly, while the extract prevented both types of viruses from spreading, the mechanism of action varied. For enveloped coronaviruses, the extract disrupted the virus structure, whereas for non-enveloped enteroviruses, it prevented the release of the viral genome, effectively stopping reproduction.</p>



<p>“The extracts acted through distinct mechanisms against different viruses,” said Marjomäki. “But the extracts were equally effective in inhibiting the enveloped as well as non-enveloped viruses.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-commercial-extracts-nbsp">Commercial extracts&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team also tested various willow-derived compounds and commercial extracts. Only one showed antiviral activity, suggesting that a complex interaction of bioactive compounds in the bark extract could be responsible for the observed effects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Despite the promising results, the exact bioactive compounds and their mechanisms are not yet fully understood. The team is committed to continuing their research, aiming to isolate and identify these compounds and expand their studies to a broader spectrum of viruses.</p>



<p>“We are presently continuing fractionations and bioactive molecule identification from willow bark extracts,” said Marjomäki. “This will give us a number of identified pure molecules which we can study in further detail. Also, we will study a larger number of viruses with purified components. Purified components will give us better opportunities to study their mechanisms of action.”</p>



<p>If successful, this research could pave the way for new, nature-derived medicines to treat viral infections like colds and flu, marking a significant breakthrough in antiviral therapy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-willow-bark">Willow bark</h2>



<p>Willow bark, the bark of several varieties of willow tree, has been used for centuries for pain relief and as an anti-inflammatory agent. It contains salicin, a substance that when taken into the body is metabolized to salicylic acid, which is the active component of aspirin. The use of willow bark dates back to the time of Hippocrates when people were advised to chew on the bark to reduce fever and inflammation.</p>



<p>Willow bark is available as a herbal supplement and is used for various conditions such as headaches, muscle pain, menstrual cramps, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, and a disease of the spine called ankylosing spondylitis. It's considered a natural alternative to synthetic aspirin, being gentler on the stomach, though it acts more slowly than aspirin and the effects are less potent per dosage.</p>



<p>The efficacy of willow bark as an antiviral agent, as highlighted in the study, opens up new potential applications for this traditional medicine. The researchers are delving into the complex interactions of its bioactive compounds to understand how they confer antiviral properties, which could lead to innovative treatments for viral diseases in the future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1249794" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Microbiology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Willow bark may contain life-saving antiviral medications 

In a remarkable discovery, Finnish scientists have identified that an...

<p>A significant number of Europe’s plants and animals are edging closer to disappearance. A new study indicates that around 20 percent of the species on the European Red List are threatened with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-may-be-enduring-its-seventh-mass-extinction-not-sixth/">extinction</a>. This includes a surprising array of invertebrates whose risk of dying out is much greater than previously estimated.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research was led by Axel Hochkirch of the <a href="https://www.mnhn.lu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle</a> in Luxembourg. The team analyzed 14,669 species, which represent approximately 10 percent of all known terrestrial, freshwater, and marine flora and fauna in Europe. </p>



<p>This exhaustive review was based on data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature's <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Red List of Threatened Species</a>, a key resource for evaluating the conservation status of plant and animal species globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-european-red-list-nbsp">European Red List&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"In Europe, taxonomic coverage of the IUCN Red List is more extensive than in other parts of the world, as the European Commission has funded European Red List assessments of thousands of species from a wide variety of taxonomic groups since 2006," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"These include all vertebrates (amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals and reptiles), functionally important invertebrate groups (all bees, butterflies, dragonflies, grasshoppers, crickets, bush-crickets, freshwater and terrestrial mollusks, and a selection of saproxylic beetles) and about 12 percent of the known plant species in Europe (including all ferns and lycopods, orchids, trees, aquatic plants and bryophytes, as well as selected shrubs, medicinal plants, priority crop wild relatives, and plants listed in policy instruments)."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Alarmingly, the researchers found that 27 percent of plant species, 24 percent of invertebrates, and 18 percent of vertebrates included in the study are on the brink of extinction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Invertebrates, often overlooked in conservation efforts, appear to be more imperiled than was previously thought, as highlighted by the latest reports from the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greater-extinction-risk">Greater extinction risk</h2>



<p>"These numbers exceed recent IPBES (Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) assumptions of extinction risk," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Changes in agricultural practices and associated habitat loss, overharvesting, pollution and development are major threats to biodiversity. Maintaining and restoring sustainable land and water use practices is crucial to minimize future biodiversity declines."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-call-to-action">Call to action</h2>



<p>The study is not just a call to alarm but a call to action. The researchers emphasize the need for increased conservation action, recognizing the crucial role of biodiversity in food security, wealth generation, and overall well-being in Europe.</p>



<p>Further investigation into specific threats and effective conservation strategies is imperative, according to the research team. Such work is vital to guide and measure the success of initiatives aiming to curb the loss of biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Biodiversity loss is a major global challenge and minimizing extinction rates is the goal of several multilateral environmental agreements. Policy decisions require comprehensive, spatially explicit information on species’ distributions and threats," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This comprehensive analysis of 14,669 continental Red List assessments for European animal and plant species suggests that 2 million plant and animal species are threatened with extinction. This result doubles the latest IPBES assumption of 1 million threatened species.”</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293083" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PLOS ONE</em></a>.</p>



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One fifth of all European endangered species may vanish 

A significant number of Europe’s plants and animals are edging...

<p>In an intriguing twist to the ongoing debate surrounding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-strongly-linked-to-mental-disorders-in-a-new-study/">cannabis</a>, a recent study has shed light on the drug's potential impact on empathy. Psychological assessments reveal that regular cannabis users might have a keener sense of others' emotions.</p>



<p>The researchers found that frequent cannabis users demonstrated a heightened understanding of other people's emotional states.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigation did not merely rely on subjective psychological evaluations. The experts extended its scope to include brain imaging tests</p>



<p>The tests revealed that the anterior cingulate - a brain region typically influenced by cannabis - exhibited stronger connections with areas that are responsible for sensing the emotional states of others within the individual's own body.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This neurobiological evidence suggests that the drug's influence on the brain may play a role in the users' increased empathetic abilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study's comprehensive approach included a sample of 85 regular cannabis users and 51 non-consumers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>All participants underwent psychometric testing to gauge empathy levels. Additionally, a subset of the group, consisting of 46 users and 34 non-users, participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) exams to observe the brain's activity and network connectivity.</p>



<p>The results are particularly noteworthy because they challenge existing stereotypes about cannabis users and offer a fresh perspective on the substance's neurological impact.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-therapeutic-applications-nbsp">New therapeutic applications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study co-author Dr. Víctor Olalde-Mathieu from the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México noted that these preliminary findings could pave the way for novel therapeutic applications of cannabis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Although further research is needed, these results open an exciting new window for exploring the potential effects of cannabis in aiding treatments for conditions involving deficits in social interactions, such as sociopathy, social anxiety, and avoidant personality disorder, among others,” said Dr. Olalde-Mathieu.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Cannabis use has generally been associated with negative mental health and behavioral outcomes. Using fMRI connectivity and psychometric methods, this study found that regular cannabis users have a greater understanding of the emotions of others," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Furthermore, the anterior cingulate, a region generally affected by cannabis use and related to empathy, had stronger functional connectivity with brain regions related to sensing the emotional states of others within one's own body."</p>



<p>"These findings highlight positive effects of cannabis on interpersonal relationships and potential therapeutic applications."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-research-is-needed-nbsp">Further research is needed&nbsp;</h2>



<p>While the findings are promising, the researchers note that further research is needed to fully understand the implications of cannabis use in this context. The study does not conclusively establish causation, nor does it delve into the long-term effects of cannabis on empathy and social behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This research marks a significant step towards demystifying the multifaceted effects of cannabis on the human mind and social functioning. It opens a new window for exploring how cannabis could be integrated into therapeutic strategies for social disorders, potentially leading to groundbreaking treatment options.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As the scientific community continues to investigate the brain and behavioral changes of cannabis users, this study serves as a pivotal reference point for future inquiries and clinical trials.</p>



<p>The research is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jnr.25252?utm_medium=email&amp;utm_source=publicity&amp;utm_content=WRH_11_6_23&amp;utm_term=JNR"><em>Journal of Neuroscience Research</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Cannabis users may learn to understand the emotions of others

In an intriguing twist to the ongoing debate surrounding cannabis,...

<p>Researchers from Israel have introduced a new database that is the first of its kind to combine data on plant distribution and life cycles on a global scale. This research has implications for understanding the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-trees-are-not-responding-well-to-climate-change/">climate change</a> on plant life, particularly annuals, and could shape future agricultural practices and conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The study was led by Dr. Niv DeMalach of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Professor Itay Mayrose of Tel Aviv University, and Dr. Tyler Poppenwimer, a researcher at the FDA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The newly created database is extensive, including information on the life cycles of around 235,000 species - equivalent to 67 percent of species known to science - collected over an 80-year span.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-perennials-vs-annuals-nbsp">Perennials vs. annuals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plants are broadly classified into perennials, which live for more than a year, and annuals, which complete their life cycle in a single season.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While perennials, such as grasses, trees, and bushes, form the bulk of the world's flora and are crucial for ecosystem stability, annuals dominate agricultural lands and our diets, being a primary source of carbohydrates and proteins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-annual-distribution-nbsp">Annual distribution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Contrary to previous assumptions, the research identified that the abundance of annuals is not uniform worldwide. Their distribution is significantly influenced by seasonal climates rather than average annual temperature and rainfall.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study provided a surprising revelation that annuals are less prevalent globally than previously estimated, occupying less than six percent of plant species compared to the earlier assumed 12 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings shed light on historical human agricultural practices, particularly in the Middle East, where the climate favored the cultivation of annuals, thus facilitating the birth of agriculture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study also raises concerns for the future. It supports the prediction that the prevalence of annuals will increase due to human impact, which could potentially harm the environment due to their less efficient role in carbon sequestration compared to perennials.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“The study both helps explain human history and is relevant for the future of humankind. It helps us understand why agriculture, which is the basis for human civilization, first appeared in the Middle East," said Dr. DeMalach.</p>



<p>"Our region is unusual in its high proportion of annuals, and now we know why - it has the right climate conditions. Food production is based mainly on annual species. This is true today, and it was true thousands of years ago."</p>



<p>"These conditions facilitated the transition from a hunter-gatherer society to an agricultural society. Regarding the future, our model suggests that the human species has become the most influential factor on the planet, and not only will its impact have consequences for wild plant life, but the changes caused will also affect human life in turn.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upcoming-challenges">Upcoming challenges</h2>



<p>Dr. DeMalach said that one of the great challenges facing humanity in the 21st century is providing food for billions of people with minimal damage to the environment.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Therefore, extensive efforts are being made to shift from annual crops to perennial crops, which are&nbsp; more environmentally friendly," said Dr. DeMalach. “The problem today is that perennial crops are still less productive, and there is great debate as to whether they can be made more productive in the future.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06644-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Plant life cycles: Predicting the impacts of climate change

Researchers from Israel have introduced a new database that is...

<p>The issue of increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/influx-of-salt-in-water-soil-and-air-poses-a-potential-health-crisis/">soil salinity</a>, a growing global problem in agriculture, has been the focus of recent research by scientists at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) in Hungary. The experts set out to investigate the effects of high salt concentrations on the development of wheat seedlings, particularly those germinating deep in the soil. </p>



<p>This research is critical, given that salinization affects the livelihood of over one and a half billion people globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-greening-nbsp">Plant greening&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The investigation revealed that the process of greening in wheat leaves, which includes chlorophyll biosynthesis and the development of chloroplasts, is significantly hampered when these leaves, growing in dark, saline soils, are suddenly exposed to various ions. This exposure can lead to stress and potentially the death of the seedlings.</p>



<p>“Many researchers have been investigating for a long time how high soil salinity inhibits the germination of most economically important crops and reduces their yields. However, no studies are available about how saline soils affect the leaves of plant seedlings developing from seeds sown deep into the soil according to agricultural planting protocols of many crops. This is even more surprising as salinization of croplands affects about one and a half billion people worldwide,” said senior author Katalin Solymosi, an assistant professor of Biology at ELTE.</p>



<p>The scientists discovered that sodium ions (Na+) have the most detrimental impact on plant greening, while potassium (K+) salts, such as those found in wood ash, and calcium chloride (CaCl2) are more benign alternatives for ice-melting purposes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“In this context, it is particularly surprising that no study has so far investigated in detail how high salt concentrations affect the greening of wheat seedlings, even though it is obvious that the leaves of plants germinating in soil are directly exposed to soil salinity,” explained lead author Adél Sóti, a PhD student at ELTE.</p>



<p>“We found a simple method to investigate how salt affects the greening of plants. After 11 days of germination in complete darkness, for example in a closed box, leaf pieces of seedlings were first exposed to different concentrations of salt for 1.5 hours as a pretreatment and then illuminated in relatively low light to green them. Greening, that is the appearance or absence of green color after 16 hours of illumination, is readily visible to the eye and indicates the extent to which the saline solution was detrimental to the process.”</p>



<p>“With electron microscopic investigations we showed that the large and abnormal swelling of the water-containing inner space (called lumen) of the etioplast inner membranes did not occur during the application of only osmotic stress and was only observed in samples treated with high Na+ concentrations. Our comparative analyses showed that high concentrations (600 mM) of KCl, KNO3 or 300 mM CaCl2 also slowed down the greening, but did not induce such marked ultrastructural changes,” added Solymosi.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These findings highlight the significant role of soil salinity in affecting plant growth and point towards the need for more environmentally friendly approaches in areas such as road de-icing during winter. Moreover, they offer a foundation for understanding and combating the challenges posed by increasing soil salinity in agriculture worldwide.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-023-04255-4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Planta</em></a>.</p>



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Soil salinity disrupts the development of wheat seedlings

The issue of increased soil salinity, a growing global problem...

The,Young,,Short,Pine,Tree,Dried,Up,And,Turned,Bright

<p>In the depths of verdant forests, where the tranquility is often only disturbed by the sounds of wildlife and rustling leaves, a silent crisis is unfolding amongst young trees. </p>



<p>Climate scientist Don Falk's chance encounter with a dead seedling during a forest hike has shed light on a concerning phenomenon known as recruitment failure among <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-we-cut-down-all-the-oak-trees-a-disturbing-discovery-makes-this-question-plausible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. This discovery has significant implications for our understanding of forest resilience in the face of climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dire-discovery-amidst-the-green">Dire discovery amidst the green</h2>



<p>Don Falk is a respected figure in the realm of environmental science, bringing attention to looming ecological challenges. His observations and subsequent research highlight a troubling trend in the natural regeneration of young tree populations. The death of a generation of seedlings is not merely a localized issue but a warning sign of larger ecological upheaval.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recruitment-failure-is-a-grave-threat">"Recruitment failure" is a grave threat</h2>



<p>Recruitment failure denotes the widespread demise of young trees, which are pivotal for the natural restoration of forests after catastrophic events. </p>



<p>Falk, who holds a professorship at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a> and multiple appointments in key environmental research institutes, emphasizes the gravity of this situation. As climate change exacerbates conditions like wildfires and pestilence, the regeneration of forests hangs in the balance.</p>



<p>In an attempt to understand how extreme weather events affect tree recruitment, Falk and his colleagues embarked on a controlled study. They scrutinized the responses of five different tree species, all four years in age, to sustained periods of drought and heat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drought-tolerance-among-young-trees">Drought tolerance among young trees</h2>



<p>The research uncovered varying levels of drought tolerance among the species. Interestingly, all species exhibited a higher than expected resilience to heat waves.</p>



<p>During the drought simulation, while some species succumbed to prolonged water scarcity, the limber pine stood out for its remarkable endurance. Young <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-gives-pine-trees-fresh-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pine trees</a> survived up to 36 weeks without water. This finding contradicts common expectations, as some of the more resilient species were those accustomed to cooler, higher elevations rather than warmer, lower ones.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-outcome-from-heat-waves">Unexpected outcome from heat waves</h2>



<p>The researchers also mimicked a typical heat wave, increasing temperatures significantly for a week across all species. The order of seedling death remained consistent with that of the drought experiment. In addition, the time to death only slightly accelerated. </p>



<p>These results have prompted a reevaluation of the impact of heat waves, with an emphasis on underlying drought conditions as the primary stress factor for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/younger-trees-use-up-and-release-less-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-trees-and-forest-management">Young trees and forest management</h2>



<p>The insights garnered from Falk and his team's work are more than academic. They are a call to action for forest managers. The surprising resilience of species like the limber <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heat-makes-pine-trees-more-susceptible-to-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pine</a> may inform decisions on what to plant in the aftermath of large-scale adult tree die-offs.</p>



<p>Professor Emeritus David Breshears is a co-author of the study. He stresses the importance of this research in guiding future forest management strategies. </p>



<p>The upcoming experiments, which plan to intensify the heat conditions, aim to further refine our understanding of how future landscapes may be shaped by these climatic challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-resilience-hangs-in-the-balance">Forest resilience hangs in the balance</h2>



<p>As our planet faces unprecedented climatic changes, the findings of Falk and his colleagues serve as a crucial piece of the puzzle in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-forests-with-diverse-tree-species-increases-likelihood-of-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest conservation efforts</a>. Recruitment failure is more than an academic term. It represents a potential bottleneck in the life cycle of forests that could have cascading effects on ecosystems worldwide.</p>



<p>The silent crisis observed in the demise of young <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-trees-use-social-distancing-to-promote-forest-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> is a stark reminder of the delicate balance within which our forests exist. With continued research and informed forest management, there is hope that this balance can be maintained, safeguarding the future of these vital ecosystems for generations to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-young-trees">More about young trees</h2>



<p>Young trees are the backbone of forest regeneration and ecosystem sustainability. Their growth stages are crucial in determining the future health and stability of woodlands around the world. </p>



<p>As previously discussed, understanding how these saplings grow and develop is key to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-trees-are-best-at-purifying-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nurturing forests</a> that can withstand environmental challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-germination-the-first-step-of-life">Germination: The first step of life</h3>



<p>The journey of a young tree begins with germination. In this initial phase, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seed-production-is-slowing-down-in-older-larger-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seeds</a> absorb water, causing them to swell and break through their outer shell. </p>



<p>The root begins to anchor the plant into the soil, and a shoot pushes upward towards the light. This critical stage sets the stage for a sapling's emergence.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seedling-stage-foundation-for-the-future">Seedling stage: Foundation for the future</h3>



<p>After germination, the seedling stage commences. During this period, young trees develop their first true leaves, essential for photosynthesis -- the process that fuels their growth. These first leaves, albeit temporary, are a sapling's initial solar panels, capturing sunlight to create food from carbon dioxide and water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sapling-growth-strength-and-structure">Sapling growth: Strength and structure</h3>



<p>As seedlings transition into saplings, they grow taller, and their root systems expand both deep and wide into the earth. This growth spurt allows them to access more nutrients and water, critical to outcompete grasses and shrubs. Stems thicken, providing the necessary support for the young tree to stand against the elements.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-young-trees-coping-with-environmental-stress">Young trees coping with environmental stress</h3>



<p>Young trees must endure and adapt to various environmental stresses, including drought, pests, and shade. Their ability to cope with these stresses is crucial for survival. </p>



<p>As they mature, trees develop thicker bark to protect against pests and diseases. They also form stronger wood to resist wind and weather, while their leaves optimize to maximize sunlight absorption.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-the-early-years">Importance of the early years</h3>



<p>The early years of a tree's life are determinative. They establish the resilience necessary to face challenges like climate change, disease, and human interference. Ensuring that saplings have the right conditions to thrive during this period is essential for the long-term health of forests.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-intervention-aiding-young-tree-growth">Human intervention: Aiding young tree growth</h3>



<p>Foresters and conservationists often intervene to support young trees. They may provide water during dry spells, erect barriers to protect against wildlife, or thin out competing vegetation. This human aid can be the difference between a thriving forest and a struggling one.</p>



<p>As young trees grow, they begin to contribute to their ecosystem. They offer habitat and food for wildlife, improve soil health, and contribute to the carbon cycle, mitigating climate change impacts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nurturing-the-next-generation">Nurturing the next generation</h3>



<p>The growth of young trees is a complex, vital process that lays the foundation for a robust and resilient forest ecosystem. It is a testament to the intricate balance of nature and the importance of each stage in a tree's life cycle. </p>



<p>By understanding and supporting this growth, humans can ensure that forests continue to thrive. Doing so will provide innumerable benefits for both the environment and society at large.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the prestigious journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/ffgc.2023.1198156/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Forests and Global Change</a></em>.</p>



<p>---</p>



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Young trees are not responding well to climate change

In the depths of verdant forests, where the tranquility is...

Front,Head,Of,Bottlenose,Dolphin,(tursiops,Truncatus),With,An,Open

<p>Recent research by Tim Hüttner and Guido Dehnhardt from the <a href="https://www.uni-rostock.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rostock</a>, Germany, has revealed a remarkable discovery about bottlenose dolphins. Known for their intelligence and agility, these marine mammals are now suspected to have an additional sensory ability – the detection of weak electric fields. This finding could revolutionize our understanding of dolphin behavior and sensory capabilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-bottlenose-dolphins">Studying bottlenose dolphins</h2>



<p>The study began with an observation of bottlenose dolphin calves, which are born with two rows of whiskers on their beaks that eventually fall out, leaving behind vibrissal pits. </p>



<p>Hüttner and Dehnhardt noted that these pits closely resemble the structures in sharks that enable them to detect electric fields. Intrigued by this similarity, they decided to investigate further.</p>



<p>In collaboration with Lorenzo von Fersen at <a href="https://tiergarten.nuernberg.de/en/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nuremberg Zoo</a> and Lars Miersch at the University of Rostock, Dehnhardt and Hüttner designed experiments to test the dolphins' sensitivity to electric fields. </p>



<p>The team first examined how sensitive two bottlenose dolphins, Donna and Dolly, were to varying electric fields to determine their ability to detect a fish buried in the sandy sea floor. Hüttner, Armin Fritz from Nuremberg Zoo, and a team of colleagues trained the dolphins to rest their jaws on a submerged metal bar. </p>



<p>They then taught them to swim away within 5 seconds upon detecting an electric field from electrodes placed just above their snouts. As the researchers progressively reduced the electric field strength from 500 to 2μV/cm, they meticulously recorded the frequency of the dolphins' correctly timed departures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



<p>The experiments yielded fascinating results. Donna demonstrated slightly higher sensitivity than Dolly as the electric fields weakened, detecting fields as low as 2.4μV/cm compared to Dolly's threshold of 5.5μV/cm. </p>



<p>The team recognized that living animals produce fluctuating electric fields, not just static ones, due to the pulsing movements of fish gills. To test this, they varied the electric field pulses at 1, 5, and 25 times per second while lowering the field strength. </p>



<p>Both Donna and Dolly detected these pulsing fields. However, their sensitivity to these alternating fields was not as high as it was to steady fields. Dolly detected only the slowest pulsed field at 28.9μV/cm, while Donna sensed all three, with the slowest at 11.7μV/cm.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-this-super-sense">Implications of this "super sense"</h2>



<p>Dehnhardt explains the practical significance of this finding, stating that the ability to detect weak electric fields aids dolphins in locating fish hidden in sediment. This skill differs from sharks, who can sense electric fields from a greater distance.</p>



<p>Hüttner and Dehnhardt propose that dolphins' ability to perceive electricity might aid them on a larger scale. Dehnhardt explains, "Dolphins could use this sensory ability to orient themselves to the Earth's magnetic field." </p>



<p>He suggests that dolphins swimming at a normal speed of 10m/s through weak areas of the Earth's magnetic field could produce a detectable electric field of 2.5μV/cm across their bodies. Moreover, swimming faster increases their likelihood of sensing the planet's magnetic field, enabling them to navigate globally using an electric sense-based magnetic map.</p>



<p>In summary, this surprising discovery by Hüttner and Dehnhardt opens new avenues for understanding the sensory world of dolphins. It highlights their remarkable adaptability, and also poses exciting questions about the evolutionary purpose and ecological implications of this newfound electrosensitivity "super sense" in dolphins.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bottlenose-dolphins">More about bottlenose dolphins</h2>



<p>Bottlenose dolphins, scientific name <em>Tursiops truncatus</em>, captivate people worldwide with their intelligence, agility, and playful behavior. These marine mammals, known for their curved mouths giving the appearance of a friendly "smile," belong to the family Delphinidae. They inhabit warm and temperate seas worldwide and have become one of the most studied and recognized dolphin species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics-of-bottlenose-dolphins">Physical characteristics of bottlenose dolphins</h3>



<p>This dolphin species typically measures between 2 to 4 meters in length and weighs around 150 to 650 kilograms. Their sleek, streamlined bodies, adapted for swimming, display a grayish-blue color with a lighter underside. They possess a distinctive dorsal fin, which provides stability while swimming. These dolphins have a well-developed sense of hearing and eyesight, both above and below the water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-hunting-techniques">Diet and hunting techniques</h3>



<p>Bottlenose dolphins are carnivorous, primarily feeding on a diet of fish and squid. They employ sophisticated hunting techniques, including the use of echolocation. By emitting sound waves that bounce off objects, they can locate and identify their prey with remarkable precision. In some regions, they have developed unique hunting strategies, like mud-ring feeding, where they trap fish in muddy circles before feasting on them.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-behavior-and-communication">Social behavior and communication</h3>



<p>Bottlenose dolphins are highly social animals, living in groups called pods. These pods can contain anywhere from a few individuals to over a dozen. They communicate using a complex array of whistles, clicks, and body language. Each dolphin has a unique signature whistle, functioning like a name, allowing them to call out to specific individuals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intelligence-and-training">Intelligence and training</h3>



<p>Renowned for their intelligence, bottlenose dolphins can learn and perform complex tasks, making them stars in many aquarium shows. They have the ability to understand symbolic language, use tools, and exhibit problem-solving skills. Researchers continually discover new aspects of their cognitive abilities, deepening our understanding of these fascinating creatures.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-lifespan">Reproduction and lifespan</h3>



<p>Female bottlenose dolphins reach sexual maturity around 5-12 years of age, while males mature a bit later, around 10-12 years. They mate throughout the year, with a gestation period of about 12 months. A calf is born tail-first and quickly rises to the surface for its first breath. Calves typically stay with their mothers for 3-6 years. In the wild, bottlenose dolphins can live up to 40 years or more.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



<p>While bottlenose dolphins are not currently endangered, they face threats from habitat loss, pollution, and fishing nets. Various conservation efforts focus on protecting their natural habitats and reducing human-induced threats. Public awareness and responsible ecotourism play significant roles in the conservation of these magnificent creatures.</p>



<p>In summary, bottlenose dolphins, with their remarkable abilities and charismatic nature, continue to intrigue and delight humans. Their presence in the oceans reminds us of the complexity and beauty of marine life and the importance of preserving such incredible species for future generations.</p>



<p>Understanding and respecting these intelligent creatures is crucial for their continued survival in the ever-changing marine environment.</p>



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Bottlenose dolphins have a newly-discovered 'super sense'

Recent research by Tim Hüttner and Guido Dehnhardt from the...

Wolverine,(gulo,Gulo),Portrait.,Wolverine,Face,Closeup.

<p>In a landmark decision, the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a> has announced the protection of the wolverine population in the lower 48 states under the <a href="https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-endangered-species-act" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Endangered Species Act</a> (ESA). This move is a significant victory for conservationists who have campaigned for decades to secure legal protections for this rare wilderness species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-fought-conservation-battle">Long-fought conservation battle</h2>



<p>The decision to list the wolverine as threatened under the ESA is the culmination of a prolonged campaign by conservationists, involving six rounds of successful litigation. Timothy Preso, an <a href="https://www.earthjustice.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earthjustice</a> attorney, expressed his satisfaction with the decision. He said, “This long-awaited decision gives the wolverine a fighting chance at survival.”</p>



<p>The journey began in 1994 when conservation organizations first filed petitions, filing again in 2000, urging for the classification of the wolverine as a threatened under the Endangered Species Act. However, over the years, the service consistently postponed and hindered the listing process for the wolverine, compelling those advocating for the species to seek legal action to enforce the act. </p>



<p>Earthjustice, along with its allied groups, achieved success in every lawsuit they pursued for the wolverine's protection. They consistently secured victories either via court decisions in their favor or through advantageous settlement deals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-wolverines-are-endangered">Why wolverines are endangered</h2>



<p>Dave Werntz from <a href="https://conservationnw.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Northwest</a> and Michael Saul from <a href="https://defenders.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Defenders of Wildlife</a> emphasized the importance of this decision in light of the challenges posed by climate change. Wolverines, dependent on snowpack for their survival, are facing an uncertain future due to global warming.</p>



<p>“The decision today gives a boost to struggling wolverines across the west,” said<strong> </strong>Werntz. “The future for wolverines in the North Cascades and elsewhere is now much brighter.”</p>



<p>With no more than 300 individuals remaining in the lower 48 states, the wolverine, the largest terrestrial member of the weasel family, is endangered by habitat loss due to climate change. Pregnant females rely on deep snow for birthing and raising their young.</p>



<p>“The science is clear: snowpack-dependent species like the wolverine are facing an increasingly uncertain future under a warming climate,” Michael Saul explained. “The protections that come with Endangered Species Act listing increase the chance that our children will continue to share the mountains with these elusive and fascinating carnivores. Now it’s time to support the species’ future by bringing them back to the mountains of Colorado as well.”</p>



<p>Andrea Zaccardi from the <a href="https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Biological Diversity</a> expressed joy over the decision, noting the overdue nature of these protections. Megan Mueller from <a href="https://rockymountainwild.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rocky Mountain Wild</a> highlighted the importance of reintroducing wolverines to Colorado as a refuge from climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-context-and-current-challenges">Historical context and current challenges</h2>



<p>Historically, wolverines roamed across the northern United States, reaching as far south as New Mexico and Southern California. Today, traps, human disturbance, and low genetic diversity pose risks to their limited and fragmented populations.</p>



<p>George Sexton from the <a href="https://www.kswild.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Klamath-Siskiyou Wildlands Center</a> and Jeff Abrams from the <a href="https://www.idahoconservation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Idaho Conservation League</a> emphasized the significance of the decision for regional recovery efforts. </p>



<p>“Wolverines have been completely driven out of the Klamath Mountains where they once roamed, this is an important step to ensure that they are not driven off the planet,” said Sexton.</p>



<p>“Biologists estimate a loss of more than 40% of suitable wolverine habitat in Idaho by 2060 if we fail to act," Abrams added. “This decision allows us to move forward on recovery actions to prevent such extensive loss of wolverine habitat and recover wolverine populations.”</p>



<p>Bonnie Rice from <a href="https://www.sierraclub.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sierra Club</a> called the decision a lifeline for the snow-dependent species, saying, “Today’s decision gives this amazing, snow-dependent species a long-overdue lifeline in the face of massive habitat loss due to climate change.”</p>



<p>In summary, the long-overdue move by the USFWS marks a pivotal moment in the conservation of endangered wolverines in the United States. It not only offers legal protection, but also sets the stage for recovery programs and initiatives. Earthjustice and their allies earned a hard-fount victory and a beacon of hope for this iconic wilderness species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-wolverines">More about wolverines</h2>



<p>Wolverines, known for their formidable strength and resilience, thrive in some of the most inhospitable climates on Earth. These solitary mammals, often misunderstood, play a crucial role in the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>Wolverines, the largest members of the Mustelidae or weasel family, display a bear-like appearance. They have a stocky build, broad heads, and short, rounded ears. </p>



<p>Their thick, dark brown fur, often with light facial markings and a pale stripe running from each shoulder to the base of their tail, provides insulation against extreme cold. Wolverines also have large, five-toed paws with sharp claws, making them excellent climbers and diggers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wolverine-habitat-and-distribution">Wolverine habitat and distribution</h3>



<p>Wolverines are adapted to cold, boreal forests, tundra, and alpine environments. They predominantly inhabit the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Canada, Alaska, northern Europe, and Russia. </p>



<p>Their home ranges are vast, spanning hundreds of square miles. Being solitary animals, they require large territories for hunting and scavenging.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-hunting-behavior">Diet and hunting behavior</h3>



<p>Carnivorous in nature, wolverines feed on a variety of foods. Their diet primarily consists of carrion, small mammals, birds, and occasionally fruits and berries. </p>



<p>Wolverines are opportunistic feeders and have been known to take down prey much larger than themselves, such as deer, using their powerful jaws and sharp teeth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-behavior">Reproductive behavior</h3>



<p>Wolverines mate in the summer, but the implantation of the embryo is delayed until winter. Births occur in the early spring. </p>



<p>Females give birth to two to three kits in dens insulated with snow, which provide protection and warmth. The young wolverines are weaned after a few months but often stay with their mother until the next breeding season.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptations-for-survival">Adaptations for survival</h3>



<p>Wolverines have several adaptations that aid their survival in harsh climates. Their fur is frost-resistant, and their wide paws act like natural snowshoes, supporting them in deep snow. Wolverines also have a keen sense of smell, allowing them to locate food buried deep beneath the snow.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threats-and-conservation">Threats and conservation</h3>



<p>As discussed above, wolverines face threats from habitat loss, climate change, and human activities such as trapping and hunting. Their dependency on snow-covered terrain makes them particularly vulnerable to global warming. Conservation efforts, including legal protections and habitat conservation, are crucial for their survival.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-wolverines-in-ecosystems">Role of wolverines in ecosystems</h3>



<p>As apex scavengers, wolverines play a vital role in their ecosystems by helping to keep them clean and free of carrion. They also impact the populations of smaller predators and prey, maintaining a balance in their habitats.</p>



<p>Wolverines, with their fierce reputation and remarkable adaptability, are fascinating creatures deserving of admiration and protection. Understanding and conserving these resilient animals is essential for maintaining the health and balance of the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



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Wolverines receive much-needed protection from the Endangered Species Act

In a landmark decision, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service...

British,Cat,And,Golden,Retriever

<p>Dog and cat owners often engage in the age-old debate about which of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petting-dogs-and-cats-dramatically-reduces-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beloved pets</a> is smarter. This question, however, has remained challenging to answer due to the inherent difficulties in making a sound comparison between the two species. The complexity lies in their differing natures and the varying success of previous comparative studies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interpreting-human-pointing-gestures">Interpreting human pointing gestures</h2>



<p>In an attempt to provide a clearer understanding, researchers from the <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/research_groups" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ELKH-ELTE</a> Comparative Ethology Research Group and the Department of Ethology at <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> embarked on a new study. Their goal was to compare how well companion dogs and cats can interpret human pointing gestures under identical test conditions.</p>



<p>Attila Salamon, the first author of the study, highlighted the unique challenges faced during the research. "We tested cats and dogs first in the laboratory, which was quite the challenge for cats," Salamon stated. </p>



<p>Salamon explained that of the 62 indoor family cats brought to the Department, only 34 participated in the pointing test. The other cats were too shy or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-dogs-preference-for-certain-foods-has-a-direct-impact-on-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unmotivated</a>, despite the lure of their favorite treats. In contrast, no dogs had to be excluded from the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-were-dogs-or-cats-smarter-with-pointing">Were dogs or cats smarter with pointing?</h2>



<p>The testing procedure, as described by co-author Melitta Csepregi, was straightforward. Two containers were placed on the ground, with one containing a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/switching-dogs-and-cats-to-vegan-diets-would-help-the-earth-tremendously/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food</a> reward. The experimenter pointed at the baited container, and then the animal made its choice. </p>



<p>"Overall, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-with-vegan-diets-may-have-better-health-outcomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> proved to be more skilled. They found the reward significantly more frequently than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-old-is-your-cat-in-human-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cats</a>," Csepregi observed. “In addition, cats gradually became less willing to choose, while dogs were eager to work during the whole duration of the test.”</p>



<p>Acknowledging that cats might have been at a disadvantage in an unfamiliar environment, a subgroup of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-attachments-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cats</a> was later tested in their homes. This adjustment did not significantly alter the outcome. Although cats were more willing to participate at home, their success rate remained lower than that of dogs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-research-team-learned">What the research team learned</h2>



<p>Márta Gácsi, the lead researcher, offered insights into the possible reasons for these differences. "Cats may have been less attentive, less motivated by food rewards, or frustrated by the unfamiliar environment or unusual handling during the test,” she suggested. </p>



<p>Gácsi also highlighted the inherent differences between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/consumer-choices-are-influenced-by-ads-with-cats-and-dogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the two species</a>. “Unlike the cat, the dog is a social species and was selected for interaction and cooperation with humans during domestication. Differences in how we keep them may also have contributed to the test results."</p>



<p>Gácsi concluded with a significant observation. She explained, "All things considered, it's no surprise that it's less relevant for cats to rely on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-better-at-expressing-emotions-than-cats-except-for-anger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human communication</a> cues." </p>



<p>In summary, this study sheds light on the differing natures of dogs and cats, suggesting that intelligence in pets cannot be universally measured. This trait is heavily influenced by their evolutionary and domestication histories. </p>



<p>While the debate on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-pet-owners-care-more-for-dogs-than-cats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">which pet</a> is smarter, dogs or cats, may continue, this research underscores the importance of understanding and appreciating the unique qualities of each species.</p>



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Are dogs smarter than cats? A new study looks for answers to that never-ending debate

Dog and cat owners often engage in the age-old debate...

Dog,Holds,Carrot,In,Its,Mouth

<p>Recent research conducted by the Department of Ethology at <a href="https://ethology.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a>, Hungary, and <a href="https://petfood.symrise.com/emea-en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Symrise Pet Food</a>, France, has provided new understanding into how dogs' food preferences and motivation are reflected in their brain activity. Specifically, their caudate nuclei, a brain region associated with reward processing, show marked variations in response to different food qualities. </p>



<p>This study, which cleverly integrates behavioral observations with advanced neuroimaging techniques, offers a unique perspective on the relationship between food quality and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-dog-day-celebrating-all-the-ways-that-dogs-make-life-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">canine</a> motivation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-how-food-motivates-dogs">Learning how food motivates dogs</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiment-1-behavioral-assessment">Experiment 1: Behavioral assessment</h3>



<p>The first part of the study involved a group of twenty family <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-live-longer-and-happier-lives-when-they-get-to-socialize-often/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>. These dogs were initially trained to unwrap a box. They were then introduced to associate specific tones with two types of food: smoked ham, a highly rewarding treat, and fiber cookies, a less desirable option.</p>



<p>The crucial part of this experiment was to measure the dogs' motivation to obtain the associated food. This was determined by the speed at which they unwrapped the box when one of the sounds played. "The results showed that the dogs unwrapped the box quicker when the sound associated with the higher quality food, the smoked ham, was played," the research team reports.</p>



<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="GEfERCYtSv-3208636-12187" type="single"]</div>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experiment-2-neuroimaging-analysis">Experiment 2: Neuroimaging analysis</h3>



<p>A different group of twenty family <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mischievous-dogs-experts-reveal-the-top-ten-naughtiest-breeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> participated in the second experiment, which focused on brain activity. These dogs were trained to remain still in a brain scanner. Initially, they were exposed to both sounds without any specific meaning attached. After participating in the wrapped box experiment, they underwent another scanning session, this time with each sound linked to either smoked ham or fiber cookies.</p>



<p>The primary focus here was on changes in the caudate nucleus during these sessions. The study found that, compared to the first session, there was a heightened response in the caudate nucleus in the second session, particularly to the sound associated with smoked ham.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-food-motivation-and-the-brain">Dog food, motivation, and the brain</h2>



<p>Dorottya Ujfalussy is the senior author of the study. She explains, "While prior research has primarily focused on how the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog brain</a> responds to rewards versus non-rewards, our study takes a step further, delving into the representation of two food rewards varying in quality." </p>



<p>Not all <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-needy-independent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> showed the same performance, with significant variation in how quickly they unwrapped the boxes. The study observed a clear positive correlation between the behavioral performance of the dogs and the differentiation in their brain responses. </p>



<p>Laura V. Cuaya is the first author of the study. She remarks, "It is exciting to be able to 'see' how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-facial-markings-influence-how-they-bond-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> represent different foods in their brains and observe how the quality of the food influences their motivation. We were surprised to discover a distinct positive correlation between the behavior of the dogs and their brain representations."</p>



<p>Cuaya explains further, "The direction of this relationship still intrigues us. Based on our data, we cannot determine whether a more distinct brain representation of both sounds enables a better behavioral performance or if it operates in the reverse. It’s likely that this process is not solely unidirectional."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-canine-training-and-motivation">Implications for canine training and motivation</h2>



<p>This study offers a unique insight into how dogs' preferences and motivations towards food are intricately linked to their brain activity. It opens new avenues in understanding canine cognition and behavior, especially in terms of how they perceive and value different types of rewards. </p>



<p>Ujfalussy further expounded, "Our findings highlight that the caudate nuclei not merely process rewards, but also distinguish between rewards based on their quality."</p>



<p>These findings could have significant implications for training methods and enhancing the well-being of domestic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-and-humans-process-social-information-in-surprisingly-similar-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a> around the world.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-40539-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a></em>.</p>



<p>Video Credit: Eötvös Loránd University/ Symrise Pet Food&nbsp;</p>



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A dog's preference for certain foods has a direct impact on motivation

Recent research conducted by the Department of Ethology at Eötvös...

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.port.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Portsmouth</a> have discovered that plastic waste in aquatic environments may be severely disrupting the reproductive behavior of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-45000-marine-species-are-endangered-by-human-impacts/">marine animals</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts say that plastic waste in the water might be stopping - or interrupting - some creatures from reproducing.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-marine-plastic-waste">Studying marine plastic waste</h2>



<p>The study was specifically focused on the marine amphipod Echinogammarus marinus, a shrimp-like creature that has a wide distribution.</p>



<p>Previous research on marine plastic pollution has typically examined the physical dangers, such as entrapment and ingestion. Instead, the Portsmouth study explored the chemical composition of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastics-dropped-into-the-ocean-can-travel-hundreds-of-miles-while-sinking/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a>, particularly the additives that enhance their properties.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unsuccessful-mating-nbsp">Unsuccessful mating&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study reveals that chemicals commonly found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodegradable-plastic-materials-do-not-biodegrade-in-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> are altering the reproductive behavior of E. marinus. This could have serious consequences not only for the species but also for the entire marine ecosystem.</p>



<p>“This unsuccessful mating behavior has serious repercussions, not only for the species being tested but potentially for the population as a whole," explained Professor Alex Ford from Portsmouth's Institute of Marine Sciences.</p>



<p>"These animals form pairs to reproduce. Once they were exposed to a chemical, they would break apart from their mate and take much longer -in some cases days - to repair, and sometimes not at all."</p>



<p>“These creatures are commonly found on European shores, where they make up a substantial amount of the diet of fish and birds. If they are compromised it will have an effect on the whole food chain.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-use-of-chemicals-nbsp">Widespread use of chemicals&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research sheds light on the widespread use of chemicals in everyday products. Out of over 350,000 chemicals used globally, about 10,000 are employed in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-plastic-pollution-increases-with-depth-and-near-protected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastics</a> for various purposes, including flexibility, color enhancement, sun protection, and fire resistance. </p>



<p>Alarmingly, a third of these chemicals are toxic to human health, affecting the immune, nervous, or reproductive systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-additives-nbsp">Plastic additives&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers tested four common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-plastics-are-a-hazard-at-every-stage-of-their-life-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic additives</a>: phthalates (DEHP and DBP), Triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS). These chemicals are found in a range of products, from medical supplies and food packaging to electronic equipment and cooking utensils.</p>



<p>The study revealed that all the tested additives hindered the pairing process of the amphipods, with some even causing a substantial decline in sperm count.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Although the animals we tested were exposed to much higher concentrations than you would normally find in the environment, the results indicate these chemicals can affect sperm count," said Professor Ford.</p>



<p>“It is conceivable that if we did the experiment on shrimps that had been exposed for a longer period or during critical stages in their life history, it would affect their sperm levels and quality.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Study lead author Bidemi Green-Ojo, a PhD researcher in Environmental Toxicology, emphasized the importance of understanding the effects of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-embedded-in-tissues-of-whales-and-dolphins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals on aquatic life</a>. </p>



<p>“We must understand more about these chemicals and how they affect behavior. Many types of behavior - such as feeding, fight or flight mode, and reproduction - are essential in an animal's life, and any atypical behavior may reduce the chances of survival," said Green-Ojo.</p>



<p>“We are urging environment agencies around the world to take more notice of behavioral data, because sometimes the data tells us things that normal toxicity tests don’t. Studies like this give a different perspective on potential damage caused by a specific pollutant.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122946" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Pollution</em></a>.</p>



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Plastic waste is disrupting the sex lives of marine animals

Researchers at the University of Portsmouth have discovered that plastic...

Honey,Bee,Flying,To,The,Flower

<p>Venoms, remarkable for their complexity and potency, have independently evolved in numerous animal groups, including bees. Within the diverse insect order Hymenoptera, which encompasses over 6,000 bee species alone, venomous species are notably abundant. </p>



<p>Despite their ecological and economic significance, the evolutionary development of hymenopteran venoms has remained largely unexplored. A recent study led by Dr. Björn von Reumont, a visiting scientist at <a href="https://www.goethe-university-frankfurt.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>, has made significant strides in understanding this mysterious evolutionary path.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-bee-venom-evolution">Studying bee venom evolution</h2>



<p>The research, grounded in comparative genomics, marks the first systematic exploration of the evolution of bee and other hymenopteran venoms. </p>



<p>The team identified prevalent peptides and proteins in hymenopteran venom using protein databases. They then analyzed venoms from two wild bee species -- the violet carpenter bee (<em>Xylocopa violacea</em>) and the great-banded furrow-bee (<em>Halictus scabiosae</em>) -- as well as of the honeybee (<em>Apis mellifera</em>). </p>



<p>Twelve peptide and protein families were found to be common across the hymenopteran venoms studied, suggesting these are fundamental "common ingredient" of their venom cocktails.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-genetic-discoveries">Surprising genetic discoveries</h2>



<p>In collaboration with institutions like the <a href="https://www.leibniz-gemeinschaft.de/en/institutes/leibniz-institutes-all-lists" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute</a>, <a href="https://www.tum.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TUM</a>, and <a href="https://tbg.senckenberg.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LOEWE TBG</a>, the researchers examined the genes of these 12 families in 32 hymenopteran taxa. </p>



<p>This group included sweat bees and stingless bees, and also wasps and ants such as the notorious fire ant (<em>Solenopsis invicta</em>). The genetic differences were sometimes as minute as a single letter change in the genetic code. Nonetheless, this enabled the team to trace relationships and compile a lineage of venom genes using artificial intelligence and machine learning.</p>



<p>A key revelation was the presence of many venom genes across all hymenopterans, indicating a common ancestral origin. Bees, it seems, have been venomous from their beginnings. </p>



<p>This finding challenges current debates in other groups, such as Toxicofera, about the independent evolution of venoms. “This makes it highly probable that hymenopterans are venomous as an entire group,” concludes von Reumont. “For other groups, such as Toxicofera, which includes snakes, anguids (lizards) and iguania, science is still debating whether the venoms can be traced back to a common ancestor or whether they evolved separately.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hymenoptera-specialization">Hymenoptera specialization</h2>



<p>In the Hymenoptera order, it's specifically the stinging insects like bees, wasps, and ants that are equipped with a stinger for venom delivery. In contrast, the ancient parasitic sawflies, such as the sirex wood wasp (Sirex noctilio), employ a different method. They use their ovipositor, in conjunction with laying eggs, to introduce substances that modify the physiology of their host plants. </p>



<p>A notable example is the sirex wood wasp, which not only injects a fungus aiding its larvae in colonizing the wood but also delivers its unique blend of venomous proteins, as highlighted in the study. </p>



<p>These proteins are crucial in preparing the plant environment to be conducive for the larvae's growth. Dr. von Reumont points out, "Based on this, we can categorize the sirex wood wasp as venomous too."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-venom-components-in-bees">Novel venom components in bees</h2>



<p>Particularly intriguing was the discovery related to the peptide melittin in bees. Contrary to previous beliefs that multiple gene copies were responsible for its diversity and abundance in bee venom, the study revealed it is encoded by a single gene. </p>



<p>This discovery refutes the hypothesis of melittin belonging to the postulated aculeatoxins group, emphasizing the importance of genome data in understanding venom evolution.</p>



<p>Additionally, the study identified anthophilin-1 as a new protein family in bee venom, further enriching our understanding of venom composition and evolution.</p>



<p>Dr. von Reumont explains, “Not only are there many different variants of melittin, but the peptide also accounts for up to 60 percent of the dry weight of bee venom. That is why science previously assumed that there must be many gene copies. We were able to disprove this quite clearly.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-venom-evolution-research">Future venom evolution research</h2>



<p>This important study by Dr. von Reumont and his team offers unprecedented insights into the origin and evolution of venom genes in Hymenoptera. It sets the stage for future research in tracing venom gene evolution in the ancestors of Hymenoptera and understanding specializations within the group. </p>



<p>However, large-scale comparative genomics will require the automation of analysis methods for the expansive protein families involved. </p>



<p>This research illuminates the evolutionary paths of venoms, while also opening new avenues for understanding the intricate relationships between genetics and ecology in one of the most diverse and ecologically significant insect orders.</p>



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Which came first, bee venom or bee stingers?

Venoms, remarkable for their complexity and potency, have independently evolved...

<p>Scientists have uncovered a crucial connection between ocean oxygen levels and one of the most catastrophic marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-predict-a-new-mass-extinction-that-will-wipe-out-humans-and-all-mammals/">extinction events</a> in Earth’s history.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research not only illuminates our understanding of past global changes but also issues a stark warning about the current fragility of marine ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-triassic-jurassic-mass-extinction">Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction</h2>



<p>The study was focused on the Triassic–Jurassic mass extinction, which occurred approximately 200 million years ago. This event is among the Earth's major mass extinctions, periods characterized by significant global ecosystem collapses and widespread species extinctions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Historically, these events have been closely associated with global environmental disturbances, frequently resulting in reduced oxygen levels (anoxia) in oceanic waters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>A common hypothesis has been that greater extents of ocean deoxygenation would naturally lead to larger scale extinctions. However, the current study challenges this assumption by demonstrating that the level of euxinia (an extreme form of deoxygenation) during the Triassic–Jurassic extinction was similar to what we observe today.</p>



<p>The research team, including experts from Royal Holloway (UK), <a href="https://www.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a> (Ireland), and Utrecht University (Netherlands), analyzed chemical data extracted from ancient mudstone deposits in Northern Ireland and Germany.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The results of the analysis highlight the role of anoxia in the marine extinctions during this period. The study also reveals a surprising limitation in the global extent of extreme deoxygenation at the time.</p>



<p>The experts found a correlation between increased extinction rates and spikes in deoxygenation across shallow marine environments along European continental margins.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cautionary-tale-nbsp">Cautionary tale&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Upon further investigation, the team determined that the global extent of extreme deoxygenation was rather limited, and similar to the present day.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research serves as a cautionary tale about the current state of our oceans, suggesting that they may be more vulnerable than previously thought.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study of past global change events is invaluable in understanding the consequences of modern climate change, as well as in predicting and possibly mitigating future ecosystem tipping points.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-impacts">Cascading impacts</h2>



<p>“Scientists have long suspected that ocean deoxygenation plays an important role in the disturbance of marine ecosystems, which can lead to the extinction of species in marine environments," said study co-author Professor Micha Ruhl.</p>



<p>"The study of past time intervals of extreme environmental change indeed shows this to be the case, which teaches us important lessons about potential tipping points in local, as well as global ecosystems in response to climatic forcing."</p>



<p>“Crucially however, the current findings show that even when the global extent of deoxygenation is similar to the present day, the local development of anoxic conditions and subsequent locally increased extinction rates can cascade in widespread or global ecosystem collapse and extinctions, even in areas where deoxygenation did not occur."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-assessing-ecosystem-stability-nbsp">Assessing ecosystem stability&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Ruhl said the research shows that global marine ecosystems become vulnerable, even when only local environments along the edges of the continents are disturbed.</p>



<p>"Understanding such processes is of paramount importance for assessing present day ecosystem stability, and associated food supply, especially in a world where marine deoxygenation is projected to significantly increase in response to global warming and increased nutrient run-off from continents.”</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01303-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Geoscience</em></a></p>



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Today's ocean oxygen levels may have cascading impacts

Scientists have uncovered a crucial connection between ocean oxygen levels...

<p>In a recent development hailed as a conservation success, bluefin tuna have made a remarkable return to Northern European waters. This resurgence, however, is shadowed by concerns over rising sea temperatures in their Mediterranean nursery grounds. </p>



<p>New research led by the <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> suggests that this recovery may be fleeting due to the impending climate change.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-rising-temperatures">Impact of rising temperatures</h2>



<p>According to the research, the Mediterranean Sea is expected to reach temperatures that could drive juvenile bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tunas-billfishes-and-sharks-are-sentinels-of-global-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> out within the next 50 years. </p>



<p>Professor Clive Trueman is the lead author and a Geochemical Ecology expert at the University of Southampton. He emphasized the critical temperature threshold, saying, “We have found that anything over 28 degrees Celsius will adversely impact bluefins’ growth.”</p>



<p>The study predicts a potential shift in the tuna's nursery areas to cooler regions like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/desert-dust-over-the-bay-of-biscay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bay of Biscay</a>. This migration poses a new challenge as juvenile tuna might end up in existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-fisheries-threatened-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fisheries</a> for sardines and anchovies. This confluence of events would necessitate a change in fishery management practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-use-of-otolith">Innovative use of otolith</h2>



<p>An international team, including the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">British Antarctic Survey</a> and Spain's <a href="https://www.azti.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AZTI</a> science and technology centre, used a novel method involving the <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/bluefin-tuna-otolith_credit-Clive-Trueman_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">otolith</a> -- a tissue found behind the brains of bony fish. </p>



<p>This method was pioneered by Professor Trueman. It analyzes the otolith's chemistry to measure the tuna’s metabolic rate, offering insights into the ideal living conditions for these fish.</p>



<p>The otolith, or 'ear stone', is crucial for a fish’s ability to hear and balance. Professor Trueman explained its significance, saying, “Our new work uses variations in the levels of natural stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in the otolith to reveal each tuna’s individual metabolic rate. This can tell us when waters are getting too hot for the fish to handle - it’s like a natural fitness tracker.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bluefin-tuna-value">Bluefin tuna value</h2>



<p>Bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-payment-tuna-ocean-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> are among the largest and most powerful fish in the sea. They are capable of impressive speeds, leaping out of the water at 43 miles per hour. These fish are not just ecologically significant but also economically valuable, with their meat being a prized component in sushi and sashimi.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-pinpoint-blue-corridors-for-large-migratory-fish/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fish</a> spawns on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, with Eastern Atlantic bluefin spending their first year in the Mediterranean. Upon reaching maturity, they venture into the Atlantic. Bluefin will often cross the ocean in search of prey like sardines and herring, before returning to the Mediterranean to spawn.</p>



<p>In summary, the return of bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mercury-levels-in-bluefin-tuna-reveal-patterns-of-ocean-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> to Northern European waters is a testament to successful conservation efforts. However, the looming threat of climate change, specifically the rising temperatures in their Mediterranean nursery grounds, presents new challenges. </p>



<p>This research highlights, most importantly, the resilience of bluefin tuna. However, it also underscores the need for adaptive management in fisheries and a deeper understanding of the impact of climate change on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-improve-well-being-in-coastal-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bluefin-tuna">More about bluefin tuna</h2>



<p>As discussed previously, bluefin tuna are one of the ocean's most magnificent creatures. They command the attention of environmentalists, fishermen, and seafood connoisseurs alike. Let's now delve into their biology, behavior, and the challenges they face in today's oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biology-and-characteristics">Biology and characteristics</h3>



<p>Impressive Size and Speed -- Bluefin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tuna-contain-toxic-mercury-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tuna</a> stand out for their size and speed. They can grow up to three meters in length and weigh over 680 kilograms (1,500 pounds). Known for their incredible speed, they swim at bursts of up to 70 kilometers per hour (43 miles per hour), as mentioned above.</p>



<p>Unique Physiological Traits -- These fish possess several unique physiological adaptations. Unlike most fish, bluefins can regulate their body temperature, allowing them to thrive in diverse water temperatures. Their streamlined bodies and powerful tails make them highly efficient swimmers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-migration-patterns">Habitat and migration patterns</h3>



<p>Diverse Habitats -- Bluefin tuna inhabit various oceanic environments. They primarily roam the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, with distinct populations in the Eastern and Western Atlantic.</p>



<p>Long-Distance Migrations -- These fish are renowned for their long-distance migrations, crossing oceans for feeding and spawning. Western Atlantic bluefins migrate between North American waters and the Gulf of Mexico, while Eastern Atlantic populations travel between European waters and their spawning grounds in the Mediterranean.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bluefin-tuna-diet-and-feeding-habits">Bluefin tuna diet and feeding habits</h3>



<p>Predatory Nature -- Bluefin tuna are apex predators, feeding on a diet rich in fish and cephalopods. Their preferred prey includes herring, mackerel, and squid. They hunt both individually and in schools, showcasing impressive coordination.</p>



<p>Foraging Strategies -- Bluefins employ various foraging strategies, from swift, powerful attacks to cooperative hunting in groups. Their keen eyesight and heightened sense of smell aid in locating prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-life-cycle">Reproduction and life cycle</h3>



<p>Spawning Rituals -- Bluefin tuna spawn in warm waters, typically in the Mediterranean Sea for the Eastern Atlantic population. Spawning occurs annually, with females releasing millions of eggs, ensuring a higher chance of survival for the offspring.</p>



<p>Growth and Development -- Young bluefins grow rapidly, a necessity for survival in the competitive oceanic environment. They reach sexual maturity at around 3-5 years, embarking on their first spawning migrations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status-and-threats">Conservation status and threats</h3>



<p>Overfishing and Population Decline -- Bluefin tuna face significant threats from overfishing. Their high market value, particularly for sushi and sashimi, has led to intense fishing pressure, causing a stark decline in their populations.</p>



<p>Environmental Challenges -- As mentioned previously in this article, climate change and pollution also pose grave threats to bluefin tuna. Changes in ocean temperatures affect their spawning grounds and migration patterns, while pollution impacts their health and the ecosystems they inhabit.</p>



<p>In summary, bluefin tuna are not only a seafood delicacy, they are integral to the marine ecosystem. Understanding their biology, behavior, and the challenges they face is crucial for their conservation. </p>



<p>Efforts to manage fisheries sustainably and address environmental issues are vital to ensure the survival of these magnificent creatures for future generations.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41930-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Bluefin tuna, a sushi delicacy, will likely be extinct within 50 years

In a recent development hailed as a conservation success, bluefin...

<p>A biotech firm based in San Francisco (<a href="https://loyalfordogs.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Loyal</a>), is making strides in the development of a drug that could potentially increase the lifespan of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-small-dogs-live-longer-than-large-breeds/">dogs</a> by at least one year. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Food and Drug Administration for Veterinary Medicine</a> recently affirmed that the data for Loyal’s drug candidate, LOY-001, shows promising signs of effectiveness. This advancement brings the possibility of veterinarians prescribing this longevity drug to our canine companions a step closer to reality.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-dog-breeds-nbsp">Large dog breeds&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Slated for a 2026 launch, LOY-001 is designed to specifically target cellular mechanisms in large and giant dog breeds. These breeds, known for their rapid aging and shorter lifespans compared to smaller breeds, could benefit significantly from this intervention.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The extreme phenotypic variety found in dogs is not ‘natural’ - it’s the result of intensive breeding by humans to create dogs that excelled at tasks such as herding, protection, and companionship,” explained Brennen McKenzie, Loyal’s director of veterinary medicine.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-does-the-drug-work">How does the drug work?</h2>



<p>The drug operates by addressing the genetic anomaly of increased IGF-1 levels, a growth-promoting hormone, which is believed to curtail the lifespan of larger dogs. Studies indicate that larger dogs have IGF-1 levels up to 28 times higher than those of smaller breeds. LOY-001 seeks to reduce these levels, thereby potentially extending the healthy life of larger dogs.</p>



<p>Loyal’s research indicates that this innovative drug development could offer hope in extending the lifespan and healthspan of large dogs by targeting mechanisms associated with their accelerated aging. The drug, if approved, would be administered by vets as an injection every three to six months, but only for dogs that are seven years or older and weigh at least 40 pounds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-implications-nbsp">Research implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Loyal is also working on other products like LOY-002, a daily pill for medium to giant breeds, and LOY-003, targeting large and giant breeds only. Celine Halioua, Loyal’s CEO, envisions that this is just the beginning, with potential implications for human longevity as well. “We are not going to make 80-year-old dogs,” Halioua stated, emphasizing the realistic goals of their research.</p>



<p>Inspired by her experience in an oncology clinic at 18, Halioua was moved to tackle aging in dogs. “Feeling that lack of freewill, that lack of ability to control your destiny when it comes to your health completely freaked me out,” she said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-trial-phase">Clinical trial phase</h2>



<p>Currently, Loyal is in the "companion dog clinical study" phase, conducting large-scale nationwide studies to evaluate the drug’s safety and efficacy in real-world veterinary settings. With over 1,000 dogs across the US participating in this four-year study, Loyal aims to conduct thorough testing before seeking FDA approval for prescription use.</p>



<p>Loyal, a subsidiary of Cellular Longevity, a San Francisco-based biotech firm, focuses on researching how drugs can control pathological aging mechanisms to prolong life. This endeavor to delay the onset and reduce the severity of age-related diseases could mark a significant advancement in veterinary medicine and beyond.</p>



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Want to extend your dog's lifespan? A new drug shows promise

A biotech firm based in San Francisco (Loyal), is making...

A,Male,Asian,Elephant,Is,Enjoying,Bathing.

<p>Researchers have recently shed light on how ancestral <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-elephant-day-understanding-celebrating-and-protecting-earths-gentle-giants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a> developed their dexterous trunks, a significant evolutionary adaptation. The study offers valuable insights into the feeding behaviors of extinct longirostrine elephantiforms -- elephant-like mammals known for their elongated lower jaws and tusks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-longirostrine-gomphotheres">Evolution of longirostrine gomphotheres</h2>



<p>Longirostrine gomphotheres, part of the proboscidean family, are known for their prolonged evolutionary phase featuring an exceptionally elongated lower jaw. </p>



<p>This fascinating study was crucial for understanding the dynamics behind the evolution of the extended lower jaw and lengthy trunks in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-may-be-the-first-non-human-animals-to-call-each-other-by-names/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephant</a>-like animals. Longirostrine gomphotheres lived during the Miocene epoch, approximately 11-20 million years ago.</p>



<p>“During the Early to Middle Miocene, gomphotheres flourished across Northern China,” says lead author Dr. Chunxiao Li, a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://english.ucas.ac.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, Beijing, China.</p>



<p>The research offers persuasive proof of the variety in these "trunk" features among longirostrine gomphotheres, as well as their probable adaptive responses to worldwide climate shifts.</p>



<p>Li continued, “Across species there was huge diversity in the structure of the long mandible. We sought to explain why proboscideans evolved the long mandible and why it subsequently regressed. We also wanted to explore the role of the trunk in these animals’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feeding behaviors</a>, and the environmental background for the co-evolution of their mandibles and trunks.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-elephant-trunk-evolution">Studying elephant trunk evolution</h2>



<p>Li and colleagues employed comparative functional and eco-morphological investigations, along with a feeding preference analysis. From this, they reconstructed the feeding behavior of three major families of longirostrine gomphotheres: <em>Amebelodontidae</em>, <em>Choerolophodontidae</em>, and <em>Gomphotheriidae</em>. </p>



<p>Examining crania and lower jaws from different museums revealed variations in mandible and tusk structures, indicating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-have-taught-themselves-to-peel-bananas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse appetites</a>.</p>



<p>The team’s analysis of enamel isotopes helped identify the ecological niches of the three families. <em>Choerolophodontidae</em> lived in relatively closed environments. <em>Amebelodontidae</em> family members, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/elephant_Playtybelodon_trunk_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Platybelodon</a>, inhabited open habitats like grasslands. Finally, <em>Gomphotheriidae</em> occupied a niche between these environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-elephant-trunk-evolution">Implications of elephant trunk evolution</h2>



<p>A Finite Element analysis provided insights into the advantages and disadvantages of mandible and tusk structures among the three family groups. This effort revealed specializations for cutting different types of vegetation.</p>



<p>The study also found variations in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-behavior-provides-new-insights-into-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary stages</a> of the trunk among these families. Additionally, they uncovered implications for their feeding abilities and ecological adaptations. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-use-trunks-count/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trunk's development</a> paralleled the mandible's evolution, indicating a co-evolutionary relationship.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the Mid-Miocene Climate Transition, which led to regional drying and expansion of open ecosystems, had a significant impact on these species. The study suggests that Platybelodon's coiling and grasping trunk allowed it to thrive in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wild-asian-elephants-exhibit-strong-capacity-for-innovation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">open environments</a>. This trait is not developed in other trunk-bearing animals like tapirs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-further-elephant-trunk-research">Further elephant trunk research</h2>



<p>Co-author Ji Zhang is associate professor of structural engineering at <a href="https://english.hust.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a>, Wuhan, China. Zhang highlights the importance of using modern computational mechanics and statistics in paleontological research, bringing a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding these ancient creatures.</p>



<p>“Our cross-disciplinary team is dedicated to introducing multiple quantitative research methods to explore paleontology,” says Zhang. “Modern computational mechanics and statistics have injected new vitality into traditional fossil research.”</p>



<p>The main limitation in their research is the lack of comparison with the development of gigantism and long limbs in proboscideans from the same period. Further analysis could enhance understanding of how changing feeding behaviors related to differences in body shapes and sizes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-journey-of-proboscideans">Evolutionary journey of proboscideans</h2>



<p><a href="http://sourcedb.ivpp.cas.cn/yw/rckyw/index_2.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Shi-Qi Wang</a> is the senior author and professor at the Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He concludes that multiple eco-adaptations contributed to the diverse mandibular structure in proboscideans. The elongated mandible initially served as the primary feeding organ, paving the way for the development of the long trunk. </p>



<p>“Our findings demonstrate that multiple eco-adaptations have contributed to the diverse mandibular structure found in proboscideans,” concludes Wang. “Initially, the elongated mandible served as the primary feeding organ in proboscideans, and was a prerequisite for the development of the extremely long trunk. Open-land grazing drove the development of trunk coiling and grasping functions, and the trunk then became the primary tool for feeding, leading to the gradual loss of the long mandible. In particular, <em>Platybelodons</em> may have been the first proboscidean to evolve this grazing behavior.”</p>



<p>The evolution of open-land grazing led to the modern day elephant trunk becoming the primary tool used for feeding. Over time, this adaptation resulted in the gradual loss of the long mandible. Platybelodons may represent the first proboscideans to evolve this grazing behavior. </p>



<p>In summary, today's elephants use these versatile organs for a myriad of tasks, including breathing, communicating, grasping objects, and drinking. They have millions of years of evolution to thank for their amazing and iconic trunks. </p>



<p>The full study was published in <em><a href="https://elifesciences.org/for-the-press/62f7502a/how-shifting-climates-may-have-shaped-early-elephants-trunks" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eLife Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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How elephants got their incredible iconic trunks

Researchers have recently shed light on how ancestral elephants developed...

<p>The escalating crisis of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/">deforestation</a> in Mexico, primarily fueled by the US’ soaring demand for avocados, is a concern that <a href="https://cri.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate Rights International</a> (CRI) squarely attributes to the inaction of both US and Mexican federal governments, as well as local authorities in Michoacán and Jalisco. </p>



<p>Despite having the capacity to intervene, these governmental bodies have failed to take effective measures, according to CRI.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-corruption">Corruption</h2>



<p>In a recent <a href="https://cri.org/reports/unholy-guacamole/">report</a> CRI identifies two key issues at the heart of local environmental authorities’ failure: corruption and violence. In Michoacán, for instance, the State Prosecutor’s Office’s unit tasked with investigating avocado-related deforestation is reportedly plagued by corruption.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This situation allows those responsible for deforestation to operate with impunity, mocking the powerlessness of the forest commission, as per a forest official’s statement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-violence-and-threats">Violence and threats</h2>



<p>Additionally, any resistance to avocado growers is often met with violence or threats, effectively silencing both governmental authorities and local communities who have tried to hold these growers accountable. The situation is further complicated as criminal syndicates vie for a share in this lucrative industry, valued at billions of dollars annually.</p>



<p>The consequences of such resistance can be severe, with instances of kidnapping and even murder of community group members reported.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drastic-measures-nbsp">Drastic measures&nbsp;</h2>



<p>CRI criticizes the US government for its role, highlighting that it “routinely certifies illegally deforested orchards to export to US consumers.” This lack of adequate action from the authorities meant to safeguard the land and communities has led some locals to take drastic measures.</p>



<p>In Cherán, Michoacán, frustrated residents ousted the local government in 2011 due to rampant illegal logging and violence, establishing their own governance and police force to enforce anti-deforestation laws. Michoacán eventually acknowledged the authority of this self-established government.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avocado-imports-nbsp">Avocado imports&nbsp;</h2>



<p>CRI emphasizes that localized responses alone are insufficient to tackle such pervasive problems. In its report, CRI outlines several recommendations, including a call for both the Mexican and US governments to enforce deforestation and avocado cultivation laws effectively. One key proposal is for the US to ban the import of avocados cultivated on illegally deforested land.</p>



<p>Despite these recommendations, as recently as last year, the US sanctioned avocado imports from Jalisco without implementing deforestation safeguards.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deteriorating-situation">Deteriorating situation</h2>



<p>CRI warns that if decisive action is not taken soon, the situation will continue to deteriorate, especially given the ever-increasing American appetite for avocados.</p>



<p>“Urgently enacting and implementing such regulations and policies is essential to averting climate catastrophe, and to protecting the rights of populations where the commodities are produced,” officials from CRI concluded.</p>



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America's demand for avocados linked to escalating crisis in Mexico

The escalating crisis of deforestation in Mexico, primarily fueled by...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://www.bath.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bath</a> have achieved a breakthrough by harnessing the "super power" of a tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-are-very-loyal-to-their-flower-patches/">flower</a>, potentially revolutionizing the pharmaceutical industry's approach to drug development. </p>



<p>The research, inspired by nature, focuses on creating more stable and effective drugs using a technique derived from Oldenlandia affinis, a small purple flower.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seeking-more-effective-drugs">Seeking more effective drugs</h2>



<p>Traditionally, drug treatments target disease-related proteins to block their activity, either alleviating symptoms or curing the disease. However, the conventional method using small molecules has limitations, especially in blocking protein interactions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The pharmaceutical industry is now exploring the use of small proteins called peptides, which could lead to improved drug discovery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-drug-candidates-nbsp">New drug candidates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The challenge with peptides and proteins as drug candidates is their structural vulnerability. They tend to unravel, are sensitive to high temperatures, and have difficulty penetrating cells, where many significant drug targets reside.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The University of Bath team has developed a novel solution to these issues. The technique involves creating "cyclic" proteins and peptides by joining their start and end points. This process enhances their stability against heat and chemicals and facilitates easier cell penetration.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts utilized the enzyme OaAEP1 from Oldenlandia affinis, modifying it and integrating it into bacterial cells for mass production. This process simultaneously joins the proteins' ends in a single step.</p>



<p>While plants can naturally cyclicize proteins, it's a slow and low-yielding process. Chemical cyclization is an alternative but involves multiple steps and toxic solvents.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



<p>The bacterial system introduced by the Bath team is a significant improvement. This approach offers higher yields, uses sustainable biologically-friendly reagents, and simplifies the process, making it cheaper and greener.</p>



<p>To demonstrate their method's efficacy, the researchers applied their bacterial OaAEP1 technology to a protein called DHFR. They found that linking its head and tail ends increased its temperature resistance while maintaining its normal function.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>Professor Jody Mason from the University of Bath’s Department of Life Sciences highlighted the significance of this discovery.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Proteins and peptides are generally quite sensitive to heat, but cyclisation makes them much more robust," said Professor Mason. “The Oldenlandia plant naturally makes cyclic proteins as part of a defence mechanism to deter predators."</p>



<p>“So we’ve harnessed this flower super power by modifying OaAEP1 and combining it with existing bacterial protein-producing technology to create a really powerful tool that will help the drug discovery industry.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exciting-potential-applications-nbsp">Exciting potential applications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Simon Tang, a research associate in the University of Bath Department of Life Sciences, explained that proteins and peptides are very promising as drug candidates, but a significant bottleneck for the development of new therapeutic treatments is producing enough of the stuff to reach patients without incurring an astronomical cost.</p>



<p>“Our new process lets the bacteria do all the work – the result is it’s also cleaner and greener, and because it has fewer steps, it is a lot simpler to do," said Dr. Tang.</p>



<p>“We’re really excited about the potential applications of this, not only for the pharmaceutical industry but other industries such as the food industry, detergent industry, in biotechnology, and in bioenergy production.”</p>



<p>The researchers have filed a patent for the technique. The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacsau.3c00591" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of the American Chemical Society Gold</em></a>.</p>



<p>Image Credit: Peter Warren</p>



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'Super power' of a tropical flower will improve drug discovery

Scientists at the University of Bath have achieved a breakthrough...

<p>A recent study led by <a href="https://wsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a> reveals that the majority of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-use-strongly-linked-to-mental-disorders-in-a-new-study/">cannabis</a> users have stopped using conventional over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription sleep aids, favoring cannabis instead.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, which involved 1,255 cannabis users, found that more than 80% of participants no longer used traditional sleep aids like melatonin and benzodiazepines.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fast-acting-and-effective-nbsp">Fast-acting and effective&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Cannabis users had a strong preference for inhaling high-THC marijuana by smoking joints or vaporizing flower. These methods are known to be fast-acting and effective in alleviating difficulties in falling asleep.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the researchers also found that about half of the respondents preferred cannabis strains containing both CBD and the terpene myrcene.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-myrcene-nbsp">Benefits of myrcene&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Myrcene, found in hops, basil, and other plants, is known for its potential sleep-promoting properties.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Study senior author Professor Carrie Cuttler noted that cannabis users seem to have independently discovered the benefits of myrcene for sleep.</p>



<p>“One of the findings that surprised me was the fact that people are seeking the terpene myrcene in cannabis to assist with sleep,” said Cuttler. “There is some evidence in the scientific literature to support that myrcene may help to promote sleep, so cannabis users seemed to have figured that out on their own.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights">Key insights</h2>



<p>The research, conducted by Cuttler and psychology doctoral student Amanda Stueber, relied on self-reported data provided by Strainprint®, a Canada-based medical technology company.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The data revealed that cannabis users generally experienced more positive morning outcomes, such as feeling refreshed and focused, with fewer instances of headaches and nausea, compared to when they used traditional sleep aids.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, cannabis users also reported feeling sleepier and experiencing mood changes, anxiety, dry mouth, and red eyes more frequently than with other sleep aids.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannabis-use-for-sleep">Cannabis use for sleep</h2>



<p>Cuttler pointed out that cannabis use for sleep was perceived as more advantageous than OTC medications or prescription sleep aids.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unlike long-acting sedatives and alcohol, cannabis did not result in a "hangover" effect, though some lingering effects like sleepiness were reported.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-duration">Sleep duration</h2>



<p>The study further indicates that over 60% of participants achieved the recommended six to eight hours of sleep when using cannabis alone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This is a stark contrast to the less than 20% who reported the same sleep duration while using a prescription or OTC sleep aid, or combining cannabis with such aids.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Only 33.8% of participants used cannabis edibles, and 14.1% opted for THC-containing capsules for sleep, possibly due to their delayed onset compared to inhalation methods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-limitation">Study limitation</h2>



<p>Cuttler cautions that the study has limitations, including a strong selection bias towards individuals already using cannabis for perceived benefits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Not everyone is going to find that cannabis helps with their sleep and future research needs to employ more objective sleep measures to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of cannabis for sleep,” said Cuttler.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.37349/emed.2023.00171" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Exploration of Medicine</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Most cannabis users no longer need conventional sleep aids

A recent study led by Washington State University reveals that...

<p>A study conducted by a collaborative team from Lancaster University, <a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bangor University</a>, and the University of British Columbia sheds new light on the extensive benefits of secondary forests.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Naturally regrown forests, also known as secondary forests, play a critical role in the connectivity of old-growth forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-koala-habitats-face-an-escalating-threat-of-bushfires/">habitats</a>. They can also help to shield other plants and wildlife from the harsh effects of climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-restoration-nbsp">Forest restoration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Restoration of forests across the globe would make a crucial contribution to achieving global climate change mitigation, with the growth of secondary forests on deforested land in the moist tropics fundamental to success," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Although tropical secondary forests (defined here as forest growing on previously cleared land) store less carbon than old-growth forests, they rapidly remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-fragmentation-nbsp">Forest fragmentation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research emphasizes the significant impact of secondary forests in mitigating the effects of forest fragmentation in the Amazon, an area crucial for global biodiversity conservation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Secondary forests cover just 190,000 km2 of the Amazon but connect more than 2 million isolated fragments of old-growth forest, prominent amongst the world’s most important habitats for biodiversity conservation," said study co-author Professor John Healey.</p>



<p>"The secondary forests are helping maintain connectivity for patches of old-growth forest that are too small to support long-term viable populations of rare species.”</p>



<p>These connections are vital for the survival of rare species that rely on extensive, undisturbed habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-buffering-nbsp">Climate buffering&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Secondary forests are buffering as much as 41% of old-growth forest edges, potentially shielding them from negative edge effects such as hotter temperatures and wind," said study lead author Charlotte Smith.</p>



<p>"Proximity to old-growth forests can also help the rate of biodiversity and biomass recovery in secondary forests. It is positive that 94% of secondary forests were connected to old-growth forest. However, may old-growth forest remnants are small and degraded patches, so only 57% of secondary forest was connected to an area of extensive, structurally-intact old-growth.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>Professor Healey says the research provides powerful new evidence of the importance of managing forests at the landscape scale.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Promoting forest restoration through secondary forests located next to old-growth forest remnants can play a vital role in both conserving biodiversity in these remnants and the rate of biodiversity recovery in the secondary forests themselves.”</p>



<p>The team notes that more research is needed to improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving variation in forest recovery and the potential benefits of secondary forest as buffers so that we can refine current estimates of forest carbon stocks and habitat provision.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-un-decade-on-ecosystem-restoration-nbsp">UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study underscores the importance of secondary forests in the broader context of the climate crisis and the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. This global initiative, spanning from 2021 to 2030, aims to halt the degradation of ecosystems and restore them to achieve global environmental goals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Led by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration calls for a collective effort from governments, businesses, civil society, and individuals.</p>



<p>The primary objective is to revitalize millions of hectares of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The restoration efforts encompass a wide range of ecosystems, including forests, farmlands, cities, wetlands, and oceans. These endeavors are crucial for combating climate change, enhancing food security, providing clean water, and halting biodiversity loss.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ad039e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Environmental Research Letters</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Secondary forests reconnect fragmented habitats

A study conducted by a collaborative team from Lancaster University,...

species in Thamnobryaceae