Antimicrobial resistance now kills at least 1.27 million people a year and is linked to almost five million deaths, making common infections progressively harder to treat. Meanwhile, the pipeline for new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genes-for-antibiotic-resistance-lurk-in-our-wastewater-and-streams/">antibiotics</a> has slowed, but animal venom offers new hope amid fears of a post‑antibiotic era.



Using deep-learning tools, researchers mined 40 million venom‑encoded peptides collected from snakes, scorpions, spiders, and other animals. They pinpointed 386 molecules with the hallmarks of powerful antibiotics.



The work was led by César de la Fuente at the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a>, who specializes in machine biology and antibiotic discovery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-old-toxins-new-treatments">Old toxins, new treatments</h2>



Decades ago, a peptide from the Brazilian pit viper inspired captopril, the first ACE inhibitor for hypertension, proving that toxins can be tamed for therapy. 



More recently, FDA‑approved <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6214764/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ziconotide</a>, derived from cone snail venom, has provided severe pain relief without opioids.



Those successes hint at a vast pharmacological trove hidden in venoms, yet only a fraction of the peptides they contain have been examined. 



Digital screening can accelerate that search beyond what manual experiments allow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venom-holds-rare-chemistry">Venom holds rare chemistry</h2>



Venomous animals have evolved specialized chemistries for offense or defense over millions of years. These chemistries generate peptides that slice into nervous systems, coagulation pathways, and bacterial membranes.



Because each species fine‑tunes its arsenal, the combined library covers many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-could-cause-a-health-crisis-globally/">chemical</a> shapes rarely found in conventional drug collections.



The Penn team compiled proteins from four databases, representing cone snails, spiders, snakes, scorpions, and more. This diversity fed the AI with sequences spanning more than 16,000 proteins. 



The model then shredded these sequences into over 40 million candidate peptides.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antibiotic-candidates-found-in-venom">Antibiotic candidates found in venom</h2>



APEX turns each animal venom peptide’s sequence into numbers that reflect traits like charge and water-repellence. Then, it predicts how much of each peptide is needed to stop the growth of 34 different bacterial strains.



Sequences predicted to inhibit growth at 32 micromoles per liter or less advanced to a similarity filter that weeded out peptides too close to known antibiotics.



The filter left 386 candidates that occupied unexplored corners of peptide sequence space. This ensured any hits would add new chemical diversity. Crucially, the whole triage ran in a few hours on standard graphics‑processing hardware, a pace impossible for wet‑lab screening.



“Venoms are evolutionary masterpieces, yet their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antimicrobial-resistance-projected-to-kill-10-million-people-each-year/">antimicrobial</a> potential has barely been explored,” said César de la Fuente. His lab’s strategy turns that evolutionary advantage into a search engine for urgently needed drugs.



The platform also found over 2,000 new short sequence patterns that help break bacterial membranes -useful building blocks for future antibiotics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peptides-killed-drug-resistant-bugs">Peptides killed drug-resistant bugs</h2>



The researchers synthesized 58 of the AI‑ranked peptides and challenged them against drug‑resistant strains of <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/ecoli/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Escherichia coli</a> and <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/staphylococcus-aureus/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Staphylococcus aureus</a>; 53 wiped out the bacteria at doses that left human red blood cells unharmed.



“By pairing computational triage with traditional lab experimentation, we delivered one of the most comprehensive investigations of venom‑derived antibiotics to date,” said Marcelo Torres, a research associate at Penn. 



Torres noted that the most potent peptides came from spiders, mirroring the predators’ need to immobilize prey quickly.



One standout candidate knocked down <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3442836/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Acinetobacter baumannii</a> infections in mice by up to 99 percent after a single topical dose. The animals showed no weight loss or other toxicity signs, an early but encouraging safety signal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venom-bypasses-resistance-paths">Venom bypasses resistance paths</h2>



Most classic antibiotics block <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-enzyme-developed-to-recycle-plastic/">enzymes</a>, so single genetic tweaks can disarm them, but venom peptides that destabilize bacterial membranes face fewer resistance routes.



Animal venom hits carried strong positive charges and balanced hydrophobic residues, a combination that latches onto the negatively charged bacterial surface and punches holes in it.



Fluorescence assays confirmed that 26 peptides swiftly collapsed the cytoplasmic membrane potential in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.



Outer membrane permeabilization played a smaller role, suggesting depolarization is their primary kill step.



This mechanism works like human defensins but uses new sequences that bacteria haven’t seen, making resistance unlikely - and because human cells have cholesterol and a neutral charge, they aren’t harmed in the same way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venom-worked-without-harming-cells">Venom worked without harming cells</h2>



Testing in human kidney cells found that most scorpion and cone snail peptides were benign at concentrations far above their antibacterial doses. 



A handful of spider peptides showed cytotoxicity, guiding the team to prioritize safer scaffolds.



In the mouse skin‑infection model, the lead spider peptide cut bacterial counts by roughly three orders of magnitude without harming the animals.



Pharmacokinetic tweaks such as end‑capping or non‑natural amino acids could further prolong its activity and reduce dosing frequency.



Computational screens suggest 40 percent of candidates likely avoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potassium-depletion-in-agricultural-soils-threatens-food-security/">potassium</a> channels, a common off-target for cationic peptides. Electrophysiology studies now under way will test that prediction before systemic trials begin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-next-for-venom-based-antibiotics">What’s next for venom-based antibiotics</h2>



Medicinal chemists are refining the top animal venom hits to sharpen selectivity, resist protease degradation and improve serum half‑life. 



Machine‑learning feedback loops will retrain APEX with every new data point, steadily raising prediction accuracy.



Regulatory hurdles remain, yet the researchers argue that topical use in skin or burn infections could reach patients faster than systemic applications. 



Researchers can also pair peptide antibiotics with existing drugs to delay resistance evolution.



The goal is a pipeline where venom data trains artificial intelligence, AI guides chemistry, and chemistry delivers antibiotics in months. If realized, that loop could turn the tide in the struggle against superbugs.



The study is published in <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40645962/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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AI found a way to turn venom into antibiotics

Antimicrobial resistance now kills at least 1.27 million people a year and is linked to almost five million deaths, making common infections progressively harder to treat. Meanwhile, the pipeline for new antibiotics has slowed, but animal venom offers new hope amid fears of a post‑antibiotic era. Using deep-learning tools, researchers mined 40 million venom‑encoded peptides collected from snakes, scorpions, spiders, and other animals. They pinpointed 386 molecules with the hallmarks of powerful antibiotics. The work was led by César de la Fuente at the University of Pennsylvania,...

Elephant conservation is a crucial focus in southern Africa, but urbanization and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/for-asian-elephants-shrinking-habitats-will-increase-conflicts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat loss</a> are increasingly confining these far-ranging animals to protected areas like game reserves where they have limited movement. 



This containment poses a significant risk: isolated populations can become genetically uniform, making elephants more susceptible to diseases and environmental changes.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephant-movement-corridors-nbsp">Elephant movement corridors&nbsp;</h2>



A recent study by researchers from the <a href="http://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> and the <a href="https://www.up.ac.za/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pretoria</a> in South Africa offers a solution by creating and optimizing elephant movement corridors across a seven-country region. 



The study provides a detailed map illustrating landscape connections that support elephants’ habitat needs and promote genetic diversity through enhanced gene flow among populations.



Lead author Alida de Flamingh, who conducted the study as part of her doctoral program in the Department of Animal Sciences at Illinois, explained the study's unique approach.&nbsp;



“Other research groups have integrated genetic and spatial data before, but usually it’s done on a more local scale. Ours was the first to combine both types of data for southern African elephants across such a large geographic area,” said de Flamingh, now a postdoctoral researcher at the <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-elephants-on-the-move">Elephants on the move</h2>



The scale of this study is significant because African elephants have extensive home ranges, roaming up to 11,000 square kilometers (over 2.7 million acres). They often travel long distances to avoid unsuitable habitats, making it essential to capture this vast scale in a single analysis.&nbsp;



“This was a massive effort. We went out with our partners in the Conservation Ecology Research Unit at the University of Pretoria to collect non-invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cracking-the-code-of-life-the-secret-language-of-dna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> samples from elephant dung across the whole range,” de Flamingh said. “CERU also contributed data from GPS trackers on 80 collared elephants across nearly 54,000 locations.”



While GPS collar data shows how elephants move across the landscape, it doesn’t indicate whether such movement leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybrid-ants-evolve-rapidly-to-remove-deleterious-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gene</a> flow. Conversely, DNA data documents gene flow but doesn’t show the movement paths elephants took. Integrating these data sets required a landscape genetics approach. 



“Landscape genetics adapts some ideas from electrical circuit theory to discuss how animals might move and achieve gene flow. Our approach looks at resistances or costs elephants encounter as they move along multiple pathways through the region, accounting for the possibility of losing or gaining individual paths,” explained co-author Nathan Alexander, a postdoctoral researcher at the Illinois Natural History Survey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-identifying-crucial-elephant-routes">Identifying crucial elephant routes</h2>



In this study, “costs” refer to various environmental challenges, including steep slopes, barren areas with little to no vegetation, densely populated human settlements, and regions far from water sources.&nbsp;



By combining these environmental factors with DNA data, the researchers could predict how elephants navigate their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-do-elephants-eat-study-shows-they-have-unique-dietary-preferences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitats</a> and identify crucial routes to maintain gene flow across protected areas.



“We did not find a simple linear relationship where more suitable habitats are less costly. Instead, we found a pronounced nonlinear pattern where the least suitable habitats have the biggest impact on elephant movement or distribution across the landscape,” de Flamingh said.&nbsp;



“Intermediate habitats aren't necessarily dictating their movements as much as these really, really unsuitable habitats. That’s positive, if you think about it. They're tolerant of intermediate habitats and can still move through them.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-helping-elephants-avoid-unsuitable-habitats">Helping elephants avoid unsuitable habitats</h2>



The researchers identified extremely unsuitable habitats like the vegetation-free Makgadikgadi salt pans in Botswana and densely populated human settlements.&nbsp;



By providing connections that avoid these areas, the study suggests, it is possible to reduce human-elephant conflict, a significant threat to elephant populations.



De Flamingh highlighted that the insights from this study could help governmental authorities and NGOs in southern Africa develop effective conservation strategies.&nbsp;



“Southern Africa has the largest number of elephants in all of Africa. So any conservation efforts there, especially those that avoid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-elephant-conflict-will-escalate-with-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-elephant conflict</a>, would protect pretty large populations of elephants,” added senior author Al Roca, an animal sciences professor in ACES. 



“Our partners at CERU, as well as our funders - the International Fund for Animal Welfare and the African Elephant Conservation Fund of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - are really critical in those efforts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study-nbsp">Significance of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The study's comprehensive approach and its combination of genetic and spatial data on a broad geographic scale represent a significant advancement in conservation biology.&nbsp;



By understanding and facilitating the natural movement patterns of elephants, conservationists can help ensure these majestic animals' long-term survival and genetic health, ultimately contributing to the broader efforts to maintain biodiversity and ecological balance in the region.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-024-02910-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biodiversity and Conservation</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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Elephant movement is influenced by habitat suitability 

Elephant conservation is a crucial focus in southern Africa, but...

For pet owners, a pet is not just an animal, but a part of the family. This emotional bond is deep and enduring, mixing joy, love, and sometimes pain – because, let's face it – losing a pet is heart-wrenching. We often consider our grief as humans, but what happens to the other pets like cats left behind in the household?



In a significant revelation, researchers from <a href="https://oakland.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oakland University</a> have shared intriguing insights into the emotional world of cats. According to studies, our feline companions show evident signs of grief after the death of another pet in the house.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noticing-grief-in-cats">Noticing grief in cats</h2>



Study lead author Brittany Greene, affiliated with Oakland University, delves into the many ways cats express their mourning.



We're bound to notice changes in their eating, sleeping habits, and playfulness, along with increased attention-seeking behavior. At other times, they may choose to spend time alone or hide.



Not so long ago, in 2022, scientists from the <a href="https://www.unimi.it/it" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Milan</a> highlighted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-grieve-when-they-lose-a-canine-buddy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar grief-like behaviors in dogs</a>. The question until now was, "What about cats?" 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-feline-frontiers">Expanding feline frontiers</h2>



"Whereas dogs, descended from pack animals, might reasonably respond more strongly to the death of a conspecific, cats under human care have adapted to live among conspecifics and their capacity to respond to the loss of a companion warrants further study," noted the researchers.



This study opens up a new avenue for understanding cats' capacity to respond to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heartache-from-dog-theft-is-as-intense-as-losing-a-loved-one/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loss of a companion</a>.



To investigate, the researchers surveyed 412 cat owners. Their focus was on observing the immediate and long-term changes in a surviving cat after the demise of another pet. What did the results show? They confirmed the key indicators of grief in cats affected by loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-every-cat-grieve-the-same">Does every cat grieve the same?</h2>



Although these behaviors are pretty telling, the intensity of grief varies from cat to cat. What's the deciding factor? 



It boils down to the relationship the cat had with its deceased companion. The study indicates that the lengthier the shared life with the departed pet, the more attention-seeking the surviving cat becomes after the loss.



Interestingly, the owner's relationship with the deceased pet also influences the surviving cat's response. This revelation suggests that our fluffy mates may mirror their caregivers' sorrow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effects-of-cat-grief">Ripple effects of cat grief</h2>



Grief in pets extends beyond the immediate household, as the emotional dynamics can disrupt the harmony of the entire living environment.



Surviving pets may exhibit altered behaviors not only in response to the loss of a companion but also in response to the grief displayed by their human caregivers. 



Thus, the emotional landscape of a home in mourning transforms, creating a ripple effect that can impact pets and human family members alike. Understanding this interconnectedness is crucial for providing the necessary support to both human and animal grieving processes, allowing for a shared pathway of healing.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-grieving-pets">Supporting grieving pets</h2>



In light of these insights, it becomes important to consider effective strategies to support pets through their grief. 



Creating a stable and nurturing environment is paramount. This can include maintaining routines, introducing new forms of enrichment, or even allowing for greater companionship to counteract loneliness.



Patience is essential, as each pet grieves in their unique way and on their own timeline. Additionally, engaging them in favorite activities or providing comforting items, such as toys or blankets associated with the deceased companion, can offer solace.



By acknowledging and addressing the emotional needs of mourning pets, we can foster resilience and ensure a compassionate recovery for all members of the family.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-cat-stereotypes">Challenging cat stereotypes</h2>



Cats, for the longest time, have been stereotyped as aloof and anti-social. But the new research challenges this idea. It may be time for us to redefine our understanding of our cats and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cats-use-nearly-300-facial-expressions-to-communicate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recognize their emotional depth</a>.



"The psychological experience of loss is universal throughout the animal kingdom and the bonds forged with our pets are a mirror of the care and connection we provide," noted Greene.



So, to all cat parents out there, it's time we paid more attention to our feline friends, especially during times of loss. 



This discovery not only tells us that our cats are emotionally more sophisticated than we believe, but it also reminds us of the profound bonds we share with our pets. Are we ready to treat our cats with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-communication-what-is-your-pet-trying-to-tell-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional intelligence</a> they deserve?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S016815912400203X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Applied Animal Behaviour Science</a>.



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Cats mourn the loss of other pets, similar to human grief

For pet owners, a pet is not just an animal,...

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and spontaneous abortions in horses during the first two months of pregnancy are caused by triploidy, a condition involving an extra set of chromosomes.&nbsp;



This finding is significant because horses share many chromosomal and pregnancy-related similarities with humans, making them a valuable model for studying reproductive issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-primary-cause-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Primary cause of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



Mandi de Mestre, a professor of equine medicine at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>, noted the rarity of reported triploidy in mammals other than humans during early pregnancy. “Over that embryonic period (up to eight weeks from conception), triploidy had rarely been reported in mammals outside of women,” she said. 



“The study tells us that over the first six weeks of gestation, this will likely be the primary cause of pregnancy loss following natural conception.”&nbsp;



De Mestre is the corresponding author of the study titled “Naturally Occurring Horse Model of Miscarriage Reveals Temporal Relationship Between Chromosomal Aberration Type and Point of Lethality,” set to be published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2405636121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</a>s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-horses-as-a-model-for-human-miscarriages-nbsp">Horses as a model for human miscarriages&nbsp;</h2>



Human miscarriages, occurring in 10-20% of pregnancies, are often linked to chromosomal errors. However, finding a suitable animal model that mirrors the human condition has been challenging.&nbsp;



This study not only sheds light on the causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-may-speed-up-aging-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pregnancy</a> loss in horses but also highlights their potential as a model for understanding human miscarriage.



“We were able to study the impact of chromosome errors across the entire pregnancy in the horse,” de Mestre said. “We found that triploidy is only associated with losses in early pregnancy.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-loss-in-horses">Pregnancy loss in horses</h2>



The research involved examining 256 fetus and placenta samples collected over ten years from veterinarians treating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-origin-of-horse-domestication-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a> with failed pregnancies. The samples were analyzed to determine the prevalence of various chromosomal abnormalities associated with pregnancy loss.



The findings showed that chromosomal errors were present in 57.9% of pregnancy losses up to day 55 of gestation, 57.2% of losses between days 56 and 110, and only 1.4% of losses from day 111 to the end of pregnancy.&nbsp;



The study also revealed that aneuploidy, involving the loss or gain of a whole chromosome, was primarily associated with miscarriages in the first 10 weeks, while partial chromosome deletions or duplications were linked to miscarriages occurring after 110 days.&nbsp;



These results closely parallel findings from large studies on human pregnancies, reinforcing the relevance of horses as a model for human chromosomal errors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-miscarriage-in-humans-nbsp">Early miscarriage in humans&nbsp;</h2>



Horses are particularly suitable for studying human pregnancies due to their similar gestation periods - 11 months in horses compared to nine months in humans - and the comparable rate of early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-grow-models-of-human-embryos-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">embryo development</a>. 



Additionally, horse chromosomes contain genetic content similar to that of human chromosomes, making them relevant for research on chromosomal anomalies.



Determining the causes of early miscarriage in humans has been challenging due to the loss of most fetuses during this period at home, which leaves scientists without necessary material and data for study.&nbsp;



This research provides crucial insights into the frequency of chromosomal errors during the equivalent of the first six weeks of human gestation.



Horses, often highly valued and receiving extensive care, provide a wealth of data through routine pregnancy tracking, unlike other animal models such as mice.&nbsp;



Mice, with a gestation period of about three weeks and a low rate of natural pregnancy loss, are not comparable to human pregnancies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-causes-of-pregnancy-loss-nbsp">Genetic causes of pregnancy loss&nbsp;</h2>



The study's findings have practical implications for equine health, particularly in the clinical management of pregnancies. For instance, if a significant chromosomal error is detected, clinicians might reconsider using hormones to prolong the pregnancy, a common practice in managing pregnant mares.&nbsp;



The research also paves the way for developing new diagnostic tests for chromosomal abnormalities in horse fetuses and further investigation into the molecular mechanisms behind these abnormalities.



“This research has provided a foundation for understanding the genetic causes of pregnancy loss in horses, often referred to as pregnancy loss of unknown cause,” said Shebl Salem, a postdoctoral researcher in de Mestre’s Equine Pregnancy Lab and co-first author of the study.



The study not only enhances the understanding of equine pregnancy but also offers valuable insights into human reproductive health, highlighting the potential for horses to serve as a key model in studying pregnancy loss due to chromosomal abnormalities.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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Horse miscarriages offer insights into human pregnancy loss

A recent study has revealed that 42% of miscarriages and...

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed houses, damaged wood, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-pest-control-the-hidden-power-of-aloe-vera-peels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest control</a> might be the first things that pop into your mind. 



Many associate these creatures with the necessity of spending money on costly repairs. However, there's much more to these tiny critters than meets the eye.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mystery-of-white-ants">The mystery of white ants</h2>



Ironically, despite the name "white ant," these creatures are not ants at all. They're actually specialized, social cockroaches known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termites-are-natures-architects-building-well-ventilated-nests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">termites</a>. 



Living in extensive colonies that can house well over a million individuals, these insects have incredibly complex social lives and construct amazingly elaborate habitats.



Mathematical equations have even been developed by researchers to understand their complicated behaviors, such as how they dig and forage. 



Termites' abilities to build intricate nests are so astounding that they've been hailed as "one of the architectural wonders of the living world." 



These can be found everywhere, from trees and soil to power poles and towering mounds two meters high. Some of these awe-inspiring constructs are believed to be over <a href="https://apnews.com/article/oldest-termite-mounds-africa-climate-eb9b49dbbbb770c739398cef894a99a8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">30,000 years old</a> and still inhabited today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-white-ants-in-nature">The role of white ants in nature</h2>



Among the approximately 300 Australian species of white ants, only a few are recognized as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cockroaches-became-global-pests-cleverly-hitching-rides-with-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pests</a>. In tropical forests, they are major invertebrate decomposers.



White ants are pivotal organisms that work closely with other microorganisms to cycle nutrients back into the environment. By doing so, they support the survival of both plants and animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-of-white-ants">Diversity of white ants</h2>



With more than 2,000 termite species worldwide and multiple feeding/nesting groups, white ants' appearances vary dramatically. 



Even within the same species, depending on their roles as king, queen, worker, soldier, or alate, they can look strikingly different. White ants usually have soft, pale-colored bodies with straight antennae and broad waist.



Not all white ants can fly. Only the sexually mature termites, known as alates, are capable of flight. Their mission is to fly out of the nest to establish a new one where they'll become the reigning kings or queens.



This occurrence, referred to as "social swarming," typically happens on warm and humid spring or summer evenings. After the swarm, the alates lose their wings and start burrowing to become the newly appointed termite royalty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warning-signs-of-termite-invasion">Warning signs of termite invasion</h2>



The presence of alates around a home or property is a clear signal that a mature nest is close and expanding. It's even advised to have annual termite inspections by a registered pest control company. 



Visible wood and structural damage, hollow-sounding wood, and termite droppings can indicate an invasion. 



White ants might also construct small mud tunnels and patches on both interior and exterior house walls for protection and airflow mitigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-termite-control">Effective termite control</h2>



The methods to control termites differ based on the type of termite present. Determining the kind of termite, locating their nests, and selecting the appropriate eradication method is a complex process. 



It's recommended to consult with a registered pest control company, and not just solely rely on preventive measures like using termite-resistant wood or adding chemical and physical barriers in the soil around buildings.



White ants, despite their notoriety as pests, play an essential role in the natural world. Their vital ecosystem services underscore their significance, yet their potential for destruction necessitates vigilant management and control. 



Fully understanding the nature of termites is crucial to both preserving natural ecosystems and protecting human infrastructure and investments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fascinating-facts-about-white-ants">Fascinating facts about white ants</h2>



While white ants may often be viewed through the lens of destruction, they possess some truly fascinating traits that are worth exploring. 



For instance, termites have been around for over 250 million years, making them one of the oldest social <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> on the planet. Their resilience and adaptability have allowed them to thrive in diverse environments, from rainforests to arid deserts.



One interesting aspect of termite behavior is their communication methods. Termites use pheromones, vibrations, and even touch to convey messages within the colony. This complex system enables them to coordinate tasks such as foraging, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/termite-mounds-could-inspire-living-and-breathing-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nest building</a>, and defense against threats.



Additionally, some species of termites are known to exhibit a unique form of mutualism with certain fungi. They cultivate these fungi in specialized chambers within their nests, providing a sustainable food source for the colony. This relationship not only benefits the termites but also contributes to nutrient cycling within their environment.



Understanding these fascinating characteristics can shift our perspective on white ants from mere pests to remarkable organisms that contribute significantly to the balance of nature. By appreciating their role in ecosystems, we can better navigate the challenges they present in our homes and communities.



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White ants have dual roles as builders and decomposers

When the term "white ants" comes up, images of destroyed...

The beauty of dragonflies goes far <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-develop-waxy-coating-to-withstand-warmer-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beyond mere aesthetics</a>. Those resplendent wings flashing in the sunlight may actually be the dragonfly's passport to survival, according to a recent study. 



Kim Medley, a contributing author and director of the <a href="https://tyson.wustl.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tyson Research Lab</a>, offers key insights into this phenomenon. The experts found that dragonflies with dark wing markings have a lower extinction risk. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-of-the-dragonfly">Survival of the dragonfly </h2>



Ever notice how some dragonflies seem to sport extra bling? It takes the form of dark, alluring wing markings that set them apart from their brethren. 



These embellishments are not just there for show, they are apparently part of a survival strategy. Medley and her fellow researchers found that these ornamented dragonflies have a significant advantage when it comes to facing human threats and habitat destruction.



"We think ornamentation comes into play when populations become more isolated," Medley said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-shine">Science behind the shine</h2>



Study lead author Michael Moore is a former postdoctoral researcher at the Living Earth Collaborative and currently serves as an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a>, Denver.



For the investigation, the team examined records of 19 dragonfly species in California, covering a period from 1900 onwards. 



Remarkably, the researchers found that the ornamented species had a much higher survival rate over the long term with eight out of ten increasing their population over that time frame.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-tactics-of-dragonflies">Survival tactics of dragonflies</h2>



Further investigation of 311 species across North America revealed that 301 out of these 311 species were at minimal or no risk of extinction. That is good news for conservationists and dragonfly aficionados. Interestingly, the remaining 10 species, which were at risk, all lacked ornamentation.



To better understand the dynamics of dragonfly species, the researchers also analyzed data provided by amateur naturalists who had collectively gathered 90,000 observations.



Comparing the species distribution across different landscapes, they found that a greater proportion of ornamented dragonflies were able to thrive in urban and agricultural areas.



So, why does this ornamentation matter so much? One theory is that the markings make it easier for females to select mates, and for males to spot rivals. This becomes particularly crucial when habitat loss leads to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-flight-is-powered-by-an-extraordinary-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fragmented populations</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-color-in-communication">Role of color in communication</h2>



The vivid colors of dragonflies do not merely serve aesthetic purposes; they are integral to the complex communication strategies these insects employ. Vibrant hues can indicate various states, from mating readiness to territorial claims.



For instance, male dragonflies often display brighter colors when vying for the attention of females or defending their territories from rivals. This visual signaling is particularly important in environments where such interactions are key to survival and reproductive success.



Furthermore, studies suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonflies-change-their-colors-throughout-the-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">color patterns</a> may evolve differently in response to environmental pressures, illustrating the adaptability and resilience of dragonfly populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-c-onservation-implications">Conservation implications</h2>



The findings from Medley's research hold significant implications for conservation efforts aimed at maintaining healthy ecosystems. Recognizing the association between ornamentation and survival could guide prioritization in conservation strategies, especially for species at risk. 



Future research may delve deeper into the ecological roles of various morphological traits and their influence on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interspecies interactions</a>. 



As urbanization and habitat destruction continue to challenge wildlife, understanding the intricacies of dragonfly adaptation and survival will be crucial in formulating effective conservation policies. 



Encouraging citizen science initiatives, like those gathering observational data, could enhance our understanding and support for these captivating creatures in their natural habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fine-line-between-flashy-and-foolhardy">Fine line between flashy and foolhardy</h2>



However, these ornamental features come with their set of challenges. The eye-catching spots could attract unwanted attention from predators or absorb extra heat on a sweltering summer day. "There's a trade-off," Medley said.



From this fascinating study, we learn that there's more to a dragonfly's beauty than meets the eye. As they flit about, dazzling under the sun, dragonflies are working hard on their survival, bearing their ornaments as badges of resilience.



Let's take a moment to admire these splendid creatures and the lessons they offer us about adapting to an ever-changing world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ele.14455" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ecology Letters</a>.



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Dragonflies developed dark wing spots for survival

The beauty of dragonflies goes far beyond mere aesthetics. Those...

When the sun sets and you're out enjoying the calm of twilight, do you often find yourself stuck in an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-habitats-are-expanding-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unwanted chase</a> with mosquitoes? Do they seem to always be attracted to you over others? 



Well, you are not imagining things. You might just be the ideal dinner plate for these pesky insects. <a href="https://www.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M University</a>'s Ashley Vargo puts this intriguing phenomenon under the microscope.



Dr. Sonja Swiger, a scientist at Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Extension Service and professor in the <a href="https://aglifesciences.tamu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Texas A&amp;M College of Agriculture</a>, confirms that mosquitoes do pick their targets. But what makes you more enticing than others? Let's delve deeper into the science behind this selective "bugging."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-cues-that-matter">Tiny cues that matter</h2>



Contrary to popular belief, mosquitoes don’t select their prey at random. They are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquitoes-listen-for-a-specific-buzz-to-find-mates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">very precise</a>, using sensory cues such as exhaled carbon dioxide, body <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bad-news-mosquitoes-prefer-heat-and-thrive-in-the-warming-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat</a>, and even body odor. 



Swiger, who identifies as a "mosquito magnet" herself, is in agreement with this. She highlights that alterations to these factors can shift the balance of attraction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-type-factor-for-attracting-mosquitoes">Blood type: Factor for attracting mosquitoes</h2>



You know how we have our favorite eateries? Turns out, mosquitoes might have their preferred blood groups. The research suggests a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">certain affinity</a> in mosquitoes towards type O blood.



However, the difference is primarily significant only between type O and type A. But before you breathe a sigh of relief (or worry if you are type O), Swiger warns us to consider the limitations of such studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-and-alcohol-scent-of-attraction">Food and alcohol: Scent of attraction</h2>



Sometimes, what we consume also determines whether we become mosquito magnets. Swiger sheds light on how being tipsy may enhance our attractiveness. 



"There is some research to support that changing your diet will make you give off different scents," Swiger said. "So, it may be possible to change your attractiveness to mosquitoes based on what you're eating."



Intoxicated individuals produce more CO2 and sweat, both of which are bug attractors. As for diet, garlic and vitamin B are often touted as mosquito deterrents. On the other hand, high-potassium foods like bananas seem to attract the little monsters.



Why is that? Swiger explains that the consumption of these foods leads to an increase in lactic acid production in the body, an olfactory beacon for mosquitoes. This also impacts our skin microbiota, which in turn affects the scents we give off.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pregnancy-a-mosquito-magnet">Pregnancy: A mosquito magnet?</h2>



Evidence suggests that pregnant women might be more appealing to mosquitoes, primarily due to their increased carbon dioxide output. 



Swiger explains that women in advanced stages of pregnancy exhale about 21% greater volume than non-pregnant women. Coupled with other physiological changes, such as increased body heat, this makes pregnant women prime targets for a mosquito’s meal.



According to Swiger, mosquitoes can develop regional tastes, an interesting evolutionary adaptation. Urban mosquitoes that bite humans often don't venture far and seem to adapt to the local scents, preferring them over other aromas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-in-attracting-mosquitoes">Genetics in attracting mosquitoes</h2>



An intriguing dimension to the factors influencing mosquito attraction lies in our genetic makeup. Research indicates that genetic variations can influence the scent profile emitted by individuals. 



Swiger notes that specific genetic markers can affect the skin's production of certain chemicals that mosquitoes find captivating. This genetic predisposition can help explain why some people seem to attract more mosquitoes than others. 



Understanding the interplay between genetics and attraction not only sheds light on personal experiences with these insects but also opens avenues for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential interventions</a> to manage mosquito bites effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-time-of-day-to-attract-mosquitoes">Time of day to attract mosquitoes</h2>



The timing of our outdoor activities can also play a significant role in our likelihood of being bitten. Mosquitoes are most active during specific periods, primarily dawn and dusk. 



Swiger explains that these times create optimal conditions for mosquitoes to feed, as the cooler temperatures and increased humidity often correlate with their peak feeding times. 



Consequently, understanding the daily habits of mosquitoes can empower individuals to better plan their outdoor activities, thereby minimizing unwanted encounters with these unwelcome pests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetically-attractive">Genetically attractive?</h2>



Finally, Swiger points out the one thing we can't control: our genes. She suggests that some genetic traits may make people more attractive to mosquitoes, but these remain unclear.



So, the next time you seem to be the only one under mosquito attack, remember, there's some intriguing science behind it. While your genetic makeup might make you irresistibly delicious to mosquitoes, staying covered and using a repellent might help you tip the scales in your favor. 



After all, who says we can't outsmart these bloodsuckers?



The study is published in the <a href="https://academic.oup.com/jme/article/41/4/796/885285?login=false" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Medical Entomology</a>. 



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Why some people are 'mosquito magnets'

When the sun sets and you're out enjoying the calm...

Great,White,Shark,,Carcharodon,Carcharias,,Gansbaai,,South,Africa,,Atlantic,Ocean

Birds may flock together, but it turns out great white sharks don't do the same. A group of international scientists have delved into a world-first genome analysis of global great white shark populations. 



Their findings expose a surprising truth: great white sharks separated into three <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/newborn-great-white-shark-spotted-for-the-first-time-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">distinct population</a> groups up to 200,000 years ago and have stuck pretty much with their own kind since.



Meet the great white's three clans: a southern Pacific Ocean group (also known lovingly as the Indo-Pacific crowd), a northern Pacific Ocean population, and a group that toothily patrol the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-white-shark-lineage">Great white shark lineage</h2>



Dr. Catherine Jones, leading this shark crusade from the <a href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Aberdeen</a>, teamed up with researchers from around the world, including collaborators from the <a href="https://ghriresearch.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Guy Harvey Research Institute</a>, the <a href="http://www.medsharks.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MedSharks project</a>, and <a href="https://www.oceans-research.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oceans Research Institute</a>. 



They discovered that these three geographic lineages stick to their lanes and seldom date outside their group.



"At the end of the Penultimate Ice Age -- between 100,000 to 200,000 years ago -- white shark populations appear to have divided into three discrete lineages which seldom interbreed," explains Dr. Jones.



"This separation can still be observed today as modern major ocean currents seem to act as boundaries of the areas occupied by each group."



This tribal behavior among our finned friends isn't just an intriguing aquatic soap opera; it ruffles the waters of conservation efforts. 



Since each lineage relies on a smaller number of the species, they are at greater risk of extinction than we previously thought. Furthermore, any potential 'shortfalls' in one group are unlikely to be made up by the other two.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-conundrum">Conservation conundrum</h2>



Why is this such a big deal, you ask? Well, if the Mediterranean's distinct group checks out, they're not just an extinct group of sharks. That’s a unique genetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> forever lost in the deep blue.



"Although not widely appreciated, man's future is increasingly bound up with that of white sharks," added Professor Les Noble, of Aquatic Biosciences at <a href="https://www.nord.no/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nord University</a>.



As top predators, these sharks play a crucial role in maintaining the diversity and health of local marine ecosystems. Over the past 50 years, we have witnessed white shark abundance almost halved, and they are now recognized as critically endangered in Europe.



This issue becomes even more tangled when considering the potential changes in strength and direction of major ocean currents predicted for the next 50 years.



"The lack of interbreeding suggests offspring from cross-lineage matings may not be viable. Should recent forecasts of changes in major ocean currents be accurate, breakdown of these geographic boundaries between lineages may allow more unproductive matings, further endangering white shark populations and the diversity, health, and productivity of ocean ecosystems," Galice Hoarau, Professor of Molecular Ecology at Nord University notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserving-great-white-shark">Conserving Great white shark</h2>



How can we navigate these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/juvenile-great-white-sharks-prefer-shallow-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">troubled waters</a>? With innovative conservation strategies, according to our shark-loving scientists. 



A better understanding of the distribution and health of these distinct groups is the raft we need to float these efforts. But to keep these magnificent creatures from spiraling into the depths of extinction, we'll need to take swift action.



"It has long been considered that sharks lost from one area would be compensated for with the movement and matings of sharks from other locations. Our findings suggest this is clearly unlikely," warns Dr. Jones. 



Couple this with the pressures of bycatch fishing, depleting food reserves, pollution, and poaching, and it's clear we're swimming against the tide here.



But if we can fight off these threats, we just might keep these kings and queens of the ocean around for future generations to admire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-comes-next">What comes next?</h2>



The research conducted by these esteemed institutions not only sheds light on the unique behavior of great white sharks, but also highlights the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/migratory-behaviors-are-shaped-by-experience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apex predators</a>. 



With their crucial role in maintaining marine ecosystems and their critical endangerment status, it is clear that immediate action must be taken to preserve these magnificent creatures.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00860-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a>.



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Great white sharks separated into three distinct groups that don't intermingle

Birds may flock together, but it turns out great white...

The Western Forest Complex (<a href="https://thailand.wcs.org/en-us/Wild-Places/Western-Forest-Complex.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WEFCOM</a>) in Thailand has seen a remarkable resurgence of its rich biodiversity, particularly with the tiger, the apex predator of these woods, experiencing a significant increase in population over the past 15 years.



According to the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Thailand has recorded a staggering 250% increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tiger-day-worldwide-support-for-tiger-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiger numbers</a> from 2007 to 2023. That's right, the count has leaped from about 40 to over 140!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-thailand-tiger-conservation">Celebrating Thailand tiger conservation</h2>



The Pattaya News reports that this extraordinary success story in Thailand is playing out differently in other parts of Southeast Asia. The disappearance of tigers from Java and Bali predates the 21st century, with Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam reporting similar losses by the mid-2000s. 



In Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, and Myanmar, these big cats are hanging on by a thread, often in small or isolated populations, held at bay by hunting and loss of habitat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-destined-to-save-thailand-tigers">Destined to save Thailand tigers</h2>



Enter Pornkamol Jornburom, director of WCS Thailand, and a defiant beacon of hope for these endangered creatures. She believes the credit for this remarkable recovery goes to Thailand's Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, (DNP).



They have executed rigorous patrolling regimes, forming a protective shield around the tigers and their habitat from poachers and deforestation.



"We see very strong correlations between better law enforcement and the recovery of tigers. Prior to this, illegal hunting and logging were rife in WEFCOM, and tigers were on a path toward extinction. Here, as elsewhere in Asia, good enforcement is the cornerstone of the tiger recovery process," explained Jornburom.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-coast-is-clear">The coast is clear</h2>



The DNP's tireless work of more than two decades, coupled with WCS and the Thai government's meticulous monitoring, were crucial in tracking the success of these patrols. Started in 2004, the team installed hundreds of cameras to photograph the tigers, effectively using their unique stripe patterns to monitor the population's health.



The work was led by Thailand DNP senior scientist Somphot Duangchantrasiri. "We believe this is a good example of how to set up and maintain a strong, independent monitoring program that brings credibility to tiger recovery efforts."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-a-tiger-tale">More than just a tiger tale</h2>



Any <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-wildlife-day-using-technology-to-protect-our-natural-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">thriving ecosystem</a> is a balanced ecosystem. So, apex predators, the state of tigers is a reflection of the overall health of their habitat.



The team also monitored the positive ripple effects of their rigorous patrolling. Notably, they reported recovery in prey populations, like the banteng, a species of endangered wild cattle.



Apinya Saisamornin is an expert who specializes in tiger prey at the Wildlife Conservation Society and Kasetsart University in Bangkok.



"Tigers can't exist in the wild without a healthy abundance of prey species. Our study showed a doubling in numbers of both sambar (a large, elk-like deer) and banteng, the key prey species for tigers in WEFCOM. Without the recovery of prey, tiger numbers could not have grown as large as they did," noted Saisamornin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-triumph-but-only-the-beginning">A triumph, but only the beginning</h2>



All these numbers stitch together a heartening tapestry of ecosystem-wide recovery. 



"The news out of Thailand of a 250% increase in tiger numbers over 15 years is proof that the tiger can be saved, but it takes long-term commitment on focused interventions," said Dale Miquelle, a senior tiger conservationist at WCS.



"Recovery efforts are important not only for tigers - these same forests protect most of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">terrestrial biodiversity</a> of Asia, provide ecosystem services for millions of people, and buffer the impacts of climate change by retaining healthy forested ecosystems."



Let’s take a moment here. Is it victory? Yes, but let’s not rest on our laurels. Miquelle's words are as much a celebration as they are a call to arms.



Yes, we’ve stumbled upon a recipe for success in Thailand’s WEFCOM. Now, it’s time to roll up our sleeves and get ready to cook up <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-cougar-day-the-crucial-ecological-role-of-cougars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar stories</a> across the world. 



Because if we've learned anything here, it’s that through collective effort, we can turn around the seemingly insurmountable. So, are you ready to give these magnificent beasts a fighting chance?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989424002208?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Ecology and Conservation</a>.



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Tiger numbers have jumped by 250% in Thailand

The Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM) in Thailand has seen a...

Ever felt curious about the roles that tiny leaf-eating insects play in forest ecosystems? Recent research might just have some answers for the question. As it turns out, these creatures could be influencing the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-are-still-fighting-climate-change-against-all-odds/">forests and our climate</a> more than we had ever imagined.



At the forefront of this fascinating study is Bernice Hwang, the paper’s lead author and a former technician at the U.S. Forest Service.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-and-forest-dynamics">Insect and forest dynamics</h2>



"The findings of this study provide an improved understanding of the intricate relationship between&nbsp;herbivorous insects&nbsp;and&nbsp;forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>," Hwang stated.



Hwang, alongside other dedicated researchers, already had a substantial understanding of how large herbivores impacted nutrient cycles in forests.&nbsp;



However, the effects of leaf-eating insects on forest carbon and nutrient cycling remained relatively unknown.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-global-quest">A global quest</h2>



The initial step taken by the research team involved the establishment of a global network of 74 test plots, all within 40 mature, undisturbed broadleaved forests.&nbsp;



Green leaves and leaf litters in these forests were analyzed for concentrations of elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica.&nbsp;



The team also took into account leaf production, insect feeding habits, and other shifts in nutrient levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-role-in-forests">Insects’ role in forests</h2>



Christian Giardina and other researchers discovered that insects play a significant part in releasing and circulating essential nutrients in forest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystems</a>. This trend was especially prominent in warmer climates, like those experienced in tropical forests.



The findings unveiled a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-boost-plant-evolution-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">profound link</a>; a warming climate directly impacts how plants and herbivores interact.&nbsp;



The alteration in these relationships could potentially have deep-seated consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling in broadleaved forests on a global scale. This discovery is crucial in a world dealing with the ever-looming threat of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-our-forests">Protecting our forests</h2>



This study not only broadens our understanding of the hidden intricacies within forest ecosystems but also throws light on areas that might need conservation efforts.&nbsp;



Nels Johnson of the Pacific Southwest Research Station emphasized the importance of this research in ecological studies. "I believe this analysis will be a benchmark to compare against for its field."



Many questions remain unanswered. What specific actions can we take based on these findings? How can this knowledge be applied to protect our forests and therefore, our planet? 



As we step into an uncertain future, the importance of understanding these minute details of our ecosystem has never been more important.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-forest-management">Implications for forest management</h2>



The insights gained from this study have significant implications for forest management practices worldwide. Understanding the role of herbivorous insects in nutrient cycling can help forest managers develop more effective conservation strategies.&nbsp;



For instance, practices that promote biodiversity can enhance the resilience of forest ecosystems to climate change.&nbsp;



By recognizing the interplay between insects and plants, forest managers can make informed decisions about pest management and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-study-insects-are-also-declining-in-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restoration efforts</a>, ultimately fostering healthier forests that can better withstand environmental pressures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



This enlightening exploration into the intricate relationship between plants, insects, and their shared ecosystem underscores the profound interconnectedness and delicate balance of nature.&nbsp;



As we emerge armed with this new knowledge, we must reflect on our roles as stewards of these forests. How will we respond to this challenge and what steps will we take to ensure the survival and prosperity of our planet's forests?



Moreover, the integration of such ecological findings into public policy can foster a more sustainable approach to land use and conservational practices.&nbsp;



By actively engaging communities in forest protection initiatives, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for our natural resources, ensuring their longevity for future generations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-forests-and-insects">Future research on forests and insects</h2>



In light of the findings, it becomes imperative to explore several avenues for future research that could deepen our understanding of the interactions within forest ecosystems.



One potential direction is to conduct long-term observational studies that track changes in insect populations and their corresponding effects on nutrient cycling across various climatic zones. 



Additionally, investigating the specific mechanisms through which insects facilitate nutrient availability could provide insights into optimizing forest health and productivity. 



This research could extend to studying the impact of biodiversity loss on insect function within the ecosystem, as well as examining how different forest management practices can enhance or impede these critical processes. 



Ultimately, such inquiries will contribute not only to scientific knowledge but also to crafting actionable strategies for sustainable forest stewardship in an era of rapid environmental change.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-50245-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Tiny leaf-eating insects have a huge impact on forests

Ever felt curious about the roles that tiny leaf-eating insects...

In the fascinating field of genetic regulation, recent discoveries have shed light on the fundamental processes that differentiate males from females: sex chromosomes.



A new study conducted by the <a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of New South Wales</a> focusing on the platypus and chicken has revealed crucial insights into how these species manage genetic imbalances, offering a deeper understanding of evolutionary biology. 



The findings could pave the way for groundbreaking advancements in the field, enhancing our knowledge of genetic mechanisms and their implications for various species, including humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-balance-in-sex-chromosomes">Genetic balance in sex chromosomes</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genomes-from-240-mammals-show-what-makes-humans-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mammals</a>, including humans, carry a distinct genetic structure where females possess two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome. This setup results in an inherent imbalance.



To correct this, a significant process, termed "sex chromosome dosage compensation," comes into play.



“Animals have systems in place to balance sex chromosome variations and facilitate ‘normal' operation,” explained lead author Dr. Nicholas Lister.



According to the prevailing comprehension among scientists, one of the X chromosomes in females becomes inactive to equate this difference. 



This mechanism prevents females from producing twice the amount of proteins from the X compared to males.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-players-for-sex-chromosomes">Crucial players for sex chromosomes</h2>



Proteins, the workhorse molecules of every cell in our body, carry out specific functions. Instructions for creating these proteins are provided by mRNA, which is affected by the individual’s sex and subsequently influences protein production.



In a surprising development, Professor Paul Waters noted that a balance of proteins occurs between the sexes, even when mRNA levels aren’t balanced.



"Our study indicates that dosage compensation is an essential process across all vertebrate species, not just placental and marsupial mammals,” said Professor Waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-insights-from-platypus-and-chicken">Genetic insights from platypus and chicken</h2>



The research focused on two species with contrasting sex chromosome systems - the platypus and the chicken - to provide valuable insights into dosage compensation evolution and mechanisms.



The platypus, a monotreme mammal, is equipped with five pairs of X chromosomes in females and five Xs and five Ys in males. On the other hand, the chicken has a ZW system - males with two Z chromosomes and females with a Z and a W chromosome.



Professor Waters explained that although they had observed near-perfect sex chromosome dosage compensation of RNA in placental and marsupial mammals, an mRNA discrepancy exists between the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-sex-differences-in-sleep-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sexes</a> in birds and monotremes.



“We are now seeing that the dosage compensation of sex chromosomes between males and females is observed at the protein level,” said Professor Waters.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gene-control-and-dosage-compensation">Gene control and dosage compensation</h2>



In the world of genetic regulation, it's considered that the control of dosage compensation occurs at the level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-junk-is-crucial-for-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RNA</a>. 



The imbalance of mRNA levels in the platypus and the chicken challenges the presumption that dosage compensation is vital for life.



However, due to technological advancements, protein levels can now be accurately measured. Technology reveals that despite discrepancies in mRNA quantities, similar amounts of proteins are produced in males and females of these species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-future-directions">Implications and future directions</h2>



The study offers an enlightening perspective on genetic regulation, providing a platform for a profound understanding of genetic control.



“Studying unique species like the platypus provides us with new insights that could regulate various aspects of human physiology or implicate in disease states,” noted co-author Dr. Shafagh Waters.



These findings may not directly pertain to human dosage compensation, but they shed light on our bodies' management of gene expression and protein production, potentially paving a path for innovative therapies in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/landmark-study-reveals-275-million-new-genetic-variants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medical genetics</a>.



Future research will focus on the mechanisms contributing to dosage compensation. According to Dr. Lister, understanding these processes in other species can enhance our grasp of gene regulation at a fundamental level.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-significance-and-broader-implications">Evolutionary significance and broader implications</h2>



The discoveries in this study have broader implications beyond dosage compensation. By examining the unique sex chromosome systems in the platypus and chicken, scientists can better understand the evolution of genetic regulation across species.



This research shows how different organisms have independently developed ways to balance <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/determining-sex-of-ants-possess-unique-genetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sex</a> chromosomes, highlighting the adaptability of genetic systems.



Studying non-model organisms like the platypus offers unexpected insights into fundamental biological processes. These findings may influence various fields, from conservation biology to medical research. 



Understanding how different species achieve dosage compensation could inform strategies for preserving endangered species and lead to new approaches for diagnosing and treating genetic disorders in humans.



Ultimately, the study of platypus and chicken genetics enriches our understanding of sex chromosome regulation and its evolutionary and medical significance.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2322360121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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How do animals balance their sex chromosomes?

In the fascinating field of genetic regulation, recent discoveries have...

Mountain hikes serve as a rejuvenating escape from the mundane - the clear views and crisp air acting as a tonic for the soul. But when it comes to vultures, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-birds-brains-evolved-to-enable-them-to-fly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flying</a> at high-altitudes present a unique challenge. 



The thin air gracing the mountain highs can reduce the lift that bird wings generate, as Jonathan Rader from the University of North Carolina (<a href="https://www.unc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNC</a>) at Chapel Hill, USA, underlines. This naturally makes it more complex for them to remain afloat. But ever wondered why this doesn't douse their spirits?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vultures-flying-at-high-altitudes">Vultures flying at high altitudes</h2>



From bar-headed geese and cranes to bar-tailed godwits, birds have marked altitude records of 6,000 m and beyond. The question is - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-migratory-birds-navigate-with-such-accuracy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how do they pull this off</a> when thin air barely provides any lift?



A plausible theory points to high-altitude birds flying faster to counterbalance lower air density. However, this theory hadn't been tested on birds that inhabit a vast range of altitudes - right from sea level to towering summits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turkey-vultures-high-flying-experts">Turkey vultures: High-flying experts</h2>



"Turkey vultures are common through North America and inhabit an elevation range of more than 3,000&nbsp;m," says Rader.



Their mission? To confirm if turkey vultures (Cathartes aura) living at different heights fly at varying speeds subject to their altitude. The findings agreed with the hypothesis - turkey vultures certainly fly faster at altitude, offsetting the lower lift due to the thin air.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-s-flight-plan">Study's flight plan</h2>



The team began by filming vultures flying at a local refuse site in Orange County (80 m above sea level). They then shifted their base to Wyoming, observing birds at Alcova (1,600 m) and finally, the University of Wyoming campus in Laramie (2,200 m). 



Armed with three synchronized cameras at each location, they captured the vultures' end-of-day flights in 3D.



After returning to North Carolina, Rader analyzed the flight data from 2,458 recorded flights, calculating their airspeed which ranged between 8.7 and 13.24 m/s. The air density at each location, derived from local air pressure readings, showed a 27% change from 0.89 kg/m3 at Laramie to 1.227 kg/m3 at Chapel Hill.



When the recorded air densities were plotted against the birds' airspeeds on a graph, data suggested that the vultures flying at 2,200m in Laramie were generally flying approximately 1m/s faster than their counterparts in Chapel Hill.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation">Implications for conservation</h2>



Understanding the flight dynamics of turkey vultures at high altitudes can yield significant insights for conservation efforts. 



As these birds are often viewed as scavengers - playing a critical role in ecosystems by cleaning up carrion - a deeper comprehension of their adaptability to varying altitudes may help inform habitat preservation strategies.



By identifying specific elevation preferences and flight behaviors, conservationists can create targeted measures to protect their nesting sites and ensure the sustainability of their populations in an ever-changing environment.



This knowledge is particularly crucial in light of climate change, as shifting weather patterns may alter their available habitats and food sources.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-avian-context">Broader avian context</h2>



While the turkey vulture serves as a model for understanding high-altitude avian flight, it opens a broader inquiry into the adaptations of other bird species that thrive in mountainous terrains. 



The study encourages further examination of physiological and behavioural traits that enable birds like the Tibetan snowcock and the Andean condor to navigate the challenges posed by their environments. 



Whether through specialized wing structures, metabolic adaptations, or unique migratory behaviours, such investigations not only enhance our knowledge of avian biology but also contribute to the preservation of biodiversity in high-altitude ecosystems worldwide. 



By fostering this comprehensive approach, researchers can better articulate the interconnectedness of species and the importance of the environments they inhabit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-vulture-s-flying-speeds">Mystery of vulture's flying speeds</h2>



Delving deeper into the flight recordings, Rader was searching for signs of increased flapping which could explain the higher flying speeds. 



But interestingly, the high-altitude vultures were not flapping their wings any more than the sea-level birds. Instead, it seems that the vultures at 2,200 m were <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flying</a> faster merely because of the reduced drag in thin air, allowing them to maintain their speeds and stay aloft despite generating less lift in the low-density air.



In the world of avian aerodynamics, it seems the turkey vultures have cracked the altitude code, adapting perfectly to their high-flying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vultures-consume-enormous-amount-of-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a>. And who knows? Perhaps, understanding this natural phenomenon could inspire new heights in human aviation technology too!



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/227/15/jeb246828/361246/Turkey-vultures-tune-their-airspeed-to-changing" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Experimental Biology</a>.



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How vultures fly faster in thin air at high altitudes

Mountain hikes serve as a rejuvenating escape from the mundane...

A recent study led by the Smithsonian proposes a unique plan to preserve Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> by cryogenically storing biological materials on the moon.&nbsp;



The moon's permanently shadowed craters are cold enough to maintain these materials without electricity or liquid nitrogen.&nbsp;



The research, published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biosci/biae058/7715645" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BioScience</a>, involves multiple Smithsonian institutions and outlines a comprehensive plan for a lunar biorepository.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-lunar-biorepository-nbsp">The lunar biorepository&nbsp;</h2>



The idea is inspired by the <a href="https://www.croptrust.org/work/svalbard-global-seed-vault/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Seed Vault</a> in Svalbard, Norway, which serves as a backup for global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/enormous-loss-of-crop-diversity-found-in-recent-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop diversity</a>. However, the lunar biorepository would store animal cells, which require much colder temperatures than seeds for preservation.



The research team, including members from the <a href="https://nationalzoo.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute</a> (NZCBI), Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History, and Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum, suggests that the moon's environment offers a unique solution to the challenges of cryopreservation on Earth.&nbsp;



“Initially, a lunar biorepository would target the most at-risk species on Earth today, but our ultimate goal would be to cryopreserve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">most species on Earth</a>,” said Mary Hagedorn, a research cryobiologist at NZCBI and lead author of the paper. 



The team's vision includes a public entity that would involve international cooperation and governance, akin to the structure of the Svalbard Global Seed Bank.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-storage-on-the-moon">Biodiversity storage on the moon</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/man-in-the-moon-craters-are-200-million-years-older-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a>'s polar craters, which never receive sunlight, maintain temperatures as low as -410°F (-246°C). These conditions are perfect for cryogenic storage without the need for additional cooling resources.&nbsp;



The study emphasizes that this passive cooling method could mitigate risks associated with the potential failure of electrical systems, which is a concern for Earth-based repositories.&nbsp;



Samples could be stored in lunar caves or structures with thick walls made of moon rocks to protect them from space radiation, which can damage DNA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cryopreservation-of-skin-cells">Cryopreservation of skin cells</h2>



As a proof of concept, the team successfully cryopreserved skin samples from a reef fish known as the starry goby. The choice of fibroblasts - skin cells - over other cells like sperm or eggs is due to the ease of preservation and collection.&nbsp;



Fibroblasts can be harvested from an animal's skin, making them more accessible for a wide range of species. For animals without skin, such as certain invertebrates, the researchers propose using other biological materials, like larvae or reproductive cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expanding-the-research-nbsp">Expanding the research&nbsp;</h2>



The next phase of the project involves rigorous testing on Earth and aboard the International Space Station to simulate the lunar environment.&nbsp;



These tests aim to determine the best packaging methods for protecting the samples from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnetic-field-solar-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radiation</a> and microgravity during transport and storage on the moon. The team is actively seeking collaborators and funding to expand their research and develop practical solutions for the biorepository.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserving-earth-s-biodiversity-on-the-moon">Conserving Earth's biodiversity on the moon</h2>



The proposal is not merely a contingency plan for catastrophic events on Earth but also has potential implications for future space exploration. “We aren’t saying what if the Earth fails - if the Earth is biologically destroyed this biorepository won’t matter,” Hagedon said.&nbsp;



“This is meant to help offset natural disasters and, potentially, to augment space travel. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-life-has-inhabited-earth-since-the-very-first-cell-scientists-found-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Life</a> is precious and, as far as we know, rare in the universe. This biorepository provides another, parallel approach to conserving Earth’s precious biodiversity.”



The researchers' vision for a lunar biorepository offers a novel and potentially revolutionary method for preserving Earth's biodiversity.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-cooperation-is-needed">Global cooperation is needed </h2>



By leveraging the unique environmental conditions of the moon, they aim to create a fail-safe repository that could protect countless species from extinction due to natural disasters or other threats.&nbsp;



The initiative calls for global cooperation and further research to make this ambitious project a reality.



“Realizing a lunar biorepository will require collaboration by a broad array of nations, cultural groups, agencies, and international stakeholders to develop acceptable sample holding, governance, and long-term plans,” said the researchers.&nbsp;



“Protecting Earth's life must be a top priority in the rush on the Moon sites for industries and many types of science.”



According to the experts, the next steps include expanding our partnership base, especially to include laboratories and agencies who work in space research.&nbsp;



The team also plans to extract and cryopreserve fibroblast cells from the fins of fishes and test their packaging under space-like conditions on Earth.



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Proverbial "Noah's Ark" built on the moon will preserve Earth's biodiversity

A recent study led by the Smithsonian proposes a unique...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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-----

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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