<p>A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years.</p>



<p>This matters because it turns eggs from interesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-did-dinosaurs-come-from-missing-fossils-hold-the-secret/">fossils</a> into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshells-dated">Dinosaur eggshells dated</h2>



<p>The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in stacked layers with little distortion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We show that these dinosaur eggs were deposited roughly 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period,” said <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/3140051/overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Bi Zhao</a>, from the Hubei Institute of Geosciences (<a href="https://en.cug.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HIG</a>).</p>



<p>The group used carbonate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/zircon-u-pb-dating" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U-Pb dating</a> on eggshell material, measuring uranium and lead atoms to calculate time since the shell formed. </p>



<p>In their tests, the radiogenic signal sits in biogenic calcite, the carbonate built by the egg-laying animal, which behaved as a semi-closed system for uranium uptake after burial.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> relied on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/laser-ablation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser ablation</a>, a micro laser that vaporizes pinpoint spots of carbonate which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer for uranium and lead ratios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The resulting age is not from ash fall or nearby minerals, it is from the eggshell itself, which frees researchers from indirect age constraints that can mislead if volcanic layers formed earlier or later than the nest horizon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-carbonate-u-pb-works">How carbonate U-Pb works</h2>



<p>Uranium isotopes in carbonates decay into lead at known, constant rates, and the proportion of parent to daughter isotopes reveals elapsed time. </p>



<p>Cross checks, like repeated spots in different shell areas and agreement between fragments, keep the numbers honest, and the reported uncertainty of ± 1.74 million years reflects instrument precision and sample scatter, not guesswork.</p>



<p>Indirect <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912012005019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approaches</a> have anchored many Asian egg sites by dating interbedded tuffs, for example zircon based SIMS ages from the Tiantai Basin that bracket egg layers in the Laijia and Chichengshan formations at roughly 96 to 99 million years and 91 to 94 million years. </p>



<p>That prior dating set a framework that eggshell ages can now refine where ash is missing.</p>



<p>Carbonate geochronology has matured fast, with careful comparisons between uranium thorium and U-Pb techniques on the same samples showing strong consistency over wide timescales. </p>



<p>That broader look at geochronology <a href="https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/7/335/2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methods</a> helps explain why a tiny eggshell can carry a credible age.</p>



<p>The study team also separated signals, finding consistent ages from biogenic carbonates, and noisy or unusable signals from late pore filling calcite, a reminder that not all carbonates are equal for keeping time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshell-site">Dinosaur eggshell site</h2>



<p>The Qinglongshan reserve preserves egg clutches in red siltstones and sandstones, with many eggs still three dimensional and minimally deformed, a rare condition that helps both taphonomy and dating. </p>



<p>The sampled clutch belonged to an oblate style of egg typical of the family <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dendrobatidae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Dendroolithidae</em></a>, which is known for highly porous shells.</p>



<p>Those Yunyang eggs have been assigned to <em>Placoolithus tumiaolingensis</em> by <a href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app005232018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> that cleaned up the taxonomy and emphasized the diagnostic shell microstructure. That classification anchors the site in a broader Chinese record of <em>dendroolithid</em> eggs.</p>



<p>Porous eggshell architecture affects gas exchange and incubation, and the microstructure varies in ways that may reflect nesting style in a semi arid fluvial landscape. </p>



<p>The new age puts those choices in a tight slice of time, late Coniacian to early Santonian, rather than a vague Late Cretaceous window.</p>



<p>Thousands of eggs across stacked horizons also open the door to building a basin scale timeline where shell ages from different levels track local ecological change, sedimentation rates, and any shifts in the nesting fauna.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1s.webp" alt="Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao" class="wp-image-1985991"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Click image to enlarge. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-climate-context">Dinosaur climate context</h2>



<p>Marine records indicate the Late Cretaceous did not stay uniformly hot. </p>



<p>One North Atlantic sea surface temperature <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24937202/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record</a> shows a drop of about 7 degrees Celsius (12.6 degrees Fahrenheit), from around 35 degrees to below 28 degrees, between the earliest Campanian and the Maastrichtian.</p>



<p>Independent <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18187651/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> from oxygen isotopes suggests brief glaciation episodes punctuated parts of the mid Cretaceous greenhouse, showing that climate could swing even when the world was generally warm. </p>



<p>Inland Asia would have felt those shifts in precipitation, seasonality, and vegetation.</p>



<p>Pinned ages on terrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-extinction-theories-are-challenged-by-new-research/">fossils</a> let scientists ask tighter questions about whether nesting density changed across cooler intervals or whether certain egg types rose or fell with climate. </p>



<p>The eggshell ages at Qinglongshan now give one fixed point for such tests, and more layers can add the sequence needed to see patterns.</p>



<p>Cause and effect claims are premature at a single site, but a direct eggshell chronology makes it practical to compare neighboring basins and see whether bird and non avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-sized-baby-dinosaur-unearthed-after-166-million-years/">dinosaur</a> nesting moved, paused, or persisted during regional climate transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-comes-next">What comes next</h2>



<p>The team plans to sample eggs from additional horizons at Qinglongshan, then from basins to the north and south, to build a regional timeline that can be compared with dated marine and volcanic records. </p>



<p>That will clarify which changes are local quirks and which ones reflect broader environmental forcing across East Asia.</p>



<p>Applying the same protocol to eggs in the Xixia, Jiaolai, and Nanxiong basins would close large age gaps where ash beds are absent. </p>



<p>Those basins have different egg assemblages, so a uniform clock could test migration ideas and turnover hypotheses without assuming rock ages transfer cleanly between sites.</p>



<p>Direct dinosaur eggshell dating also complements existing zircon frameworks rather than replacing them, since both tools answer different parts of the age question. </p>



<p>Zircons pin eruptive or depositional moments for ash, while eggshells date the biological event of nesting, and together they can resolve the tempo of life on land.</p>



<p>With better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-ground-dwellers-survived-the-asteroid-impact-that-killed-the-dinosaurs/">timescales</a>, small details like pore geometry, clutch spacing, and shell thickness will be tied to environmental context, not guesswork. </p>



<p>That is how a few careful ages can turn a crowded egg hillside into a precise chronicle of Late Cretaceous life in central China.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Earth Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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These dinosaur eggs tell an incredible story from 85 million years ago

A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years. This matters because it turns eggs from interesting fossils into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems. Dinosaur eggshells dated The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in...

<p>Honey bees - those buzzing dynamos that pollinate our food - are in trouble. Despite decades of study, scientists couldn't quite crack the code of why bee colonies are <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=Honey%20bees&amp;start=0">collapsing</a>. A new study is shedding light on this mystery by revealing multiple stressors that honey bees encounter on a typical day in the field.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-network-of-honey-bee-stressors">Complex network of honey bee stressors</h2>



<p>New research from <a href="https://www.yorku.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York University</a> indicates that honey bees are not afflicted by a lone stressor, but rather an interconnected web of threats.</p>



<p>"Our study is the first to apply systems level or network analyses to honey bee stressors at a massive scale. I think this represents a paradigm shift in the field because we have been so focussed on finding the one big thing, the smoking gun," said Professor Amro Zayed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relentless-barrage-of-stressors">Relentless barrage of stressors</h2>



<p>The study broadened its scope to expose the vast network of stressors confronting honey bees. Consider their work environment: fields bursting with apples, canola, blueberries, and other crops. </p>



<p>These bees encounter a relentless barrage of stressors, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-cannot-fly-straight-after-ingesting-pesticides/">pesticides</a>, viruses, parasites, and unpredictable environmental changes. </p>



<p>The result of this exposure is a complex and harmful entanglement, where any single stressor has the potential to intensify the impact of others.</p>



<p>The researchers uncovered a startling reality: honey bees grapple with an average of 23 stressors simultaneously. </p>



<p>This translates into a staggering 307 potential interactions, all with the capacity to undermine their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-virus-has-evolved-to-become-less-deadly-in-a-u-s-forest/">health</a>. Furthermore, certain stressors emerge as particularly influential, further compounding the damage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influencer-stressors-for-honey-bees">Influencer stressors for honey bees</h2>



<p>The researchers call them "influencer stressors." Just like social media influencers, certain viruses and pesticides are the ringleaders, making other stressors even nastier.</p>



<p>"Understanding which stressors co-occur and are likely to interact is profoundly important to unraveling how they are impacting the health and mortality of honey bee colonies," noted study lead author Sarah French.</p>



<p>"There have been a lot of studies about major pesticides, but in this research, we also saw a lot of minor pesticides that we don’t usually think about or study. We also found a lot of viruses that beekeepers don’t typically test for or manage. Seeing the influencer stressors interact with all these other stressors, whether it be mites, other pesticides or viruses, was not only interesting, but surprising."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-identifying-honey-bee-stressors">Significance of identifying honey bee stressors</h2>



<p>Honey bees play an indispensable role in our food production and economy, making their protection a significant concern. </p>



<p>These small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honeybee-pollination-produces-plant-offspring-vastly-inferior-to-plants-pollinated-by-other-species/">pollinators</a> are vital for the fertilization of many crop species, contributing to the diversity and availability of fruits, vegetables, and nuts. </p>



<p>Without honey bees, many of the foods we take for granted could become scarce and more expensive. The economic impact is profound; honey bees add billions of dollars to global economies through their pollination services. In the U.S. alone, they contribute over $15 billion to the value of crop production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colony-collapse-disorder">Colony collapse disorder</h2>



<p>The urgency to understand and protect honey bees from their stressors is underscored by the troubling rates at which colonies are declining. </p>



<p>This decline, often referred to as Colony Collapse Disorder, is marked by the mysterious and sudden disappearance of worker bees from a colony, leaving behind a queen, food, and a few nurse bees to care for the remaining immature bees. </p>



<p>Despite extensive research, the precise causes of these die-offs remain elusive, complicating efforts to devise effective interventions.</p>



<p>The situation is dire; some regions report winter losses of up to 60 percent of their bee colonies. These losses are not just numbers; they represent a significant threat to biodiversity, food security, and agricultural economies. </p>



<p>The causes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bee-lifespans-are-mysteriously-declining/">bee decline</a> are believed to be multifaceted, involving a combination of environmental stressors such as pesticides, habitat loss, climate change, nutrition deficit, parasites, and pathogens like the Varroa mite and viral diseases. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



<p>Each of these stressors alone is a threat, but in combination, they can lead to devastating effects on honey bee populations.</p>



<p>Understanding the complex interactions between these stressors and developing strategies to mitigate them is crucial. It also maintains the health of natural ecosystems by supporting the growth of trees, flowers, and other plants. </p>



<p>Therefore, protecting honey bees is not merely an act of environmental stewardship—it is a critical necessity for sustaining our natural resources and agriculture.</p>



<p>Hope isn't lost. The study is part of a larger project called BEECSI, which uses 'omics' tools to help beekeepers assess bee health. The more we understand about these complex webs of stressors, the better we can protect these vital pollinators.</p>



<p>So, the next time you munch an apple or admire a field of wildflowers, remember the incredible hard workers behind them, and the fascinating (if somewhat stressful!) world they navigate.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(24)00379-8">Current Biology</a></em>.</p>



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Honey bees face a multitude of complex stressors in the field

Honey bees - those buzzing dynamos that pollinate our food...

Spirobranchus,Giganteus,,Christmas,Tree,Worms,Extended,On,Caribbean,Coral,Reef

<p>Individual behaviors and rhythms in even the simplest marine creatures, like the polychaete worm <em>Platynereis dumerilii</em>, have been captivatingly showcased in a recent study. </p>



<p>Published in the journal <em>PLOS Biology</em>, this research was carried out by an international team from the Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (<a href="https://www.awi.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AWI</a>), and various universities.</p>



<p>The findings offer profound implications for our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/circadian-rhythms-persist-during-bear-hibernation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological rhythms</a> and their applications in both medicine and ecology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-platynereis-dumerilii"><em>Platynereis dumerilii</em></h2>



<p><em>Platynereis dumerilii</em>, often referred to as a ragworm or clam worm, is a species of <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Platynereis-dumerilii-worms_Alfred-Wegener-Institute_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine polychaete worm</a> found in temperate and tropical coastal waters worldwide. </p>



<p>This worm is particularly interesting to scientists because of its well-defined life cycle and relatively simple nervous system, making it an excellent model organism for biological studies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics">Key characteristics</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Size and Appearance:</strong> <em>Platynereis dumerilii</em> is typically a few centimeters long, with a segmented body and a pair of distinctive, paddle-like parapodia on most segments, which aid in swimming.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Habitat:</strong> These worms thrive in shallow marine environments, often burying themselves in sediments or hiding in crevices during the day and becoming more active at night.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li><strong>Reproduction:</strong> They have a fascinating reproductive behavior known as "swarming," where mature individuals synchronously release eggs and sperm into the water column, often influenced by the lunar cycle.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-importance">Scientific importance</h3>



<p><em>Platynereis dumerilii</em> is widely used in research related to developmental biology, neurobiology, and evolutionary biology. </p>



<p>Studies on this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-teenage-worms-angsty/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worms</a> help scientists understand basic biological processes such as circadian and lunar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-moonlight-affects-the-circadian-clocks-of-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rhythms</a>, which are applicable to other species, including humans. </p>



<p>This research can have implications for medicine, particularly in understanding body clocks and their effects on health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-platynereis-dumerilii-biological-timing"><em>Platynereis dumerilii</em> biological timing</h2>



<p>Kristin Tessmar-Raible, a biologist at AWI, explains the importance of timing in biology. She states, "Biological timing is crucial across multiple levels, from the ecological interactions between species to cellular biochemical processes."</p>



<p>This study primarily focused on understanding how these worms' internal clocks help them adapt daily. It examined their responses to changing conditions such as temperature, light, and food availability.</p>



<p>The implications are vast, as Sören Häfker, the study's lead author, points out. This is especially true as marine organisms face challenges from human-induced changes such as global warming and light pollution.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-spectrum-of-behaviors">A spectrum of behaviors</h2>



<p>During the experiments, researchers observed distinct patterns in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hunger-alters-the-behavior-of-worms-and-perhaps-humans-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">worms' activity</a>. Some were consistently active at the same time each night, while others showed sporadic activity, akin to "couch potatoes," with many variations in between. </p>



<p>What was particularly striking was the consistency of these patterns over time, suggesting ingrained biological rhythms. </p>



<p>"We were very surprised to see how reproducible the individual behavioral rhythms were," Tessmar-Raible remarks. "This shows us that even worms have tiny, rhythmic personalities, so to speak."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-rhythms-of-platynereis-dumerilii">Genetic rhythms of <em>Platynereis dumerilii</em></h2>



<p>The study went further to compare the genetic activity in the heads of both rhythmic and arrhythmic worms. Results showed that all worms maintained a robust internal clock, regardless of their activity pattern.</p>



<p>This finding suggests a diverse range of survival strategies among the worms. These strategies potentially offer evolutionary advantages in their fluctuating coastal environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-medicine">Implications for conservation and medicine</h2>



<p>This diversity not only speaks to the resilience of <em>Platynereis dumerilii</em> but also has broader implications for how we understand the adaptability of all species to environmental changes. </p>



<p>It suggests that individual variability might be a key factor in the survival of species under the pressures of climate change and other anthropogenic impacts.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study's findings resonate beyond marine biology into human medicine. The concept of individual biological rhythms plays a significant role in chronomedicine, which considers patients' natural rhythms in treatment plans. </p>



<p>Tessmar-Raible elaborates, "That's why such findings are also exciting for fields like chronomedicine," indicating that the variability seen in worms could mirror the human condition, impacting how treatments are tailored for different individuals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>This research not only broadens our understanding of marine life but also reinforces the significance of individual biological rhythms in both ecology and medicine. </p>



<p>As we continue to explore the intricate dance of life's timings, from the smallest worm to human beings, embracing these natural variations could be crucial to future biomedical advances and conservation efforts.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3002572" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS Biology</a></em></em>.</p>



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Even the simplest organisms, like worms, have unique personalities

Individual behaviors and rhythms in even the simplest marine creatures,...

<p>A study led by <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/">Harvard University</a> has provided a fresh perspective on evolutionary processes, particularly in how species intermingle and evolve. The experts have found compelling evidence that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hybridization-evolution-life/">hybridization</a> can lead to the formation of entirely new species, challenging traditional views of evolution as a neatly branching tree.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-heliconius-butterflies-nbsp">Evolution of Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Revisiting a fascinating observation first made by naturalist Henry Walter Bates in 1861 and shared with Charles Darwin, the scientists examined the evolution of the Heliconius <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heliconius-butterflies-have-a-surprising-aptitude-for-learning-and-remembering/">butterflies</a> of the Amazon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Bates famously described these butterflies as a peek into nature's workshop for creating new species. Now, the researchers provided direct evidence of this phenomenon by documenting the evolution of a new butterfly species through hybridization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybridization-and-new-species">Hybridization and new species</h2>



<p>The study focused on Heliconius butterflies, shedding new light on how a hybridization event from 180,000 years ago between <em>Heliconius melpomene</em> and an ancestor of today’s <em>Heliconius pardalinus</em> gave rise to a third species, <em>Heliconius elevatus</em>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This new species is not just a blend of its progenitors but has distinct ecological and physiological traits, such as unique preferences for caterpillar host plants and specific adult characteristics like male sex pheromones, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-wing-colors/">wing color</a> patterns, and mate selection.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hybridization-and-evolution">Hybridization and evolution</h2>



<p>“Historically hybridization was thought of as a bad thing that was not particularly important when it came to evolution,” said Neil Rosser, an associate in entomology at the <a href="https://mcz.harvard.edu/">Museum of Comparative Zoology</a> and a former postdoctoral fellow at Harvard. “But what genomic data have shown is that in fact hybridization among species is widespread.”</p>



<p>This discovery not only challenges the traditional concept that species are distinct, non-overlapping units, but also highlights the fluidity with which genetic material is exchanged in nature. “A lot of species are not intact units,” Rosser said. “They're quite leaky, and they’re exchanging genetic material.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-completely-new-lineages-nbsp">Evolution of completely new lineages&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research also raises important questions about how new species emerge from the intermingling of existing ones. “So the species that are evolving are constantly exchanging genes, and the consequence of this is that it can actually trigger the evolution of completely new lineages,” Rosser explained.</p>



<p>“Normally, species are thought to be reproductively isolated. They can’t produce hybrids that are reproductively fertile,” added co-author James Mallet, a professor of organismic and evolutionary biology at Harvard. Thus, although there is now evidence of hybridization between species, it was still difficult to confirm that this hybridization is, in some way, involved in speciation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fluid-nature-of-species-boundaries-nbsp">Fluid nature of species boundaries&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The implications of this study extend beyond academic circles. Understanding the fluid nature of species boundaries is crucial for conservation efforts, particularly in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-dictates-biodiversity-hotspots/">biodiversity hotspots</a> like the Amazon. It also has potential applications in studying disease vectors, such as mosquitoes that carry malaria, and their inter-species interactions.</p>



<p>This paradigm shift in understanding hybridization and evolution marks a significant advance, suggesting that the interplay of genetic material across species boundaries can play a pivotal role in the emergence of new species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-heliconius-butterflies-nbsp">More about Heliconius butterflies&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Heliconius butterflies, also known as longwing butterflies, are a diverse and colorful group found primarily in tropical regions, particularly in Central and South America. They are notable for their striking patterns and vibrant colors, which serve as a form of defense through mimicry and warning signals. Heliconius butterflies exhibit a variety of interesting behaviors and adaptations:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mullerian-mimicry">Müllerian mimicry</h3>



<p>Heliconius butterflies are famous for their participation in Müllerian mimicry, where multiple species share similar warning coloration to protect against predators, as the colors signal toxicity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-lifespan-of-heliconius-butterflies">Diet and lifespan of Heliconius butterflies </h3>



<p>Unlike most butterflies that sip nectar, Heliconius butterflies also feed on pollen, which is rich in proteins and extends their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warmer-autumns-reduce-the-life-expectancy-of-butterflies/">lifespan</a> significantly, often living several months rather than the usual weeks that most butterflies survive.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-habitat">Reproduction and habitat</h3>



<p>They have unique reproductive behaviors, including the use of pheromones and lekking (males display in groups). They often return to the same spot each night, showing high site fidelity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



<p>While some species are abundant and widespread, others are endangered and face threats from habitat destruction due to logging and agriculture.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-in-ecosystems">Role in ecosystems</h3>



<p>Heliconius butterflies are important pollinators in their ecosystems, helping to maintain the health and diversity of tropical forests.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07263-w"><em>Nature</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Butterflies show that new species can evolve from hybridization

A study led by Harvard University has provided a fresh...

<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-advice-leave-bats-alone-if-we-want-to-prevent-future-pandemics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bats</a> may be mysterious creatures of the night, but they're also amazing natural pest controllers with some impressive appetites. This is the conclusion of a new study focusing on bats living on the beautiful island of Madeira, Portugal. </p>



<p>The study highlights just how awesome these flying mammals are, and the amazing benefits they quietly provide us.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-secret-menu-of-island-bats">The secret menu of island bats</h2>



<p>Scientists took a close look – a really close look – at what <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-diets-offer-clues-on-how-to-protect-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a> on Madeira are eating. They wanted to understand the role these amazing creatures play on the island. To do this, they analyzed the DNA of one very specific bat "byproduct" – droppings.</p>



<p>The study examined the dietary habits of three <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-feast-on-migrating-insects-in-the-pyrenees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bat</a> species inhabiting the island of Madeira: the Madeira Pipistrelle, the Madeira Lesser Noctule, and the Grey Long-eared Bat. </p>



<p>Through detailed analysis, researchers discovered a remarkable variety in the bats' diets, revealing a broad spectrum of prey that includes several types of insects.</p>



<p>Each bat species showed a preference for different insect groups, enriching our understanding of their ecological roles. For instance, the Madeira Pipistrelle was found to primarily consume moths and flies, which are abundant at night. </p>



<p>The Madeira Lesser Noctule, on the other hand, favored a diet rich in beetles and spiders, indicating its role in managing populations of these particular pests. </p>



<p>The Grey Long-eared Bat displayed the most diverse diet, feeding on an assortment of insects from butterflies to moths, showcasing its adaptability to available food sources.</p>



<p>This diversity is significant as it underscores the bats' ability to target a wide range of agricultural and forestry pests, thereby naturally controlling these populations. </p>



<p>The presence of such varied diets among the bats also highlights the complexity of their roles within the ecosystem, where they help maintain the balance of insect species and contribute to the overall health of their habitat.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bats-and-pests">Bats and pests</h2>



<p>The most significant finding? A whopping 40% of the insects the bats ate were agricultural or forest pests. These are bugs that seriously damage crops or trees, and that's where bats come in as farmers' silent partners.</p>



<p>For example, bananas are extremely important to the economy of Madeira. The banana moth poses a significant risk to this crop, directly impacting the livelihood of farmers on the island. Fortunately, bats are natural predators of the banana moth, helping to control populations of this destructive insect.</p>



<p>Bats don't just protect bananas; they target other serious agricultural pests as well. One such pest is the turnip moth, known for causing widespread damage to vegetables and cereal crops. Another problem insect consumed by bats is the golden twin-spot moth, which significantly damages crops grown in greenhouses.</p>



<p>In addition to controlling agricultural pests, bats even help protect human health. The study found they consume <em>Psychoda albipennis</em>. This insect is a parasite that can cause myiasis, a condition with unpleasant symptoms like abdominal pain and diarrhea. </p>



<p>By eating this and other pests, bats provide an essential service to both farmers and the broader community.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bats-and-their-smart-detection">Bats and their smart detection</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-bats-navigate-noisy-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bats</a> are incredibly difficult to study in the wild. Their echolocation abilities give them a type of sonar that allows them to expertly navigate their environment. This means they can easily detect and avoid obstacles like the nets researchers traditionally use to capture them for study.</p>



<p>However, the scientists studying bats in Madeira didn't give up. They carefully observed the bats' behavior and discovered a key moment of vulnerability: bats need to drink water. </p>



<p>By focusing on water sources and waiting patiently, the researchers were able to safely and temporarily capture bats for their research. This dedication allowed them to obtain the important information they needed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-friendly-farming-to-control-pests">Bat-friendly farming to control pests</h2>



<p>Farming is crucial for providing food, but it can sometimes lead to habitat loss or conflict with wildlife. This study offers an exciting alternative approach. Its findings indicate that a mutually beneficial relationship can exist between farmers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolutionary-secrets-how-bat-teeth-adapted-to-their-diverse-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bats</a>.</p>



<p>By strategically placing bat boxes, farmers provide shelter for bats, attracting them to the area. This benefits bats by giving them safe places to roost. At the same time, farmers gain a powerful natural ally in pest control, as bats consume large quantities of insects that damage crops.</p>



<p>This study demonstrates that this concept is not just theoretical. Researchers actively installed bat boxes in protected areas near farms and observed positive results. Endangered Madeiran Pipistrelles were found using the boxes, showing that this strategy can promote bat populations while also benefiting the agricultural community.</p>



<p>"An increasing number of farmers are using bat boxes to attract insectivorous bats to their fields. During our study, we experimented by placing some in the protected area where we were working, and to our excitement, some of these are now inhabited by the vulnerable Madeiran Pipistrelles. This suggests that deploying simple artificial bat roosts might lead to win-win outcomes for both conservation and local farmers," explained study co-author <a href="https://www.biology.ox.ac.uk/people/ricardo-rocha">Associate Professor Ricardo Rocha</a> from the Department of Biology at the University of Oxford.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-changing-perceptions">Changing Perceptions</h2>



<p>Bats tend to get a bad reputation, often seen as spooky or creepy. However, studies like this illuminate their true nature. Turns out, while many of us are sleeping, bats are out there, doing their part to keep ecosystems (and farms) healthy. </p>



<p>They're a hidden force for good, and maybe a source of inspiration for pest control solutions that work with nature rather than against it. This study gives us a glimpse into the world of Madeira's insect-munching bats, but the fact is, bats all over the planet provide similar services in their own ecosystems. </p>



<p>The study is published in the <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyae033" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Mammalogy</a></em>.</p>



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Bats assist farmers by consuming harmful pests

Bats may be mysterious creatures of the night, but they're...

<p>The elegant white stork, known for its long legs and large wings, offers one of the most spectacular views of animal migration. These birds, which travel from Europe to Africa each autumn and return in the spring, form visible flocks that herald the change of seasons. </p>



<p>A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.mpg.de/987894/animal-behavior" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior</a> in Konstanz, Germany, has shed light on why these storks migrate in such groups: they seem to actively choose to fly together. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-storks-prefer-routes-frequented-by-their-peers">Storks prefer routes frequented by their peers</h2>



<p>By tracking 158 storks, the experts found the first concrete evidence of this social behavior during migration, revealing that storks prefer routes frequented by their peers, especially when they are young.</p>



<p>“It’s exciting to see the first clues that storks are actually choosing to fly with others,” said lead author Hester Brønnvik, a doctoral student at Max Planck. “But as they gain migration experience, they also gain the independence to ignore social influences.”</p>



<p>“We can all see that storks fly in flocks, but this observation alone never told us whether or not storks are choosing the routes they take in order to migrate with others,” she added. “It could be that storks are selecting their routes based on other criteria - like good winds or a particular destination - that happen to put them in the same place.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stork-motivation-for-migration-route-selection-nbsp">Stork motivation for migration route selection&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To explore the storks' motivations for route selection, the team utilized a decade’s worth of precise GPS tracking data from storks in southern Germany. This data covered the full migratory journeys of these birds, from inexperienced juveniles to seasoned adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We could see the complete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildebeest-suffer-genetically-from-blocked-migration-routes/">migrations</a> that these storks took every year for their entire lives, from a three-month-old juvenile on its first migration to a highly experienced nine-year old taking one of its last flights,” Brønnvik explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-dynamics-of-stork-migration-nbsp">Social dynamics of stork migration&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To better understand the social dynamics characterizing the 158 storks during their migrations, the experts used data from an extended sample of 400 storks. This larger dataset helped them estimate the probable locations of flocks within the migration landscape. </p>



<p>“This doesn’t tell us definitively whether storks flew with others,” Brønnvik said. “Rather, it gives us a probability, telling us whether a stork’s route would likely put it in the path of other storks.” </p>



<p>With these estimates, the researchers then employed a statistical model to analyze the chosen migration paths of the storks compared to alternative routes that were also available but not taken. This approach allowed the team to infer the reasons behind the storks' route selections, shedding light on their migratory behavior. “The model basically asked them why they chose the route that they did,” Brønnvik explained.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-older-storks-are-more-willing-to-fly-solo">Older storks are more willing to fly solo</h2>



<p>The analysis revealed that storks of all ages preferred <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/storks-are-attracted-to-the-smell-of-freshly-mowed-grass/">routes</a> with higher concentrations of other storks, though older, more experienced birds showed a decreased preference for such routes, indicating a greater willingness to fly solo if the conditions were favorable.</p>



<p>According to senior author Andrea Flack, the leader of the Collective Migration group at Max Planck, younger storks might rely more on the flock for survival strategies, such as locating thermals - updrafts essential for flight - or finding food during stops.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Following others could help you find these essential resources faster,” she said. However, as storks become more experienced, they rely less on this group information, potentially allowing them to better time their migrations for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-snowstorms-impact-breeding-success-of-petrels/">breeding</a> and other individual needs.</p>



<p>These findings&nbsp; provide insight into the decision-making processes of migrating storks while highlighting the significance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-use-collective-behavior-to-reduce-energy-costs/">collective behavior</a> in these decisions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Ultimately, we want to know how the decisions of migrating storks are affected by those around them. Our study provides the first clue of just how important the collective is to those decisions,” Flack concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-storks">More about storks</h2>



<p>Storks are quite fascinating birds, known not only for their distinctive appearance but also for their interesting behaviors and roles in various cultures.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration-patterns-nbsp">Migration patterns&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Many stork species are migratory, with some species, like the white stork, known for their impressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dads-lead-young-birds-on-their-first-migration/">migratory journeys</a>. They travel thousands of miles between Europe and Africa, crossing the Mediterranean Sea and the Sahara Desert.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbolism-and-folklore">Symbolism and folklore</h3>



<p>Storks are famous in folklore, particularly in European cultures, where they are often associated with delivering babies. This myth possibly stems from their habit of nesting on rooftops and in chimneys, making them a close presence in human lives.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-hunting">Diet and hunting</h3>



<p>Storks have a varied diet that includes insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals, and even other birds. They are excellent hunters, using their long beaks to snatch up prey.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-habits">Nesting habits</h3>



<p>Storks are known for building large nests, which they often use for many years. Some nests have been continuously inhabited by successive stork generations for over a century. These nests can be massive, sometimes as large as a small car.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-communication">Communication</h3>



<p>Unlike many birds, storks are mostly silent since they lack the typical vocal organs to produce songs. Instead, they communicate through bill-clattering, which involves rapidly snapping their bills to make a loud noise that can be heard over long distances.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity-and-fidelity">Longevity and fidelity</h3>



<p>Storks can live for 20 to 30 years in the wild. They are also known for their strong pair bonds; many species of storks mate for life, returning to the same partner and nest each breeding season.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-success">Conservation success</h3>



<p>The white stork, in particular, has been a conservation success story in many parts of Europe, where populations have rebounded thanks to efforts to preserve their habitats and reduce hunting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-adaptations">Physical adaptations</h3>



<p>Storks are equipped with long legs and necks, which help them wade through shallow waters while looking for food. Their legs have adaptations that allow them to shut off blood flow to prevent heat loss while standing in cold water.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.052" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Younger storks choose migration routes that are social hotspots

The elegant white stork, known for its long legs and...

<p>International Bat Appreciation Day, observed annually on April 17th, shines a spotlight on the often-overlooked benefits that bats contribute to our ecosystem. This occasion aligns with the mission of <a href="https://www.batcon.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bat Conservation International</a> (BCI) to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-diets-offer-clues-on-how-to-protect-them/">protect these nocturnal mammals</a> through awareness, conservation, and research.</p>



<p>"Each year on April 17th, International Bat Appreciation Day reminds us of the roles bats play in our daily lives. April is also the best time of the year to observe bats, as they are now beginning to emerge from hibernation," noted BCI.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vital-ecological-role-of-bats">The vital ecological role of bats</h2>



<p>Bats play an indispensable role in maintaining healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-protect-young-trees-from-insect-damage/">ecosystems</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pest-control">Pest control</h3>



<p>They are nature’s pest control, with a single bat consuming up to 1,000 mosquitoes in just one hour.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their appetite for insects not only makes outdoor activities more enjoyable but also reduces the need for chemical pesticides, which can have harmful environmental effects.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollination-nbsp">Pollination&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Beyond pest control, bats are crucial pollinators and seed dispersers. Over 1,400 species of bats contribute to the pollination of flowers and dissemination of seeds, which helps to regenerate forests and maintain plant diversity.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-agave-and-bats-face-a-sustainability-crisis-in-mexico/">agave plant</a>, which is used to make tequila, relies heavily on bats for pollination.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-management-nbsp">Carbon management&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Their ecological contributions extend to carbon management as well. Bats help in carbon sequestration and storage, a critical function in the age of accelerating climate change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This is particularly significant as bats often feed on fruits that have adapted to nocturnal pollinators, ensuring the reproduction of these plant species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactions-in-nature">Interactions in nature</h3>



<p>Bats exhibit fascinating interactions with other wildlife, contributing to dynamic ecosystems where multiple animal species are interdependent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their unique relationships with other creatures, including birds and various mammals, create intricate ecological narratives that are vital for biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-facing-bat-populations">Challenges facing bat populations</h2>



<p>Despite their importance, bats face numerous threats from human activities. Deforestation, mining, and irresponsible tourism significantly impact their habitats and survival. These activities not only destroy their breeding spaces but also reduce the availability of food, threatening bat populations worldwide.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Between 2014 and 2018, BCI identified 35 critically endangered bat species, underscoring the urgent need for comprehensive conservation strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interesting-facts-about-bats">Interesting facts about bats</h2>



<p>Bats are the only mammals naturally capable of sustained flight. Their wings are actually modified arms and fingers, covered in a thin, stretchy membrane.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Unlike birds, bats are not passive fliers; their flight involves quick, agile movements that consume a great deal of energy.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echolocation-nbsp">Echolocation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Another intriguing aspect of bats is their echolocation ability. Bats emit high-frequency sounds that bounce off objects and return as echoes, which the bats use to navigate and hunt in the dark. This makes them expert hunters, capable of catching insects even in complete darkness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives-nbsp">Social lives&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Socially, bats can be quite complex animals. They often live in large colonies and exhibit behaviors that indicate sophisticated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-have-brains-that-synchronize-when-they-socialize/">social structures</a>. Some species even show altruistic behaviors, like sharing food and helping sick or injured bats.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-longevity-nbsp">Longevity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Some species can live for over 30 years, which is exceptional for animals of their size. This <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hibernation-may-be-key-to-extraordinary-longevity-in-bats/">longevity</a>, combined with their unique biology and behaviors, continues to make them subjects of intense scientific interest and study.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-bat-appreciation-day-a-call-to-action">International Bat Appreciation Day: A call to action</h3>



<p>Established by BCI, International Bat Appreciation Day is more than a celebration - it's a call to action. This day is dedicated to learning about the crucial roles bats play in nature and reaffirming our commitment to their preservation amid growing environmental challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-get-involved">How to get involved</h3>



<p>On International Bat Appreciation Day (and every day), we can contribute to the broader mission of protecting these essential creatures for future generations. Here are some ways the you can get involved:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-educational-events">Educational events</h3>



<p>Participate in or organize educational seminars and events that focus on the importance of bats in ecosystems. These events can be held at schools, parks, or online.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bat-watches">Bat watches</h3>



<p>Join a bat-watching tour. These are often organized by wildlife groups and are a fantastic way to see bats in their natural habitat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-build-bat-houses">Build bat houses</h3>



<p>Bats often struggle with finding safe habitats, so building a bat house can provide them a secure place to roost. Many conservation groups offer plans and instructions for building bat houses.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-citizen-science-projects">Citizen science projects</h3>



<p>Participate in bat conservation projects where you can help scientists by reporting bat sightings or monitoring bat populations in your area.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advocacy">Advocacy</h3>



<p>Spread awareness about the threats bats face, such as habitat destruction, pesticides, and climate change. Use social media or community groups to educate others.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-bat-conservation-organizations">Support bat conservation organizations</h3>



<p>Donate to or volunteer with organizations dedicated to bat conservation. These groups work on the ground to protect bat populations and habitats.</p>



<p>.</p>



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International Bat Appreciation Day: The crucial role of bats in nature

International Bat Appreciation Day, observed annually on April 17th, shines...

<p>Forget puppy love — in the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-tits-have-more-mating-success-when-males-perform-a-variety-of-songs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blue tits</a>, it's the older, experienced males who win the game of extra-marital affairs. A new study sheds light on why young male blue tits struggle with mating outside of their primary partnerships.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extra-pair-paternity-and-blue-tits-mating">Extra-pair paternity and blue tits mating</h2>



<p>Many bird species engage in what scientists call "extra-pair paternity." It refers to a situation where a female bird mates with a male other than her primary social partner. The offspring resulting from this extra mating will have a different biological father than the male who is helping to raise them.</p>



<p>Younger male <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-feeders-monopolized-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> often struggle to achieve extra-pair paternity. It's uncertain if their limited success stems from an inability to attract mates due to inexperience and lack of skill. Alternatively, their challenges could be related to competing against older, more seasoned males.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-tits-mating-pattern">Blue tits mating pattern</h2>



<p>To find out, researchers at the <a href="https://www.bi.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence</a> in Germany spent 15 years observing a wild population of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blue-tit-migration-driven-by-the-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blue tits</a>. </p>



<p>Researchers carefully studied blue tits over many years to understand the mating patterns. In a controlled intervention, they removed the majority of older males from the population. </p>



<p>This allowed scientists to directly observe if young males had more success fathering extra-pair offspring in the absence of competition from their elders.</p>



<p>The removal of older males led to a significant increase in the reproductive success of younger males. This indicates that competition with older, more experienced birds is one of the primary reasons young males struggle with extra-pair paternity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-older-blue-tits-mating-success">Older blue tits mating success</h2>



<p>So, what gives the older <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/birds-sense-smell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a> their edge? Scientists have a few theories:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-1">Theory 1</h3>



<p>Older males could be stronger and better at fighting than their younger counterparts. This physical advantage helps them chase away rivals and secure access to females interested in mating outside their main partnerships.</p>



<p>Years of experience might have made them savvier fighters, able to use better strategies in territorial disputes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-2">Theory 2</h3>



<p>Adult males may dedicate more time and energy specifically to seeking additional mating opportunities than younger males. They might have developed better strategies over time to find and successfully court potential extra-pair mates, leading to a higher chance of reproductive success.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theory-3">Theory 3</h3>



<p>Females could find older males more attractive because their age implies they have survived longer and possess good survival skills. These 'good genes' would be desirable to pass on to offspring.</p>



<p>Perhaps older males are better at courtship displays like singing or have other characteristics that females find attractive</p>



<p>Importantly, it's likely that these theories don't work in isolation. A combination of superior fighting abilities, greater effort, and attractiveness could all contribute to the older male's advantage.</p>



<p>The authors add, “Our study indicates that the generally observed low extra-pair siring success of first-year males is due to competition with older males. This age effect is thus mediated by the social environment, at least in the blue tit.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-extra-pair-paternity">More about extra-pair paternity</h2>



<p>As discussed, extra-pair paternity is a fascinating phenomenon in the avian world, where birds, despite forming social bonds or pairings, engage in mating outside these primary relationships. </p>



<p>This behavior is not unique to blue tits mating patterns; it is widespread across many bird species, each with its own strategies and implications for reproductive success.</p>



<p>In the bird kingdom, extra-pair paternity can influence genetic diversity and the evolutionary fitness of populations. Birds like warblers, swallows, and even the iconic sparrows have been observed engaging in extra-pair paternity. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Factors influencing extra-pair paternity</h3>



<p>Several factors can drive the prevalence and success of EPP among birds:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Genetic benefits:</strong> Females might mate with multiple males to enhance the genetic quality of their offspring. This can include seeking males with superior physical traits or those who might contribute new genetic material to the population.</li>



<li><strong>Resource acquisition:</strong> In some cases, females engage in EPP to gain access to better territories or more resources provided by multiple males.</li>



<li><strong>Mate quality:</strong> EPP can also be a strategy for compensating for a socially paired male that might be suboptimal due to age, health, or genetic compatibility.</li>



<li><strong>Social structure:</strong> The social organization of a species can greatly influence EPP. Species with high densities or communal nesting areas may see higher rates of EPP due to increased opportunities for mating.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



<p>This research on blue tits not only sheds light on their mating strategies but also casts a broader question on avian behavior: Does the adage "older and wiser" universally apply when it comes to mating success across different bird species? </p>



<p>While this study highlights age as a significant factor in mating prowess among blue tits, it opens the door to examining whether older birds generally have a mating advantage in other species as well.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the study prompts us to consider other potential influences that could affect a bird’s success in mating beyond just age. Factors like physical health, environmental conditions, and even the density of the population could play crucial roles. </p>



<p>Understanding these dynamics more comprehensively will likely fuel further research, aiming to uncover the intricate layers of mating behavior in the avian world. </p>



<p>This could lead to a deeper understanding of evolutionary strategies and social structures among birds, providing insights that could extend even beyond ornithology.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002584" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Biology</a></em>.</p>



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When it comes to cheating, older birds have a mating advantage

Forget puppy love — in the world of blue tits,...

<p>Coral reefs around the globe are currently suffering through a significant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">bleaching</a> event, a consequence of unprecedented ocean heat levels driven by the climate crisis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to a joint statement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>) and the International Coral Reef Initiative (<a href="https://icriforum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ICRI</a>), over half of the world's coral reef areas are affected. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unprecedented-coral-bleaching">Unprecedented coral bleaching</h2>



<p>With extensive bleaching impacting at least 53 countries across various oceans, this event could mark the most severe coral bleaching event in recorded history.</p>



<p>“It is likely that this event will surpass the previous peak of 56.1% soon,” said Derek Manzello, the coordinator for <a href="https://coralreefwatch.noaa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA’s Coral Reef Watch program</a>. “The percentage of reef areas experiencing bleaching-level heat stress has been increasing by roughly 1% per week.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleaching-deprives-corals-of-their-energy-source">Bleaching deprives corals of their energy source</h2>



<p>Coral bleaching occurs when corals, stressed by elevated water temperatures, expel the symbiotic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-support-corals/">algae</a> living within their tissues. These algae not only give corals their vibrant colors but also transfer a large part of their energy through photosynthesis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Without the algae, the corals lose their coloration, turning stark white, while being deprived of an essential energy source, leading to weakened health and potentially mass mortality if conditions do not improve.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-world-s-fourth-bleaching-event">World's fourth bleaching event</h2>



<p>This event is the world's fourth documented global bleaching event, following previous occurrences in 1998, 2010, and from 2014-2017. </p>



<p>Over the past year, regions experiencing significant bleaching include vast areas such as Florida, the wider Caribbean, Mexico, Brazil, Australia, the South Pacific, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, Indonesia, and the Indian Ocean, encompassing locations like the east coast of Africa and the Seychelles.</p>



<p>Researchers at the Center for Island Research and Environmental Observatory (<a href="https://www.criobe.pf/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CRIOBE</a>) are diligently studying coral ecosystems to develop strategies for resilience. </p>



<p>Under the guidance of PhD student Laetitia Hédouin, these teams are identifying and genetically analyzing corals that exhibit resistance to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/corals-can-be-trained-to-endure-heat-stress/">thermal stress</a>. </p>



<p>These corals are then grown in coral nurseries to study their resilience capabilities in comparison to other colonies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-ocean-heat">Record ocean heat</h2>



<p>Professor Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, a renowned climate scientist specializing in coral reefs at the <a href="https://www.uq.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Queensland</a>, had predicted this mass bleaching event months in advance. </p>



<p>“We knew sea temperatures were increasing rapidly, but not at this speed. The worrying issue is that we don’t know how long this massive temperature change is likely to last,” said Professor Hoegh-Guldberg.</p>



<p>Recent records have shown that the last 12 months have been the warmest in recorded history, with ocean temperatures reaching new highs. </p>



<p>Data from the European Commission’s <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> confirmed record-high global sea surface temperatures for February and March. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-bleaching-alert-maps">Coral bleaching alert maps</h2>



<p>In response to the escalating threat, scientists at NOAA's Coral Reef Watch program have introduced three new alert levels on their coral bleaching alert maps to better monitor and assess the scale of underwater warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arrival-of-la-nina-nbsp">The arrival of La Niña&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the potential arrival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/">La Niña</a> between June and August could offer some relief. This cooler climate phase might help reduce ocean temperatures, providing a respite for the beleaguered reefs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, Manzello warned that, despite potential cooling, past La Niña years have still experienced bleaching events. </p>



<p>He voiced specific concerns for the reefs around Florida and the Caribbean as the summer approaches, highlighting the vulnerability of these areas to even slight increases in seasonal warming.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australia-s-great-barrier-reef">Australia’s Great Barrier Reef</h2>



<p>The dire situation of coral reefs is further highlighted by extensive bleaching on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral reef system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Following aerial and underwater surveys, a mass bleaching event was officially confirmed by the Australian Institute of Marine Science (<a href="https://www.aims.gov.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AIMS</a>) and the <a href="https://www.detsi.qld.gov.au/great-barrier-reef" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-is-the-primary-threat-to-coral-reefs">Climate change is the primary threat to coral reefs</h2>



<p>“The increasing frequency and extremity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-heat-waves-are-persisting-in-the-u-s-even-in-winter/">marine heatwaves</a> driven by climate change, is testing the tolerance levels of coral reefs,” said Selina Stead, the CEO of AIMS.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Climate change is the biggest threat to coral reefs worldwide and this global confirmation illustrates just how extensive its impact has been across the last 12 months.That is why it is critical the world works to reduce carbon emissions. It is also important to ensure coral reefs are well managed at local and regional levels.”</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.unep.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UN Environment Program</a> has issued a stark warning: without significant reductions in emissions, the planet is on track to experience nearly 3 degrees Celsius of warming above pre-industrial levels within this century. This escalation in temperature poses a dire threat to global ecosystems, particularly coral reefs.</p>



<p>Scientists have projected that with a 2-degree Celsius increase in global temperatures - a threshold that could be reached by 2050 - about 99% of coral reefs worldwide are expected to perish. </p>



<p>The loss of these reefs would be catastrophic, not only for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-biodiversity-could-shift-rapidly-due-to-climate-change/">marine biodiversity</a> but also for human communities. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coral-reefs-are-in-critical-condition-nbsp">Coral reefs are in critical condition&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Coral reefs are crucial habitats for marine life, while also providing essential services to people. They buffer coastal areas against flooding from storms and rising sea levels and are fundamental to the livelihoods and food security of approximately a billion people around the world.</p>



<p>David Ritter, CEO of <a href="https://www.greenpeace.org.au/">Greenpeace Australia</a>, emphasized the critical condition of these marine ecosystems, arguing that reefs are confronting an “existential danger.” </p>



<p>He pointedly blamed “the main culprits fueling global warming: fossil fuel companies, and the governments who prop up this industry.”</p>



<p>“We are running out of runway to avoid irreversible climate disaster and must act quickly to ensure an immediate end to new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-report-current-fossil-fuel-plans-will-shatter-1-5c-climate-goal/">fossil fuels</a>,” he concluded.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The world's largest coral bleaching event is now underway

Coral reefs around the globe are currently suffering through a...

<p>Imagine a large antelope, not the usual dusty brown, but shimmering with a bluish-gray coat. Sleek, swift, and mysterious – that was the blue antelope. </p>



<p>Sadly, this beautiful animal hasn't roamed the grasslands of South Africa in over 200 years. But why? That's the puzzle scientists have been determined to solve.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-antelope-extinction">Blue antelope extinction</h2>



<p>Picture this: It's the late 1700s. European colonists are venturing into southern Africa, coming across the magnificent blue antelope. </p>



<p>Within a mere few decades, this unique species vanishes -- extinct, wiped off the face of the Earth just 34 years after it was first scientifically described.</p>



<p>Doesn't that seem incredibly fast? You might wonder, how can an entire species disappear so quickly? The rapid decline of the blue antelope serves as a stark reminder of the fragile balance within ecosystems and the profound impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-addresses-the-global-need-for-human-wildlife-coexistence/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human activities</a> can have on wildlife.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-in-ancient-dna">Clues in ancient DNA</h2>



<p>Fast forward to today, and scientists have a powerful tool: DNA. A team of researchers, led by Prof. Dr. Michael Hofreiter from the <a href="https://www.uni-potsdam.de/en/university-of-potsdam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Potsdam</a>, carefully extracted DNA from a museum specimen of a blue antelope. This wasn't just any DNA -- they got a super detailed look at its genetic blueprint.</p>



<p>Now, when species have small populations for a long time, their DNA starts to show signs of inbreeding and harmful mutations build up. </p>



<p>Think of it like a family tree that keeps getting more tangled over generations. This can make them extra vulnerable to extinction.</p>



<p>But, here's the twist: "However, the blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-hirola-day-celebrating-a-rare-and-endangered-antelope-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antelope</a> had a small population size for many millennia before it became extinct around 1800," explains Dr Hofreiter. Surprisingly, its DNA didn't show these classic danger signs. </p>



<p>"The fact that no inbreeding and only a few detrimental mutations were detected indicates that the species was adapted to long-term low population size," adds Elisabeth Hempel, who analyzed the DNA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-did-kill-off-the-blue-antelope">So, what <em>did</em> kill off the blue antelope?</h2>



<p>Big populations of animals like antelopes usually shrink and grow with the ice ages. When the planet gets colder, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-play-a-major-role-in-mitigating-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grasslands</a> dwindle, and so do the herds. </p>



<p>But, the blue antelope's DNA shows they sailed through those icy times just fine. Its numbers stayed pretty steady, so climate change wasn't the culprit.</p>



<p>"This result suggests that current models of long-term ecosystem dynamics in the region may need to be refined," the researchers concluded. In other words, we might need to rethink how we understand African wildlife history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-of-blue-antelope">Adaptation of blue antelope</h2>



<p>The blue antelope had naturally existed in small populations for a very long time. This means they were remarkably well-adapted to survive with limited numbers. </p>



<p>Additionally, their population size remaining steady through ice ages shows their ability to handle harsh environmental changes.</p>



<p>While the blue antelope could handle natural challenges, the arrival of European colonizers brought a whole new level of disruption. This happened incredibly quickly on an evolutionary timescale, likely overwhelming the species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-factors-of-human-impact">The factors of human impact</h2>



<p>Colonizers building towns and farms would have fragmented and destroyed the blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/case-study-how-african-antelopes-are-responding-to-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antelope's</a> habitat. This shrinks their range and makes them even more vulnerable as a small population.</p>



<p>Even if not hunted to extinction directly, antelopes would have been targeted as food sources by settlers, significantly reducing their numbers.</p>



<p>European land use practices, like agriculture and grazing, would have drastically changed the African grasslands. This could have wiped out food sources for the blue antelope or altered the landscape in ways they couldn't adapt to.</p>



<p>Therefore, these rapid, human-made changes likely acted together as a devastating blow the blue antelope couldn't recover from. </p>



<p>Their long history of resilience against natural pressures was tragically no match for the swift disruption of colonization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-blue-antelope">More about the blue antelope</h2>



<p>As discussed above, the blue antelope, known scientifically as <em>Hippotragus leucophaeus</em>, stood out from its relatives with its distinctive bluish-gray pelt, which earned it its name. Its iconic curved horns and majestic stature made it a truly magnificent sight in the southern African landscapes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-characteristics">Physical characteristics</h3>



<p>Physically, the blue antelope was robust and well-built, comparable in size to other members of the Hippotragus genus. It typically stood at about 120 to 150 cm (47 to 59 inches) at the shoulder, making it a medium-sized <a href="https://www.earth.com/endangered-species/panthalops-hodgsonii/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antelope</a>. The body was muscular and compact, designed for endurance rather than speed.</p>



<p>One of its most distinctive features was its horns. Both males and females possessed these strong, ringed horns, which were slightly curved backwards. </p>



<p>The horns were not only a defense mechanism but also played a role in the animal’s social interactions and mating rituals.</p>



<p>The blue antelope's eyes and face were marked with subtle white patches, contrasting with the darker tones of its body, adding to its striking appearance. Its legs were strong and ended in cloven hooves, adapted for navigating the rough terrains of its habitat in southern Africa.</p>



<p>Overall, the blue antelope was a beautiful and formidable species, evolved to thrive in its specific ecological niche before its unfortunate extinction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat and lifestyle</h3>



<p>Native to the grasslands and lightly wooded areas of southern Africa, particularly modern-day South Africa, the blue antelope adapted well to its environment. It thrived in open landscapes, grazing on the plentiful grasses and herbs. </p>



<p>Despite these seemingly ideal conditions, the blue antelope never existed in large numbers, maintaining a small population footprint throughout its history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blue-antelope-legacy">Blue antelope legacy</h2>



<p>While the loss of the blue <a href="https://www.earth.com/endangered-species/alcelaphus-buselaphus-tora/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antelope</a> is tragic, its story isn't over. Scientists even managed to pinpoint the genes that likely gave it that incredible blue-gray coat.</p>



<p>"As part of Colossal's ongoing focus on ancient DNA, genotype to phenotype relationships, and ecosystem restoration, we were honored to collaborate on the groundbreaking work of Professor Hofreiter and his team," said Ben Lamm, co-founder and CEO of Colossal Bioscience. </p>



<p>"The research objectives for the project allowed our teams to work together applying some of the latest Colossal ancient DNA and comparative genomic algorithms to learn what truly made the blue antelope the unique species it was."</p>



<p>The extinction of the blue antelope shows us the fragility of nature and the unintended impact humans can have. It's a reminder that even species tough enough to outlast ice ages can be vulnerable to our actions.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(24)00391-9?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982224003919%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Blue antelope extinction was caused by European colonization

Imagine a large antelope, not the usual dusty brown, but...

<p>Giant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pandas-can-thrive-in-less-than-perfect-environments/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandas</a>, with their instantly recognizable black and white fur, are symbols of conservation and adored across the globe. But hidden within their bamboo-filled mountain homes lies a fascinating secret: sometimes, pandas are born with rich brown fur.</p>



<p>This rare coloration has baffled scientists for years, but a recent groundbreaking study has finally shed some light on this captivating mystery.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-story-of-brown-pandas">The story of brown pandas</h2>



<p>Let's meet a few of the famous brown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-pandas-gut-bacteria-turn-nutrient-poor-food-into-fat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pandas</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dan-dan">Dan Dan</h3>



<p>Dan Dan holds the title of the original brown panda celebrity, having a unique and captivating history. Rescued as a sickly cub in 1985 from the wild terrains of the Qinling Mountains, Dan Dan was immediately recognized for its distinctive brown fur, a rarity among the predominantly black and white giant pandas. </p>



<p>The rescue brought it to Xi'an Zoo, where she lived under the care of conservationists until its death in 2000. Dan Dan not only sparked initial interest in the phenomenon of brown pandas but also paved the way for further scientific inquiry into the genetic diversity within panda populations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-qizai">Qizai</h3>



<p>Qizai, whose name resonates in the field of wildlife conservation, is currently the only brown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/panda-habitats-shrinking-splintered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">panda</a> living in captivity. His story began similarly to Dan Dan's when he was rescued as a vulnerable cub in 2009 from the Foping National Nature Reserve. His distinct brown-and-white coat marked him as an exceptional case for genetic study. </p>



<p>Qizai’s existence provides researchers with a living subject to investigate the genetic mutations that lead to this unusual pigmentation. His life in captivity, much like Dan Dan's, offers invaluable insights into the care, breeding, and conservation of this rare variant of the species. </p>



<p>Moreover, studying Qizai helps scientists understand how these genetic traits can be passed on, observed in his offspring, and what this means for the future of pandas with this rare coloration.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cause-of-brown-pandas">The cause of brown pandas</h2>



<p>For many years, scientists have been scratching their heads over the origin of brown pandas. Two main explanations dominated the conversation:</p>



<p>One theory suggested that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/inbreeding-can-actually-be-beneficial-for-some-species-in-the-long-run/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inbreeding</a> within isolated panda populations might be causing the brown fur variation. Inbreeding happens when individuals within a small gene pool mate with close relatives. This can sometimes lead to the emergence of rare genetic traits, but it also increases the risk of health problems in offspring.</p>



<p>Another theory pointed towards environmental factors as a possible trigger. Perhaps something specific in the habitat of these brown pandas, like diet or unique elements present in the Qinling Mountains, could be influencing fur color.</p>



<p>However, researchers at the <a href="http://english.ioz.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Sciences' Institute of Zoology</a> in Beijing threw a plot twist into this scientific whodunit. Their groundbreaking study suggests that neither inbreeding nor environmental factors might be the sole culprits behind brown fur. This discovery opens up new avenues for understanding this fascinating coloration in pandas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-panda-genes-involving-brown-fur">Panda genes involving brown fur</h2>



<p>Scientists delved into the fascinating world of panda genetics and made a key discovery. They pinpointed a specific gene called Bace2 that seems to play a crucial role in determining fur color. Here's how it works:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recessive-traits">Recessive traits</h3>



<p>Genes come in pairs, and sometimes one version of a gene (like the one for brown fur) can be "recessive." This means the trait only shows up if a panda gets two copies of the recessive version, one from each parent. Black-and-white pandas might be carrying a single copy of the recessive brown fur gene without showing any outward signs.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-melanosomes">Melanosomes</h3>



<p>To understand why brown pandas are brown, we need to talk about melanosomes. These little structures inside cells are responsible for producing melanin – the pigment that gives hair and skin its color. Brown pandas have fewer melanosomes and they tend to be smaller, leading to less pigment and a lighter fur color.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solving-the-mystery-of-brown-pandas">Solving the mystery of brown pandas</h2>



<p>By carefully analyzing Qizai's family history and preserved tissue samples from Dan Dan, scientists overturned some long-held assumptions:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-inbreeding-theories">Challenging inbreeding theories</h3>



<p>Qizai's case is particularly intriguing because despite his brown fur, both his parents were typical black-and-white pandas. Additionally, his son also exhibits the classic panda coloration. This strongly suggests that the brown fur trait isn't necessarily linked to inbreeding, but instead might be a naturally occurring variation within panda populations, just like different hair colors in humans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-qinling-connection">The Qinling connection </h3>



<p>An interesting pattern has emerged: most documented brown pandas seem to originate in the Qinling Mountains. This leads researchers to hypothesize that something unique to this environment – perhaps factors like specific minerals in the soil or elements in their diet – could be interacting with the Bace2 gene, triggering the expression of brown fur.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean-for-conservation">What does this mean for conservation?</h2>



<p>While the discovery of the cause behind brown pandas is fascinating all on its own, it also carries significant implications for the conservation of this beloved species:</p>



<p>The research serves as a powerful reminder that there's a lot we still don't know about the genetic makeup of giant pandas. The existence of unexpected variations, like the brown fur trait, underscores the importance of continued research to fully understand the genetic health and diversity of panda populations. This information is crucial for their long-term survival.</p>



<p>With a deeper understanding of the brown fur genetics, scientists might be able to selectively breed brown pandas in controlled environments. Introducing this variation back into the population could potentially increase overall genetic diversity, making pandas more resilient to disease and environmental pressures.</p>



<p>While there are still many questions to answer about brown pandas, this research represents an important first step. Further study into this rare color variation could open up a whole new world of understanding giant pandas and aid in their ongoing conservation. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Some giant pandas are born with brown fur instead of black

Giant pandas, with their instantly recognizable black and white fur,...

<p>We all know that when cities undergo gentrification – the process of wealthier residents moving into areas that attract new businesses and improve housing – it often pushes out those who lived there before. </p>



<p>But did you know that gentrification even affects the <em><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-animal-species-will-soon-vanish-from-cities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a></em> that live alongside us in urban spaces? A recent study underscores how gentrification alters the urban wildlife landscape, raising important questions about who gets to share in the benefits of nature.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gentrification-factors">Gentrification factors </h2>



<p>Gentrification is a complex urban phenomenon that involves the transformation of neighborhoods as wealthier individuals or businesses move into historically less affluent areas. This process can bring about significant changes both socially and economically to the local environment. Here’s how gentrification typically unfolds and its various impacts:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic and physical changes</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Investment and development</strong>: It often starts with real estate investors and developers being attracted to underdeveloped or economically depressed areas due to lower property prices. They renovate and build homes, shops, and offices, which can lead to an increase in property values.</li>



<li><strong>Infrastructure improvements</strong>: As areas become more appealing and property values rise, local governments often increase their focus on these neighborhoods, leading to improved public services and infrastructure such as better roads, parks, and public transportation.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Social impacts</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Displacement of residents</strong>: As property values rise and neighborhoods become more 'desirable,' rent and living costs often increase as well. This can lead to the displacement of long-time residents who may no longer afford to live in their own neighborhoods. This displacement can affect renters more acutely, but homeowners may also feel pressure to sell due to rising property taxes or offers from developers.</li>



<li><strong>Cultural shifts</strong>: The incoming residents often bring different socio-economic backgrounds, lifestyles, and cultural preferences, which can alter the neighborhood's cultural makeup. This might include changes in the types of businesses, the architectural style of buildings, and even the social norms and values prevalent in the area.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Economic consequences</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Local economy</strong>: Gentrification can stimulate the local economy by attracting new businesses and increasing consumer spending in the area. This can lead to job creation, although the types of jobs created may not always be accessible to the original residents.</li>



<li><strong>Economic polarization</strong>: While some benefit from the influx of wealth and development, gentrification can also lead to greater economic disparity within the neighborhood. The gap between the affluent new residents and the poorer, often displaced population can widen, exacerbating social tensions.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Community dynamics</h3>



<ol>
<li><strong>Community fragmentation</strong>: As gentrification progresses, the original community may experience fragmentation, with longstanding social networks being disrupted by the influx of new residents who may not share the same historical or cultural ties to the neighborhood.</li>



<li><strong>Activism and resistance</strong>: In response to the pressures of gentrification, community groups and activists often organize to demand affordable housing policies, protections for renters, and preservation of the cultural heritage of the neighborhood.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gentrification-impact-on-wildlife">Gentrification impact on wildlife</h2>



<p>Researchers from Lincoln Park Zoo's <a href="https://www.lpzoo.org/conservation-science/science-centers/urban-wildlife-institute/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban Wildlife Institute</a> led a massive study across 23 major cities in the United States. They found that gentrified parts of a city tend to have about 13% greater species diversity than comparable areas that haven't been gentrified. That translates to an extra one or two species on average.</p>



<p>"When asking ‘in a city, who does and does not have easy access to nature?,’ we found that gentrification, which changes the demographic composition of people in neighborhoods, has consequences that extend to other species we share cities with. This leaves marginalized communities without meaningful access to nature, which is a problem," said Mason Fidino, Ph.D., Quantitative Ecologist at Lincoln Park Zoo and lead author on the study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-diversity">Wildlife diversity</h2>



<p>You might think "More wildlife species in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-life-plant-animal-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">city</a> must be good, right?" Well, it's more complicated than that. Increased biodiversity <em>is</em> generally good for the ecosystem, but the <em>types</em> of species also matter.</p>



<p>Would you rather have a few extra squirrels and birds in your neighborhood, or an increase in pest species like rats? The study found that the kind of wildlife attracted by gentrification varies by region, and some urban <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-trait-syndrome-common-characteristics-shared-by-city-dwelling-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> are simply more desirable neighbors than others.</p>



<p>The study further highlights a disturbing reality: the green spaces and improved habitats that often come with gentrification tend to benefit the wealthier newcomers, not the long-term, often marginalized residents of a neighborhood. This raises important questions about environmental justice – who deserves access to nature's benefits?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-just-about-gentrification">It's not just about gentrification</h2>



<p>Of course, city development in general greatly impacts wildlife habitats. The study confirmed that things like paved surfaces and dense buildings ("impervious cover") have a huge negative influence on which <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-change-their-schedules-to-adapt-to-city-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> can thrive.</p>



<p>The tricky thing is that gentrification sometimes introduces more parks and green spaces into a neighborhood. While this sounds positive, it doesn't undo all the negative effects of urban development, and it can unfairly skew the benefits towards those with more resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-do-we-go-from-here">Where do we go from here?</h2>



<p>The fact that gentrification affects wildlife is a stark reminder that city planning decisions don't just affect people.</p>



<p>"My hope is that these results can be used to advocate for updated land development and management practices that prioritize social equity and access to nature spaces for all urban communities," said Fidino.</p>



<p>City planners should consider the needs of wildlife alongside humans when making decisions about parks and green spaces – prioritizing native species while supporting safe and enjoyable access for residents across all neighborhoods.</p>



<p>Can we introduce more wildlife-friendly green spaces to less-affluent areas alongside responsible development to increase biodiversity without pushing out vulnerable residents?</p>



<p>It's critical for wildlife advocates to have a seat at the table when cities make changes – animals are our urban cohabitants, and their needs matter too.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318596121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Gentrification affects urban wildlife and community access

We all know that when cities undergo gentrification – the...

<p>Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to recover naturally. <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/the-12-endangered-birds-most-at-risk-of-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Birds</a> like the collared araçari play a vital role in the growth of diverse young forests by dispersing seeds of various tree species. </p>



<p>Recent findings from the lab of Professor Thomas Crowther at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> shed light on a significant barrier to natural forest regeneration. In the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where data was gathered, wild birds enhance carbon storage by up to 38%. This uplift is vital for the forest's health and our planet's climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-carbon-storage">What is carbon storage?</h2>



<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a greenhouse gas. This means it traps heat within Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the overall warming of our planet. Excessive amounts of CO2 lead to significant disruptions in weather patterns, rising temperatures, and other negative consequences of climate change.</p>



<p>Trees have an extraordinary ability to naturally remove CO2 from the atmosphere. During photosynthesis, they absorb CO2 and convert it into sugars for energy. The carbon from the CO2 is then stored within the tree's trunk, branches, leaves, and roots, helping the tree grow.</p>



<p>Large, healthy forests act as massive carbon sinks. This means they actively remove significant amounts of CO2 from the atmosphere. Reducing the levels of CO2 in our air helps mitigate the effects of climate change and protects the planet for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seed-dispersal-in-forests-by-birds">Seed dispersal in forests by birds</h2>



<p>Birds play a crucial role in seed dispersal, particularly in maintaining the health and regeneration of forests. Many birds feed on fruits that contain seeds. As they eat, they ingest the seeds along with the fruit.</p>



<p>After eating, birds fly across various distances, carrying the seeds within them. This mobility allows seeds to be dispersed over a wider area than many other natural dispersal mechanisms.</p>



<p>Eventually, the seeds are excreted by the birds in different locations from where they were consumed. This dispersal through bird droppings introduces plant species into new areas.</p>



<p>The seeds, now in a new location and often mixed with natural fertilizers from the bird's droppings, can germinate and grow into new plants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fragmented-forests-a-problem-for-birds-seeds-and-us">Fragmented forests: A problem for birds, seeds and us</h2>



<p>Deforestation doesn't just remove trees; it disrupts crucial ecological processes like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/why-are-birds-endangered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>. Smaller birds tend to consume large quantities of seeds but favor smaller seeds from trees with limited carbon storage potential. </p>



<p>Larger birds, like the Toco toucan, target larger, carbon-rich seeds. However, they are less inclined to venture across the open spaces created by deforestation. This means fragmented forests lose out on the most effective carbon-storing trees that depend on large birds for seed dispersal.</p>



<p>The researchers identified a critical threshold for bird movement and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-degradation-is-a-major-cause-of-bird-population-declines/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> recovery. Landscapes maintaining at least 40% forest cover, with distances between forest patches not exceeding 133 meters (around 435 feet), allow birds greater freedom of movement. This translates to increased seed dispersal and a better chance for the forest to regenerate.</p>



<p>"This crucial information enables us to pinpoint active restoration efforts - like tree planting - in landscapes falling below this forest cover threshold, where assisted restoration is most urgent and effective," explained Daisy Dent, lead scientist at the Crowther Lab.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-seed-dispersal-beyond-tree-planting">Bird seed dispersal beyond tree planting</h2>



<p>While planting trees is a crucial aspect of reforestation efforts, it doesn't guarantee a fully restored, functional forest ecosystem. This study emphasizes that successful forest regeneration goes beyond just the sheer quantity of trees.</p>



<p>Natural processes, like seed dispersal by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-is-harder-on-birds-in-the-forest-than-in-the-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, have evolved over millennia. These processes ensure that the right mix of tree species thrives in a given environment. This leads to a more resilient and biodiverse forest with increased long-term benefits.</p>



<p>Sometimes, creating the right conditions is all it takes for nature to work its magic. Restoring forest connectivity and protecting key species, like fruit-eating birds, creates a space for natural regeneration to flourish. This approach recognizes that the most effective solutions often involve working in tandem with nature rather than trying to replace it.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-we-can-help-the-forests-and-birds-seed-dispersal">How we can help the forests and birds seed dispersal</h2>



<p>To ensure a balanced relationship between forests and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-reproduction-suffers-greatly-during-heat-waves/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird</a> seed dispersal, the following steps can be considered:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connect-the-fragments">Connect the fragments</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Wildlife highways:</strong>&nbsp;Forest corridors act like safe highways for birds, particularly those that are hesitant to venture into open areas. These can range from narrow strips of trees to wider "stepping stones" of vegetation depending on the needs of local bird species.</li>



<li><strong>Promoting diversity:</strong>&nbsp;Corridors not only allow for safe passage, but they expand the foraging range for birds. This increases the chances of seeds from a wider variety of plants being dispersed as birds move about.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-feast">Fruit feast</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Supporting the seed spreaders:</strong>&nbsp;Native fruit trees fulfill the dietary needs of local bird populations, making them more likely to stay in the area and continue dispersing seeds. These trees are a vital food source, especially during times when other resources may be scarce.</li>



<li><strong>The right kind of fruit:</strong>&nbsp;Planting the native fruit trees that birds have co-evolved with ensures better success. These are the fruits the birds naturally recognize and prefer, making them more effective seed distributors for the local ecosystem.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-hunting-zones">No hunting zones</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Ecosystem balance:</strong>&nbsp;Poaching disrupts the natural balance by removing birds from their vital roles as seed dispersers. Protecting them maintains healthy populations that contribute directly to the forest's ability to regenerate.</li>



<li><strong>Beyond just birds:</strong>&nbsp;Often, anti-poaching measures and protected areas benefit a wide variety of wildlife, not just birds. These can have cascading effects on the health of the forest as a whole.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-the-word">Spread the word</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Changing perceptions:</strong>&nbsp;Many people might not understand the intricate relationship between birds, seeds and forests. Educational campaigns can shift this mindset and promote the appreciation for birds as more than just pretty creatures.</li>



<li><strong>Advocacy and action:</strong>&nbsp;Increased public awareness can lead to greater support for conservation policies, funding for restoration projects, and individual choices that have positive impacts on bird habitats.</li>
</ul>



<p>"By identifying the thresholds of forest cover in the surrounding landscape that allow seed dispersal, we can identify areas where natural regeneration is possible, as well as areas where we need to actively plant trees, allowing us to maximize the cost-effectiveness of forest restoration," explained study co-author Danielle Ramos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>"We have always known that birds are essential, but it is remarkable to discover the scale of those effects," said Professor Crowther. This study shows us that forests aren't just a bunch of trees - they're complex communities. </p>



<p>By protecting and restoring these habitats and the amazing creatures that call them home, we're not just saving birds, we're investing in our planet's future.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01989-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Climate Change</a>.</p>



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Birds increase forest recovery by dispersing seeds

Tropical forests, teeming with life, rely heavily on birds to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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