<p>A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years.</p>



<p>This matters because it turns eggs from interesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-did-dinosaurs-come-from-missing-fossils-hold-the-secret/">fossils</a> into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshells-dated">Dinosaur eggshells dated</h2>



<p>The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in stacked layers with little distortion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We show that these dinosaur eggs were deposited roughly 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period,” said <a href="https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/3140051/overview" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Bi Zhao</a>, from the Hubei Institute of Geosciences (<a href="https://en.cug.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HIG</a>).</p>



<p>The group used carbonate <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/zircon-u-pb-dating" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U-Pb dating</a> on eggshell material, measuring uranium and lead atoms to calculate time since the shell formed. </p>



<p>In their tests, the radiogenic signal sits in biogenic calcite, the carbonate built by the egg-laying animal, which behaved as a semi-closed system for uranium uptake after burial.</p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analysis</a> relied on <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/laser-ablation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laser ablation</a>, a micro laser that vaporizes pinpoint spots of carbonate which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer for uranium and lead ratios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The resulting age is not from ash fall or nearby minerals, it is from the eggshell itself, which frees researchers from indirect age constraints that can mislead if volcanic layers formed earlier or later than the nest horizon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-carbonate-u-pb-works">How carbonate U-Pb works</h2>



<p>Uranium isotopes in carbonates decay into lead at known, constant rates, and the proportion of parent to daughter isotopes reveals elapsed time. </p>



<p>Cross checks, like repeated spots in different shell areas and agreement between fragments, keep the numbers honest, and the reported uncertainty of ± 1.74 million years reflects instrument precision and sample scatter, not guesswork.</p>



<p>Indirect <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1367912012005019" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">approaches</a> have anchored many Asian egg sites by dating interbedded tuffs, for example zircon based SIMS ages from the Tiantai Basin that bracket egg layers in the Laijia and Chichengshan formations at roughly 96 to 99 million years and 91 to 94 million years. </p>



<p>That prior dating set a framework that eggshell ages can now refine where ash is missing.</p>



<p>Carbonate geochronology has matured fast, with careful comparisons between uranium thorium and U-Pb techniques on the same samples showing strong consistency over wide timescales. </p>



<p>That broader look at geochronology <a href="https://gchron.copernicus.org/articles/7/335/2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methods</a> helps explain why a tiny eggshell can carry a credible age.</p>



<p>The study team also separated signals, finding consistent ages from biogenic carbonates, and noisy or unusable signals from late pore filling calcite, a reminder that not all carbonates are equal for keeping time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-eggshell-site">Dinosaur eggshell site</h2>



<p>The Qinglongshan reserve preserves egg clutches in red siltstones and sandstones, with many eggs still three dimensional and minimally deformed, a rare condition that helps both taphonomy and dating. </p>



<p>The sampled clutch belonged to an oblate style of egg typical of the family <a href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dendrobatidae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Dendroolithidae</em></a>, which is known for highly porous shells.</p>



<p>Those Yunyang eggs have been assigned to <em>Placoolithus tumiaolingensis</em> by <a href="https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app63/app005232018.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">work</a> that cleaned up the taxonomy and emphasized the diagnostic shell microstructure. That classification anchors the site in a broader Chinese record of <em>dendroolithid</em> eggs.</p>



<p>Porous eggshell architecture affects gas exchange and incubation, and the microstructure varies in ways that may reflect nesting style in a semi arid fluvial landscape. </p>



<p>The new age puts those choices in a tight slice of time, late Coniacian to early Santonian, rather than a vague Late Cretaceous window.</p>



<p>Thousands of eggs across stacked horizons also open the door to building a basin scale timeline where shell ages from different levels track local ecological change, sedimentation rates, and any shifts in the nesting fauna.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/dinosaur-eggs_dating-method_china_credit-Bi-Zhao_1s.webp" alt="Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao" class="wp-image-1985991"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Egg clutch sampled for chronological studies. Click image to enlarge. Credit Dr. Bi Zhao</em></figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-climate-context">Dinosaur climate context</h2>



<p>Marine records indicate the Late Cretaceous did not stay uniformly hot. </p>



<p>One North Atlantic sea surface temperature <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24937202/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">record</a> shows a drop of about 7 degrees Celsius (12.6 degrees Fahrenheit), from around 35 degrees to below 28 degrees, between the earliest Campanian and the Maastrichtian.</p>



<p>Independent <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18187651/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> from oxygen isotopes suggests brief glaciation episodes punctuated parts of the mid Cretaceous greenhouse, showing that climate could swing even when the world was generally warm. </p>



<p>Inland Asia would have felt those shifts in precipitation, seasonality, and vegetation.</p>



<p>Pinned ages on terrestrial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-extinction-theories-are-challenged-by-new-research/">fossils</a> let scientists ask tighter questions about whether nesting density changed across cooler intervals or whether certain egg types rose or fell with climate. </p>



<p>The eggshell ages at Qinglongshan now give one fixed point for such tests, and more layers can add the sequence needed to see patterns.</p>



<p>Cause and effect claims are premature at a single site, but a direct eggshell chronology makes it practical to compare neighboring basins and see whether bird and non avian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-sized-baby-dinosaur-unearthed-after-166-million-years/">dinosaur</a> nesting moved, paused, or persisted during regional climate transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-comes-next">What comes next</h2>



<p>The team plans to sample eggs from additional horizons at Qinglongshan, then from basins to the north and south, to build a regional timeline that can be compared with dated marine and volcanic records. </p>



<p>That will clarify which changes are local quirks and which ones reflect broader environmental forcing across East Asia.</p>



<p>Applying the same protocol to eggs in the Xixia, Jiaolai, and Nanxiong basins would close large age gaps where ash beds are absent. </p>



<p>Those basins have different egg assemblages, so a uniform clock could test migration ideas and turnover hypotheses without assuming rock ages transfer cleanly between sites.</p>



<p>Direct dinosaur eggshell dating also complements existing zircon frameworks rather than replacing them, since both tools answer different parts of the age question. </p>



<p>Zircons pin eruptive or depositional moments for ash, while eggshells date the biological event of nesting, and together they can resolve the tempo of life on land.</p>



<p>With better <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mammals-ground-dwellers-survived-the-asteroid-impact-that-killed-the-dinosaurs/">timescales</a>, small details like pore geometry, clutch spacing, and shell thickness will be tied to environmental context, not guesswork. </p>



<p>That is how a few careful ages can turn a crowded egg hillside into a precise chronicle of Late Cretaceous life in central China.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/earth-science/articles/10.3389/feart.2025.1638838/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Earth Science</em></a>.</p>



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These dinosaur eggs tell an incredible story from 85 million years ago

A team in central China has done something simple and bold, they directly dated dinosaur eggs instead of the rocks around them. The eggshell calcite from the Qinglongshan site yielded an age of 85.91 ± 1.74 million years. This matters because it turns eggs from interesting fossils into reliable timestamps for life on land during the Late Cretaceous, a time of shifting climates and ecosystems. Dinosaur eggshells dated The fossils come from Qinglongshan in the Yunyang Basin of Hubei Province, where thousands of intact eggs rest in...

<p>A new study from the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> reveals that increased intergroup conflict may actually enhance the survival of animal offspring. This discovery challenges the long-standing belief that such conflicts negatively impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rhythm-linked-to-reproductive-success-in-male-rock-hyraxes/">reproductive success</a>.</p>



<p>“Groups engaged in more intergroup interactions did not produce more young. Rather, a greater threat from outsiders was associated with a higher survival likelihood of pups once they emerged from the breeding burrow," noted study lead author Dr. Amy Morris-Drake.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-territorial-behavior-nbsp">Territorial behavior&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The research was focused on a decade's worth of life-history data on a wild population of dwarf mongooses. These small carnivores, the smallest in Africa, live in groups of 5-30 individuals and are known for their cooperative breeding and territorial behavior.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A unique aspect of this study is its methodological approach, involving detailed behavioral observations of study groups in South Africa.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The dwarf mongooses were individually marked with blonde hair dye, trained to weigh themselves on a balance scale, and observed closely in their natural, ecologically valid conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-insights-nbsp">Key insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>One of the key behavioral changes noted was an increase in sentinel (raised guarding) behavior when threats from rival groups were perceived.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Increased sentinel behavior is likely an attempt to gather more information about the other group. But sentinels also detect predatory threats and warn groupmates of danger, so vulnerable pups are potentially safer as a consequence," explained study senior author Professor Andy Radford.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heightened-vigilance-nbsp">Heightened vigilance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This study offers a novel perspective on intergroup conflict, suggesting that the heightened vigilance and behavioral adaptations resulting from these conflicts could indirectly benefit offspring survival.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We are not suggesting that conflict has a direct positive effect on breeding success. Instead, there could be byproduct benefits of behavioral changes - such as increased vigilance - that result from an increased threat level," said Professor Radford.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Morris-Drake emphasized the broader implications of their findings: “Our work suggests that if we are to understand the importance of warfare on societies, we must consider threats as well as actual fights. Moreover, we need to investigate not just actions on the battleground but the wider consequences too.”</p>



<p>The study not only provides insights into the complex dynamics of animal societies but also contributes to our understanding of the evolutionary implications of intergroup conflicts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dwarf-mongoose-nbsp">Dwarf mongoose&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The dwarf mongoose (Helogale parvula) is a small African carnivore belonging to the mongoose family (Herpestidae).&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Dwarf mongooses are small, typically weighing between 200-350 grams. They have a slender body, a pointed nose, small ears, and a bushy tail. Their fur is usually reddish-brown or greyish-brown.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-structure">Social structure</h3>



<p>They are highly social animals, living in cooperative groups of around 5 to 30 individuals. Group members have specific roles, including breeding pairs and 'babysitters' who help care for the young.</p>



<p>Vocal communication is common, with distinct calls for various purposes, like warning of predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-range">Habitat and range</h3>



<p>Dwarf mongooses are commonly found in dry grasslands and savannahs, often near woodlands or rocky outcrops. Their range extends across much of Sub-Saharan Africa.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-hunting">Diet and hunting</h3>



<p>Their diet mainly consists of insects, although they also eat small rodents, birds, reptiles, eggs, and fruit. Dwarf mongooses forage in groups during the day, with one or more individuals acting as sentinels to warn of predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproduction-and-lifespan">Reproduction and lifespan</h3>



<p>Typically, only the dominant female in a group breeds, giving birth to litters of 2 to 4 pups. In the wild, they live for about 4 to 6 years, though this can be longer in captivity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h3>



<p>The main threats to dwarf mongooses include habitat loss and predation by larger mammals and birds of prey. Currently, they are not considered endangered and have a stable population trend.</p>



<p>The research is part of the ongoing Dwarf Mongoose Research Project, which has been studying habituated wild groups since 2011.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study was funded by a European Research Council Consolidator Grant awarded to Professor Radford.</p>



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Conflict boosts offspring survival in dwarf mongooses

A new study from the University of Bristol reveals that...

<p>A new study led by Roberto Lei from the <a href="https://www.unimore.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia</a> offers new insights into the feeding habits of carnivorous dinosaurs in North America.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, conducted on Jurassic rocks of the USA, was specifically focused on bite marks on the bones of giant sauropods like Diplodocus and Brontosaurus, which were primarily left by theropod dinosaurs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-bones">Dinosaur bones</h2>



<p>The study transcends the common belief that tyrannosaurs were the main predators leaving marks on dinosaur bones. Instead, it highlights the role of other large carnivores in the Morrison Formation, a geological formation from the Upper Jurassic period approximately 150 million years ago.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Remarkably, the research team discovered 68 sauropod bones from this formation bearing distinct bite traces from theropods.</p>



<p>One of the striking findings is the absence of healing in these bite marks, suggesting that the bites were either inflicted in a lethal attack or were a result of post-mortem scavenging.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wear-patterns">Wear patterns</h2>



<p>The researchers also found similar wear patterns on the teeth of Morrison Formation theropods to those observed in tyrannosaurs, indicating a more frequent involvement in bone-biting than previously thought.</p>



<p>However, attributing these bite marks to specific theropod species, such as Allosaurus or Ceratosaurus, remains challenging due to the presence of multiple potential predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. David Hone of Queen Mary University of London, the study's corresponding author, emphasized the significance of these findings.</p>



<p>"This new work helps us understand the ecological relationships between dinosaurs in the Jurassic and reveals that the habits of the larger carnivores then were closer to that of the tyrannosaurs than previously thought. It’s another important step in reconstructing the behavior of these ancient animals," said Dr. Hone.</p>



<p>The focus on bite and tooth marks has unveiled intriguing aspects of the lives of dinosaurs, shedding light on the interactions among some of the largest animals to have ever existed on Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carnivorous-dinosaurs-nbsp">Carnivorous dinosaurs&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Carnivorous dinosaurs, known scientifically as theropods, were a diverse group of meat-eating dinosaurs that lived during the Mesozoic Era. Here are some key aspects:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diverse-sizes-and-habitats">Diverse sizes and habitats</h3>



<p>Theropods ranged in size from small, bird-like creatures to massive predators like Tyrannosaurus rex. They inhabited various environments across the globe, adapting to different ecological niches.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinctive-features">Distinctive features</h3>



<p>Most carnivorous dinosaurs were bipedal, meaning they walked on two legs. They typically had strong hind legs, sharp claws, and powerful jaws filled with serrated teeth designed for slicing flesh.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-feeding-and-hunting">Feeding and hunting</h3>



<p>While primarily carnivorous, some theropods may have been omnivores or even scavengers. Their hunting strategies likely varied, with some possibly hunting in packs, while others were solitary predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-significance">Evolutionary significance</h3>



<p>Theropods are particularly important in the study of dinosaur evolution, as they are the ancestors of modern birds. The discovery of feathered theropods has been crucial in understanding this evolutionary link.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-famous-examples">Famous examples</h3>



<p>Apart from the well-known T. rex, other famous theropods include Velociraptor, known for its speed and agility, and Spinosaurus, which is believed to have been semi-aquatic.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intelligence-and-behavior">Intelligence and behavior</h3>



<p>Some theropods, like the Troodon, are believed to have been among the most intelligent dinosaurs. Evidence suggests that certain theropods may have had complex social behaviors, although much of this remains speculative.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-discoveries">Fossil discoveries</h3>



<p>Fossilized remains of theropods have been found on every continent, including Antarctica. These fossils range from complete skeletons to isolated bones and footprints, providing valuable insights into their physiology and behavior.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-impact">Cultural impact</h3>



<p>Carnivorous dinosaurs have captured the public imagination in movies, books, and other media. Their fierce reputation and dramatic appearances make them some of the most popular dinosaurs in pop culture.</p>



<p>Theropods offer insights into the prehistoric past, as well as the evolutionary processes that have shaped life on Earth, including the origins of birds.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.16327" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>PeerJ Life &amp; Environment</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Jurassic jaws: Predatory secrets of carnivorous dinosaurs

A new study led by Roberto Lei from the Università...

<p><a href="https://www.worldcampus.psu.edu/?cid=CPC39865&amp;gad_source=1&amp;gclid=CjwKCAiA9dGqBhAqEiwAmRpTC779yz_LkPcWOmDtjUeySNTvS4CgYucjw_q3ZMafLJqD-7Jmhwnz2hoCYnoQAvD_BwE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> researchers have made a significant discovery regarding the deformed wing virus (DWV) affecting honey bees. The team found that in at least one U.S. forest, the virus may have evolved into a less deadly form. This revelation offers hope for better management and treatment of the virus in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/">bee colonies</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-virulent-strains-nbsp">Less virulent strains&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study compared deformed wing virus infection rates and severity in wild honey bees from a forest near Ithaca, New York, to those in managed apiaries in New York and Pennsylvania. The findings showed that while infection rates were similar, the virus genotype in wild bees resulted in milder infections than those in managed apiaries.</p>



<p>This suggests that similar to certain variants of human viruses leading to less severe infections, there could also be less virulent strains of DWV circulating among honey bee populations, explained Allyson Ray, a postdoctoral scholar at Vanderbilt University who led the study while she was a graduate student at Penn State.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Learning how different virus genotypes could result in more or less severe infections could help us better understand infection dynamics in managed bee colonies,” said Ray. “If we know certain variants have the potential to cause more harm, that could be helpful for bee care as well as improving our understanding of this virus’s epidemiology.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disease-ecology-theory">Disease ecology theory</h2>



<p>Christina Grozinger, a professor at Penn State and co-author of the study, said the work was an opportunity to examine virus dynamics in different types of bee colonies.</p>



<p>“Most research on honey bee-virus interactions focus on how bees respond to viruses and how we might be able to breed bees to become more resistant to the viruses,” said Professor Grozinger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“However, disease ecology theory predicts that in areas where viruses cannot spread as rapidly to new hosts, the viruses might evolve to be less damaging to their hosts, giving the viruses more time to spread to new hosts. We had a perfect opportunity to test this theory using the wild honey bees found in the Arnot Forest in New York.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varroa-destructor-mite">Varroa destructor mite</h2>



<p>A major threat to honey bees is the Varroa destructor mite, which spreads the deformed wing virus. The infection causes various deformities in bees, most notably in their wings, which can render them unable to fly. This impairs the bees' ability to forage and contribute to the hive.</p>



<p>The mite's infestation can lead to significant colony damage, often killing bees and wiping out colonies within a few years without human intervention. Wild colonies without human care can be particularly vulnerable, noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-arnot-forest">The Arnot Forest</h2>



<p>However, certain wild colonies, like those in the Arnot Forest monitored by Tom Seeley, a co-author of the study, have shown resilience to these threats. The researchers wanted to explore how these colonies managed to recover and bounce back from mite infestation.</p>



<p>“Previous studies found that the honey bees from the Arnot Forest still had mites and were not significantly more resistant to mites than bees from managed populations,” said Ray. “So, we hypothesized that rather than the bees being more resistant to the mites, the virus may have evolved to be less virulent and cause milder infections.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted-nbsp">How the research was conducted&nbsp;</h2>



<p>To investigate, the researchers collected bees from various locations across the Arnot Forest and in nearby apiaries in New York and in central Pennsylvania. The team analyzed infection rates across the three groups, extracted any virus present in the bees, and sequenced the virus genomes.</p>



<p>The results showed that there was no difference in the amount of virus present among the wild bees, and viral loads were also similar across groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights">Critical insights</h2>



<p>Next, the researchers infected bees from two colonies in Pennsylvania with strains of the virus found in the Arnot Forest and the managed apiaries. The results showed that the Arnot Forest virus genotypes led to milder infections and better survival rates.</p>



<p>“At very low doses, we saw survival rates with this virus similar to controls,” said Ray. “This doesn’t make it an absolutely avirulent infection, but it does show that broadly, there are differences in infection based on the viral genotype the bees are infected with.”</p>



<p>The researchers said that in the future, more studies and assessments of the virus within the Arnot Forest could help them better understand the selection pressure that is leading to the virus’s evolution.</p>



<p>The research was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and National Science Foundation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1965" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Honey bee virus has evolved to become less deadly in a U.S. forest

Penn State researchers have made a significant discovery regarding the...

<p>Seabirds are found across the world's oceans and have unique adaptations that allow them to survive in these often harsh conditions. However, a recent study has exposed a concerning gap in seabird protection, especially in the vast expanse of the Indian Ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research highlights the need for ocean-wide protection for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-most-endangered-seabirds-are-also-threatened-by-plastic-pollution/">seabirds</a>, which are increasingly threatened by the impacts of human activities such as plastic pollution, overfishing, and habitat destruction.</p>



<p>The study, conducted by teams from Exeter, Heriot-Watt, and Réunion universities, along with the Zoological Society of London (ZSL), marks a significant step in marine conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-hotspots-nbsp">Lack of hotspots&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Unlike other oceans, which are known to have specific "hotspots" where predators, including seabirds, gather in large numbers to feed, the Indian Ocean lacks such concentrated feeding areas. This lack of hotspots is particularly concerning given the various threats seabirds face due to human activities.</p>



<p>Dr. Alice Trevail, a researcher from the Environment and Sustainability Institute at <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/cornwall/about/penryn-campus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Exeter's Penryn Campus</a>, emphasized the importance of this discovery. </p>



<p>“Efforts are being made to protect key breeding colonies, but until now little was known about where Indian Ocean seabirds go when they’re not breeding,” said Dr. Trevail. “We found that seabirds are extremely mobile outside of breeding times, with no focused hotspots."</p>



<p>This mobility poses a challenge for conservation efforts. The researchers found that even the largest Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Indian Ocean provided limited refuge for these birds, with them spending an average of no more than four days per year in any of the five largest MPAs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-action-is-needed">International action is needed</h2>



<p>The researchers gathered tracking data on nine seabird species during their non-breeding periods. The data showed that these birds, which primarily feed on small fish, are significantly impacted by human activities like overfishing and pollution.</p>



<p>“As the birds roam widely and spend much of their time outside national waters, we need international action - like the recent High Seas Treaty - to protect them," said Dr. Trevail. “No country can act in isolation to protect these birds.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-marine-ecosystems">Tropical marine ecosystems</h2>



<p>"Tropical marine ecosystems are in urgent need of protection to arrest catastrophic biodiversity loss. Spatial protection of static habitats, such as reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves, have produced conservation dividends and often include core distributions of resident and breeding species," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, it is more challenging to implement a coherent strategy for mobile marine predators, which play a key role in tropical ecosystem function, especially coral reef conservation."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers noted that tropical seabird communities are currently a fraction of historic sizes, largely due to the impacts of habitat destruction, human exploitation, invasive species, and overfishing. "Land-based interventions at colonies provide hope for halting and reversing tropical seabird population declines."</p>



<p>"Nevertheless, threats at sea are more challenging to resolve. This is particularly the case during non-breeding, which can represent &gt;50% of the annual cycle and is when migratory species may cross ocean basins and international boundaries, potentially being exposed to anthropogenic impacts on the high seas and risking high mortality rates," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"It is imperative, therefore, that we gain better knowledge of the migratory range of tropical seabirds and factors driving their at-sea distributions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabird-protection">Seabird protection </h2>



<p>Seabird conservation is a critical aspect of preserving marine ecosystems, as seabirds are important indicators of ocean health and play vital roles in these environments. However, seabird populations worldwide face numerous threats, leading to declining numbers in many species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-threats-nbsp">Key threats&nbsp;</h3>



<ul>
<li>Overfishing: Reduces the availability of food for seabirds, affecting their ability to survive and reproduce.</li>



<li>Climate change: Alters oceanic conditions, impacting seabird food sources and breeding habitats.</li>



<li>Pollution: Oil spills, plastic waste, and chemicals in the oceans can be lethal to seabirds.</li>



<li>Invasive species: Introduced predators on breeding islands, such as rats and cats, can decimate seabird colonies.</li>



<li>Human disturbance: Direct disturbance at breeding sites and accidental bycatch in fishing gear also pose significant threats.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies">Conservation strategies</h3>



<ul>
<li>Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Establishing and enforcing MPAs can provide safe havens for seabirds by conserving their feeding and breeding grounds.</li>



<li>Sustainable fisheries: Implementing sustainable fishing practices helps ensure adequate fish stocks for seabirds.</li>



<li>Eradication of invasive species: Removing invasive predators from important seabird breeding islands has been highly successful in some areas.</li>



<li>Pollution control: Efforts to reduce pollution, including oil spills and plastic waste, are crucial.</li>



<li>Climate change mitigation: Addressing the broader issue of climate change is vital for protecting seabird habitats.</li>



<li>Research and monitoring: Ongoing research and monitoring are necessary to understand seabird ecology and the effectiveness of conservation measures.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-opportunities">Challenges and opportunities</h3>



<p>Despite the challenges, there have been successful conservation stories, such as the recovery of specific seabird species following invasive predator eradication and the establishment of large-scale MPAs. Continued effort and global cooperation remain key to the effective conservation of seabirds.</p>



<p>The study was funded by the Bertarelli Foundation. The findings are published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.060" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Current Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Seabirds need ocean-wide protection to survive human impacts

Seabirds are found across the world's oceans and have unique...

<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://snm.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum of Denmark</a> have discovered a new beetle species with an unusually shaped male genitalia that resembles a bottle opener. </p>



<p>This discovery, part of a study led by biologist Aslak Kappel Hansen and his team, highlights the intricate and often surprising aspects of insect biodiversity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-genitalia-nbsp">Insect genitalia&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Genitalia are the organs in insects that evolve to be different in every species. As such, they are often the best way to identify a species," said Hansen.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"That's why entomologists like us are always quick to examine insect genitalia when describing a species. The unique shape of each species’ genitals ensures that it can only reproduce with the same species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loncovilius-beetles">Loncovilius beetles</h2>



<p>This unique approach to species identification led to the discovery of six new species of the rove <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beetle-diversity-is-influenced-by-energy-stored-in-dead-wood/">beetle</a> genus Loncovilius, hidden for decades in museum collections.</p>



<p>Among these, one species, now named Loncovilius carlsbergi, stood out due to its peculiarly shaped male sexual organ.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carlsberg-foundation-nbsp">Carlsberg Foundation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"This species is characterized, among other things, by the fact that the male’s sexual organ is shaped remarkably like a bottle opener," said Hansen.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Therefore, we thought it is obvious to dedicate this species to the Carlsberg Foundation, which has generously supported independent research for many years. Their support for various projects, expeditions, or purchase of the scientific instruments at the Natural History Museum of Denmark contributes to the discovery of new species on our planet."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-habitats">Unique habitats</h2>



<p>Climate change poses a significant threat to these beetles, especially given their unique habitat preferences. Unlike their predatory rove beetle counterparts - which live on the ground among dead leaves, under bark or on fungi - Loncovilius beetles are found on flowers in Chile and Argentina.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We suspect that they play an important role in the ecosystem. So, it's worrying that nearly nothing is known about this type of beetles, especially when they're so easy to spot – and some of them are even quite beautiful. Unfortunately, we can easily lose species like these before they’re ever discovered," said study co-author Josh Jenkins Shaw.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-threats">Climate threats</h2>



<p>Study lead author José L. Reyes-Hernández further highlighted the vulnerability of these species to habitat changes induced by climate change.</p>



<p>“Loncovilius populations are likely to change in coming decades. Our simulations demonstrate that at least three of the Loncovilius species are at risk because the rapidly changing climate strongly alternate more than half of their habitat area by 2060," said Reyes-Hernández.</p>



<p>"It is important to stress that many more species will be affected by this change, but we don’t know how because only for four species we had enough data for our analysis."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-crisis">Biodiversity crisis</h2>



<p>The discovery of these species comes at a critical time, as the planet faces an unprecedented biodiversity crisis.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"It is estimated that as many as 85% of all species on Earth are still not formally named and described. Many species go extinct without ever having been named or recognized by science and as a consequence by humanity as a whole," said Jenkins Shaw.</p>



<p>"A taxonomic name is important because nature conservation relies on knowledge about species in particular areas. Without such a description, species are often left out of conservation efforts."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bottle-opener">Bottle opener</h2>



<p>In a unique twist, the researchers have created a functional stainless steel model of Loncovilius carlsbergi's genitalia, doubling as a bottle opener.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Hansen hopes that this novel approach will spark broader interest in insect research and awareness of the biodiversity crisis. The team is now working on producing this bottle opener, aiming to engage people in conversations about the planet's species crisis over a beer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This discovery not only adds to our understanding of beetle biodiversity but also serves as a reminder of the myriad of undiscovered species that play vital roles in our ecosystems, emphasizing the need for continued research and conservation efforts in the face of climate change and habitat loss.</p>



<p>"It’s important that we recognize the vast wealth of yet to be researched species around us before it’s too late," said Hansen. "We would like for people around the world to talk about the crisis facing our planet's species. A move towards serious learning and awareness may be sparkled by a light chat that takes place over a beer."</p>



<p>Loncovilius beetles&nbsp;</p>



<p>Loncovilius beetles, a group of newly identified insects, are part of the rove beetle genus. These beetles are relatively small, measuring about a centimeter in length.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The beetles inhabit various regions in South America, particularly in Chile and Argentina. Their habitat ranges from lowland areas to high-altitude environments reaching up to 2,600 meters in the mountains. This wide range of habitats indicates a notable adaptability within the species​​.</p>



<p>A distinguishing characteristic of the Loncovilius beetles is that all their legs have sticky bristles. This trait is relatively unique within their family, as most predatory beetles typically have such bristles only on their front legs​​. This adaptation likely plays a role in their survival and interaction with their environment.</p>



<p>Despite the recent discovery of the new species, and the intrigue surrounding its unique genital structure, much remains unknown about the Loncovilius beetles. Their life cycle, ecological role, and full range of behavioral patterns are areas that require further research.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Image Credit: Matías Gargiulo, through iNaturalist)</p>



<p>The research is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad143" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</em></a>.<br></p>



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New beetle species has genitalia shaped like a bottle opener

Researchers from the Natural History Museum of Denmark have discovered...

<p>In a striking example of resilience and adaptation, Canada geese have demonstrated a unique response to significant disruptions in their social structures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Recent research conducted by the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> has revealed that after a considerable reduction in their numbers due to population-management culling, Canada geese primarily strengthened their existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-social-bonds-promote-healthy-behaviors/">social bonds</a> instead of forming numerous new connections.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-network-connectivity-nbsp">Network connectivity&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Culling did not clearly increase the connectivity of the network or lead to the development of new associations among individuals in place of existing associations in our population of Canada geese," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"While social groups were less distinct in the year following the cull (the subdivision of the annual network into communities having a lower modularity), the overall properties of the network stayed broadly similar between the 2 years of study."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Moreover, there was evidence for persistence rather than dissolution of prior associations, with survivors of the cull tending to compensate for lost associates by increasing the strength of their associations and having lower turnover of existing connections."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-change">Adapting to change</h2>



<p>The study, led by Dr. Nick Royle from the Centre for Ecology and Conservation on Exeter’s Penryn Campus in Cornwall, closely observed flocks of Canada geese both before and after approximately 20% of their population was culled.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Culling of wildlife is often a controversial topic, both in terms of its ethics and its efficacy," wrote the researchers. "Culling for disease control can only be justified where evidence indicates that it is likely to make a positive contribution."</p>



<p>Contrary to some animal species that increase “social connectivity” by mingling with many new individuals – a factor that can heighten the spread of infectious diseases – these geese exhibited a different behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inherent-resilience">Inherent resilience</h2>



<p>“Our findings shows that Canada geese are very robust to this level of social change,” said Dr. Royle. “They are socially conservative – they keep calm and carry on, responding to losses in the flock by strengthen existing ties rather than greatly expanding their social network."</p>



<p>“This ability to deal with social disruption - this resilience - might contribute towards their success as an invasive species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-disease-transmission-nbsp">Implications for disease transmission&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Canada geese, known for competing with native species, can also be carriers of diseases such as avian flu, impacting both human and animal health.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their culling, particularly in regions like the Cotswold Water Park where the study was conducted, is often employed as a strategy to mitigate disease transmission.</p>



<p>However, the typical response to population reduction in some species can inadvertently increase disease spread due to the formation of multiple new social connections.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By contrast, the observed behavior of the Canada geese in this study indicates a reduced potential for heightened disease transmission. After initial adjustments to their social network, these geese showed robustness to the effects of culling by predominantly fortifying existing relationships.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The researchers emphasize the significance of understanding the social behaviors of different species when planning management interventions like culling.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The unique response of Canada geese to social disruptions offers valuable insights into how social dynamics can influence the outcomes of population control measures and disease transmission risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-canada-geese-nbsp">Canada geese&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Canada Geese are large birds known for their distinctive black heads and necks, white cheeks, and underbodies ranging from tan to cream. They are native to North America and are particularly well-known for their V-shaped migratory flight formations.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breeding">Breeding</h3>



<p>These geese breed in Canada and the northern United States in various habitats near water, such as lakes, rivers, ponds, and marshes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Canada Geese are herbivores, primarily feeding on grasses, grains, and aquatic plants. They have adapted well to urban environments, often seen in city parks and other green spaces.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-family-bonds">Family bonds</h3>



<p>A unique aspect of Canada Geese is their strong mate and family bonds. They are monogamous, often staying with the same partner for life. Families stay together for the first year, and the young geese, or goslings, are led by both parents.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-migration">Migration</h3>



<p>Their migration is a notable phenomenon. They travel thousands of miles to their wintering grounds in the southern United States and even into Mexico. These migrations are driven by the change in seasons and food availability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protection">Protection</h3>



<p>In some regions, Canada Geese are considered a nuisance due to their abundance and the mess they can create in parks and other public areas. They are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, making it illegal to harm them or disturb their nests without a permit.</p>



<p>The study was funded by the University of Exeter and the Animal and Plant Health Agency.</p>



<p>The research is published in the <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/13652664" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Applied Ecology</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Canada geese keep calm and carry on after flock reduction

In a striking example of resilience and adaptation, Canada geese...

Selective,Focus,With,Red,Tomato,As,Alarm,Clock,With,If

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.age.mpg.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing in Cologne</a> have gained crucial insights into the relationship between fasting, feeding, and healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/">aging</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Late-life-initiated dietary interventions show limited efficacy in extending longevity or mitigating frailty, yet the underlying causes remain unclear," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>"Here we studied the age-related fasting response of the short-lived killifish Nothobranchius furzeri."</p>



<p>The experts discovered that the cycle of fasting and refeeding, previously thought to benefit health, is less effective in older organisms due to a deviation from the youthful fasting-refeeding cycle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fasting-and-adipose-tissue">Fasting and adipose tissue</h2>



<p>The study highlighted a unique phenomenon in older killifish. Despite consuming food, they remained in a state of perpetual fasting. This was attributed to changes in the visceral adipose tissue, which became less responsive to feeding in older fish.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The adipose tissue is known to react most strongly to variations in food intake and has an important role in metabolism. That's why we looked at it more closely," explained study lead author Roberto Ripa.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-energy-sensor">Cellular energy sensor</h2>



<p>Further investigation led to a significant discovery involving AMP kinase, a key cellular energy sensor. The research identified the γ1 subunit of this kinase, whose activity diminishes with age.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Remarkably, the team found that the benefits of refeeding after fasting in old killifish can be restored by genetically activating this specific subunit. Through this genetic modification, the fasting-like state was counteracted and the old fish were healthier and even lived longer.</p>



<p>"We had assumed that old fish would not be able to switch to fasting after feeding. Surprisingly, the opposite was true, the old fish were in a permanent fasting state, even while eating food," said Adam Antebi, director at the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-aging-fasting-and-feeding">Human aging, fasting and feeding</h2>



<p>This study not only sheds light on the fasting-refeeding cycle's role in aging but also establishes a connection between the γ1-subunit and human aging.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Lower levels of this subunit were observed in older patients, with a correlation between higher γ1-subunit levels and less frailty in old age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>"Of course, we don't yet know whether in humans the γ1-subunit is actually responsible for healthier aging. In the next step, we will try to find molecules that activate precisely this subunit and investigate whether we can use them to positively influence ageing," explained Antebi.</p>



<p>This research underscores the importance of alternating between fasting and eating, especially as it pertains to aging, and opens new avenues for exploring interventions that could promote healthier aging in humans.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43587-023-00521-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Aging</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



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Fasting and feeding cycle is crucial for healthy aging

Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing...

Dinosaurs,Hatching,Out

<p>The study of dinosaur reproductive biology has made significant strides thanks to the discovery of several well-preserved specimens over the last thirty years. Yet, much remains unknown about dinosaur eggs, dinosaur reproduction, and its evolution before the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colossal-new-dinosaur-was-hidden-in-spains-early-cretaceous-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous period</a>. This is largely due to limited fossil evidence and a lack of comprehensive analysis across diverse dinosaur lineages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-qianlong-shouhu">Qianlong shouhu</h2>



<p>Recent efforts by the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (<a href="http://english.ivpp.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IVPP</a>) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (<a href="https://english.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CAS</a>) have led to a landmark discovery, transforming our understanding of dinosaur egg evolution. Their research introduces a new early Jurassic sauropodomorph species, <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Qianlong-dinosaur_adult_juvenile_IVPP_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Qianlong shouhu</a>, unearthed in Guizhou, China. </p>



<p>The find consists of three adult skeletons and five <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/dinosaur_fossil-eggs_comparison_IVPP_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">egg clutches</a>, potentially marking the earliest fossil evidence linking adult dinosaurs with nests. The name Qianlong shouhu, translating to "Guizhou dragon guarding," aptly reflects the association of adult skeletons with embryo-laden eggs.</p>



<p>Qianlong was a medium-sized basal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-species-of-sauropod-dinosaur-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sauropodomorph</a>, weighing about a ton and measuring approximately six meters in length. Notable differences were observed between the embryos and adults. These include a proportionally longer skull and fewer teeth in the embryonic stage. </p>



<p>Interestingly, allometric analyses suggest that while adults could walk bipedally, the young were likely quadrupedal. Furthermore, Qianlong may have practiced colonial nesting, similar to other basal sauropodomorphs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dinosaur-egg-analysis">Dinosaur egg analysis</h2>



<p>Researchers employed various techniques like histological thin-sectioning and scanning electron microscopy to examine Qianlong's eggshell microstructure. Their findings revealed similarities with Cretaceous dinosaur eggs, featuring a two-layer structure. </p>



<p>However, the calcareous layer of Qianlong's eggs was thicker than most soft-shelled eggs but thinner than hard-shelled varieties. This implies that Qianlong laid leathery eggs, a characteristic further supported by eggshell fragmentation analysis.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-dinosaur-eggs">Studying dinosaur eggs</h2>



<p>In an extensive study encompassing 210 fossil and extant species across major reptilian clades, the team investigated evolutionary trends in reproductive traits through the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-bird-feathers-contain-traces-of-dinosaur-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaur-bird transition</a>. They observed a decrease in relative egg size from early Diapsida to Saurischia, followed by an increase towards the evolution of birds. </p>



<p>Additionally, eggshell thickness exhibited a decreasing trend initially, then increased notably in early theropod evolution. Dinosaur egg shape, however, remained largely conserved throughout the evolutionary journey.</p>



<p>In summary, the comprehensive analysis led to a significant conclusion: the first dinosaur egg was likely leathery, relatively small, and elliptical. The study's findings indicate that a leathery eggshell was probably the ancestral state for major reptilian groups like Avemetatarsalia, Archosauria, and Testudines. </p>



<p>This discovery not only sheds light on the evolutionary history of dinosaur reproduction, but also provides a critical link in understanding the transition from dinosaurs to birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-transition-from-dinosaurs-to-birds">More about the transition from dinosaurs to birds</h2>



<p>The transformation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-birds-dinosaurs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dinosaurs into birds</a> is a captivating chapter in the story of evolution. As mentioned above, this process, which unfolded over millions of years, marks one of the most significant transitions in the history of life on Earth.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-theropod-connection">Theropod connection</h3>



<p>The journey from dinosaurs to birds begins with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unusual-dinosaur-tracks-likely-made-by-a-therapod-with-an-injury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theropod</a> dinosaurs. Theropods, primarily carnivorous and bipedal, included species like Tyrannosaurus and Velociraptor. Crucially, they share several characteristics with modern birds, such as hollow bones and three-toed limbs.</p>



<p>Feathers, a defining feature of birds, first appeared in theropods. The discovery of feathered dinosaur fossils, like Archaeopteryx in Germany and various species in China, provided solid evidence of this link. These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beetles-fed-on-dinosaur-feathers-105-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathers</a> initially served purposes like insulation or display rather than flight.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anatomy-and-dinosaur-eggs">Anatomy and dinosaur eggs</h3>



<p>Over time, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flesh-eating-theropods-were-extremely-fast/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theropod</a> skeletons evolved features conducive to flight. The wishbone (furcula), a feature in birds, was already present in some theropods. The bird-like "keel" on the breastbone, supporting flight muscles, also developed during this period.</p>



<p>Theropods experienced significant changes in their limbs and tails. Front limbs gradually lengthened, forming the structure of wings. Meanwhile, tails shortened, providing better balance and aiding in the eventual development of flight.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advent-of-flight">Advent of flight</h3>



<p>The evolution of flight likely involved a period where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-dinosaur-species-distinguished-by-its-fearsome-claws/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">theropods</a> experimented with gliding. Trees or high places could have served as launch points for these early attempts.</p>



<p>Eventually, theropods evolved powered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bat-like-wings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flight capabilities</a>. This transition marked the birth of true birds. The exact process remains a subject of research, but it likely involved incremental modifications over generations.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-and-ecological-shifts">Behavioral and ecological shifts</h3>



<p>As they evolved, early birds began exploring new ecological niches. This adaptation led to diverse diets and behaviors, much like modern birds.</p>



<p>Mass extinction events played a crucial role. The Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction, which wiped out most dinosaurs, provided evolutionary opportunities for birds to flourish and diversify.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birds-living-dinosaurs">Birds: Living dinosaurs</h3>



<p>Today's birds are the direct descendants of theropod dinosaurs. They carry the legacy of their ancient ancestors, a testament to the remarkable journey of evolution.</p>



<p>In summary, the evolution from dinosaurs to birds was a complex process involving anatomical, physiological, and ecological transformations. This evolutionary story is not just a tale of the past, but continues today in the form of birds, the modern descendants of ancient, magnificent theropods.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwad258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Review</a></em>.</p>



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The first dinosaur eggs probably had a leathery texture

The study of dinosaur reproductive biology has made significant strides...

<p>Marine bristle worms use a unique protein to differentiate between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/access-to-sunlight-is-critical-for-the-survival-of-coral-reefs/">sunlight</a> and moonlight, according to a new study led by Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (JGU).</p>



<p>This discovery centers around an atypical cryptochrome protein (Cry) that plays a crucial role in synchronizing the marine organisms' internal lunar calendar with the moon's phases, particularly vital for their reproductive cycles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Cryptochromes are light-sensitive proteins found in various organisms, crucial for several biological processes. The marine bristle worm Platynereis dumerilii utilizes a specialized Cry protein, known as L-Cry, to discern sunlight from moonlight and various moon phases.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This capability is essential for aligning their reproductive activities with the full moon, operating on an internal monthly calendar or circalunar clock.</p>



<p>The researchers employed the cryo-electron microscopy platform at the University of Cologne to visualize the three-dimensional structure of the L-Cry protein under different lighting conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>These structural analyses, combined with biochemical investigations primarily at Mainz University, revealed that L-Cry forms a dimer (two subunits linked together) in the dark, but under intense sunlight, it disassembles into monomers (single subunits).</p>



<p>This behavior is notable for two reasons. First, the spatial arrangement of L-Cry's two subunits in the dark is unique, differing from arrangements seen in other Cry proteins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Second, the direction of light-induced changes in L-Cry is opposite to that observed in other Cry proteins, which typically transition from monomer to dimer in the light.</p>



<p>Professor Eva Wolf of the JGU Institute of Molecular Physiology, who led the study, explained the significance of these findings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-critical-insights-nbsp">Critical insights&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our findings could explain how L-Cry manages to distinguish between sunlight and moonlight: Intense sunlight always activates both subunits of the dimer simultaneously, which initiates its breakdown into individual subunits. The significantly weaker moonlight, however, statistically only activates one of two subunits," explained Professor Wolf.</p>



<p>These insights have expanded our understanding of L-Cry's function as a photoreceptor, distinguishing it among the diverse Cry proteins known for various functions, including sensing Earth's magnetic field in birds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-research-nbsp">Challenging research&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Hong Ha Vu, a doctoral candidate and significant contributor to the study, highlighted the challenges of the research.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Working with light-sensitive proteins is always a challenge," said Hong Ha Vu. "When preparing the L-Cry proteins for analysis, we need to carry out all experimental processes in the dark or under specifically defined red light conditions to prevent unintentional pre-activation of these very light-sensitive proteins."</p>



<p>"For the functional characterization of L-Cry, it is also necessary to use lighting conditions similar to underwater natural sunlight and moonlight illumination of the kind that the bristle worms encounter in their natural habitat."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Only then we can compare the specific properties of L-Cry in its role as a sunlight and moonlight receptor with those of other cryptochromes."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>"Our investigations have provided important new insights into how this most unusual sunlight and moonlight receptor works," said Professor Wolf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Furthermore, our structural and molecular mechanistic insights into L-Cry's function have opened up future avenues of research that should help us better understand the still largely unknown molecular processes involved in synchronization of the circalunar clock with the moon phases."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-bristle-worms-nbsp">Marine bristle worms&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Marine bristle worms, belonging to the class Polychaeta, are a diverse group of generally marine annelid worms. They are known for their distinctive parapodia (fleshy protrusions on each body segment) that bear many bristles made of chitin.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-nbsp">Habitat&nbsp;</h3>



<p>These worms are found in various environments, from the coldest ocean temperatures of the abyssal plain to the extreme heat near hydrothermal vents. They inhabit all depths of the oceans, with more than 10,000 species described.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-forms">Body forms</h3>



<p>Polychaetes exhibit a wide range of body forms and lifestyles. They can be brightly colored, iridescent, or even luminescent. Typically less than 10 cm in length, they can range from 1 mm to 3 m.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their bodies are segmented, and each segment has parapodia, which are used for movement and often act as the primary respiratory surfaces. Their diets vary, including predators, herbivores, filter feeders, scavengers, and parasites.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The mouth of polychaetes varies depending on their diet and can include a pair of jaws and a pharynx that can be everted rapidly for feeding.</p>



<p>The outer body wall of a polychaete consists of a simple columnar epithelium covered by a thin cuticle. Underneath this lies a layer of connective tissue, a layer of circular muscle, a layer of longitudinal muscle, and a peritoneum surrounding the body cavity.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-characteristics-nbsp">Key characteristics&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Most polychaetes have a simple but well-developed circulatory system, with contractile blood vessels, and some species have rudimentary hearts.</p>



<p>Polychaetes exhibit a variety of interesting reproductive strategies. Many species show bioluminescence, and some have complex eyes capable of sophisticated vision.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their nervous system is relatively advanced compared to other annelids, with a large brain and various sensory organs, including eyes and statocysts​​​​.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-42708-2"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Marine worms can distinguish sunlight from moonlight

Marine bristle worms use a unique protein to differentiate between...

<p>In a new study led by the <a href="https://portal.uni-koeln.de/en/uoc-home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cologne</a>, scientists have made a remarkable discovery about the taste perception abilities of sharks and rays.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research team, including Dr. Maik Behrens, Tatjana Lang, and Dr. Sigrun Korsching, identified a receptor for bitter taste in these cartilaginous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-confirms-that-fish-can-recognize-themselves-in-a-mirror/">fish</a>, challenging previous assumptions that such receptors were exclusive to bony vertebrates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-discovery">Significant discovery</h2>



<p>The receptor, part of the taste receptors type 2 (T2R) family, is known to help humans identify bitter and potentially toxic foods.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery in cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays is significant as it indicates the presence and functional importance of T2R receptors in a broader range of species than previously understood.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toxic-compounds">Toxic compounds</h2>



<p>"Many animal and plant species synthesize toxic compounds as deterrent, often recognized by bitter taste receptors (T2Rs)," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Here, we have identified a singular T2R in cartilaginous fishes and determined its ligand repertoire in two shark species."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Until recently, molecular research on sharks faced challenges due to their large genomes, making sequencing complex and time-consuming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, advancements in techniques have now made it possible to delve deeper into the gene sequences of many cartilaginous fishes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-nbsp">What the researchers learned&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team's investigation covered seventeen cartilaginous fish genomes, out of which twelve contained genes for the T2R taste receptors. Intriguingly, only one T2R gene, named T2R1, was present in each species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This singularity suggests that T2R1 might represent the original form of these bitter taste receptors, remaining unchanged by gene duplication and specialization over time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights">New insights</h2>



<p>"These findings give us new insights into the evolution of these receptors: We can look back almost 500 million years on the molecular and functional origin of an entire family of bitter taste receptors. Because that is how old the last common ancestor of cartilage and bony fish is," said Professor Korsching.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-bitter-substances-nbsp">Detecting bitter substances&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Further experiments introduced the T2R1 gene from the bamboo shark and the catshark into immortalized cell lines, revealing that these sharks can detect bitter substances similar to those perceived by humans, like colchicine or bile acid.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Out of ninety-four human bitter substances tested, eleven were able to activate the sharks’ receptors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vertebrate-evolution-nbsp">Vertebrate evolution&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Remarkably, some of these substances also activated the bitter taste receptors of the coelacanth, a species known as a "living fossil" among bony fish. This finding, from a previous study, highlights the astonishing conservation of this function throughout vertebrate evolution.</p>



<p>Professor Korsching summarized the significance of this research by stating: "The extent to which this function has been conserved is astonishing, i.e., through the entire evolution of vertebrates."&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This discovery not only sheds light on the evolutionary history of taste receptors but also opens new avenues for understanding how taste perception has shaped the survival and behavior of diverse species across millions of years.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2310347120" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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New clues about the evolution of bitter taste perception found in sharks

In a new study led by the University of Cologne,...

<p>A team of international researchers has rediscovered Attenborough's long-beaked echidna in the Cyclops Mountains of Indonesia's Papua Province. This marks the first sighting of the elusive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sabertooth-skull-offers-new-clues-about-the-extinct-mammal/">mammal</a> in more than six decades.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This rare, egg-laying mammal, which is named after renowned broadcaster Sir David Attenborough, was last recorded by scientists in 1961.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cyclops-mountains-expedition">Cyclops Mountains expedition </h2>



<p>The successful rediscovery was made possible through the deployment of over 80 camera traps in a challenging project led by Dr. James Kempton from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a>.</p>



<p>The project was part of an extensive research expedition, a collaboration with Indonesian NGO Yayasan Pelayanan Papua Nenda (<a href="http://www.yappenda.eco/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">YAPPENDA</a>), <a href="https://www.uncen.ac.id/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cenderawasih University</a>, <a href="https://bbksda-papuabarat.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Papua BBKSDA</a>, the National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia (<a href="https://www.brin.go.id/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BRIN</a>), and <a href="https://www.rewild.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Re:Wild</a>. </p>



<p>The research has unveiled many previously unknown species and a new cave system, all within the remote and treacherous terrain of the Cyclops Mountains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monotreme-species-nbsp">Monotreme species&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Attenborough's long-beaked <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-there-mammals-that-lay-eggs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">echidna</a> is a remarkable creature, belonging to the monotreme group of mammals, known for their unique characteristic of laying eggs. This echidna is one of the five surviving monotreme species, making it a crucial guardian of this evolutionary lineage. </p>



<p>"Attenborough's long-beaked echidna has the spines of a hedgehog, the snout of an anteater, and the feet of a mole. Because of its hybrid appearance, it shares its name with a creature of Greek mythology that is half human, half serpent," explained Dr. Kempton.</p>



<p>"The reason it appears so unlike other mammals is because it is a member of the monotremes – an egg-laying group that separated from the rest of the mammal tree-of-life about 200 million years ago."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-notoriously-difficult-to-find">Notoriously difficult to find</h2>



<p>The researchers noted that echidnas are notoriously difficult to find since they are nocturnal, live in burrows, and tend to be very shy. Attenborough's long-beaked echidna has never been recorded anywhere outside the Cyclops Mountains.</p>



<p>For their search, the team deployed over 80 trail cameras, making multiple ascents of the mountains, and ultimately climbing more than 11,000 meters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-genus-of-shrimp">New genus of shrimp</h2>



<p>In addition to the echidna, the team made several other significant discoveries. These included the rediscovery of Mayr's honeyeater - a bird unseen since 2008 - and an entirely new genus of ground and <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/tree-shrimp_Expedition-Cyclops_1medium.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tree-dwelling shrimp</a>.</p>



<p>"We were quite shocked to discover this shrimp in the heart of the forest, because it is a remarkable departure from the typical seaside habitat for these animals,’ said Dr. Leonidas-Romanos Davranoglou, lead entomologist for the expedition.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"We believe that the high level of rainfall in the Cyclops Mountains means the humidity is great enough for these creatures to live entirely on land."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexplored-cave-system">Unexplored cave system</h2>



<p>The team also found an abundance of underground species that are all new to science, including blind spiders, blind harvestman, and a whip scorpion. These species were discovered in a previously unexplored cave system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cave system was located on one of the sacred peaks above Yongsu Sapari where the team had been given special permission to do research. This area is rarely explored and the cave system was literally stumbled upon when a member of the team fell through a moss-covered entrance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-the-cyclops-mountains">Challenges in the Cyclops Mountains</h2>



<p>The team faced numerous challenges and harsh conditions, such as a sudden earthquake, personal injuries, and encounters with venomous creatures. Despite these trials, the team's spirit and camaraderie remained high.</p>



<p>"Though some might describe the Cyclops as a 'Green Hell,' I think the landscape is magical, at once enchanting and dangerous, like something out of a Tolkien book," said Dr. Kempton.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this environment, the camaraderie between the expedition members was fantastic, with everyone helping to keep up morale. In the evening, we exchanged stories around the fire, all the while surrounded by the hoots and peeps of frogs."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-in-the-cyclops-mountains">Future research in the Cyclops Mountains</h2>



<p>In collaboration with YAPPENDA, the experts will continue monitoring and conserving the unique habitat of the Cyclops Mountains. Their efforts will extend to training local students in biodiversity surveys, emphasizing the importance of local involvement in conservation efforts.</p>



<p>"The discovery is the result of a lot of hard work and over three and a half years of planning," said Dr. Kempton. "A key reason why we succeeded is because, with the help of YAPPENDA, we have spent years building a relationship with the community of Yongsu Sapari, a village on the north coast of the Cyclops Mountains."</p>



<p>"The trust between us was the bedrock of our success because they shared with us the knowledge to navigate these treacherous mountains, and even allowed us to research on lands that have never before felt the tread of human feet."</p>



<p>More information about the expedition can be found at <a href="https://www.expeditioncyclops.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.expeditioncyclops.co.uk/</a>.</p>



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Bizarre egg-laying mammal rediscovered in the Cyclops Mountains

A team of international researchers has rediscovered Attenborough's long-beaked echidna...

<p>A mystery surrounding the deaths of 35 African <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=elephants&amp;start=0">elephants</a> in Zimbabwe is one step closer to being solved. New research suggests that a bacterium closely associated with deadly septicaemia is responsible for six of the deaths, as well as fatalities in neighboring countries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-botswana-mortality-event">Botswana mortality event</h2>



<p>The casualties in Zimbabwe, which occurred in August and September of 2020, were preceded by the baffling deaths of approximately 350 elephants in northern Botswana just months earlier.</p>



<p>Government officials in Botswana said the deaths were caused by an unspecified cyanobacterial toxin, with no further details. Some of the affected elephants were observed walking in circles before literally dropping dead - often collapsing on their faces.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In a unique collaboration, experts from the Victoria Falls Wildlife Trust, the Animal and Plant Health Agency UK, the University of Surrey, and South African laboratories set out to investigate.</p>



<p>"The sudden mortality of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in Botswana and Zimbabwe in 2020 provoked considerable public interest and speculation," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Poaching and malicious poisoning were excluded early on in the investigation. Other potential causes included environmental intoxication, infectious diseases, and increased habitat stress due to ongoing drought."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-investigation-nbsp">Challenging investigation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The team, led by Dr. Chris Foggin, faced challenges in identifying and examining the elephant carcasses. The experts had to consider initial suspicions of anthrax or other diseases posing risks to human health.</p>



<p>The complexity of conducting post-mortem examinations in field conditions on such large animals added to the difficulty of the investigation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Investigating this mortality in the wildlife areas in north-west Zimbabwe proved challenging. Identifying and then reaching the carcasses in time to obtain useful samples is one problem we often face in this type of work," explained Dr. Foggin.</p>



<p>“However, we also didn’t know what disease we may be dealing with, although we initially suspected that it could be anthrax, which is known to occur in the area; or possibly some other disease that might pose a risk to human health."</p>



<p>"We therefore had to be cautious when undertaking the post-mortem examinations on elephant which, in itself, is a difficult task with such a big animal, especially working in field conditions.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-insights">New insights</h2>



<p>Poaching was ruled out as a cause of death since the elephants' tusks were intact, and toxicology analyses in Zimbabwe and the UK revealed no traces of poisons.</p>



<p>The breakthrough came when veterinarians and scientists identified a septicaemic infection caused by a little-known bacterium, provisionally named Bisgaard taxon 45, from the Pasteurellaceae family, in six elephants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery was confirmed through bacterial isolation and genetic analysis, marking the first time this bacterium has been associated with elephant deaths. Limited sample availability restricted the extent of these examinations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Professor Falko Steinbach, head of virology at APHA, emphasized the significance of identifying this bacterium and its potential for transmission, especially considering the social nature of elephants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The identification of this bacterium is a significant step forward in learning more about why these elephants died, and I was pleased to be part of the team at APHA that could corroborate these important findings.," said Professor Steinbach.</p>



<p>“Transmission of the bacteria is possible, especially given the highly sociable nature of elephants and the link between this infection and the stress associated with extreme weather events such as drought, which may make outbreaks more likely."</p>



<p>“Further research is needed to learn more about the bacteria and its long-term implications for the African elephant population and other wildlife.”&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications-nbsp">Study implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Dr. Arnoud van Vliet, senior lecturer in Veterinary Microbiology at the University of Surrey, highlighted the international collaboration in this research. The discovery of Bisgaard taxon 45's role in bacterial septicaemia adds to the growing list of threats to elephant conservation.</p>



<p>The African savanna elephant is already an endangered species with an estimated 350,000 remaining in the wild and an ongoing eight percent annual population decline.</p>



<p>The research not only uncovers a potential cause of the recent mysterious deaths but also emphasizes the importance of continued investigation for the future of African elephants.</p>



<p>This research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-41987-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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African elephants suddenly dropped dead in 2020, and questions remain

A mystery surrounding the deaths of 35 African elephants in...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>



<p></p>



<p>Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. </p>



<p>Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. </p>



<p>These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.</p>



<p>Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. </p>



<p>For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.</p>



<p>Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. </p>



<p>Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.</p>



<p>This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. </p>



<p>With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<p>-----</p>

What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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<p>Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.</p>



<p>The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."</p>



<p>"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."</p>



<p>"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."</p>



<p>The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.</p>



<p>"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."</p>



<p>Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<p>"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."</p>



<p>Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.</p>



<p>The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.</p>



<p>At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.</p>



<p>"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."</p>



<p>The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.</p>



<p><em>Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."</p>



<p>The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.</p>



<p>"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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