Greenland sharks cruise the North Atlantic at a pace slower than most people walk, yet some were already adults when the United States was founded. 



Their astonishing lifespan has turned this elusive fish into a living time capsule, capturing the imagination of biologists and longevity researchers alike.



Julius Nielsen of the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a> leads many of the modern expeditions that tag, scan, and sometimes briefly corral these giants in the icy dark.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-greenland-sharks-live-so-long">Why Greenland sharks live so long</h2>



<a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf1703" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eye‑lens radiocarbon dating</a> shows females can live at least 272 years, with one specimen estimated at 392 ± 120 years. The method pinpoints birth dates because the lens proteins stop exchanging carbon after a shark pup forms in utero.



“This is the longest living vertebrate that we know of,” said Nielsen, who helped age the record fish. He and colleagues calculate that females do not reach sexual maturity until roughly 150 years, a timetable unheard of in other sharks.



Slow annual growth, barely half an inch, means injuries heal gradually but bones and organs escape the cumulative cellular wear seen in faster‑growing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-skeletons-could-lead-to-technological-innovations/">animals</a>. 



Researchers suspect a combination of frigid water, low oxygen demand, and genes that police DNA damage all contribute, yet no single “silver bullet” for longevity has appeared.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-sharks-have-slow-heartbeats">Greenland sharks have slow heartbeats</h2>



Greenland sharks have resting <a href="https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/221/19/jeb186957/33812" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart rates</a> of about 10 beats per minute and unusually low blood pressure. That’s much lower than what you’d find in other large sharks, and it may help protect their blood vessels from long-term damage like heart attacks or strokes.



Even with such a slow heartbeat, each pump moves a lot of blood, keeping their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/different-shark-species-seen-scavenge-feeding-together-in-rare-event/">bodies</a> fueled during slow swimming under Arctic ice. 



Doctors are paying attention, hoping this natural “strong pump, gentle pressure” system could offer ideas for treating high blood pressure in people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-bodies-save-energy">Slow bodies save energy</h2>



These sharks burn energy very slowly. In fact, their oxygen use is among the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-76371-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lowest ever recorded</a> for a fish their size. That kind of slow metabolism may reduce cell damage over time and help them survive long gaps between meals. 



A 280-pound shark might get through the day on fewer calories than a cheeseburger, making a single big meal last for months.



Because the deep Arctic is so cold, they digest food slowly too. Instead of burning energy for speed or growth, they stretch it out for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-sharks-face-growing-threats-despite-conservation-efforts/">survival</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-they-are-toxic-top-predators">Why they are toxic top predators</h2>



Greenland shark meat is laced with <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5127123/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trimethylamine N‑oxide</a>, a compound that stabilizes proteins under high pressure yet renders the raw flesh neurotoxic to mammals.



Icelanders neutralize it through months of fermentation to create the ceremonial dish kæstur hákarl, but few tourists finish more than a nibble.



The species ranks as an apex predator; evidence shows adults seizing fish, squid, and the occasional sleeping seal. 



Sightings in the Gulf of Mexico and off Spain reveal a wider range than once believed, hinting at deep‑water corridors that connect polar and temperate seas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-greenland-sharks-are-at-risk">Greenland sharks are at risk</h2>



Commercial trawlers unintentionally haul up about 3,500 Greenland <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/melissacristinamarquez/2022/11/07/greenland-shark-finally-gets-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharks</a> each year as bycatch. Because breeding may not begin for a century and a half, losing even sub‑adults chips away at population recovery.



The <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/60213/3112909" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> lists the species as “Vulnerable,” citing low fecundity and expanding deep‑sea fisheries. 



Simple changes, switching to LED‑lit nets that deter sharks, banning deep set gill nets in nursery zones, and funding release‑training for crews, can cut mortality without shrinking catches of cod or halibut.



Scientists also urge Arctic nations to establish no‑take refuges around known mating aggregations once those secret sites are found. Protecting a fish that may still be swimming in 2425 demands policies that look far beyond typical political horizons.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-hidden-nursery-grounds">The search for hidden nursery grounds</h2>



No one has ever observed Greenland sharks mating or giving birth in the wild. Only one pregnant female has been studied, and her embryos suggest the species may be <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/sharpen-your-shark-facts" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aplacental viviparous</a>, meaning the young develop inside eggs that hatch within the mother’s body.



Females seem to carry up to 10 pups at a time, but the <a href="https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/feature-story/five-wild-facts-about-shark-reproduction" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gestation period</a> could last several years. Without regular breeding or nursery sightings, it's hard to estimate how often they reproduce or whether their range shifts during these vulnerable periods.



This gap in knowledge makes population modeling difficult. Without better data, scientists can't say how quickly these sharks could recover if current bycatch trends continue. 



Tagging mature females may help reveal mating routes or hidden nursery grounds. Learning how and where they reproduce could play a key role in designing effective marine protected areas.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaf1703" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



Image Credit: Julius Nielsen



-----



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Longest-living vertebrates on Earth survive for centuries in icy waters

Greenland sharks cruise the North Atlantic at a pace slower than most people walk, yet some were already adults when the United States was founded. Their astonishing lifespan has turned this elusive fish into a living time capsule, capturing the imagination of biologists and longevity researchers alike. Julius Nielsen of the University of Copenhagen leads many of the modern expeditions that tag, scan, and sometimes briefly corral these giants in the icy dark. Why Greenland sharks live so long Eye‑lens radiocarbon dating shows females can live at...

Researchers at <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/">University College London</a> have found that the evolution of bird skulls slowed down after dinosaurs were wiped out. This contradicts the long-standing theory that bird skull diversity accelerated after non-avian <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/humans-predators-prey/">dinosaurs</a> were killed at the end of the Cretaceous 66 million years ago.

Modern birds have an incredible amount of diversity in skull shape and size, and a team of scientists led by evolutionary biologist Ryan Nicholas Felice set out to investigate the history of bird skull morphology.

The researchers used 3D geometric morphometrics to map the shape of 354 living and 37 extinct avian and non-avian dinosaurs in unprecedented detail.

The team investigated the evolutionary relationships among the various species to look for a shift in the pace of skull diversification after modern birds emerged.

The study revealed that all regions of the skull evolved more rapidly in non-avian dinosaurs than in birds. There were certain regions that showed rapid bursts of evolution in particular lineages, and the experts identified the reasons behind these spurts.

In non-avian dinosaurs, for example, rapid evolutionary changes in the jaw joint were associated with changes in the animals' diet. In addition, accelerated evolution of the roof of the skull occurred in lineages that sported bony ornaments such as horns. 

Among birds, the most rapidly evolving part of the skull was the beak. The study authors attribute this to the need to adapt to different food sources and feeding strategies.

"In contrast to the appendicular skeleton, which has been shown to evolve more rapidly in birds, avian cranial morphology is characterised by a striking deceleration in morphological evolution relative to non-avian dinosaurs," wrote the study authors. 

"These results may be due to the reorganisation of skull structure in birds—including loss of a separate postorbital bone in adults and the emergence of new trade-offs with development and neurosensory demands." 

"Taken together, the remarkable cranial shape diversity in birds was not a product of accelerated evolution from their non-avian relatives, despite their frequent portrayal as an icon of adaptive radiations."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/">PLOS Biology</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Birds got their diverse skulls in the time of dinosaurs

Researchers at University College London have found that the evolution...

In an effort to emphasize the valuable ecological role of seabirds such as gulls and pelicans, scientists have estimated the value of their poop. It turns out that the annual <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/protected-areas-generate-huge-economic-gains/">economic</a> contribution of seabird poop, also known as guano, exceeds one billion dollars.

According to the researchers, guano serves as a source of fertilizer and makes a key contribution to coastal and marine ecosystems.

The experts hope that directly calculating the benefits of seabirds will draw attention to declining populations of seabirds, which are often overlooked when it comes to conservation policies.

Marcus V. Cianciaruso is an Ecology professor at the Federal University of Goiás and a co-author of the study, which is published by <a href="https://www.cell.com/">Cell Press</a>.

"Guano production is an ecosystem service made by seabirds at no cost to us - I can go to an island, collect the guano, and sell it at market price as fertilizer," said Professor Cianciaruso.

"Because there is this scientific and biological importance, it's possible to quantify seabird ecosystem services in a language that the general public and policymakers can begin to understand."

In collaboration with PhD student Daniel Plazas-Jiménez, Professor Cianciaruso set out to collect data on global seabird populations that produce guano that is sold as fertilizer. 

"Because guano is a commodity, we used its market price to estimate the added value of guano produced by seabirds each year," said Plazas-Jiménez.

For the species that do not produce guano that is used as a commodity, the researchers estimated the value of nitrogen and phosphorus deposited every year in their colonies. They did this by calculating the cost to replace these nutrients with inorganic versions. 

When combined, the nutrient deposition and the commodifiable guano are potentially worth $473.83 million per year.

Furthermore, the nutrients that are deposited in guano are extremely important to ecosystems. For example, the presence of guano can increase the biomass of fish found across coral reefs by up to 48 percent. 

"We made a very conservative estimate that 10% of coral reef fish stocks depend on seabird nutrients," said Plazas-Jiménez. "According to the United Nations and the Australian government, the annual economic returns of commercial fisheries on coral reefs is over $6 billion. So, 10% of this value is around $600 million per year." 

This means that the total value of the nutrients in seabird guano exceeds $1 billion annually. The study authors pointed out that much of this value is provided by endangered seabird species. 

"The example of coral reefs is just for a little group of seabirds," said Plazas-Jiménez. "A huge amount of nutrient deposition happens in Antarctic ecosystems: penguins contribute half of the nitrogen and phosphorous deposited by seabirds every year." 

"However, 60% of this contribution is made by penguin species with declining populations, and these contributions will decrease in the future if no conservation activity is taken."

Seabirds have even more value than what is represented by the estimates produced in the study. 

The researchers hope the paper will shed light on how valuable these species are at a global scale. "If you start to look into every function that seabirds have and try to monetize this, the value is going to be much, much higher," said Professor Cianciaruso.

"In some areas, fishermen follow seabirds to find places to fish," said Plazas-Jiménez. "To that fisherman, seabirds are everything."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/trends/ecology-evolution/home">Trends in Ecology and Evolution</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Economic value of seabird poop exceeds $1 billion annually

In an effort to emphasize the valuable ecological role of...

A new study from the <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/">British Antarctic Survey</a> reports that scientists have discovered 11 new emperor penguin colonies in <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/first-ever-fossil-egg-in-antarctica-was-laid-by-massive-reptile/">Antarctica</a> using satellite mapping technology. The research has revealed the existence of nearly 20 percent more colonies than what was previously realized.

The findings provide an important benchmark for monitoring the impacts of environmental change on emperor penguins.

The birds were located through the analysis of images from the European Commission's Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite mission. 

There are now 61 known emperor penguin colonies on the continent of Antarctica. Of the 11 new colonies described, three were previously identified but never confirmed.

Emperor penguins are located in remote regions that are often inaccessible and difficult to study. For the last decade, scientists at the British Antarctic Survey have been looking for new colonies by searching for their guano stains on the ice.

"This is an exciting discovery. The new satellite images of Antarctica's coastline have enabled us to find these new colonies," said study lead author Dr. Peter Fretwell. "And whilst this is good news, the colonies are small and so only take the overall population count up by 5-10% to just over half a million penguins or around 265,500 - 278,500 breeding pairs."

Emperor penguins are vulnerable to the loss of sea ice, their preferred breeding habitat, which will continue to disappear as a result of global warming. Most of the newly discovered colonies are located at the margins of the emperors' breeding range, and could be lost as temperatures rise.

Study co-author Dr. Phil Trathan has been studying penguins for the last three decades.

"Whilst it's good news that we've found these new colonies, the breeding sites are all in locations where recent model projections suggest emperors will decline," said Dr. Trathan. "Birds in these sites are therefore probably the 'canaries in the coalmine' - we need to watch these sites carefully as climate change will affect this region."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/20563485">Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Satellite images reveal 11 new emperor penguin colonies

A new study from the British Antarctic Survey reports that...

A breakthrough study from <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">UC Riverside</a> has exposed the genetic secrets of an invasive pest that nearly wiped out the global <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/resveratrol-treating-depression/">wine</a> industry in the 19th century. The scientists identified about 3,000 genes that enable the insect phylloxera to colonize and feed on grape vines. 

With a new understanding of how the insects gain a stronghold, experts can develop ways to stop their spread.

Phylloxera is an invasive species that is native to North America. The insects attack grape vines and create tumor-like structures to feed off and live in. These structures, known as galls, protect phylloxera from vulnerability to other parasites.

"In effect, phylloxera creates its own refrigerator on the plant that it can feed from whenever it wants," said Professor Paul Nabity.

The galls disrupt the vine's ability to circulate the nutrients it needs to survive. The structures also cause wounds in the roots that make grape vines more susceptible to fungi and other pathogens.

The current study was led by Claude Rispe from the French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment. Professor Nabity helped the team identify how phylloxera secrete molecules that can change the immune system of grape vines.

"These molecules alter the plant's defense systems and make it so that the plant doesn't know it's being attacked," said Professor Nabity.

Phylloxera was accidentally introduced to Europe in the 1860s, and had killed more than 70 percent of the vines in France by the 1900s.

Since native North American grapevines co-evolved with phylloxera, they are now resistant to it. However, most of the grapes consumed are European varieties, and many growers protect the grapevines by grafting them onto North American roots.

A phylloxera outbreak like the one that emerged in the Pacific Northwest last year, when the insects appeared for the first time in Washington's Walla Walla Valley, could cause grape vines to lose their leaves. If the infestation reaches the roots of grape vines, the plants could die.

Walla Walla Valley is vulnerable to phylloxera because many growers in this region planted grape vines on their own roots, rather than grafting them onto phylloxera-resistant roots.

The parasites actually do benefit vines to some degree, but the protection they provide is a self-serving strategy to keep the hosts alive. As phylloxera feed on plants and create gall structures, they transform cells on the leaves into tiny pores called stomata, which allow movement of gases in and out of the cells.

"We think this is a means to reduce the negative impact on its host," said Professor Nabity. "Stomata can create carbon gains for plants that can offset how much the insects are taking from it."

Now that the experts have managed to pinpoint the specific genes involved in the attack on grapevines, it may be possible to engineer phylloxera-resistant grapevines.

"Growers currently have to graft roots to make their plants viable," said Professor Nabity. "A lot of money and effort could be saved with pest-resistant rootstocks."    

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/">BMC Biology</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Notorious grape vine pest may soon be a problem of the past 

A breakthrough study from UC Riverside has exposed the genetic...

Red-billed oxpeckers protect black <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/northern-white-rhinos-genetics/">rhinos</a> by calling out an alarm signal when humans are nearby. A team of researchers tracked black rhinos in the wild, and found that those who were carrying oxpeckers were much better at sensing and dodging humans. 

Oxpeckers help to remove ticks and other parasites as they hitch a ride on a rhino's back. The new study suggests that the birds also help to compensate for the rhino's poor eyesight by calling out when a human is approaching.

The Swahili name for the red-billed oxpecker is Askari wa kifaru, which means "the rhino's guard." The research gives new meaning to this title, considering that the warning calls from oxpeckers can help protect black rhinos from poachers. 

"Although black rhinos have large, rapier-like horns and a thick hide, they are as blind as a bat. If the conditions are right, a hunter could walk within five meters of one, as long as they are downwind," said study co-author Roan Plotz of Victoria University.

The researchers tagged rhinos with  radio transmitters and found that they carried oxpeckers on their backs more than 50 percent of the time. Untagged black rhinos were not usually spotted with an oxpecker, which indicates that those who were carrying the birds were able to avoid human detection. 

"Using the differences we observed between oxpeckers on the tagged versus untagged rhinos, we estimated that between 40% and 50% of all possible black rhino encounters were thwarted by the presence of oxpeckers," said Plotz.

The field team conducted a "human approach" experiment, where one researcher would walk toward a rhino while another recorded the rhino's reaction. The researchers noted the number of oxpeckers carried, the rhinos' behavior, and the distance of the researchers when the rhinos became aware of them. 

"Our experiment found that rhinos without oxpeckers detected a human approaching only 23% of the time. Due to the bird's alarm call, those with oxpeckers detected the approaching human in 100% of our trials and at an average distance of 61 meters - nearly four times further than when rhinos were alone. In fact, the more oxpeckers the rhino carried, the greater the distance at which a human was detected," said Plotz. 

When the rhinos heard the bird's signal, they almost always positioned themselves to face downwind, which is their sensory blind spot. 

"Rhinos cannot smell predators from downwind, making it their most vulnerable position. This is particularly true from humans, who primarily hunt game from that direction," explained Plotz.

"Rhinos have been hunted by humans for tens of thousands of years, but the species was driven to the brink of extinction over the last 150 years. One hypothesis is that oxpeckers have evolved this cooperative relationship with rhinos relatively recently to protect their food source from human overkill."

Oxpecker populations are in a rapid state of decline and are locally extinct in some regions. Most black rhinos are living in habitats without oxpeckers.

The research, published by <a href="https://www.cell.com/">Cell Press</a>, suggests that reintroducing oxpeckers into rhino populations could help with conservation efforts. 

"While we do not know that reintroducing the birds would significantly reduce hunting impacts, we do know oxpeckers would help rhinos evade detection, which on its own is a great benefit," said Plotz.

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home">Current Biology</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Oxpeckers alert black rhinos to the presence of humans

Red-billed oxpeckers protect black rhinos by calling out an alarm...

Experts are unraveling the mystery surrounding the ancient trade of decorated <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/giant-bird-early-europeans/">ostrich</a> eggs. During the Bronze and Iron Ages, painted ostrich eggs were considered a luxury among the elites of Mediterranean societies. 

While discoveries of ornate ostrich eggs are well-documented, very little has been known about how they were made or where the eggs actually came from. 

In a study led by the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a>, an international team of archaeologists and scientists has discovered new clues about the origin and distribution of the ancient eggs. The investigation was focused on ostrich eggs that have been preserved in a collection at the British Museum. To analyze their chemical composition, the team used advanced techniques like scanning electron microscopy. The research is providing brand new insight into the surprisingly complex system used to produce the highly prized eggs.

"The entire system of decorated ostrich egg production was much more complicated than we had imagined! We also found evidence to suggest the ancient world was much more interconnected than previously thought," said study lead author Dr. Tamar Hodos.

"Mediterranean ostriches were indigenous to the eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. Using a variety of isotopic indicators, we were able to distinguish eggs laid in different climatic zones (cooler, wetter and hotter, drier). What was most surprising to us was that eggs from both zones were found at sites in the other zone, suggestive of more extensive trade routes."

The experts believe the eggs were snatched from the nests of wild ostriches. This is surprising, considering that there is evidence which suggests ostriches were being kept in captivity by this time. Ostriches can be fierce and aggressive, so taking eggs from wild birds would have been extremely dangerous.

"We also found eggs require time to dry before the shell can be carved and therefore require safe storage. This has economic implications, since storage necessitates a long-term investment and this, combined with the risk involved, would add to an egg's luxury value," said Dr Hodos.

The research is part of an ongoing study focused on ancient luxury goods.

"We are assessing not only how ancient luxuries were produced but also how they were used by different peoples. These questions are incredibly important for our own society today, in which the same object may have different social or symbolic meanings for different groups. Such knowledge and understanding helps foster tolerance and mutual respect in a multi-cultural society," explained Dr. Hodos.

"If we can understand these mechanisms in the past, for which we have long-term outcomes in terms of social development, we can use this knowledge to better inform our own society in a number of ways."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://antiquity.ac.uk/">Antiquity</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Ancient ostrich egg trade was surprisingly complex

Experts are unraveling the mystery surrounding the ancient trade of...

<a href="http://www.earth.com/news/traffic-noise-birds-aging/">Birds</a> with innovative foraging strategies have a better chance of long-term survival. A research team led by <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/">McGill University</a> found that bird species with the capacity to develop new feeding techniques were less vulnerable to environmental changes that threaten their populations. 

Experts have long speculated that innovative ability, which is a measure of behavioral plasticity, is linked to reduced vulnerability among species. However, it has been a challenge to test this theory on a global scale. Innovative birds have an evolutionary advantage

Over the years, there have been many cases where birds demonstrated the use of clever foraging behaviors. Green herons use bread and insects as fish bait, while great cormorants take advantage of the strong currents generated by commercial ferries to catch disoriented fish. 

Professor Louis Lefebvre, the senior author of the McGill study, has examined evidence of foraging innovations in the wild for the last 20 years. With the help of reports from bird watchers from around the world, Professor Lefebvre has created a database that contains more than 3,800 novel bird foraging techniques. 

"The large database we now have has allowed us to test, on almost all bird species of the world, the idea that the more you can change your feeding behavior, the better you might be able to cope with destruction of your normal habitat," said Professor Lefebvre. "We feel our results are solid, as we have taken into account as many co-variables and possible biases that we could think of."

The investigation was focused on feeding innovations published in 204 ornithological journals between 1960 and 2018.

The researchers calculated the number of new feeding behaviors associated with each bird species and compared it to their extinction risk level, which is established by the Red List of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 

The results showed that bird species with more innovations had a lower risk of extinction. The extinction risk was reduced further as the number of new techniques increased. 

"We long suspected that this relationship between innovation and survival must exist, but now we have been able to verify it quantitatively," said study first author Simon Ducatez. "We have also been able to verify that the greater the number of innovations described for a species, the greater the probability that its populations are stable or increasing. The result is clear: the greater the innovative capacity, the lower the risk of extinction of the species."

According to the researchers, behavioral plasticity does not protect bird species from the threats of invasive species or overexploitation. While the ability to adopt new feeding techniques is clearly an evolutionary advantage for birds in the face of habitat destruction, survival is still not guaranteed. 

"It must be taken into account that the species with the greatest capacity for innovation have longer generation times, which makes them more vulnerable to hunting," explained study co-author Daniel Sol. "This implies that, unlike what is usually assumed, the ability to innovate protects animals from some but not all of the rapid changes in the environment."

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/">Nature Ecology and Evolution</a>.

---

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

&nbsp;

Innovative birds have an evolutionary advantage

Birds with innovative foraging strategies have a better chance of...

A team of researchers from the <a href="http://www.szn.it/index.php/en/">Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn</a> have found that the Hippolyte inermis shrimp, when raised on marine algae grown in acidic water, do not undergo the necessary sex change that is pertinent to their reproductive cycle.

As published in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218238">PLOS ONE</a>, H. inermis shrimp have two breeding seasons each year. Some males born in the spring rapidly develop into females with eggs in order to breed come fall. This sex change happens when male endocrine cells die as a result of the shrimp eating a bioactive compound produced by micro algae (Cocconeis scutellum parva) in the springtime.

To come to their conclusion, researchers fed shrimp algae grown in waters with a pH 8.2, which represents current ocean conditions, as well as algae grown in waters with a pH 7.7, which represents predicted <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidification-consequences/">ocean acidity</a> by 2100.

The growth of algae correlated with the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved within the water. The team saw that four times more algal cells were grown in acidic water than the current ocean acidity, which appears to be good news — algae thrives in acidic oceans.

However, the H. inermis shrimp raised on algae grown at the normal pH were 63% female, whereas those that ate algae from more acidic waters were only 36% female, thus indicating that the algal compound necessary to trigger the sex change was either not produced or not effective. 

If the oceans continue to acidify as a result of climate change, this species of shrimp, among other marine species, could see their breeding cycle damaged.

--

By <a href="mailto:oliviagharvey24@gmail.com">Olivia Harvey</a>, <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Paid for by <a href="http://earth.com">Earth.com</a>

Image Credit: Valerio Zupo, Friedrich Jüttner, Chingoileima Maibam, Emanuela Butera, Judith F. Blom

Ocean acidification impairs shrimp’s ability to change sex

A team of researchers from the Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn...

Female mammals live longer than males in the wild. A study focused on wild <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/hunting-decline-mammals-tropical-forests/">mammals</a> has revealed that females have significantly longer lifespans than males. Among humans, women have a life expectancy that is nearly eight percent higher compared to men. The new research confirms that this statistic holds true for many other mammals as well.

The researchers analyzed the lifespans of 101 different species, including elephants and sheep. Among more than 60 percent of the mammal groups studied, females had a longer life expectancy by an average of 18 percent.

Study co-author Tamás Székely is a professor in the Milner Centre for Evolution at the <a href="http://www.bath.ac.uk/">University of Bath</a>.

"We've known for a long time that women generally live longer than men, but were surprised to find that the differences in lifespan between the sexes was even more pronounced in wild mammals than in humans," said Professor Székely. "This could be either because females are naturally able to live longer, or that female mortality drops compared with males."

The study revealed that males do not age faster than females, but instead have a higher risk of mortality in adulthood. The researchers propose that lifespan is influenced by a combination of environmental factors and sex-specific variations.

"For example, lionesses live at least 50% longer in the wild than male lions. We previously thought this was mostly due to sexual selection - because males fight with each other to overtake a pride and thus have access to females. However, our data do not support this. Therefore there must be other, more complex factors at play," explained Professor Székely.

"Female lions live together in a pride, where sisters, mothers and daughters hunt together and look after each other, whereas adult male lions often live alone or with their brother and therefore don't have the same support network."

"Another possible explanation for the sex difference is that female survival increases when males provide some or all of the parental care. This is also true in birds. Giving birth and caring for young becomes a significant health cost for females and so this cost is reduced if both parents work together to bring up their offspring."

Next, the researchers will investigate the lifespans of captive zoo animals, who are not exposed to predators and do not have to compete for food or mates. The results will be compared to the data on wild mammals, which will help to clarify how much biological differences between the sexes may impact life expectancy.

"By affecting males and females differently, harsh environmental conditions such as a high prevalence in pathogens, is likely to cause sex-differences in lifespan," said lead author Jean-François Lemaître. "Comparing the sex gap in lifespan and aging across several populations of the same species is definitely full of promises."

The study is published in the <a href="https://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Female mammals live longer than males in the wild

Female mammals live longer than males in the wild. A...

<a href="http://www.earth.com/news/endangered-species-act-recover/">Marine</a> species are moving away from the equator in response to rising ocean temperatures. A study focused on more than 300 aquatic plants and animals has revealed a clear shift toward the poles over the last century.

Compared to pre-industrial times, the oceans have heated up by an average of one degree Celsius. This warming trend has caused widespread changes in the distribution and population size of marine species.

"The main surprise is how pervasive the effects were," explained study senior author Martin Genner of the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/">University of Bristol</a>. "We found the same trend across all groups of marine life we looked at, from plankton to marine invertebrates, and from fish to seabirds."

Based on the findings of previous studies, Genner's team predicted that most marine species would be thriving closer to the poles and struggling in the tropical waters near the equator.

By analyzing relevant datasets, the researchers confirmed their theory. The analysis showed that population declines have been the most prevalent at the equatorward side of species ranges. Meanwhile, increases in population abundance have been mainly documented at the poleward side.

The research indicates that marine creatures are not successfully adapting to their rapidly changing environment. The experts warn that latitudinal shifts among aquatic species will become even more severe as ocean temperatures continue to rise.

"This matters because it means that climate change is not only leading to abundance changes, but intrinsically affecting the performance of species locally," said Genner. "We see species such as Emperor penguin becoming less abundant as water becomes too warm at their equatorward edge, and we see some fish such as European seabass thriving at their poleward edge where historically they were uncommon."

"While some marine life may benefit as the ocean warms, the findings point toward a future in which we will also see continued loss of marine life."

According to the study authors, further research is needed to determine how climate change has affected marine species on a global scale.

"We aim to get a better understanding of precisely how marine climate change drives abundance shifts," said Genner. "Is this mainly related to the physiological limits of the species, or instead due to changes in the species with which they interact?"

The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home">Current Biology</a>.

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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

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Marine species are shifting away from the equator

Marine species are moving away from the equator in response...

In a new study published by the <a href="https://www.sfn.org/">Society for Neuroscience</a>, researchers have discovered that the structure of a dog's brain varies across breeds and is linked to specific behaviors. This means that by selectively breeding for certain characteristics, humans have inadvertently shaped the brains of <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/puppy-dog-eyes-evolved-humans/">dogs</a>.

For centuries, humans have been breeding dogs for particular looks or capabilities. Dogs serve people as superior companions and work assistants, and various traits are more desirable for some situations than others.  

For example, Dalmatians have long been used as coach dogs due to their comfort around horses. They are often bred for endurance, and can run alongside horse-drawn carriages without tiring. 

Dalmatians are also great hunting dogs, retrievers, and guard dogs. However, when kept as a family pet, excessive energy can make a Dalmatian more neurotic and  high-strung, leading to less desirable behaviors such as chewing on furniture.

Led by Erin Hecht, the research team investigated how the selective pressure associated with breeding may affect the brains of dogs. The experts used magnetic resonance imaging scans to analyze the brain structure of 33 dog breeds. 

[caption id="attachment_1877298" align="aligncenter" width="650"]<a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/dog-breeds.jpg"><img class="wp-image-1877298" src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/dog-breeds.jpg" alt="" width="650" height="367" /></a> Structural differences in three dog breeds, Image Credit: Hecht et al., JNeurosci 2019[/caption]

The study pinpointed a wide variation in brain structure that was not related to the body size or head shape of the dogs. Next, the team examined the areas of the brain that were found to have the most variation across breeds. 

As a result, the study produced a map of six brain networks that were each associated with at least one behavioral characteristic, and the correlating functions ranged from social bonding to movement. 

Significantly, the researchers discovered that the variation in behaviors across breeds was linked to anatomical differences across the six brain networks. 

According to the researchers, the findings offer a unique opportunity to investigate the evolutionary relationship between brain structure and behavior.

The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jneurosci.org/">Journal of Neuroscience</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Main Image Credit: Shutterstock/Inna Reznik

Humans have changed the brain structure of dogs

In a new study published by the Society for Neuroscience,...

A new study from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/">University of Vermont</a> has revealed that the mysterious Araguaian river dolphin of Brazil, once thought to live a solitary life, can actually communicate using hundreds of different sounds. The discovery may ultimately help scientists understand how communication evolved among <a href="http://www.earth.com/news/marine-heat-waves-threaten-dolphins/">marine mammals</a>.

“We found that they do interact socially and are making more sounds than previously thought. Their vocal repertoire is very diverse,” said study co-author Laura May Collado.


The dolphins are hard to examine, despite the fact that they live in the clear water of the Araguaia and Tocantins rivers, because they are easily frightened and difficult to approach. 

Gabriel Melo-Santos, a biologist from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, found a fish market in the Brazilian town of Mocajuba where the botos regularly visit to be fed by people. The conditions here provided a unique opportunity to observe how the animals behave and interact.

The team took genetic samples from some of the dolphins and set up underwater cameras and microphones to document their interactions. After just 20 hours of recording, the researchers had collected 237 different types of sounds made by the dolphins. The most common sounds were short, two-part calls from baby dolphins as they approached their mothers.

“It's exciting; marine dolphins like the bottlenose use signature whistles for contact, and here we have a different sound used by river dolphins for the same purpose,” said Collado. 

The acoustics fall somewhere between the low-frequency calls used by baleen whales to communicate over long distances, and the high-frequency ones used by marine dolphins for short distances. According to Collado, the river environment may have shaped those characteristics.

“There are a lot of obstacles like flooded forests and vegetation in their habitat, so this signal could have evolved to avoid echoes from vegetation and improve the communication range of mothers and their calves,” explained Collado.

She said the work could provide new insight into how communication evolved in marine mammals. The river dolphins diverged from other cetaceans much earlier than other dolphins, which means that these calls may have arisen first among them.

“We can't say what the evolutionary story is yet until we get to know what sounds are produced by other river dolphins in the Amazon area, and how that relates to what we found,” said Collado. “We now have all these new questions to explore.”

The study is published in the <a href="https://www.escardio.org/Journals/ESC-Journal-Family/European-Journal-of-Preventive-Cardiology">European Journal of Preventive Cardiology</a>.

--

By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Image Credit: Rio Cicica

Brazilian river dolphins offer insight into marine mammal communication

A new study from the University of Vermont has revealed...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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