<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.</p>



<p>The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



<p>The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). </p>



<p>Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.</p>



<p>The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. </p>



<p>They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



<p>To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. </p>



<p>That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.</p>



<p>The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.</p>



<p>State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



<p>Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.</p>



<p>Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.</p>



<p>Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. </p>



<p>Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.</p>



<p>Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



<p>The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. </p>



<p>In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.</p>



<p>That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.</p>



<p>Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.</p>



<p>Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



<p>A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.</p>



<p>The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.</p>



<p>Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.</p>



<p>The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.</p>



<p>Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.</p>



<p>Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

Clean,Hydrogen,Energy,Concept.,Environment.,Eco-friendly,Industry.,And,Alternative,Energy

<p>The race for clean, sustainable energy is heating up, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-energy-create-jobs-coal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green</a> hydrogen is poised to take center stage. This versatile fuel has the potential to replace fossil fuels in everything from transportation to heavy industry. </p>



<p>There's just one catch -- producing green hydrogen in the massive quantities we need has seemed impossible due to its reliance on a super-rare metal: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-changing-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iridium</a>.</p>



<p>But a breakthrough from the RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (<a href="https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/csrs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CSRS</a>) in Japan could be about to change everything. </p>



<p>Their new technique reduces the amount of iridium needed in green hydrogen production by a whopping 95% – a game-changer for scaling up this transformative technology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-hydrogen">Green hydrogen</h2>



<p>Hydrogen, the most abundant element in the universe, can be extracted from water through electrolysis, a process that splits water into hydrogen and oxygen. When used as fuel, hydrogen emits only water vapor, making it a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-net-zero-world-will-require-75-trillion-of-investment-and-1-billion-electric-cars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">zero-emissions</a> energy source.</p>



<p>Traditionally, extracting hydrogen from water has required significant energy, often sourced from fossil fuels, which undermines the purpose of clean energy. </p>



<p>Electrolysis powered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a>, like solar or wind, offers a solution. This process produces "green hydrogen" without leaving a carbon footprint.</p>



<p>Electrolysis needs efficient catalysts, and iridium, while highly effective, is both rare and expensive. This makes large-scale green hydrogen production costly and challenging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iridium-in-hydrogen-production">Iridium in hydrogen production</h2>



<p>The RIKEN team's innovation lies in the way they combined iridium with manganese oxide.&nbsp;Instead of using a large block of iridium,&nbsp;they isolated individual iridium atoms and strategically dispersed them across the surface of manganese oxide,&nbsp;a more common metal.&nbsp;This careful arrangement and bonding trigger unique chemical interactions.</p>



<p>This new catalyst achieves the same excellent hydrogen production rate as pure iridium would,&nbsp;but with a fraction (only 5%!) of the rare,&nbsp;expensive metal.&nbsp;This makes it a far more accessible and cost-effective solution.</p>



<p>In electrolysis,&nbsp;catalysts can degrade over time,&nbsp;decreasing efficiency and increasing costs.&nbsp;This breakthrough catalyst maintains consistent performance for a remarkable duration – 3000 hours translates to over four months of non-stop hydrogen generation without any performance loss.</p>



<p>Oxidation states refer to how many electrons an atom has lost or gained in a chemical bond.&nbsp;Researchers believe that the iridium bonded with manganese oxide achieves an unusual +6 oxidation state,&nbsp;which could be the reason behind its significantly enhanced performance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-green-hydrogen">Significance of green hydrogen</h2>



<p>“We expect our catalyst to be easily transferred to real-world applications," says Ryuhei Nakamura,&nbsp;the study's lead researcher.&nbsp;This means existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-energy-supporters-stand-strong/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green</a> hydrogen plants might be upgradeable,&nbsp;making the transition smoother.</p>



<p>Less iridium means lower upfront costs, making green hydrogen more competitive and attractive for investment. Iridium's scarcity and high price create a huge barrier to scaling up green <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hydrothermal-vents-earths-first-living-beings-hydrogen-gas-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrogen</a> production. </p>



<p>This new technique dramatically lowers the amount of iridium required, making the whole process significantly more affordable to set up and run.</p>



<p>When the cost of a technology decreases,&nbsp;it becomes a more enticing investment opportunity. Lower upfront costs due to reduced iridium needs could bring in a wider range of investors,&nbsp;accelerating funding for green hydrogen projects and development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-faster-transition">Faster transition</h2>



<p>This breakthrough could give us decades of breathing room as we develop truly sustainable catalysts made from common metals. Ideally, green hydrogen production wouldn't rely on rare metals at all. </p>



<p>However, developing efficient catalysts using earth-abundant metals takes time. This breakthrough buys us decades by greatly improving efficiency while we work toward fully sustainable solutions.</p>



<p>The global energy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-countries-are-lagging-behind-in-the-shift-to-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transition</a> can't happen overnight.&nbsp;This technology provides a realistic pathway:&nbsp;increased green hydrogen production while giving us time to perfect catalysts that are completely independent of rare metals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-green-hydrogen-is-a-part-of-the-bigger-picture">Green hydrogen is a part of the bigger picture</h2>



<p>The team is already collaborating with industry heavyweights to test their catalyst at scale. We could see this technology rolled out sooner rather than later. </p>



<p>Collaborating with industry players means moving quickly from the lab to testing in large-scale hydrogen production facilities. This significantly speeds up practical application.</p>



<p>If tests are successful,&nbsp;this technology could be integrated fairly quickly into existing hydrogen production processes.&nbsp;This means we might not have to wait years or decades for the benefits.</p>



<p>The RIKEN catalyst is fantastic news,&nbsp;but remember,&nbsp;it's one piece of a much larger puzzle.&nbsp;To really unleash green hydrogen's potential,&nbsp;we need:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Investment everywhere:</strong>&nbsp;Governments,&nbsp;companies,&nbsp;and investors need to step up their funding of green hydrogen infrastructure,&nbsp;from production to distribution.</li>



<li><strong>A team effort:</strong>&nbsp;Green hydrogen will work best alongside other renewables like solar and wind.&nbsp;Smart energy grids are needed to balance it all out.</li>



<li><strong>The consumer factor:</strong>&nbsp;Industries need incentives to switch,&nbsp;but so do we as individuals.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/costless-nudges-green-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Green</a> hydrogen-powered vehicles or energy storage solutions could become part of our daily lives in the future.</li>
</ul>



<p>This breakthrough reminds us of the incredible potential science has to address our global energy challenges.&nbsp;The green hydrogen revolution is still in its early stages,&nbsp;but progress like this makes it feel excitingly within reach.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Let's stay informed,&nbsp;engaged,&nbsp;and push for policies that accelerate innovation and drive down costs – a cleaner,&nbsp;greener future is waiting.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg5193" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a></em>.</p>



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'Green' hydrogen energy production just got a lot easier

The race for clean, sustainable energy is heating up, and green hydrogen...

<p>Our planet has just recorded its hottest April ever, marking an unprecedented sequence where each of the past 11 months has set a new heat record, according to the European Union's climate change monitoring institute, <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus Climate Change Service</a> (C3S). </p>



<p>The report, released on Wednesday, highlights that since June 2023, each month has been the hottest of its kind in recorded history.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-in-the-climate-system">Shift in the climate system</h2>



<p>In their latest monthly bulletin, C3S reported that with the inclusion of this April, the global average temperature over the past 12 months has been the highest ever recorded, at 1.61 degrees Celsius above the pre-industrial average from 1850-1900.</p>



<p>Recent extreme temperatures, such as prolonged periods of record-breaking sea surface temperatures, have prompted scientists to explore the possibility that human actions might have pushed the climate system to a critical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tipping-points-report-shows-humanity-on-a-disastrous-trajectory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a>. </p>



<p>“I think many scientists have asked the question whether there could be a shift in the climate system,” said Julien Nicolas, a Senior Climate Scientist at C3S.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-el-nino-phenomenon-nbsp">Recent El Niño phenomenon&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The principal driver of climate change is the emission of greenhouse gasses from fossil fuels, but the recent natural El Niño phenomenon, which causes warming of surface waters in the eastern Pacific Ocean, has also contributed to the temperature increases.</p>



<p>"El Niño peaked at the beginning of the year and the sea surface temperatures in the eastern tropical Pacific are now going back towards neutral conditions," said Copernicus Director Carlo Buontempo.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"However, whilst temperature variations associated with natural cycles like El Niño come and go, the extra energy trapped into the ocean and the atmosphere by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases will keep pushing the global temperature towards new records."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-record-heat-in-april">Broader implications of the record heat in April</h2>



<p>The impact of climate change was starkly evident in April's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/compound-weather-extremes-are-now-more-frequent-and-severe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weather extremes</a>, including a heatwave in the Sahel region, which is linked to thousands of deaths. </p>



<p>Hayley Fowler, a climate scientist at <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Newcastle University</a>, pointed out the urgency of the situation regarding global warming limits set by international agreements. “At what point do we declare we've lost the battle to keep temperatures below 1.5? My personal opinion is we've already lost that battle, and we really need to think very seriously about keeping below 2C and reducing our emissions as fast as we can,” she said.</p>



<p>The target to cap global warming at 1.5 degrees Celsius was set at the 2015 U.N. climate summit, a threshold that scientists argue would prevent the most catastrophic effects of climate change, such as extreme heat, severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a>, and irreversible damage to ecosystems. </p>



<p>Although technically the 1.5C target has not been breached - as it refers to a long-term global temperature average - some experts believe it is no longer feasible to achieve this goal and are calling for more aggressive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2 emissions</a> reductions to minimize exceeding the target.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-record-ocean-heat">Record ocean heat</h2>



<p>According to a recent analysis from the BBC, the world's oceans have set new heat records every single day over the past year.</p>



<p>"The fact that all this heat is going into the ocean, and in fact, it's warming in some respects even more rapidly than we thought it would, is a cause for great concern," said Professor Mike Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey.</p>



<p>"These are real signs of the environment moving into areas where we really don't want it to be and if it carries on in that direction the consequences will be severe."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fourth-global-coral-bleaching-event-nbsp">Fourth global coral bleaching event&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The latest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching event</a>, confirmed as the fourth global event of its kind, is currently underway and has been significantly impacting coral reefs around the world. This ongoing event has been observed since early 2023 and has affected over 54% of the world's coral reefs, with conditions worsening, making it potentially the largest bleaching event ever recorded.</p>



<p>The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has been monitoring the bleaching event through its Coral Reef Watch program, which has recorded extensive heat stress across the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean basins.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Coral bleaching has been particularly severe in areas like the Great Barrier Reef, which has experienced simultaneous high levels of bleaching across its entire area for the first time ever.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This widespread bleaching has profound implications not only for marine biodiversity but also for the economies and food security of communities that rely on these ecosystems. The global economic value of coral reefs is immense, estimated at $2.7 trillion annually, supporting industries such as tourism and fishing.</p>



<p>More details about C3S' report on record April heat can be found <a href="https://climate.copernicus.eu/copernicus-global-temperature-record-streak-continues-april-2024-was-hottest-record" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">here</a>.</p>



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April's record heat extends an alarming climate trend

Our planet has just recorded its hottest April ever, marking...

<p>In an era where climate change poses significant challenges, an exciting development in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> has emerged. Researchers have discovered a way to convert carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol, offering a pathway to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and move closer to achieving carbon neutrality.</p>



<p>A team of dedicated researchers at the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a> has unveiled a novel catalyst material, cobalt phthalocyanine, which facilitates this transformative process. </p>



<p>This innovative catalyst efficiently converts CO2 -- a major contributor to global warming -- into methanol, providing a sustainable alternative for energy production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methanol-production-via-co2">Methanol production via CO2</h2>



<p>Published in the journal ACS Catalysis, this research showcases the multi-step chemical reaction facilitated by cobalt phthalocyanine. </p>



<p>Initially, CO2 is converted into <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/carbon-monoxide-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon monoxide</a> (CO), which is then transformed into methanol. These reactions demonstrate not only the catalyst's effectiveness but also its potential for large-scale applications.</p>



<p>The method is distinguished by its sustainable approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-emissions-save-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reducing emissions</a> while simultaneously generating clean energy. </p>



<p>The capability to chemically convert CO2 into methanol is especially notable, considering methanol's potential as a cleaner fuel alternative that could power vehicles with a significantly lower environmental impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-in-producing-methanol-from-co2">Challenges in producing methanol from CO2</h2>



<p>While the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/co2-turned-methanol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">industrial conversion</a> of CO2 to methanol is not new, the scale and efficiency of these processes through electrochemical means have posed substantial challenges. Kevin Rivera-Cruz, a recent doctoral graduate in chemistry is a co-primary author of the study. </p>



<p>"Our approach is unique because we are able to bring and bridge all this knowledge that each field has on the same problem. We have scientists and engineers all within one team, brainstorming and gathering insights to design and understand the system in the best way possible," Rivera-Cruz explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overcoming-scientific-hurdles">Overcoming scientific hurdles</h2>



<p>The researchers encountered a significant hurdle: cobalt phthalocyanine's tendency to bind more strongly with CO2 than with CO. </p>



<p>This strong binding to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> leads to its displacement by another CO2 molecule before CO can be converted to methanol. </p>



<p>To address this, the team utilized advanced computational modeling and experiments to delve deeper into how the catalyst’s electrons interact with both CO2 and CO molecules. Their findings indicated that cobalt phthalocyanine binds CO2 over three times more tightly than it does with carbon monoxide.</p>



<p>Armed with this knowledge, the researchers propose redesigning the catalyst to enhance its interaction with CO and reduce its affinity for CO2. </p>



<p>Such modifications are crucial for the efficient conversion of CO2 to methanol on a large scale, paving the way for the practical use of this technology in renewable energy applications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Methanol as a pathway to sustainability</h2>



<p>The journey toward a carbon-neutral future is fraught with scientific and technological challenges. Achieving carbon neutrality requires reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and finding innovative ways to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. However, the path is filled with complex obstacles, from developing efficient technologies to scaling them for widespread use.</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, researchers continue to make significant strides through innovations like cobalt phthalocyanine. This novel catalyst material efficiently converts CO2, a leading contributor to climate change, into methanol. </p>



<p>Methanol is a versatile fuel alternative with a significantly lower environmental impact. By addressing the dual challenge of reducing CO2 emissions and providing cleaner energy, this innovation offers a promising solution.</p>



<p>By redesigning the way we handle waste CO2 and converting it into useful methanol fuel, we edge closer to a sustainable and energy-secure world. This new approach to recycling CO2 mitigates emissions and creates a valuable product that can power vehicles and industries in a more environmentally friendly way.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acscatal.3c04957" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Catalysis</a></em></em>.</p>



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Technological leap turns carbon dioxide (CO2) into methanol fuel

In an era where climate change poses significant challenges, an...

<p>Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco stood majestically in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/springtime-in-the-central-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colombian Andes</a>, cloaked in a pristine layer of ice and snow. Today, massive cracks scar its surface, revealing bare rock beneath, and signaling an alarming change. </p>



<p>The glacier, located in <a href="https://old.parquesnacionales.gov.co/portal/en/ecotourism/andean-region/el-cocuy-national-natural-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park</a>, faces a rapid demise, melting at an unprecedented pace due to the compounded effects of climate change and the El Niño phenomenon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disappearing-glaciers-of-colombia">Disappearing glaciers of Colombia</h2>



<p>Colombia was once a land of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>. In the early 20th century, 14 of its peaks boasted these icy giants, covering the mountains with a perpetual layer of ice and snow. </p>



<p>Over time, however, relentless warming took its toll on these glaciers. Today, after decades of climate change and rising temperatures, only six remain. Even these survivors are rapidly retreating, and Ritacuba Blanco is the most vulnerable of them all.</p>



<p>The Ritacuba Blanco Glacier, located in the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy National Park about 250 kilometers northeast of Bogotá, is melting at an unprecedented rate. </p>



<p>In 2022, it had only 12.8 square kilometers of ice and snow remaining -- the lowest coverage ever recorded by the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology, and Environmental Studies (<a href="https://www.un-spider.org/colombia-institute-hydrology-meteorology-and-environmental-studies-ideam" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ideam</a>). </p>



<p>This year, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a>’s condition has worsened due to the compounded effects of climate change and El Niño. Massive cracks now scar its surface, revealing the bare rock beneath.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-this-matter">Why does this matter?</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/">Gla</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">c</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/image/corbassiere-glacier-earths-natural-climate-archives-are-melting-away/">iers</a> are more than just picturesque landscapes. They act as natural reservoirs, storing water in frozen form during colder months and releasing it slowly when they melt during warmer periods. </p>



<p>This gradual melting provides essential water to the surrounding ecosystems and communities, particularly during the dry season. With glaciers shrinking, less ice is available to melt, disrupting the delicate balance and throwing local water supplies into chaos.</p>



<p>The loss of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> like Ritacuba Blanco has significant consequences for both people and nature. Communities that rely on glacial meltwater for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower are at risk of water shortages.</p>



<p>In Bogotá, unprecedented water rationing has already been implemented due to record low reservoir levels. Ecosystems dependent on consistent water flow from glaciers also face severe stress, threatening biodiversity in the region.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-causing-the-ritacuba-blanco-s-rapid-melt">What's causing the Ritacuba Blanco's rapid melt?</h2>



<p>The culprits behind Ritacuba Blanco’s rapid melting are a double whammy: a natural weather pattern called El Niño, combined with the long-term warming caused by human activities.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">El Niño</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-mountains-impact-el-nino-winters-and-snowfall-amounts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> is a warming of ocean waters in the eastern Pacific that occurs every two to seven years, lasting about nine to twelve months. It's a natural climate cycle, but its effects have been amplified by rising global temperatures. </p>



<p>As the world's baseline temperature continues to rise due to climate change, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño events</a> are becoming more intense and damaging.</p>



<p>During an El Niño event, warm ocean waters disrupt normal weather patterns across the globe. In South America, including Colombia, El Niño brings extreme heat and dry conditions. This results in decreased precipitation and more intense solar radiation on glacier surfaces, accelerating their melting.</p>



<p>In Colombia, El Niño has caused major fires, with more than 17,000 hectares of forest going up in flames. Lakes have dried up, and the capital, Bogotá, has implemented unprecedented water rationing due to record low reservoir levels. For glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco, El Niño spells disaster.</p>



<p>"The El Niño phenomenon is perhaps the worst thing that can happen to our snowy peaks or glaciers," said Jorge Luis Ceballos, a glaciologist at the Institute of Hydrology, Meteorology and Environmental Studies (Ideam).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Greenhouse gases</h3>



<p>The UN's World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>) is unequivocal in its assessment of the main culprit behind global warming: Heat-trapping greenhouse gases are unequivocally the main culprit. </p>



<p>These gases, primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, come mainly from burning fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas.</p>



<p>When released into the atmosphere, these gases act like a giant blanket around the Earth, trapping heat that would otherwise escape into space. This greenhouse effect raises global temperatures, leading to widespread climate changes, including glacier melting.</p>



<p>Since the Industrial Revolution, human activities have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has resulted in a steady rise in global temperatures, with 2023 being one of the hottest years on record.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ritacuba-blanco-is-melting-before-our-eyes">Ritacuba Blanco is melting before our eyes</h2>



<p>"At the end of last year, the walls here were about six meters (20 feet) high... today, they are one meter," <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-glacier-melt-found-in-himalaya-has-critical-implications/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> guide Edwin Prada told AFP on a recent ascent of the peak.</p>



<p>The speed of the change is what's shocking. Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco's glacier looked eternal. Now, cracks run deep in the ice, revealing bare rock, and the meltwater flows in rivers instead of being locked away safely for future use.</p>



<p>"Never has the thaw been as noticeable as it is now... Every time you go up it is worse," expressed Humberto Estepa, a local resident.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-consequences-of-ritacuba-blanco-melting">Global consequences of Ritacuba Blanco melting</h2>



<p>Ritacuba Blanco isn't an isolated case. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petermann-glacier-melting-has-tripled-due-to-warm-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Glaciers</a> worldwide are vanishing. The Himalayas, the "water towers of Asia," are losing their ice, threatening crucial water sources for millions of people. This melting ice has a more direct impact too - rising sea levels.</p>



<p>"Ocean warming and rapidly melting glaciers and ice sheets drove the sea level last year to its highest point since satellite records began in 1993," reports the World Meteorological Organization (<a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WMO</a>). Think of glaciers like giant, slow-moving rivers of ice. When they melt into the ocean, the water level goes up.</p>



<p>The devastation of the glaciers isn't just about water and sea levels. It's a wake-up call from the planet that the climate crisis is real, and it's accelerating. El Niño made things worse this time around, but the real problem is the relentless warming we're causing.</p>



<p>El Niño has also contributed to devastating wildfires in Colombia and water shortages so extreme that they've led to rationing in the capital city.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do-to-save-glaciers-like-ritacuba-blanco">What can we do to save glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco?</h2>



<p>The story of Ritacuba Blanco is a somber one, but it's not hopeless. There's still time to act and help preserve this and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cadman-glacier-is-losing-2-1-billion-tons-of-ice-melting-into-the-ocean-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">other glaciers</a>:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reduce greenhouse gas emissions</h3>



<p>One of the most effective ways to tackle climate change is to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions. Transitioning from fossil fuels to clean energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower can significantly reduce emissions.</p>



<p>Simple measures like using energy-efficient appliances, LED bulbs, and proper insulation can lower our carbon footprint. Walking, cycling, and using public transport instead of driving can reduce emissions. For longer distances, consider carpooling or driving electric vehicles.</p>



<p>By reducing, reusing, and recycling, we can minimize waste and lower emissions associated with the production of goods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Support climate policies</h3>



<p>Individual actions are essential, but systemic change requires collective political will. Let your elected officials know you care about climate issues. Call, write, or email them, urging them to support strong environmental policies.</p>



<p>Advocate for laws and regulations that promote renewable energy, energy efficiency, and sustainable agriculture while reducing emissions from fossil fuels.</p>



<p>Support candidates and political leaders who prioritize climate action and have concrete plans to tackle the crisis. Partner with local and global organizations that are working towards environmental sustainability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Spread the word</h3>



<p>Raising awareness about the climate crisis can inspire others to act. Have conversations about climate change, its impacts, and the actions we can take with friends and family.</p>



<p>Organize workshops, film screenings, or discussion groups on climate topics. Share informative articles, videos, and personal stories about climate action on platforms like Twitter, Instagram, and Facebook. </p>



<p>Glaciers like Ritacuba Blanco are the canaries in the coal mine when it comes to climate change. Their plight is a warning we can't afford to ignore. It's time to listen and act before we lose more of these icy treasures.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Ritacuba Blanco glacier is vanishing rapidly due to climate change

Just a few months ago, Ritacuba Blanco stood majestically in...

<p>The northeastern United States is witnessing a growing environmental challenge as a notorious aquatic weed, known as northern hydrilla, expands its reach. </p>



<p>Initially confined to the Connecticut River, recent studies have shown this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disease-that-kills-bald-eagles-linked-to-invasive-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> is now populating multiple waterbodies across Connecticut and even reaching into Massachusetts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ecological-threat-of-northern-hydrilla">The ecological threat of northern hydrilla</h2>



<p>Northern hydrilla is known for its rapid growth, which can form dense canopies that hinder recreational activities like boating and fishing. More critically, its unchecked spread poses a significant threat to native plant and animal species. </p>



<p>This subspecies also carries a bacterium that produces a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-blooms-can-release-neurotoxins-into-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurotoxin</a> linked to fatalities in bald eagles and waterfowl, highlighting its dangerous ecological impact.</p>



<p>Study lead author Jeremiah Foley, an assistant agricultural scientist with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Statio, expressed significant concern about the expansion of northern hydrilla.</p>



<p>"The spread and establishment of yet another hydrilla subspecies in the United States is alarming. Especially alarming is the negative impacts that this invasive aquatic weed can have on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-aquatic-plants-could-help-clean-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">native aquatic</a> and non-aquatic plant and animal species, and how quickly it’s spreading," said Foley.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-discoveries-and-the-need-for-vigilance">Recent discoveries and the need for vigilance</h2>



<p>Northern hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata subspecies lithuanica) remained undocumented outside the Connecticut River until 2022. However, by the end of 2023, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-chorus-invasive-plants-change-the-soundscape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive weed</a> had been detected in six additional locations. </p>



<p>These sites are frequently near boat-launch ramps, indicating a potential route for the spread of northern hydrilla.</p>



<p>“Significant costs are already associated with the impact and maintenance of the prior two subspecies established in the U.S. since the 1960s and 1980s," said Foley.</p>



<p>"The discovery of Hydrilla verticillata and its subspecies lithuanica in the Connecticut River and the breadth of the current infestation represent a significant ecological invasion event with potentially far-reaching implications.”</p>



<p>Popular fishing spots such as East Twin Lakes, Amos Lake, and Congamond Lakes, which regularly host fishing tournaments, are particularly at risk.</p>



<p>Moreover, the movement of boats from infested waters to uninfected areas during these tournaments poses a high risk of spreading northern hydrilla.</p>



<p>Foley highlighted the specific dangers associated with these movements: “Of particular concern are tournaments that involve travel from infested waterbodies to non-infested ones.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-fight-against-northern-hydrilla">The crucial fight against northern hydrilla</h2>



<p>Given the situation, Foley emphasized the importance of research into how angling tournaments might contribute to the spread of hydrilla. </p>



<p>“Management efforts should prioritize early detection and prevention strategies, such as increased monitoring at boat-launch ramps and enhanced education for boaters to mitigate the spread of this invasive species.”</p>



<p>The battle against the spread of northern hydrilla is crucial for preserving our aquatic ecosystems. </p>



<p>The detailed findings and recommendations from this study are available in an article published by <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge University Press</a> in a journal of the Weed Science Society of America. </p>



<p>The publication not only raises awareness but also serves as a call to action for all stakeholders involved in the health of our water bodies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about northern hydrilla&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Northern hydrilla, also known as Hydrilla verticillata, is a submersed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic plant</a> that has garnered attention due to its invasive nature and rapid growth in freshwater environments. Originally native to Asia, it has spread across various regions including North America and Europe, thriving in lakes, rivers, and canals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics</h3>



<p>This plant is characterized by its dense, mat-like growth which can dominate water bodies, blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen levels, thus outcompeting native species and altering aquatic ecosystems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Hydrilla has slender stems that can grow up to 25 feet long, depending on water depth, and it features small, pointed leaves that grow in whorls of four to eight around the stem. It also reproduces prolifically not only through seeds but also vegetatively through fragments, tubers, and turions, making it particularly difficult to control once established.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Management of northern hydrilla&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Due to its aggressive growth and resilience, managing hydrilla often involves a combination of mechanical harvesting, chemical herbicides, and biological control, such as introducing specific fish species that feed on it. Despite control efforts, hydrilla remains a challenging and costly invasive species to manage in affected water bodies.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/invasive-plant-science-and-management/article/abs/northern-hydrilla-hydrilla-verticillata-ssp-lithuanica-discovery-and-establishment-outside-the-connecticut-river/00B45505BAB20976FE34BCCF12E75E69" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Invasive Plant Science and Management</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Invasive aquatic weed  is spreading rapidly in the northeastern U.S.

The northeastern United States is witnessing a growing environmental challenge...

<p>Recent research highlights a significant alteration in the preservation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-organisms-are-a-rich-source-of-natural-products/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine organisms</a> due to human activities. The alterations, which have lasting effects on the fossil record, serve a dual role. They can both enhance and impair our understanding of the marine past.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-and-shifting-our-ecological-records">Shaping and shifting our ecological records</h2>



<p>The study revealed that human actions have profoundly changed the environment and the nature of the fossil records that archive these changes. </p>



<p>Michal Kowalewski, an expert in invertebrate paleontology from <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, emphasized the complexity of this impact. “We are not only changing the environment; we’re also changing the nature of the record that archives this information,” he stated. </p>



<p>This dual impact manifests in two ways. In some instances, human activities prevent the fossil record from preserving useful information about ongoing changes. </p>



<p>In others, these actions enhance the quality of the currently forming fossil record, providing clearer insights into our ecological past.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-hidden-consequences-of-altered-ecosystems">The hidden consequences of altered ecosystems</h2>



<p>The researchers pointed out that without accounting for these effects, there could be a misinterpretation of data crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>. </p>



<p>Understanding what a degraded ecosystem looked like before human alteration is essential for effective restoration. </p>



<p>“We use fossils in conservation to understand the transition from natural, pristine environments to the ones we have today,” explained Kowalewski.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Factors that affect fossilization </h2>



<p>The researchers, including experts in marine paleoecology, delved into numerous factors that affect fossilization. The team looked at factors such as how quickly sediment accumulates, the behavior of burrowing creatures, how deeply remains are buried, and how fast certain organic materials decay. </p>



<p>Notably, human activities such as bottom trawling have drastically altered and oxygenated the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/noise-pollution-is-impacting-life-on-the-seafloor/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seafloor</a> sediments. This widespread activity disrupts the natural sediment layering, speeding up the decomposition of organic materials and stirring up as much sediment as all the world's rivers combined.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-activities-modify-the-fossil-record">Human activities modify the fossil record </h2>



<p>The introduction of species like the red king crab to new environments has also indirectly modified the fossil record. The crabs diminish burrowing invertebrate populations, reducing sediment oxygenation and thus, ironically, enhancing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/preparing-fossils/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil</a> preservation. </p>



<p>However, their shell-crushing behavior reduces the number of preservable shells, complicating future paleontological analysis.</p>



<p>Many changes driven by human activities are so significant that they closely resemble natural phenomena such as erosion or species migration. These actions can sometimes erase entire fossil archives or introduce foreign materials into an environment. </p>



<p>Kowalewski pointed out specific human interventions like beach replenishment, where sediments from deep-water environments are moved to shorelines. This disrupts natural erosion patterns and can even result in the relocation of ancient fossils.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disentangling-human-impact-from-the-natural-fossil-record">Disentangling human impact from the natural fossil record</h2>



<p>Rafal Nawrot, the study's lead author and a paleontologist at the <a href="https://www.univie.ac.at/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vienna</a>, noted the complexities of distinguishing between natural and human-induced changes. Innovative methods, such as increased use of radiocarbon dating, offer potential solutions. </p>



<p>This approach, though once cost-prohibitive, is now more accessible and can provide clearer timelines for recent sediment layers disrupted by activities like trawling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Human activities' impact on fossil records</h2>



<p>As the researchers emphasized, embracing more thorough sampling methods and sophisticated statistical analyses could enhance our grasp of how human activities shape our understanding of Earth's historical biological record. </p>



<p>"Changes in the geological record can be fingerprints of human activity and may themselves reveal something about the history of an ecosystem,” said Kowalewski.</p>



<p>This pivotal research calls for a renewed approach to interpreting the marine fossil record, particularly in light of persistent human influences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ocean-fossil-record">More about the ocean fossil record</h2>



<p>The ocean fossil record is a rich archive that provides a window into the life that has inhabited Earth's seas over billions of years. It encompasses the remains and traces of marine organisms embedded in sedimentary rock layers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As researchers study these fossils, they learn about the various forms of life, from microscopic plankton to gigantic marine reptiles and mammals that have evolved and sometimes gone extinct.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Marine fossils</h3>



<p>Marine fossils are particularly significant because water bodies tend to offer ideal conditions for fossilization. Organisms can be quickly buried by sediment in calm or deep waters, slowing decomposition and allowing the preservation of bones, shells, and even soft tissues in some cases. This process captures snapshots of marine biodiversity at different periods in Earth's history.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental conditions</h3>



<p>The study of these fossils helps scientists understand not only the evolutionary history of marine life but also the environmental conditions of past eras.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Changes in the types and distributions of fossils across different layers can indicate shifts in climate, ocean chemistry, or sea levels. For instance, the presence of certain types of coral or foraminifera can reveal information about the temperature and chemistry of ancient oceans.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mass extinction events&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Furthermore, the ocean fossil record is crucial for studying mass extinction events, such as the Permian-Triassic and Cretaceous-Paleogene extinctions, which significantly impacted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-lionfish-global-domination-mediterranean-sea-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine ecosystems</a>. </p>



<p>These studies offer insights into the resilience and vulnerability of ocean life, providing valuable lessons for addressing current and future challenges in marine conservation.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/21/2177/2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biogeosciences</a></em>.</p>



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Rewriting history: Human activities modify the marine fossil record

Recent research highlights a significant alteration in the preservation of...

<p>We tend to think of earthquakes as purely geological events – a result of shifting tectonic plates and churning pressure far beneath our feet. But what if our weather and climate change can also play a role? A new study led by <a href="https://www.mit.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MIT</a> scientists suggests that the heavy rains and snowstorms caused by climate change have the potential to trigger earthquake swarms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-noto-peninsula-and-earthquake-swarm">Noto Peninsula and earthquake swarm</h2>



<p>The focus of the MIT study was a region in Japan called the Noto Peninsula. This finger-shaped landmass has experienced ongoing earthquake activity for over a decade. The specific type of earthquake activity observed is known as an earthquake swarm, characterized by a series of smaller quakes happening continuously without a clear main event.</p>



<p>The researchers at MIT aimed to unravel the mysteries behind this relentless <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-map-shows-75-percent-of-the-u-s-at-risk-of-damaging-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic</a> unrest in the Noto Peninsula. Their investigation on earthquakes went beyond the usual focus on subterranean activity and ventured into the realm of climate change data.</p>



<p>"We see that snowfall and other environmental loading at the surface impacts the stress state underground, and the timing of intense precipitation events is well-correlated with the start of this earthquake swarm," noted William Frank, an assistant professor at MIT.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-earthquake-swarm">More about earthquake swarm</h2>



<p>When we think of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-tool-designed-to-predict-earthquake-severity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earthquakes</a>, we usually picture one large shock followed by a series of smaller tremors. This sequence starts with the "mainshock," the primary and largest earthquake event, and is followed by smaller tremors known as "aftershocks." These aftershocks can continue for weeks, months, or even years as the Earth's crust readjusts after the initial rupture.</p>



<p>An earthquake swarm, however, operates differently. Unlike a typical earthquake sequence that features a distinct mainshock, an earthquake swarm lacks a single, identifiable main event. Instead, it's characterized by a series of smaller, ongoing earthquakes of roughly similar magnitude. The swarm may continue for days, weeks, or even months without a clear focal point.</p>



<p>The key difference between a typical earthquake sequence and an earthquake swarm lies in the absence of a distinct mainshock. In a conventional earthquake sequence, aftershocks generally decrease in magnitude over time. </p>



<p>In an earthquake swarm, the tremors are of similar magnitude and occur without a consistent pattern. While a typical earthquake sequence often follows a predictable decay pattern, a swarm can last for an unpredictable period, sometimes stretching over years.</p>



<p>This phenomenon is precisely what's shaking up Japan's Noto Peninsula, a rugged region that juts into the Sea of Japan. Since late 2020, hundreds of small earthquakes have rattled the region in an unusual swarm. </p>



<p>Instead of starting with a mainshock, the Noto Peninsula swarm began with a gradual increase in seismic activity. The earthquakes intensified and clustered, creating persistent tremors unlike the mainshock-aftershock model.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japan-s-history">Japan's history</h2>



<p>As mentioned earlier, Japan's Noto Peninsula is a region accustomed to occasional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aftershocks-can-last-for-centuries-after-historic-earthquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tremors</a>. This area has a history of seismic activity stretching back over a decade. However, in recent years, this unrest has reached new heights. Since 2020, the peninsula has become a hotbed of small but continuous earthquakes swarms.</p>



<p>The constant shaking has raised concerns and prompted a quest for answers. The team of MIT researchers decided to embark on an in-depth investigation, looking for patterns within the seismic history of the region. They meticulously analyzed earthquake catalogs and records of past tremors, and dove into detailed meteorological data in search of a potential explanation for these relentless quakes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-earthquake-swarms">Climate change and earthquake swarms</h2>



<p>By analyzing earthquake frequency in the Noto Peninsula, the researchers pinpointed a distinct seismic change. Prior to 2020, the occurrence of quakes appeared sporadic, displaying no discernible pattern. However, a dramatic shift took place in 2020. Earthquakes began to cluster together tightly in time, signaling the initiation of the ongoing swarm.</p>



<p>But the real surprise came when researchers investigated seismic velocity – the speed at which earthquake-generated waves travel through Earth's layers. This measurement revealed a remarkable correlation. Changes in seismic velocity seemed to follow a seasonal rhythm, intriguingly aligned with the timing of the earthquake swarm.</p>



<p>This discovery raised a tantalizing question: What environmental factor, caused by climate change, could potentially influence the timing and intensification of earthquakes in the Noto Peninsula?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snow-climate-change-and-earthquakes">Snow, climate change, and earthquakes</h2>



<p>Heavy snowfall events, as it turns out, are a critical piece of the puzzle. When snow piles up, it adds immense weight to the earth. This weight, combined with rainfall, increases what scientists call “pore fluid pressure.” That's the pressure fluids exert within the minuscule cracks and gaps in the bedrock beneath us.</p>



<p>Think of it like a sponge. Waterlogged rock, heavy from snow and rain, is more susceptible to the forces deep underground, sometimes causing it to fail and slip – resulting in earthquakes. It's important to note that this doesn't replace plate tectonics as the earthquakes' primary cause, but it can act as the final push.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-implications-for-earthquake">Climate change implications for earthquake</h2>



<p>The big question now is whether this link between climate events and earthquakes is specific to Japan's Noto Peninsula, or if it has broader global implications. Researchers at MIT believe this connection could extend far beyond this single region. The findings suggest that other locations around the world might also be susceptible to earthquakes influenced by climate.</p>



<p>As the undeniable reality of climate change unfolds, it brings with it an increase in extreme weather events. This includes periods of intense precipitation and snowfall. The MIT study indicates that these intensified weather patterns could potentially exacerbate the effects observed in Japan, leading to more frequent or even stronger earthquakes in vulnerable areas.</p>



<p>The research underscores the complex interplay between various Earth systems – the delicate balance between the atmosphere, the solid ground beneath our feet, and the potential for seismic activity. Further investigations are needed to solidify the connection in climate change and earthquake to pinpoint the specific regions that might be most at risk.</p>



<p>"If we’re going into a climate that’s changing, with more extreme precipitation events...that will change how the Earth’s crust is loaded," said Professor Frank.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado1469" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Earthquake swarms: The latest hazard of climate change

We tend to think of earthquakes as purely geological events...

<p>Scientists at <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a> have made a significant breakthrough in understanding how plants adapt to varying light and temperature conditions - adaptations that are crucial for their survival. The study is particularly relevant for anticipating how plants respond to changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-rich-tree-diversity-adapt-better-changing-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climates</a>.</p>



<p>The research, detailed in two recent articles in the journal <em>Nature Communications</em>, sheds light on the inner workings of previously mysterious structures within plant cells.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The role of organelles in changing climates</h2>



<p>Traditionally, research has focused on well-defined organelles within plant cells, such as mitochondria and the nucleus. However, the team at UC Riverside has shifted focus to a different type of structure: membrane-less organelles.</p>



<p>These organelles, unlike their membrane-bound counterparts, can dynamically assemble and disassemble within the cell, particularly in response to light, playing a critical role in adaptation to changing climates.</p>



<p>"At one time, people called these photobodies 'garbage cans,' because they didn’t understand them. When people don’t understand something, they call it useless. But they aren’t useless at all; they are a new frontier in science," explained study senior author Dr. Meng Chen.</p>



<p>The revelation comes after years of research aimed at deciphering the roles that these fluid structures might play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/american-bellflower-plants-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant adaptation</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-plant-sensitivity-to-light">Understanding plant sensitivity to light </h2>



<p>The researchers have discovered that the organelles are critical for plants to detect and respond to different light intensities. By manipulating the size of these organelles, the team was able to demonstrate their function in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-cleverly-adapt-their-photosynthesis-to-changes-in-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">light</a> sensing with more clarity. </p>



<p>"What we saw, ultimately, is that the membrane-less organelles help plants distinguish a whole range of different light intensities. Without them, plants would not be able to 'see' changes in light intensity," said Dr. Chen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temperature-and-organelle-formation">Temperature and organelle formation</h2>



<p>Temperature plays an equally critical role in how these organelles function, especially in changing climates. The team observed that as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-temperatures-alter-photosynthesis-and-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures rise</a>, the number of organelles decreases. This variability suggests that the structures are also crucial for temperature sensing within the cell. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, more than half of the organelles formed near centromeres, areas of the chromosome where gene activity is typically low. This indicates a non-random pattern to organelle formation, which challenges previous assumptions that their formation was random.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-agriculture-and-climate-adaptation">Implications for agriculture and climate adaptation</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are vast, especially for agriculture. For example, climate change is posing significant challenges in California, where half of the country's fruits and vegetables are grown.</p>



<p>Without intervention, average temperatures in the state could rise by as much as 11 degrees by the end of the century, severely affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-rising-co2-affect-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop production</a>.</p>



<p>"To predict and mitigate climate change, we need to understand how plants sense and respond to their environment, especially temperature," said Chen. He further noted that temperature affects not just growth but also flowering times, fruit development, pathogen responses, and overall plant immunity.</p>



<p>The ongoing research at UC Riverside aims to further explore how manipulating the formation sites of these organelles could enhance plant resilience to light and temperature changes in changing climates. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-adaptation-and-food-security-in-changing-climates">Plant adaptation and food security in changing climates</h2>



<p>The research opens up new avenues for understanding plant biology and offers hope for developing more resilient crop varieties. </p>



<p>As we continue to face global challenges in changing climates, the insights from UC Riverside's pioneering work will undoubtedly play a critical role in securing food resources for future generations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about plants and changing climates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Plants are intricately linked to the climate and environment in which they exist, and changes in the climate can have profound effects on plant life. As global temperatures rise and weather patterns shift due to climate change, plants face numerous challenges and adapt in various ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Growth patterns&nbsp;</h3>



<p>One of the most visible effects of changing climates on plants is the alteration of growth patterns. Warmer temperatures may lead to earlier flowering and fruiting times in some plants, which can disrupt the synchrony between plants and their pollinators. In other cases, prolonged heat and drought stress can reduce plant productivity, stunt growth, or increase mortality rates.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Geographical range</h3>



<p>Changing climates can expand or shift the geographical ranges of plants. Species that were once confined to specific temperature zones might start migrating towards poles or higher elevations where conditions are cooler and more suitable for their growth. Conversely, plants that cannot adapt or migrate quickly enough may face significant population declines or even extinction in certain areas.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Extreme weather</h3>



<p>Climate change affects the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and wildfires, which can devastate plant communities. The recovery from such events can be slow and may result in long-term changes to the ecosystem structure and function.</p>



<p>In response to these changes, many ecosystems and the plants within them are undergoing transformations, some of which may be irreversible if climate trends continue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts, such as the creation of seed banks and the use of climate-resilient crop varieties, are critical in helping mitigate some of these impacts and in supporting the continued health and diversity of plant life around the world.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-47789-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a></em>.</p>



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Study reveals how plants adapt to changing climates

Scientists at UC Riverside have made a significant breakthrough in...

<p>A new study by the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a> raises concerns about the long-term impacts of early summer salmon fishing. The research suggests a potential link between fishing pressure during the early season and a decline in the average size of Atlantic salmon. This change could be attributed to evolutionary processes influenced by human activity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-factor-in-salmon-size-and-growth">Genetic factor in salmon size and growth</h2>



<p>Atlantic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/california-chinook-salmon-almost-extinct-due-to-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> possess a genetic variant that influences their growth and maturity patterns. Individuals carrying this variant adopt a life history strategy characterized by larger body size and later maturation. This strategy allows salmon to invest more energy in growth before diverting resources towards reproduction. </p>



<p>Larger females can produce more eggs, and larger males have a competitive advantage during spawning. This increased potential for reproductive success over their lifetime provides an evolutionary benefit to salmon carrying the "large salmon variant." Larger fish also offer a more substantial catch, making them highly desirable to anglers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fishing">Fishing </h2>



<p>"This finding suggests that the timing of fishing may cause evolutionary changes in the age and size that Atlantic salmon reach before maturation. Intensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> especially in the early fishing season may lead to the 'large salmon variant' becoming rarer and to salmon spawning at a younger age and smaller size," explained lead author Dr. Antti Miettinen.</p>



<p>The study revealed a concerning trend. Salmon possessing the "large salmon variant" were more likely to be caught during the early part of the fishing season. This isn't random. Early-arriving salmon tend to be larger and older, making them more attractive targets for anglers. Over multiple seasons, the consistent removal of larger fish with the valuable growth gene creates a form of artificial selection.</p>



<p>Fish populations naturally exhibit a range of genetic variations. When fishing pressure heavily targets a specific trait, like the larger size associated with the "large salmon variant," it disrupts the natural balance of these variations. </p>



<p>Over time, fish with the variant become less common in the population. Conversely, salmon that mature earlier and are smaller in size – traits not targeted by early season fishing – survive and reproduce at a higher rate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-consequences-for-salmon-populations-and-size">Long-term consequences for salmon populations and size</h2>



<p>If this trend of targeting larger fish during the early season continues unchecked, it could have serious consequences for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/salmon-migration-routes-discovered-using-historical-data/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">salmon</a> populations in the long run. Here's why:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reduced-genetic-diversity">Reduced genetic diversity</h3>



<p>Within a population, a wide range of genetic variations improves resilience. Different gene combinations provide a wider array of traits, offering better chances of some individuals adapting to diseases or changing environments.</p>



<p>Targeting larger fish disproportionately removes those carrying the "large salmon variant." This gene, which promotes size and later maturation, becomes less common over generations. The loss of this beneficial trait limits the population's potential to rebound when conditions improve.</p>



<p>Less genetic diversity can lead to inbreeding and make the population more susceptible to diseases. It can also hinder their ability to adapt to changes like warming water temperatures or shifts in prey availability.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smaller-average-salmon-size">Smaller average salmon size</h3>



<p>As larger salmon are consistently removed, the average size of the population gradually declines. Over many generations, this decrease could become substantial.</p>



<p>Salmon play a crucial role in their ecosystems, both as predators and prey. Smaller salmon may be less effective hunters and more vulnerable to their own predators. These changes can disrupt the delicate balance of the food web.</p>



<p>Large adult salmon carry a significant amount of nutrients back to freshwater when they spawn. These nutrients boost the growth of insects and other organisms, which in turn support birds and other wildlife. Smaller salmon contribute fewer nutrients, potentially affecting the entire ecosystem.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-success">Reproductive success</h3>



<p>In fish, there's a strong correlation between body size and egg production. Larger females produce a higher number of eggs, which translates to more potential offspring.</p>



<p>When smaller salmon dominate the population, fewer eggs are produced overall. Without sufficient new members joining the population, it can gradually decline over time.</p>



<p>Reduced reproductive success makes it harder for populations to recover from natural fluctuations or additional pressures like habitat loss or reduced food availability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-of-the-baltic-salmon">Case of the Baltic salmon</h2>



<p>The researchers focused on wild salmon in the northern Baltic Sea, where the impact was noticeable. Salmon caught early in the season, especially in upstream areas of the Tornio and Kalix Rivers, were more likely to have the "large salmon variant."</p>



<p>"Fishing in the early part of the fishing season targets salmon that spawn in the headwaters of these rivers, which should be accounted for in fisheries management to ensure the viability of these salmon populations," said Miettinen.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-and-fishing">Implications for conservation and fishing</h2>



<p>This study highlights the complex ways our actions can shape wild animal populations. Fishing, if not carefully managed, can inadvertently drive evolutionary changes over time. Policymakers and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> communities face the challenge of balancing immediate needs with the long-term health of salmon stocks.</p>



<p>"By analyzing the genetics of samples collected across the northern Baltic over many decades, this study shows how human activities could cause evolutionary changes in wild salmon populations," said study co-author Dr. Victoria Pritchard.</p>



<p>The researchers emphasized the need for continued monitoring and research. The genetic tools created in this study provide a way to track the effects of changing fishing practices. It's vital to find solutions that protect salmon populations while supporting sustainable fishing.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eva.13690" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolutionary Applications</a></em>.</p>



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Early fishing season actually alters the genetic evolution of Atlantic salmon size

A new study by the University of Helsinki raises concerns...

<p>Did you know that the most dangerous animal in the world isn't a lion, shark, or bear? It's the tiny, irritating, and potentially disease-carrying mosquito. These buzzing bloodsuckers aren't just a summer nuisance – they carry deadly diseases. And now, according to alarming new research, the mosquito problem could get a lot worse due to climate change.</p>



<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://www.lanl.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a> have investigated how climate change might impact the spread of mosquitoes. The results paint a bleak picture, highlighting the potential for serious public health consequences.</p>



<p>"We found that all nine species in our model responded resiliently to climate change, which tells us that mosquito-borne disease will be a continued threat as the climate warms," noted study lead author Morgan Gorris.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-fuels-mosquito-spread">Climate change fuels mosquito spread</h2>



<p>Put simply, as global temperatures rise, mosquitoes may find new territories to thrive in. And that translates to more people facing the risk of serious mosquito-borne illnesses.</p>



<p>Climate change is reshaping the world's ecosystems, and mosquitoes are adapting swiftly. In the Los Alamos National Laboratory study, scientists used computer models to predict how nine mosquito species would respond to rising temperatures. </p>



<p>The findings revealed that six species would expand their geographical ranges, two would shift their ranges, and one would remain nearly the same.</p>



<p>For example, <em>Aedes aegypti</em> and <em>Aedes albopictus</em>, notorious carriers of diseases like dengue and Zika, will likely expand northward into new areas of North America. Other mosquitoes, like <em>Culex quinquefasciatus</em>, will extend their presence in the southern United States, increasing the risk of West Nile virus.</p>



<p>These changes could mean exposing new populations to diseases they haven't encountered before. Public health experts warn that communities need proactive strategies to handle this emerging threat. Increased surveillance, vaccination programs, and public education will be crucial in managing the risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-mosquito-predictions-due-to-climate-change">Global mosquito predictions due to climate change</h2>



<p>Six of the nine studied mosquito species are projected to dramatically expand their territory. For instance, <em>Aedes aegypti</em>, known for spreading diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus, is expected to extend its range northward. Similarly, <em>Aedes albopictus</em>, a carrier of the same diseases, will likely expand north into regions currently unsuitable for mosquito habitation.</p>



<p>Two species may shift their ranges entirely, moving to new areas due to changing climate conditions. These mosquitoes will seek new regions that match their ideal temperature and humidity requirements, potentially bringing diseases to previously unaffected populations.</p>



<p>Additionally, only one of the species is likely to maintain a relatively unchanged geographical range. However, even for this species, the areas currently suitable for its survival are projected to become more favorable in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosquito-borne-diseases">Mosquito-borne diseases</h2>



<p>Mosquitoes aren't just itchy pests; they transmit a range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-borne-diseases-are-a-growing-threat-in-a-warming-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diseases</a>:</p>



<p><strong>Chikungunya:</strong> This disease is characterized by joint pain, fever, and rash. The joint pain can be severe and may last for several weeks, significantly affecting quality of life.</p>



<p><strong>Dengue:</strong> Dengue can range from mild to severe. Symptoms include high fever, intense headaches, joint and muscle pain, and rash. In severe cases, it can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever, which can be life-threatening without proper medical care.</p>



<p><strong>West Nile Virus:</strong> Often mild, with symptoms like fever and fatigue, West Nile virus can cause severe neurological complications. In these cases, it may lead to encephalitis or meningitis, which can be fatal.</p>



<p><strong>Yellow Fever:</strong> This disease causes fever, nausea, and muscle pain. In severe cases, it can lead to liver and kidney damage, resulting in jaundice (hence the name "yellow fever") and potentially fatal complications.</p>



<p><strong>Zika Virus:</strong> Zika virus typically causes mild symptoms, such as rash, fever, joint pain, and conjunctivitis. However, it is notorious for its association with birth defects, such as microcephaly, when contracted during pregnancy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-mosquito-habitats">Climate change impact on mosquito habitats</h2>



<p>Warmer temperatures can accelerate the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mosquito-biting-season-extended-by-light-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mosquito</a> lifecycle, resulting in faster breeding and larger populations. Higher temperatures reduce the time required for mosquitoes to develop from eggs to adults, leading to more generations of mosquitoes in a single season.</p>



<p>Milder winters also extend the active season for mosquitoes. With fewer cold periods to limit their activity, mosquitoes remain active for longer periods, increasing their chances to bite and potentially infect people with various diseases.</p>



<p>Furthermore, warmer temperatures can increase the transmission rates of mosquito-borne diseases. As mosquitoes digest blood meals more quickly in warmer climates, the time required for pathogens to develop inside mosquitoes shortens. This means mosquitoes can become infectious sooner and spread diseases like dengue, chikungunya, and Zika virus at a higher rate.</p>



<p>Ultimately, the combination of faster breeding, larger populations, and longer active seasons heightens the risk of mosquito-borne illnesses. "Knowing where mosquitoes will live in the future is important for understanding who is at risk for these diseases and taking the appropriate actions to protect health security," said Gorris.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do">What can we do?</h2>



<p>While the science paints a concerning picture, it's important to remember that knowledge is power. Climate change is already happening, and it appears to be benefiting mosquitoes rather than hindering them. </p>



<p>As temperatures rise and winters become milder, mosquitoes expand their territories and become active for longer periods. Consider the following:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personal-protection">Personal protection</h3>



<p>Classic advice remains crucial:</p>



<ul>
<li>Use insect repellent.</li>



<li>Wear long sleeves and pants.</li>



<li>Repair window screens to keep mosquitoes out of your home.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-effort">Community effort</h3>



<p>Eliminating standing water, which serves as mosquito breeding grounds, is essential:</p>



<ul>
<li>Empty forgotten pots with water.</li>



<li>Maintain swimming pools.</li>



<li>Clean stagnant birdbaths and gutters.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-initiatives">Public health initiatives</h3>



<p>Increased mosquito monitoring and targeted control measures are vital:</p>



<ul>
<li>Monitor mosquito populations to detect disease-carrying species.</li>



<li>Implement mosquito control programs, such as insecticide spraying.</li>



<li>Educate communities on prevention and protection strategies.</li>
</ul>



<p>With climate change fueling the spread of mosquitoes, it's critical to get serious about staying protected. Staying informed and practicing smart preventive measures will help keep you and your loved ones shielded from the growing threat of mosquito-borne diseases.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667278224000208?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Climate Change and Health</a></em>.</p>



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Mosquito habitats are expanding due to climate change

Did you know that the most dangerous animal in the...

<p>Hitting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gym-air-quality-is-impacted-by-reactions-of-sweat-and-bleach/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym</a> is a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle for many. But as you're focusing on reps and cardio, have you ever considered what's in the air you're breathing? </p>



<p>A recent study led by Professor Yele Sun from the<a href="http://english.iap.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> delves into this question, revealing some surprising findings about the air quality in a typical basement gym. The study highlights potential health concerns for gym-goers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gym-air-quality">Gym air quality</h2>



<p>Professor Sun and his team's decision to investigate gym air quality stemmed from their firsthand experiences exercising in a basement gym. </p>



<p>"Thinking back to the pandemic, my colleagues and I made a point of hitting the gym in our institute's basement more often," said Professor Sun. "Couldn't help but wonder what the air quality would be like with everyone breaking a sweat down there.”</p>



<p>The team's primary goal was to gain a comprehensive understanding of the types and amounts of air pollutants present within the gym setting.</p>



<p>Their core research strategy involved a direct comparison between the air quality inside the gym and that of outdoor air samples. This comparative approach would allow them to identify any significant differences in pollutant composition and concentration between the two environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organic-aerosols-impact-gym-air-quality">Organic aerosols impact gym air quality</h2>



<p>The study revealed that the gym's air contained a significantly higher percentage of organic aerosols (OA) than outdoor air. These microscopic particles, composed of organic compounds, made up about 50% of the gym's indoor air content, compared to around 40% outside. </p>



<p>The finding suggests that exercising in the gym exposes individuals to a higher concentration of organic aerosols than being outdoors.</p>



<p>The researchers identified two specific types of organic aerosols that were notably elevated within the gym's atmosphere:</p>



<p><strong>Siloxane OA (SiOA)</strong>: These particles are believed to come from lubricants used to maintain gym equipment. The study found that SiOA levels sometimes reached as high as 6 micrograms per cubic meter of air. This indicates that gym equipment might be releasing tiny, potentially harmful particles into the air as people exercise.</p>



<p><strong>Cigarette Smoke OA (CSOA)</strong>: Despite the gym's strict no-smoking policy, traces of cigarette smoke were detected in the gym's air. Researchers believe these particles are likely transported from outdoor sources through the ventilation system. This means even non-smokers could be inhaling cigarette smoke particles while working out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-this-mean-for-gym-enthusiasts">What does this mean for gym enthusiasts?</h2>



<p>The discovery of these pollutants in gym air underscores a possible downside associated with exercising indoors. Although regular physical activity undoubtedly provides numerous health advantages, the act of inhaling these particles, particularly during the accelerated breathing that accompanies exercise, raises concerns about potential negative health effects. </p>



<p>Further research is crucial to determine the precise long-term impact of exposure to pollutants within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cut-your-gym-time-in-half-by-lowering-weights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym</a> environment. It is vital to recognize that air quality across different gyms will not be consistent. </p>



<p>Several factors play a significant role in determining the overall concentration of pollutants within the air of a gym. These include the specific types of equipment present, the number of individuals exercising at the same time, and the efficiency of the facility's ventilation system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-the-risks-from-gym-air">Minimizing the risks from gym air</h2>



<p>While the results of the study highlight a need for awareness, it's crucial to remember the importance of maintaining an active lifestyle. Here are some strategies to help balance workouts with gym air quality concerns:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gym-selection">Gym selection</h3>



<p>If you have the option, choose gyms recognized for having effective ventilation systems. When weather permits, incorporating outdoor workouts into your routine can be a great way to directly minimize exposure to indoor pollutants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-your-workouts">Timing your workouts</h3>



<p>Whenever possible, aim to exercise at your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/negative-thinking-exercise-harmful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gym</a> during less crowded hours. This can help reduce the overall concentration of airborne particles within the space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-air-quality-management-in-gym">Air quality management in gym</h3>



<p>Engage in open communication with the management of your gym about your air quality concerns. Express the importance of regular equipment maintenance and advocate for exploring potential improvements to their ventilation systems.</p>



<p>The study sheds light on an often-overlooked aspect of gym environments. It highlights the importance of awareness and the potential for gyms to improve air quality for their patrons. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00288" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Science &amp; Technology Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Working out at the gym? You may need to check the air quality

Hitting the gym is a cornerstone of a healthy lifestyle...

<p>In the “sky islands” of the Soutpansberg Mountains in South Africa, two small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/if-primates-go-extinct-so-will-their-parasites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> of primates vie for territory amidst a challenging climate. </p>



<p>The first, the thick-tailed greater galago (<em>Otolemur crassicaudatus</em>), resembles a sizable cat and is notable for its piercing cries. The second, the southern lesser galago (<em>Galago moholi</em>), is notably smaller, with prominent ears and eyes, small enough to nestle comfortably in one's hand.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-it-comes-to-climate-adaptation-size-matters">When it comes to climate adaptation, size matters</h2>



<p>Michelle Sauther, a primatologist at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>, has delved into an important question through her research on these species: How does an animal's size influence its ability to adapt to extreme temperatures? Her findings indicate that small primate species, such as the lesser galago, might struggle more as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-global-temperature-exceeded-2c-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global temperatures</a> continue to rise.</p>



<p>“Body size really does affect everything,” Sauther said. “How big you are affects your life history. It affects when you reproduce. It affects how long you live.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-little-relief-from-environmental-stresses-nbsp">Little relief from environmental stresses&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The experts examined the distinct ecosystem within the <a href="https://www.lajuma.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lajuma Research Center</a> in the Soutpansberg Mountains. This area is known for its diverse flora and sharp temperature fluctuations, ranging from frosty winters to summers that soar to 100 degrees Fahrenheit.</p>



<p>During their nighttime expeditions, Sauther and her team observed the behavior of both greater and lesser galagos. They noted that the lesser galagos, unlike their larger counterparts, seemed compelled to forage continuously, regardless of extreme temperatures, leaving them little relief from environmental stresses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-climate-change">Implications of climate change</h2>



<p>“In conservation, we tend to focus a lot on lemurs, gorillas, chimpanzees,” Sauther said. “But we also have to think about the implications of climate change for these smaller and nocturnal species, which most people don’t know much about.”</p>



<p>The scientists’ method involved nocturnal walks through the reserve over the course of a year, totaling 75 nights. They used red lights to spot the reflective eyes of galagos and thermal imaging to study them in their arboreal habitat.</p>



<p>“At night, because you can’t see much, you start hearing all these things that you just would never hear otherwise - a lot of insects, a lot of animal calls,” Sauther said. “Once in a while, you’ll run into a leopard.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-metabolic-needs-of-small-primates-nbsp">Metabolic needs of small primates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings revealed that while greater galagos were more active during moderate temperatures, lesser galagos were observed to be active across a broader range of temperatures, from as high as 79 degrees Fahrenheit to below 40 degrees Fahrenheit.</p>



<p>This behavioral difference, Sauther believes, is tied to metabolic needs. Lesser galagos, due to their small size and fast metabolism, must continuously seek food, whereas greater galagos have the capacity to store more fat, allowing them to rest during less favorable conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasing-pressures-on-small-primates-nbsp">Increasing pressures on small primates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The pressures on both species are increasing, with threats from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/habitat-fragmentation-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat fragmentation</a> and the exotic pet trade, yet neither is currently recognized as endangered.</p>



<p>Sauther hopes that this study will prompt further research and awareness of these often-overlooked creatures. “We’re worried about these stealth changes that may be happening among species like these. We hear a lot from people, ‘I used to see them a lot on my farm, but now I don’t,” she concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-small-primates-nbsp">More about small primates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Small primates, such as tamarins and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emerging-threat-rabies-virus-from-marmosets-found-in-brazilian-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marmosets</a>, lead dynamic lives deeply intertwined with the forest ecosystems they inhabit. These creatures are predominantly arboreal, spending most of their time in the treetops where they adeptly navigate the canopy, leaping and climbing with remarkable agility. </p>



<p>This high perch not only offers safety from ground-based predators but also positions them well to exploit the rich resources available above the forest floor.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-foraging">Diet and foraging</h3>



<p>The diet of these small primates is varied and opportunistic, consisting of fruits, insects, and sometimes small vertebrates. This diversity necessitates a wide range of foraging techniques, from picking fruits and digging for insects to skillful hunting of small animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Their foraging practices are not just a means of sustenance but also a way of interacting with their environment, which stimulates their cognitive abilities and helps maintain their physical health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-lives">Social lives</h3>



<p>Social structures among small primates are equally complex and fascinating. Many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-early-primates-lived-in-pairs-and-were-not-solitary-creatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> live in tight-knit groups that communicate with a rich repertoire of vocalizations, facial expressions, and body postures. These groups are critical for mutual protection and the rearing of young, with members often participating in cooperative care of the offspring.</p>



<p>Living in such groups also requires and reinforces complex social behaviors, including alliance formation, conflict resolution, and social learning, which are essential for survival in the often harsh and competitive environment of the wild.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These intricate social systems and their active, engaged lifestyles make small primates key components of their ecological niches, contributing significantly to the biodiversity of their habitats.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-024-00427-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>International Journal of Primatology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Small primates struggle more with extreme temperatures

In the “sky islands” of the Soutpansberg Mountains in South...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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