<p>For years, scientists believed they had a decent handle on what was melting the ice in West Antarctica. Warmer oceans and stronger winds blowing in from the west - that was the popular theory.</p>



<p>But now, after running climate simulations using local data, researchers have discovered that we might have been looking the wrong way entirely. It’s not the westerly winds causing the biggest trouble - it’s the northerly winds.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ice-loss-means-rising-seas">Ice loss means rising seas</h2>



<p>Antarctica holds most of the planet’s freshwater, frozen in a massive sheet of ice that covers an area bigger than the U.S. and Mexico combined. </p>



<p>That ice isn’t just sitting still. Some of it flows slowly into the ocean, held back by giant floating extensions called <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-melting-ice-shelves-threaten-global-sea-levels/">ice shelves</a>. If the ice sheet in West Antarctica collapses, sea levels around the world could rise by as much as 20 feet.</p>



<p>Even small changes in how fast that ice melts can have huge consequences for coastal cities, global currents, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-prediction-model-is-a-major-breakthrough-in-weather-forecasting/">weather systems</a>. </p>



<p>That’s why scientists have spent decades trying to understand what’s causing the West Antarctic ice sheet to shrink. It’s been getting smaller since at least the 1940s. But not all the pieces of the puzzle were adding up.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-antarctica-s-hidden-winds">Tracking Antarctica’s hidden winds</h2>



<p>The new study was led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> (UW). They weren’t satisfied with the usual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a>, which often rely on global data and struggle with the lack of weather stations in Antarctica. So they decided to build something better.</p>



<p>They pulled in proxy data - long-term records preserved in things like ice cores, tree rings, and coral. These natural sources can give clues about past wind and weather patterns, helping fill in the gaps left by satellite data and on-the-ground observations.</p>



<p>“We thought that we were going to support what the climate models showed, which was that the westerly winds were getting stronger near the coast of Antarctica,” said Gemma O’Connor, lead author and a UW postdoctoral researcher. </p>



<p>“But there was no evidence of westerly winds strengthening in this part of Antarctica.” That finding was odd. If westerly winds weren’t to blame, what was?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northerly-winds-drive-the-ice-melt">Northerly winds drive the ice melt</h2>



<p>The team used high-resolution simulations to test 30 different wind scenarios. Each run of the model applied a different wind pattern to see what happened to the ice over a five-year stretch. They repeated the process again and again.</p>



<p>One pattern kept showing up: when winds came from the north, ice loss accelerated. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-westerly-winds-are-changing-and-the-consequences-are-unknown/">Westerly winds</a> didn’t do much.</p>



<p>Northerly winds shifted sea ice, closing small open areas in the ice cover known as polynyas. These are basically patches where heat can escape from the ocean into the atmosphere. When the winds closed them off, the ocean held onto more of its heat.</p>



<p>“Sea ice is a really good insulator, it keeps the ocean relatively warm compared to the air,” said Kyle Armour, a UW professor. “When northerly winds close the polynyas, it reduces ocean heat loss, which means warmer waters and more melting of ice shelves below the surface.”</p>



<p>This hidden heating creates a chain reaction. As the warmer water melts the ice shelves from below, freshwater enters the salty sea. That mix causes a difference in density, which pulls even more warm ocean water into the region - speeding up the melt further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-climate-connection-we-didn-t-expect">A climate connection we didn’t expect</h2>



<p>The big question is: what’s making those northerly winds stronger? Early signs point to climate change. </p>



<p>Emissions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/">greenhouse gases</a> are likely decreasing air pressure over the Amundsen Sea, a region that shapes many of Antarctica’s weather patterns. Lower pressure strengthens the northerly winds - the same ones that are making the melt worse.</p>



<p>“This mechanism provides a connection between West Antarctic ice loss and human-induced climate change, albeit a different mechanism than we previously suspected,” O’Connor said.</p>



<p>This isn’t just a scientific curiosity. It’s a real link between our actions and the future of the world’s ice. If our emissions are playing a role in these winds, then reducing those emissions could slow the melting.</p>



<p>“We know the Earth is warming up on average, but that alone doesn’t explain ice loss in Antarctica,” said Eric Steig, professor of Earth and space sciences at UW. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-northerly-winds-change-the-story">Northerly winds change the story</h2>



<p>For decades, the focus has been on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-westerly-winds-are-changing-and-the-consequences-are-unknown/">westerly winds</a> - the ones that blow from west to east across the Southern Hemisphere. </p>



<p>Scientists thought they were pushing warm ocean water toward Antarctica and driving the ice to melt faster. But they missed something important.</p>



<p>“I think what Gemma has done is going to lead to a complete revolution in the understanding of what drives Antarctic ice loss,” Armour said. “We had all sorts of theories about the winds that blow from west to east, but the northerly winds weren’t even on our radar. We were off by 90 degrees.”</p>



<p>The lesson here is clear. Climate science is constantly evolving, and even long-standing ideas can be turned on their head. In this case, or rather, on their side.</p>



<p>Understanding which way the wind is blowing - literally - might be one of the keys to protecting the future of Earth’s ice.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-025-01757-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a></em>.</p>



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Antarctic ice melt traced to an overlooked source

For years, scientists believed they had a decent handle on what was melting the ice in West Antarctica. Warmer oceans and stronger winds blowing in from the west - that was the popular theory. But now, after running climate simulations using local data, researchers have discovered that we might have been looking the wrong way entirely. It’s not the westerly winds causing the biggest trouble - it’s the northerly winds. Ice loss means rising seas Antarctica holds most of the planet’s freshwater, frozen in a massive sheet...

<p>A new study led by the <a href="https://serc.si.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Smithsonian Environmental Research Center</a> has found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-protected-areas-are-key-for-our-future/">marine protected areas</a> (MPAs) may not be fully serving their purpose in rebuilding dwindling fish populations, specifically among adult fish. </p>



<p>This study provides the first analysis of the age composition of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/environmental-dna-reveals-the-diversity-of-coral-reef-fish/">reef fish</a> within marine protected areas, revealing a concerning trend of stagnating or declining adult fish populations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adult-fish-are-critical-to-rebuilding-populations-nbsp">Adult fish are critical to rebuilding populations&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Adult fish are really important,” said co-lead author Steve Canty, a marine ecologist at the Smithsonian. “They are the primary catch within commercial fisheries that support livelihoods and food security of coastal communities."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Additionally, it is the adults that breed and rebuild the fisheries, and here size matters. Bigger and older female fish produce more and better eggs, and therefore are critical to rebuilding fish populations.”&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-30-of-earth-s-oceans">Protecting 30% of Earth's oceans</h2>



<p>This discovery comes at a time when global efforts are intensifying to meet the ambitious "30 by 30" conservation target, set by delegates at the <a href="https://www.unep.org/un-biodiversity-conference-cop-15" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Biodiversity Conference</a> in December 2022, which aims to protect 30% of Earth's oceans by 2030. </p>



<p>However, the effectiveness of this target hinges on the selection of sites conducive to marine life prosperity and the consideration of coastal community needs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fish-on-the-mesoamerican-reef">Fish on the Mesoamerican Reef</h2>



<p>The study focused on the Mesoamerican Reef, the longest reef in the Western Hemisphere, which spans over 600 miles across the coasts of southern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, and Honduras.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This region, a biodiversity hotspot, is not only home to over 500 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-quarter-of-freshwater-fish-species-face-extinction/">fish species</a>, 60 coral species, and one of the largest whale shark congregations but also supports the livelihoods and food security of over one million people.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-protection-and-strong-enforcement-are-needed">Effective protection and strong enforcement are needed</h2>



<p>By analyzing fish biomass across 139 reef sites, including both protected and unprotected areas, the researchers categorized the MPAs based on their level of protection. They found that only 24% of the examined MPAs offered full or high protection, underscoring the challenge of restricting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/">fishing activities</a> in the sea.</p>



<p>"But fully protecting and enforcing these areas is the best way to grow bigger fish that can rebuild the populations and actually increase overall fish catches outside the fully protected areas," said co-author Melanie McField, the director of the <a href="https://www.healthyreefs.org/cms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Healthy Reefs Initiative</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-widespread-decline-of-adult-fish">Widespread decline of adult fish</h2>



<p>Data for the study was sourced from the Healthy Reefs Initiative, which employs scuba divers to conduct fish surveys across the region's reefs. Over a 12-year period from 2006 to 2018, the findings indicated that a mere 11 sites exhibited significant increases in adult fish biomass, with most sites showing no change and 28 sites experiencing declines.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Notably, declining sites shared characteristics such as proximity to heavy coastal development, higher <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/as-oceans-warm-up-smaller-species-of-fish-will-dominate/">water temperatures</a>, and weak protection levels with inadequate enforcement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimal-protection-is-more-detrimental-nbsp">Minimal protection is more detrimental&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“Minimal protection in the weakest MPAs proved to be more detrimental than no protection at all, because it allowed for continued and concentrated exploitation without effective management,” said co-author Abel Valdivia, a marine conservation scientist at the <a href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Wildlife Fund</a>. </p>



<p>“Unlike open-access zones, where fishing pressure may be spread out, weakly protected areas faced unchecked coastal development, warming waters and inadequate enforcement, leading to the decline in adult biomass.”</p>



<p>However, sites where adult fish populations rebounded shared positive attributes: full protection, adequate enforcement, fewer temperature spikes, and a lower human impact in adjacent areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>These findings clarify the path forward for global "30 by 30" conservation efforts. Effective management, strong enforcement, community support, and climate-conscious site selection are paramount to MPA success, emphasizing the need to consider the distinct needs of adult and juvenile fish.</p>



<p>“Our study shows that adults and juvenile fish respond very differently to management and environmental change. Adults were more sensitive to stressors like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/">climate change</a>, which can undermine the local benefits of MPAs," said study co-lead author Justin Nowakowski, an ecologist at the Smithsonian.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The big question now is where to locate new MPAs to maximize positive impacts for the regional fishery. To do this, we need to consider the unique requirements of adult and juvenile life stages - otherwise we are missing the full picture."&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17257" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Global Change Biology</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Adult fish are dwindling across many marine protected areas

A new study led by the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center...

Hand,Robot,,Ai,Generate,Art,,Mid,Jouney,Concept

<p>A surprising study discovered that AI used for writing and illustrating streamlines these creative processes and accomplishes this with a significantly reduced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tech-breakthrough-cuts-carbon-footprint-of-ai-training-by-75-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a> compared to human efforts. </p>



<p>This revelation, spearheaded by Andrew Torrance, a distinguished professor at <a href="https://ku.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KU</a>, in collaboration with a team from the <a href="https://uci.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California-Irvine</a>, ignites a new conversation about the expansive benefits of AI, particularly its role in fostering more sustainable practices across various fields. </p>



<p>Simultaneously, it underscores the importance of respecting the irreplaceable value of human creativity and insight.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-writing-and-illustration-vs-human-creativity">AI writing and illustration vs. human creativity</h2>



<p>Published in the prestigious journal <em>Nature</em>, the research presents a comparative analysis of the carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) emissions between AI systems, such as ChatGPT, Bloom AI, DALL-E2, and their human counterparts engaged in writing and illustrating tasks. </p>



<p>The findings are compelling. They highlight that AI systems can emit between 130 to 1,500 times less CO2e per page of text. </p>



<p>In terms of illustration, the reduction is even more pronounced, with emissions between 310 to 2,900 times less CO2e per image. </p>



<p>This stark difference underscores AI's potential as a tool for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-forests-rapidly-changing-repercussions-looming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental stewardship</a> in the digital age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astonishing-efficiency-of-ai">Astonishing efficiency of AI</h2>



<p>Driven by a commitment to data over speculation, Professor Torrance and his team embarked on this study to quantify the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-intelligence-applications-can-use-as-much-power-as-entire-nations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental efficiency</a> of AI comprehensively. </p>



<p>The results surpassed expectations, revealing that even conservative estimates depict AI as a significantly less wasteful option. </p>



<p>Consequently, the researchers meticulously accounted for various factors to offer a nuanced view of AI's environmental impact. </p>



<p>Specifically, these factors include the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-environmental-cost-of-ai-what-are-we-willing-to-give-up-for-computing-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy consumption</a> of computers used in writing and the per capita emissions in the United States and India. This comprehensive approach, therefore, provides insights into AI's environmental impact across diverse contexts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-ai-and-human-collaboration">Future of AI and human collaboration</h2>



<p>While the study lauds the environmental benefits of AI, it simultaneously advocates for a balanced perspective on technology's role. </p>



<p>AI's current limitations in replicating the quality and nuance of human-created content underscore the technology's position as an augmentative tool rather than a replacement for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-robots-marketing-and-the-power-of-persuasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human labor</a>. </p>



<p>The potential for AI to displace jobs is a concern. However, its capacity to create new opportunities and enhance productivity presents a compelling case. This situation advocates for a symbiotic relationship between AI and human creativity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborating-with-ai-in-writing-and-illustration">Collaborating with AI in writing and illustration</h2>



<p>The path forward, as outlined by the study's authors, envisions a collaborative integration of AI into creative and professional workflows. </p>



<p>This approach not only mitigates environmental impacts but also leverages AI to unlock new possibilities for innovation and efficiency. </p>



<p>By retaining control over the final product, humans can ensure that AI complements rather than supplants the unique qualities of human creativity. This approach fosters a future where technology and talent coexist in harmony.</p>



<p>The implications of this study extend far beyond the confines of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cooling-sector-emissions-could-be-drastically-reduced-by-2050/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy efficiency</a>, aligning with global initiatives such as the <a href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Sustainable Development Goals</a>. </p>



<p>These goals emphasize sustainable consumption, production patterns, and the urgent need to combat climate change. </p>



<p>By integrating AI into their methodologies, the researchers themselves demonstrate the practical benefits of this technology. </p>



<p>It streamlines the production of drafts and other written content. At the same time, they stress the importance of human oversight in achieving quality and relevance.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-achieving-sustainability-by-embracing-ai">Achieving sustainability by embracing AI</h2>



<p>In the rapidly evolving landscape of technology, the benefit of AI (artificial intelligence) in promoting efficiency and sustainability is becoming increasingly apparent. </p>



<p>Professor Torrance's optimistic outlook on AI reflects a broader vision for technology's role in society. Far from viewing AI as a disruptive force, he sees it as an empowering tool that can enhance human potential and productivity. </p>



<p>This study is a call to action for further research and discussion on the responsible use of AI, with the hope that technology will continue to evolve in ways that lighten humanity's footprint on the Earth.</p>



<p>The future of AI, as seen through the lens of this research, is not just about technological advancement but about shaping a world where technology acts as a steward of the environment, enhancing human creativity and ensuring a greener planet for generations to come.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54271-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



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Using AI for writing and illustration drastically reduces carbon footprint

A surprising study discovered that AI used for writing and...

<p>In a world grappling with the escalating impacts of climate change, corporations find themselves at a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-urgent-plea-sustainable-climate-solutions-save-earth-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">critical juncture</a>. A new study has shed light on the financial implications of climate risks for businesses, revealing a stark divide between those that proactively manage these risks and those that pretend not to notice the looming threats.</p>



<p>The research, conducted by <a href="https://warrington.ufl.edu/directory/person/5182/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Qing Li</a>, Clinical Assistant Professor at the University of Florida <a href="https://warrington.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Warrington College of Business</a>, and <a href="https://warrington.ufl.edu/directory/person/5648/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yuehua Tang</a>, Emerson-Merrill Lynch Associate Professor, analyzed earnings call transcripts from nearly 5,000 U.S. public companies. </p>



<p>Through innovative textual analysis techniques, the researchers developed measures of firms' exposure to physical climate risks, such as hurricanes and wildfires, as well as the 'transition risks' associated with the global shift to a low-carbon economy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investors-punish-corporations-that-take-climate-risks">Investors punish corporations that take climate risks</h2>



<p>The study's findings paint a compelling picture of the market's response to climate risks. Companies facing high transition risks, such as those stemming from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epa-plans-to-eliminate-greenhouse-gas-emissions-from-power-plants-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emissions regulations</a>, tend to be valued at a discount by investors. </p>



<p>As Qing Li explains, "In recent years, overall investor attention to climate change has increased. As our research shows, companies that have high exposure to transition risk seem to be punished by markets."</p>



<p>This valuation discount, however, does not apply to companies actively working to adapt their business models and mitigate climate impacts. </p>



<p>These proactive firms demonstrate a commitment to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wealthy-nations-are-making-more-progress-toward-sustainable-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable innovation</a> and maintain their research spending even as transition risks intensify.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proactive-vs-passive-strategies">Proactive vs. passive strategies</h2>



<p>The study highlights a stark contrast between the strategies and outcomes of proactive and nonproactive firms. </p>



<p>"The divide in strategies and outcomes between proactive and nonproactive firms is quite stark," Yuehua Tang notes. </p>



<p>"Companies being transparent about their climate vulnerabilities but also demonstrating tangible responses to mitigate those risks seem to be rewarded by markets," he said.</p>



<p>While proactive companies invest in sustainable solutions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/game-changing-invention-converts-both-co2-and-plastic-waste-into-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">green technologies</a>, their passive counterparts often resort to slashing R&amp;D budgets and jobs when faced with higher climate exposure. </p>



<p>This short-sighted approach could potentially undermine their long-term competitiveness in a rapidly changing business landscape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investors-demand-corporations-disclose-climate-risks">Investors demand corporations disclose climate risks</h2>



<p>The findings of this study come at a time when investors, regulators, and activists are increasingly pressuring companies to publicly disclose their climate risks. </p>



<p>In 2024, the <a href="https://www.sec.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SEC</a> implemented new rules requiring public corporations to report risks from climate change impacts and, in some cases, their greenhouse gas emissions.</p>



<p>This push for transparency underscores the growing importance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-outrun-the-flood-risks-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate risk assessment</a> in informed investment decisions. </p>



<p>As investors become more attuned to the potential financial implications of climate change, companies that fail to address these risks may find themselves at a disadvantage in attracting capital.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-climate-risks-can-boost-valuations">Adapting to climate risks can boost valuations</h2>



<p>While adapting to both physical and transitional climate risks comes with costs for businesses, the study suggests that proactive efforts could actually boost valuations and preparedness. </p>



<p>By demonstrating a commitment to sustainable practices and actively mitigating climate risks, companies can position themselves favorably in the eyes of investors who increasingly prioritize climate considerations.</p>



<p>As the world navigates the challenges posed by climate change, corporations must recognize the true cost of ignoring these risks. </p>



<p>By embracing transparency, innovation, and proactive strategies, companies can not only protect their bottom line but also contribute to a more sustainable and resilient future for all.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-corporations-and-climate-change">More about corporations and climate change</h2>



<p>As the world grapples with the urgent need to address climate change, corporations find themselves at the forefront of this critical battle. </p>



<p>As discussed above, corporate responsibility extends beyond mere compliance with regulations. It requires a proactive approach to reducing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, adopting sustainable practices, and driving innovation in clean technologies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-carbon-footprint-is-a-corporate-imperative">Reducing carbon footprint is a corporate imperative</h3>



<p>Corporations must take decisive action to reduce their carbon footprint. This involves conducting thorough assessments of their operations, identifying areas of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenhouse-gas-emissions-reach-another-all-time-high/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high emissions</a>, and implementing strategies to mitigate them. </p>



<p>Companies should invest in energy-efficient technologies, optimize their supply chains, and transition to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-utilities-may-be-100-percent-renewable-energy-by-2060/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> sources. </p>



<p>By setting ambitious emissions reduction targets and regularly reporting on progress, corporations demonstrate their commitment to a low-carbon future.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-sustainable-practices">Embracing sustainable practices</h3>



<p>Sustainability is no longer a mere buzzword. It's now a strategic imperative. Corporations that embrace sustainable practices not only contribute to the fight against climate change but also gain a competitive edge. </p>



<p>By integrating sustainability into their core operations, companies can reduce costs, improve resource efficiency, and enhance their brand reputation. </p>



<p>Sustainable practices also resonate with environmentally conscious consumers, who increasingly prioritize <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paper-coffee-cups-not-so-eco-friendly-after-all/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-friendly products</a> and services.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-corporate-research-and-development">Power of corporate research and development</h3>



<p>Corporations possess immense potential to drive innovation in clean technologies. By investing in research and development, companies can develop groundbreaking solutions to mitigate climate change. </p>



<p>From renewable energy storage to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-moisture-swing-carbon-capture-tech-sucks-co2-straight-from-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon capture</a> and sequestration, corporate-led innovations can accelerate the transition to a low-carbon economy. </p>



<p>Collaborations between corporations, academia, and governments can further amplify the impact of these innovative efforts.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engaging-stakeholders-for-a-collaborative-approach">Engaging stakeholders for a collaborative approach</h3>



<p>Effective corporate responsibility requires engaging with a wide range of stakeholders. Companies should actively collaborate with policymakers, NGOs, and local communities to develop comprehensive climate change strategies. </p>



<p>By fostering open dialogue and transparency, corporations can build trust and ensure that their actions align with the needs and expectations of society. </p>



<p>Engaging employees in sustainability initiatives can also foster a culture of environmental stewardship within the organization.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leading-by-example-causes-a-ripple-effect">Leading by example causes a ripple effect</h2>



<p>Corporations have the power to lead by example and inspire change across industries. When prominent companies take bold steps to address climate change, they set a precedent for others to follow. </p>



<p>By sharing best practices, advocating for progressive policies, and collaborating with industry peers, corporations can create a ripple effect that accelerates the global response to climate change.</p>



<p>In summary, corporate responsibility is a vital component in the fight against climate change. By reducing their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-environmental-cost-of-ai-what-are-we-willing-to-give-up-for-computing-power/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon footprint</a>, embracing sustainable practices, driving innovation, engaging stakeholders, and leading by example, corporations can play a pivotal role in shaping a sustainable future. </p>



<p>As the stakes continue to rise, it is imperative that corporations step up and take decisive action to address the climate crisis head-on.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://academic.oup.com/rfs/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rfs/hhad094/7564223?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Review of Financial Studies</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Markets punish corporations that ignore climate and environmental risks

In a world grappling with the escalating impacts of climate...

<p>Scientists are ringing the alarm bells, saying that climate change, environmental destruction, disease, and shocking inequality have pushed Earth and humanity to the brink of catastrophe. They emphasize the critical need for sustainable solutions for the growing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.</p>



<p>But before you grab your survival gear and head for the hills, there's something you should know – there's still hope.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-climate-change-and-a-sustainable-reset">Earth, climate change, and a sustainable reset</h2>



<p>A group of top-tier scientists at the <a href="https://manoa.hawaii.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hawai'i at Mānoa</a>, along with experts across the globe, just released an eye-opening study. Their findings are stark:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growth-s-heavy-toll-over-centuries">Growth's heavy toll over centuries</h3>



<p>Our pursuit of unlimited economic expansion, without regard for consequences, has stressed the Earth's natural systems to a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tipping-points-report-shows-humanity-on-a-disastrous-trajectory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breaking point</a>. The planet's resources are being depleted, ecosystems are collapsing, and the climate is becoming dangerously unstable.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-inequality">Social inequality</h3>



<p>The world's richest 10% are responsible for over half of all harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-carbon-dioxide-emissions-hit-a-record-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon emissions</a>. Meanwhile, the poorest 50% of the global population – those who have benefited the least from this growth-at-all-costs model – produce a mere 10% of emissions. </p>



<p>This imbalance highlights a system that prioritizes profits for a few over the well-being of the planet and the majority of its inhabitants.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worldwide-consequences">Worldwide consequences</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-weather-can-flip-forests-from-carbon-sinks-to-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extreme weather</a> events, like heatwaves, floods, and droughts, are intensifying. Food supplies are becoming less reliable due to changing weather patterns, and conflicts over resources are rising. </p>



<p>As always, the most vulnerable communities, often those already facing poverty and marginalization, bear the brunt of these devastating impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-sustainability-interconnectedness">Climate change and sustainability interconnectedness </h2>



<p>It's crucial to understand that the Earth isn't a collection of isolated parts. It functions as a vast, interconnected system. </p>



<p>Changes in one area, like the warming of the oceans, can trigger a cascade of effects: melting glaciers, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a>, more intense storms, disruptions to agriculture, and threats to coastal communities around the world.</p>



<p>For far too long, we've acted as if we could exploit the Earth's resources without consequence. We've weakened the planet through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-deforestation-crisis-how-can-we-stop-massive-forest-losses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, pollution, overfishing, and countless other destructive practices. The whole system is now on the verge of collapse.</p>



<p>The scientific evidence couldn't be clearer: unless we fundamentally transform our relationship with the planet, drastically and immediately, the consequences will be severe. </p>



<p>We're talking about even more extreme weather, widespread food and water shortages, escalating social conflict, and the potential displacement of millions of people. Hence, there is an urgent need for sustainable measures against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-want-to-fight-climate-change-more-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-redefining-climate-change-and-sustainability-development">Redefining climate change and sustainability development</h2>



<p>"Environmental and human health are inextricably linked,” says <a href="https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/soestwp/about/directory/david-m-karl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Karl</a>, professor of oceanography at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa. "Urgent and comprehensive action is called for, including rapid decarbonization, fostering a more harmonious relationship with nature, and equitable human development."</p>



<p>Here's where things get interesting. Instead of the usual doom-and-gloom message, these scientists say it's time to completely change our mindset. What does that look like?</p>



<ul>
<li>Less greed, more green. A world obsessed with endless profits is a world with endless problems. Governments need to slash <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/un-chief-fossil-fuel-era-must-end-for-humanitys-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>, stop subsidizing industries that hurt the planet, and put a brake on damaging trade deals.<br></li>



<li>Sharing is caring. The ultra-wealthy (with their private jets, mega-yachts) are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/burdens-of-climate-change-sea-level-rise-and-the-risk-of-isolation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disproportionately</a> damaging our environment. Meanwhile, the poorest half of the world barely has enough to survive. That has to change.<br></li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-climate-solutions-are-now-more-critical-than-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>: Not a resource, but a relative. We must shift from "what can I TAKE from Earth" to "how can I live IN HARMONY with Earth".</li>
</ul>



<p>"To avoid these consequences, we advocate a global cultural shift that elevates kinship with nature and communal well-being, underpinned by the recognition of Earth's finite resources and the interconnectedness of its inhabitants,” says Krista Hiser, professor of English at <a href="https://www.kapiolani.hawaii.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kapi'olani Community College</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-our-shared-future-navigating-climate-change-and-sustainability">Our shared future: Navigating climate change and sustainability</h2>



<p>This isn't just about scientists making demands; it's about each of us evolving. Here's the good news: signs of this shift are already happening. We need to fuel that fire.</p>



<p>Phoebe Barnard, an affiliate professor at the <a href="https://www.washington.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a>, sums it up best, “The imperative is clear: to navigate away from this precipice, we must collectively harness political will, economic resources, and societal values to steer toward a future where human progress does not come at the cost of ecological integrity and social equity.”</p>



<p>Think of it as a massive upgrade to the way we live. We need:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-for-change">Education for change</h3>



<p>Understanding the complex ways our actions impact the planet is crucial for driving change. Education needs to extend beyond basic science into the realms of economics, social justice, and the interconnectedness of global systems. </p>



<p>This knowledge can empower individuals to make informed choices against <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/7-climate-change-facts-you-might-not-know/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> as consumers, voters, and advocates for a more sustainable future.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stronger-policies">Stronger policies</h3>



<p>Our current policies often prioritize short-term profits for corporations over the long-term health of the planet. Governments need to implement robust regulations that:</p>



<ul>
<li>Strictly limit pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.</li>



<li>Protect endangered ecosystems and biodiversity.</li>



<li>Invest heavily in renewable energy sources and sustainable infrastructure.</li>



<li>Hold corporations accountable for their environmental impact.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-incentives">Economic incentives</h3>



<p>The transition to a greener future must be financially viable. This involves:</p>



<ul>
<li>Phasing out tax breaks and subsidies that prop up fossil fuel industries.</li>



<li>Providing financial incentives for businesses that adopt sustainable practices.</li>



<li>Creating tax systems that penalize pollution and waste.</li>



<li>Investing in research and development for clean technology and green infrastructure.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-art-with-a-message">Art with a message</h3>



<p>Science and policy can only take us so far. We need a cultural shift in how we view our relationship with nature. Art has the power to:</p>



<ul>
<li>Spark emotional connections to the natural world.</li>



<li>Challenge consumerist values and promote a sense of ecological responsibility.</li>



<li>Envision a future in which humans and nature thrive together.</li>



<li>Inspire people to demand action from their leaders and corporations.</li>
</ul>



<p>It won't be easy, but the alternative (utter catastrophe) is unthinkable. This isn't about tree-hugging or anti-capitalism; this is about ensuring humanity has a future. </p>



<p>We have one planet, one chance. As the scientists say, let's recognize Earth as our lifeboat and start rowing in the right direction.</p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;<em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae106" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PNAS Nexus</a></em>.</p>



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Scientists make urgent plea for sustainable solutions to save Earth and humanity

Scientists are ringing the alarm bells, saying that climate change,...

<p>In recent times, the global climate has changed in unprecedented ways. We've seen extreme events such as intense hurricanes, prolonged droughts, record-breaking heatwaves and significant Arctic ice melt. Among these phenomena, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> has garnered significant attention.</p>



<p>This climate pattern, characterized by warm waters in the eastern Pacific, leads to hotter weather worldwide. It plays a key role in causing prolonged periods of heat and heavy precipitation.</p>



<p>Interestingly, as the latest El Niño event begins to wane, a study sheds light on an unexpected player in this complex climate system: the melting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-sea-ice-will-soon-vanish-during-the-summer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Arctic sea ice</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-ice-melt-to-weaken-el-nino">Arctic ice melt to weaken El Niño</h2>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://en.nuist.edu.cn/mainm.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University at Albany</a> and the<a href="https://en.nuist.edu.cn/mainm.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology</a> in China have embarked on an exploratory journey. </p>



<p>Their study underscores a critical connection between the melting Arctic sea ice and the intensification of El Niño events. </p>



<p>Consequently, through a meticulous analysis involving climate model simulations and observational data, the study reveals a stark revelation. </p>



<p>The ongoing interaction between melting Arctic sea ice and the atmosphere plays a pivotal role - reducing the strength of El Niño events by up to 17 percent.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-arctic-ice-melt-on-el-nino-events">Impact of Arctic ice melt on El Niño Events</h2>



<p>This discovery is particularly alarming given the rapid decline of Arctic sea ice, which has been decreasing by 12.2% per decade since the late 1970s. </p>



<p>With projections indicating the potential for the Arctic to experience its first ice-free summer by 2040, the implications are profound. This situation could significantly affect future El Niño events.</p>



<p>Aiguo Dai, a distinguished professor at UAlbany's Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences and co-author of the study, emphasizes the significance of these findings. </p>



<p>"Climate models are already projecting a strengthened El Niño in the upcoming decades due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. Our study suggests that the current climate's sea ice-air interactions significantly dampen the amplitude of El Niño events, unveiling a new facet of Arctic sea ice's impact on our climate," said Professor Dai.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-arctic-ice-in-el-nino-dynamics">Role of Arctic ice in El Niño dynamics</h2>



<p>The research team embarked on an ambitious project, utilizing the Community Earth System Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (<a href="https://ncar.ucar.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCAR</a>) to simulate global climate conditions over 500 years. These simulations, hosted by the UAlbany Data Center, differed only in the Arctic's sea ice-air interactions.</p>



<p>The comparison between these simulations was revealing. It showed that the presence of sea ice-air interactions reduces El Niño-related variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean's climate by about 12 to 17%. </p>



<p>This reduction is attributed to the asymmetric impacts of positive and negative sea-ice anomalies on surface fluxes. Essentially, this refers to the exchange of heat between the ocean and the atmosphere.</p>



<p>Jiechun Deng is an associate professor at Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology and the study's lead author.</p>



<p>"Our findings illuminate the critical role of sea ice-air interactions in regulating El Niño activity. This underscores the necessity for climate models to more accurately represent these interactions to better predict El Niño and its impacts in a warming world," said Professor Deng.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-climate-implications">Broader climate implications</h2>



<p>The study is part of a series of research efforts led by Professor Dai, focusing on the changing Arctic climate. Previous studies have explored the causes of Arctic amplification and how Arctic sea ice changes affect Atlantic temperatures. </p>



<p>"The main takeaway is that shrinking Arctic sea ice has many far-reaching climate impacts," said Professor Dai. "Understanding these consequences is crucial for grasping the full scope of global warming's impact on our planet."</p>



<p>Furthermore, adding to the body of knowledge, Dai's research echoes the findings of a 2022 study published in <em>Nature Communications</em>. This study predicted an increase in the frequency of strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> events as a direct consequence of future Arctic sea ice loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



<p>The intricate relationship between Arctic sea ice loss and El Niño events presents a compelling facet of climate science. Moreover, it highlights the interconnectedness of our planet's climate systems.</p>



<p>As our understanding of these dynamics grows, the need to incorporate these interactions into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperature-increase-2023-blew-past-all-climate-models/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate models</a> becomes more evident. Only through comprehensive and accurate models can we hope to predict and mitigate the impacts of global warming. </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk3990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



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Melting Arctic ice weakens the strength of El Niño events

In recent times, the global climate has changed in unprecedented...

Katabatic,Winds,Encroach,On,St.,Andrews,Bay,On,South,Georgia

<p>A new study reveals that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-are-destroying-a-valuable-record-of-earths-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting glaciers</a> create open landscapes that invasive plant and animal species are rapidly colonizing. These non-native invaders threaten to disrupt the island's delicate, isolated ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-species-unwanted-guests-of-glaciers">Invasive species: Unwanted guests of glaciers</h2>



<p>Invasive species are plants, animals, or even tiny microbes that are introduced to a new location, often through human activities like travel or trade. </p>



<p>When these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biological-hazard-soil-on-sea-freight-loaded-with-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-native species</a> find a favorable environment in their new home, a lack of natural predators, parasites, or competitors can allow them to reproduce rapidly and spread aggressively. </p>



<p>This uncontrolled population growth puts pressure on native species as the invaders compete for essential resources like food, water, and space. Invasive species can alter habitats, reduce biodiversity, and can even lead to the decline or extinction of native species. </p>



<p>The ecological consequences can be severe and long-lasting, fundamentally reshaping the balance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-species-use-wildfires-and-drought-as-an-opening-to-move-in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">native ecosystems</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-remote-island-of-south-georgia-under-threat">Remote island of South Georgia under threat</h2>



<p>South Georgia's extreme remoteness shaped its natural world, making it both a haven for unique biodiversity and exceptionally vulnerable to disruption. </p>



<p>Its rugged, windswept landscape lies far closer to the icy expanse of Antarctica than any bustling human metropolis. </p>



<p>This profound isolation acted as a natural barrier for countless years, shielding the island from the introduction of many <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/invasive-species-plants-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potentially invasive</a> species.</p>



<p>However, this isolation was breached with the arrival of humans. During centuries of whaling and sealing activities, ships carried unintentional stowaways to South Georgia. </p>



<p>Seeds clung to cargo, rats found refuge in ships' holds, and insects remained undetected. While many of these introductions may not have been successful, some species found a foothold.</p>



<p>Now, a new threat compounds this issue: climate change is fueling the retreat of South Georgia's glaciers. This opens up newly exposed terrain, creating fresh territory that these established invasive species are poised to exploit, potentially spreading into previously untouched parts of the island's fragile ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-species-in-the-glacier">Invasive species in the glacier</h2>



<p>A team of intrepid scientists, led by Dr. Pierre Tichit from <a href="https://www.durham.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Durham University</a>, wasn't content to just watch the ice melt. They wanted to understand what fills the void. Their study meticulously documented the plant and animal life colonizing former glacier zones. </p>



<p>In the freshest ground, just revealed by the ice, hardy pioneer plants pop up. As more time passes, a whole crew of species – mosses, insects, more complex plants – join the party.</p>



<p>"The surprise," states Dr. Tichit, "is the sheer number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/economic-time-bomb-costs-of-invasive-species-are-greatly-underestimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strange species</a> thriving alongside native ones. Even plants from milder European climates are finding a foothold!"</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speed-of-invasive-species-in-the-glacier">Speed of invasive species in the glacier</h2>



<p>The retreat of glaciers on South Georgia, while seemingly gradual, exposes new land at an accelerating pace. This creates a crucial window of opportunity for the establishment of plant and animal life. </p>



<p>Invasive species, particularly those with a well-honed ability to exploit new environments, can capitalize on this opportunity much faster than native species.</p>



<p>The study identified two particularly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-are-hornets-so-successful-as-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aggressive invaders</a>: annual meadow grass, a common weed native to Europe, and mouse-ear chickweed. </p>



<p>These species have demonstrated a remarkable capacity for rapid colonization, outpacing all other competitors in the race to establish themselves in the newly exposed terrain left behind by receding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/himalayan-glaciers-retreating-threat-is-much-worse-than-previously-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>. </p>



<p>This rapid spread highlights a key characteristic of successful invasive species: their ability to quickly exploit new resources and favorable conditions. </p>



<p>Their unfettered growth can disrupt the natural processes of colonization by native species, potentially leading to long-term ecological consequences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glaciers-struggle-due-to-invasive-species">Glaciers struggle due to invasive species</h2>



<p>The initial greening of formerly barren ground might seem harmless, even positive. However, invasive species rarely play nice. They can disrupt the fragile relationships within an ecosystem. </p>



<p>Weedy invaders might choke out slower-growing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-nurseries-are-the-primary-pathway-for-introducing-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">native plants</a> that local birds or insects depend on. Introduced insects might lack predators, exploding in population and harming native species.</p>



<p>"The full consequences of this rapid invasion are yet to be understood," cautions co-researcher Dr. Paul Brickle, "but the potential for disruption in this pristine environment is a serious concern."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-glaciers-future-from-invasive-species">Protecting glaciers future from invasive species</h2>



<p>Studies like this give South Georgia, and other places facing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-seems-to-have-lost-its-ability-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glacier</a> retreat, a vital advantage. Understanding how invasions happen is the first step to finding ways to curb them. </p>



<p>Governments and conservation groups might implement stricter cleaning procedures for visitors' gear to prevent hitchhiking seeds. Targeted removal of the most aggressive invasive species could also protect vulnerable native ones.</p>



<p>The ice won't stop melting anytime soon. The world is changing, and ecosystems will change with it. Whether those barren fields left by glaciers turn into resilient native habitats or weedy wastelands depends, in part, on the choices we make today.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-impact-on-glaciers-beyond-invasive-species">Human impact on glaciers beyond invasive species</h2>



<p>Human activities have significantly impacted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-pose-great-threat-to-biodiversity-in-mountain-ranges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> worldwide, beyond the introduction of invasive species. Here are key ways human actions affect glaciers:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The primary human activity affecting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glaciers-living/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a> is the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to global warming and the accelerated melting of glaciers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-black-carbon-deposition">Black carbon deposition</h3>



<p>Activities such as burning fossil fuels, wood, and biomass release black carbon (soot) into the atmosphere. When it settles on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-doomsday-glacier-is-heading-for-dramatic-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glaciers</a>, it darkens their surface, increasing solar absorption and hastening melting.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deforestation">Deforestation</h3>



<p>Trees act as carbon sinks, absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere. Deforestation not only releases this stored CO2 but also reduces the amount of CO2 that can be absorbed in the future, exacerbating global warming and glacier melt.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-industrial-activities">Industrial activities</h3>



<p>Industries, especially those involved in mining and drilling, can directly impact glaciers by increasing local temperatures, releasing pollutants, and physically altering glacier landscapes.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recreational-activities">Recreational activities</h3>



<p>Ski resorts and other recreational facilities on or near glaciers often modify the landscape through construction and increase local pollution, contributing to glacier decline.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-agricultural-practices">Agricultural practices</h3>



<p>Agriculture contributes to water pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases such as methane and nitrous oxide. Additionally, irrigation practices can alter water flow and availability, indirectly affecting glaciers.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-diversion">Water diversion</h3>



<p>Large-scale water diversion projects for agriculture, hydropower, or human consumption can reduce the flow of water to glacier-fed rivers, affecting glacier mass balance and contributing to sea-level rise.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-use-changes">Land use changes</h3>



<p>Urbanization and other land use changes can alter local climates and hydrological cycles, impacting glaciers indirectly through changes in precipitation patterns and temperatures.</p>



<p>The cumulative effect of these activities accelerates glacier melting, which leads to rising sea levels, altered water supplies, and changes in global climate patterns. </p>



<p>Reducing the human footprint through sustainable practices and reducing greenhouse gas emissions is critical to preserving glaciers and the ecosystems and human societies that depend on them.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://neobiota.pensoft.net/article/117226/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NeoBiota</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Melting glaciers unleash invasive species into unexpected areas

A new study reveals that melting glaciers create open landscapes...

Untitled design - 1

<p>A recent breakthrough is empowering scientists to unveil the secret underground activities of microbes, shedding light on their astonishing capabilities and their vital contributions to our planet.</p>



<p>Barren landscapes in sun-scorched places like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/death-valley-may-reach-the-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-this-week/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Death Valley, California</a> are a testament to the extremes our planet can harbor, a place where the mere concept of life seems improbable. </p>



<p>But appearances can be deceiving. Deep beneath the cracked, parched surface, scientists have opened a window into a world pulsating with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-soil-microbes-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> and their hidden activities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-activities-in-extreme-environments">Microbes activities in extreme environments</h2>



<p>Microbes, the minuscule powerhouses behind many of Earth's fundamental processes, thrive in seemingly impossible environments. From <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-are-hydrothermal-vents-an-unlikely-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrothermal vents</a> to nuclear waste sites, they have evolved remarkable adaptations. </p>



<p>But studying those living in truly extreme settings, like the depths of Death Valley, presents a special set of challenges. Researchers could look at the genetic blueprints of these microbes, but this data only revealed their potential capabilities. </p>



<p>The critical question of how active those capabilities were at a given moment -- in other words, what those microbes were actively doing to survive -- remained largely unanswered. </p>



<p>This activity level is essential for understanding their influence on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/temperature-fluctuations-have-reshaped-earths-water-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global cycles</a> like the movement and transformation of carbon, an element crucial to life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-method-reveals-microbes-activities">New method reveals microbes activities</h2>



<p>A team of researchers at the <a href="https://www.bigelow.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences</a> has achieved a remarkable feat. They've developed a way to directly link the genetic code of individual microbes with their moment-by-moment activities. </p>



<p>This provides an unprecedented glimpse into the real-time functioning of microbes in their natural environments, like seeing how a car engine operates while it's in motion, not just while it's parked.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-genomes-to-phenomes-project">The "Genomes to Phenomes" project</h2>



<p>This innovation is the result of the bold and ambitious "<a href="https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/funding-opportunities/agricultural-genome-phenome-initiative" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Genomes to Phenomes</a>" project. It's a testament to the potential for insights when experts from diverse fields – marine science, desert research, and genetics – join forces.</p>



<p>The project's power lies in its combination of cutting-edge techniques:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-single-cell-genetic-sequencing">Single-cell genetic sequencing</h3>



<p>This technique begins by isolating single microbes and deciphering their individual DNA sequences. This provides a detailed genetic blueprint, revealing the potential functions a microbe is <em>capable</em> of based on the genes it possesses. It like a parts list for a machine - we can see what the machine could potentially do, but not if it's currently switched on.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flow-cytometry">Flow cytometry</h3>



<p>Adapted from its use in medical science, flow cytometry allows researchers to analyze microbes from water samples collected in the depths. Researchers treat each microbe with a special dye that lights up under a laser during certain internal reactions.</p>



<p>The brightness of the light corresponds to how active those reactions are. This is where things get exciting because it tells us which of the 'machines' on our parts list are not just present, but are actually switched on and running.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combining-techniques">Combining techniques</h3>



<p>Previously, when studying microbes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/life-in-the-extreme-microbial-activity-discovered-in-old-faithful/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extreme environments</a>, scientists were limited to just a genetic parts list. They could see what genes a microbe had, but not whether or how it was actually using them. This new method bridges that gap. </p>



<p>Now, researchers can directly measure the activity of specific microbes deep beneath the surface. This reveals which microbes are the key players in their environment and exactly what roles they play in essential processes, like breaking down and transforming carbon, impacting vast, global systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subterranean-microbial-world-activities">Subterranean microbial world activities</h2>



<p>Armed with this toolkit, the team descended nearly half a mile beneath Death Valley's surface, targeting a groundwater aquifer. </p>



<p>Lacking oxygen, this environment would be uninhabitable to most life forms. Yet, the scientists detected a community of microbes specially equipped to survive these conditions. </p>



<p>Using their method, they were able to perform a kind of microbial census, identifying not only the most abundant species, but crucially, which ones were the most active players in this underground ecosystem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-activities-of-microbe-candidatus-desulforudis-audaxviator">Activities of microbe <em>Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator</em></h2>



<p>The research revealed one bacterium, <em>Candidatus Desulforudis audaxviator</em>, to be the star of the show. This organism has evolved to use sulfate for energy – a kind of 'breathing' that replaces the need for oxygen, giving it an edge in this oxygen-barren zone.</p>



<p>“Previously, we had to assume that all cells were operating at the same rate, but now we can see that there is a wide range of activity levels between individual members of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-dormant-soil-microbes-survive-in-a-60-year-old-fire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial</a> communities,” explained Melody Lindsay, the lead researcher on the study. “That helps us understand what these microbial communities are capable of and how that might influence global biogeochemical cycles.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reach-of-innovation">The reach of innovation</h2>



<p>Having started with oxygen-using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-involved-in-decomposition-may-help-solve-crimes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbes</a> in the ocean, the scientists are now successfully applying their method to other challenging environments. </p>



<p>From the sediments of Maine's coastline to the depths of the ocean floor, this technique is pushing the limits of our knowledge. </p>



<p>Even more excitingly, it holds the potential to inform our search for life in the subsurface environments of other planets.</p>



<p>"Right now, we’re getting all of these point measurements around the world, and they do help us better understand what microbes are up to, but we need to scale it up," said Lindsay. "So, we’re thinking about how to apply this method in new places, even potentially on other planets, in expanded ways.”</p>



<p>This method marks the beginning of an exciting new era in microbial research. The discoveries made remind us that life finds a way, even in seemingly impossible environments, and that organisms too small to see play incredibly influential roles in Earth's most fundamental processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-knowing-microbes-activities">Broader implications of knowing microbes activities</h2>



<p>This innovative technique has broad applications, making it a powerful tool for various research areas and environments:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oceanographic-studies">Oceanographic studies </h3>



<p>The method has proven effective in subsurface land studies. It shows promise for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-can-deep-ocean-microbes-survive-without-sunlight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine</a> research. It's ideal for investigating microbes in deep-sea sediments and water columns. These are areas where traditional sampling struggles.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-monitoring-via-microbes-activities">Environmental monitoring via microbes activities</h3>



<p>Researchers can use this method to monitor environmental health by analyzing the microbial communities and their activity levels in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-urchin-larvae-cannot-survive-in-water-polluted-with-plastic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polluted water</a> sources or soils. This could help in assessing the impact of contaminants or changes in environmental conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astrobiology">Astrobiology</h3>



<p>The technique's ability to identify and analyze life forms in extreme environments makes it promising for astrobiology, especially in the search for life on other planets or moons within our solar system that have subsurface oceans or ice layers, like Europa or Enceladus.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medical-and-biotechnological-research">Medical and biotechnological research</h3>



<p>While not its initial application, the method's principles could be adapted for studying <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-microbes-from-earth-could-survive-the-conditions-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial</a> communities in the human body or in industrial processes. This could improve understanding of microbiomes' roles in health, disease, or biodegradation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-studies">Climate change studies</h3>



<p>By examining how microbes in various environments respond to changes in conditions, researchers can gain insights into how global warming and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-soil-microbes-could-revolutionize-climate-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> factors affect microbial-driven processes like decomposition and carbon cycling.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2309636121">Proceedings of the National Academy of Science</a><a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">s</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Microbes' activities underground are no longer a mystery thanks to new technology

A recent breakthrough is empowering scientists to unveil the secret...

Thermometer,Shows,High,Temperature,In,Summer,Heat

<p>If you thought <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-alert-climate-warning-issued-after-2023-smashed-heat-records/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a> was hot, you were absolutely right. Climate models, the tools we rely on to predict the future, couldn't foresee just how dramatically temperatures would spike.</p>



<p>Europe sweltered under record-breaking heatwaves, wildfires raged across <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/canadian-wildfires-of-2023-were-a-global-environmental-setback/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California</a>, and devastating floods swept through Pakistan. </p>



<p>These disasters didn't just make headlines; they displaced families, destroyed livelihoods, and tragically, took lives. </p>



<p>Scientists have now confirmed that it was the hottest year on record, and that's causing both alarm and fascination.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-climate-change">What is climate change?</h2>



<p>Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and typical weather patterns across our entire planet. These changes can include hotter summers, harsher winters, unpredictable rainfall, stronger hurricanes, rising sea levels, and a whole host of knock-on effects.</p>



<p>While some of these shifts occur naturally over long periods, the rapid warming we're seeing right now is overwhelmingly caused by human activity - especially our reliance on burning fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-greenhouse-effect">The greenhouse effect</h3>



<p>Greenhouse gases like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-co2-emissions-expected-to-reach-a-new-high-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a> (CO2) play a crucial role in regulating Earth's temperature. When sunlight hits our planet, some of that energy is absorbed, warming the surface. </p>



<p>A portion of this energy is then radiated back into space as heat. Greenhouse gases naturally trap some of this outgoing heat in the atmosphere, maintaining a habitable temperature for life on Earth.</p>



<p>However, excessive amounts of greenhouse gases, primarily released through burning fossil fuels, intensify this natural process. This leads to an imbalance where more heat is trapped than escapes, causing the planet's overall temperature to rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2023-climate-change-a-scorching-surprise">2023 climate change: A scorching surprise</h2>



<p>While the ongoing trend of global warming was widely understood, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/november-2023-sets-global-record-as-warmest-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a>'s dramatic temperature increase underscored its alarming immediacy. Here's why scientists are concerned:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-normal">Beyond normal</h3>



<p>The global average temperature in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prediction-this-winter-will-be-the-warmest-in-recorded-history/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a> significantly exceeded those typical of the pre-industrial era (1800s). This rapid warming marks a departure from previous incremental changes, forcing scientists to re-evaluate their models and predictions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-causes">Complex causes</h3>



<p>While climate science has established the relationship between human activity and global warming, the exceptional spike in 2023 suggests a complex interplay of factors. These include:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosol-regulations">Aerosol regulations</h4>



<p>Recent changes in shipping regulations aimed at reducing air pollution near ports may have unintentionally allowed more sunlight to reach Earth's surface, contributing to warming.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunga-tonga-hunga-ha-apai-eruption">Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption</h4>



<p>This powerful 2022 volcanic eruption released massive amounts of water vapor into the stratosphere, potentially contributing to temporary heat-trapping effects.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-solar-cycle">Solar cycle</h4>



<p>The sun's natural 11-year cycle of activity is a recognized factor influencing Earth's temperature. Its current upswing likely played a role in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a> heat spike, but scientists believe it's insufficient to explain the record-breaking anomaly on its own.</p>



<p>The lack of a single, clear-cut explanation highlights the interconnectedness of our climate system and suggests that our understanding of feedback mechanisms and their potential for rapid change may be incomplete.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-does-2023-climate-change-imply">What does 2023 climate change imply?</h2>



<p><a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci/bio/gavin.a.schmidt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gavin Schmidt</a>, a top NASA climate scientist, thinks something more fundamental might be at play. Here are his three main possibilities and what they mean for our future:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-statistical-anomaly">A statistical anomaly</h3>



<p>2023 might represent a rare confluence of various natural climate forcings. While these natural factors could combine to cause unusually hot years, they don't fully explain the magnitude of the 2023 temperature increase. </p>



<p>Schmidt's statement underscores the limitations of current models in predicting the convergence of all these elements, highlighting the need for continuous refinement to increase their accuracy. Even if the "blip" theory holds true, a return to pre-industrial "normal" temperatures is highly unlikely.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowledge-gaps">Knowledge gaps</h3>



<p>Our scientific understanding of climate change, while extensive, may require significant revisions. The underlying processes influencing global warming might be more complex and interconnected than previously thought. </p>



<p>This could include underestimating the sensitivity of the climate system to greenhouse gas emissions or needing to better account for feedback loops within the system itself.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rapid-and-unpredictable-change">Rapid and unpredictable change </h3>



<p>The most concerning possibility is that the climate system is undergoing an accelerated shift, moving towards a new state faster than our models predicted. </p>



<p>This scenario implies that nonlinear dynamics and unforeseen feedback mechanisms within the Earth's system could lead to abrupt and unpredictable climate disruptions. </p>



<p>As a result, the ability of scientists to project future climate scenarios could be seriously compromised.</p>



<p>"We need answers for why 2023 turned out to be the warmest year in possibly the past 100,000 years," said <a href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/sci/bio/gavin.a.schmidt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Schmidt</a>. "And we need them quickly."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-there-cause-for-panic">Is there cause for panic?</h2>



<p>Not everyone agrees with Schmidt's analysis. Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the <a href="https://www.upenn.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania</a>, argues that the 2023 temperature spike is actually similar to other extreme years in the past and that models aren't totally failing. "The situation is extremely similar to what we saw during the 2014–2016 period," he explains.</p>



<p>"I think it's unfortunate that so much has been made of the El Niño-spiked 2023&nbsp;global temperatures, where in my view there is nothing surprising, or inconsistent with model predictions, there," said Mann. </p>



<p>"There are much better, scientifically-sound reasons to be concerned about the unfolding climate crisis --particularly the onslaught of devastating weather extremes, heat waves, wildfires, floods, drought, which by some measures are indeed exceeding model predictions."</p>



<p>Others, however, believe that the sheer magnitude of the recent warming suggests we might be crossing a threshold into even more volatile climate patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-2023-climate-conundrum-a-call-to-action">The 2023 climate conundrum: A call to action</h2>



<p>Whether 2023 was an outlier or a glimpse into the future, the extreme weather events we saw last year, both in the US and globally, are proof positive that the climate crisis isn't some far-off possibility. </p>



<p>It's here, it's now, and it's dangerous. Unraveling the mystery behind 2023's unprecedented temperature increase is a matter of critical importance.</p>



<p>Determining whether the spike was a one-time anomaly or a sign of more frequent and extreme heatwaves in the future is vital. </p>



<p>This knowledge will inform how society adapts, prepares for climate-related risks, and develops strategies to mitigate those risks.</p>



<p>Moreover, the rapid changes we're witnessing demand more advanced and continuous monitoring systems. Scientists need real-time, high-resolution data on various climate indicators to keep pace with the evolving state of our planet and refine their predictive models accordingly.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-2023-climate-change">Insights from 2023 climate change</h2>



<p>By deciphering the complex interplay of factors that led to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-of-2023-likely-exceeds-that-of-the-last-100000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2023</a>'s heatwave, we can gain crucial insights that could drive innovation in several areas:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improved climate modeling:</strong> A deeper understanding of feedback mechanisms and the climate system's sensitivity will help scientists create more accurate and dependable projections of future scenarios.<br></li>



<li><strong>Novel adaptation strategies:</strong> Recognizing potential trigger points for abrupt climate shifts can inform proactive measures to build societal resilience and develop targeted adaptation solutions.<br></li>



<li><strong>Technological breakthroughs:</strong> Uncovering hidden vulnerabilities in our climate system could inspire the development of new technologies for carbon capture, renewable energy sources, and other climate-focused solutions.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-2023-climate-knowledge-to-individual-change">From 2023 climate knowledge to individual change</h2>



<p>Science alone is not enough. Even with the most sophisticated understanding of the climate crisis, the real work lies in taking urgent and decisive action.</p>



<p>Drastic reductions in greenhouse gas emissions through a rapid transition away from fossil fuels are essential. This requires policy changes, investments in alternative energy sources, and shifts in industrial practices.</p>



<p>Additionally, while large-scale change is necessary, everyday actions matter too. Choosing plant-based foods over meat, using public transportation, reducing energy consumption, and being politically active all contribute to the collective effort needed to address the climate crisis.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00816-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Global temperature increase in 2023 blew past all climate models

If you thought 2023 was hot, you were absolutely right....

<p>Nature-based solutions are pivotal in the fight against climate change, with U.S. ecologists, scientists, and policy experts rallying together for their enhancement at the federal level. </p>



<p>Harnessing their extensive knowledge in climate and ecosystem sciences, the experts have put forward key recommendations. The proposals aim to build a robust scientific basis for nature-based climate solutions (NbCS), focusing on their effective nationwide rollout.</p>



<p>NbCS strategies include protecting carbon-rich forests and wetlands, enhancing land management, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-coastal-ecosystems-can-mitigate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">restoring ecosystems</a>. These strategies are essential for enhancing the removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. </p>



<p>Consequently, the importance of these solutions is paramount. Their successful implementation could be crucial for meeting global greenhouse gas reduction goals and averting further climate destabilization.</p>



<p>However, the implementation of NbCS has sparked controversy. It often advances faster than the scientific community's grasp of their long-term benefits. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a more robust, evidence-based approach to nature-based climate solutions, ensuring their deployment is both effective and scientifically sound.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-the-future-recommendations-for-robust-nbcs">Mapping the future: recommendations for robust NbCS</h2>



<ol>
<li><strong>Open Data, Open Opportunities:</strong> Experts emphasize the need for federal agencies and partners to make data and products freely accessible. This transparency is key to advancing science and refining methods to assess NbCS effectiveness. Openness fosters collaboration, ensuring projects are based on top-notch science.</li>



<li><strong>A Network of Networks:</strong> For precise carbon benefit assessments of NbCS, experts recommend creating a tiered ecosystem monitoring network. This network, tracking carbon across ecosystems with diverse data and tools, seeks a thorough NbCS impact understanding through advanced techniques and datasets.</li>



<li><strong>The Mapping Initiative:</strong> Detailed mapping is essential to track management practices and link carbon outcomes to specific management changes or disturbances. This is vital for extending localized monitoring to wider, policy-relevant areas. Better data access and resolution will improve NbCS effectiveness evaluations.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implementing-science-driven-nbcs">Implementing science-driven NbCS</h2>



<p>The need to strengthen the scientific basis for NbCS is more critical than ever, given the recent surge in federal and private investments in NbCS projects. To ensure these investments yield meaningful climate mitigation outcomes, they must be underpinned by a solid scientific basis.</p>



<p>Dr. William Anderegg of the <a href="https://www.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a> emphasizes the critical need for better science to guide NbCS efforts: "We're at an inflection point —we need better science to get this right. These proposed measures aim to address current gaps in knowledge and data, providing a pathway to more credible and effective NbCS programs."</p>



<p>The call to action underlines the importance of developing a coordinated approach to monitoring land-sector greenhouse gas exchanges. By emphasizing open data sharing and creating a network-of-networks, the United States can lead in developing robust NbCS programs. Additionally, improving large-area mapping will ensure these programs offer substantial benefits for biodiversity, communities, and the climate.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-united-front-science-and-strategy-in-climate-action">A united front: science and strategy in climate action</h2>



<p>Dr. Kim Novick of Indiana University notes new federal initiatives could enhance NbCS programs if based on transparency and science.</p>



<p>Meanwhile, Jonathan Sanderman of the Woodwell Climate Research Center highlights the critical role of nature-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-inspires-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solutions</a> in shaping our climate future. He stresses the importance of understanding their capabilities and the necessity of measuring their success.</p>



<p>The collective expertise of the scientific community, combined with strategic coordination and investment, is poised to pave the way for a future where nature-based solutions are integral in our fight against climate change. </p>



<p>These recommendations provide a roadmap for the science-based implementation of NbCS across the U.S. Moreover, they reaffirm the vital role of scientific inquiry in shaping our environmental policies and practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about nature-based climate solutions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Nature-based climate solutions involve leveraging the power and processes of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature</a> to mitigate climate change and its impacts. These solutions are grounded in the understanding that healthy ecosystems like forests, wetlands, and grasslands can play a crucial role in sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere, thus reducing the overall concentration of greenhouse gases. </p>



<p>Beyond carbon sequestration, nature-based solutions offer a multitude of co-benefits including biodiversity conservation, water filtration, soil stabilization, and enhancement of local livelihoods through sustainable practices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Forests and wetlands</h3>



<p>For example, reforestation and afforestation efforts involve planting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-and-bushes-near-highways-improve-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> in areas where forests have been depleted and in locations where forests did not previously exist. Trees absorb CO2 as they grow, making these efforts a straightforward way to capture significant amounts of carbon over time. </p>



<p>Similarly, restoring wetlands can also sequester carbon, while providing critical habitat for wildlife and natural water filtration systems.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Agriculture&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Conservation agriculture practices, another facet of nature-based solutions, focus on improving the resilience and carbon storage capacity of agricultural lands. Techniques such as crop rotation, reduced tillage, and cover cropping not only enhance soil health and productivity but also increase the amount of carbon that soils can hold.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Urban greening</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-city-greening-reduces-carbon-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Urban greening</a> initiatives, including the creation of parks, green roofs, and urban forests, contribute to lowering urban temperatures, improving air quality, and enhancing urban biodiversity, all while sequestering CO2.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Careful management</h3>



<p>Nature-based climate solutions are increasingly recognized for their potential to provide a significant portion of the carbon dioxide removal needed to meet global climate targets.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, their implementation must be carefully managed to ensure that they do not lead to unintended negative consequences, such as the displacement of local communities or the loss of biodiversity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2318505121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Nature-based climate solutions are now more critical than ever

Nature-based solutions are pivotal in the fight against climate change,...

Fishing,Boat,Unloading,Its,Catch,Of,The,Day

<p>The health of our oceans depends on sustainable management. That's why experts are concerned about something called "destructive fishing," which harms marine ecosystems and the livelihoods of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-cooperate-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> that depend on them. </p>



<p>Until now, the term "destructive fishing" has eluded clear definition, complicating efforts to combat its effects. This lack of clarity has stymied policy development and the implementation of effective solutions. </p>



<p>Dr. Joshua Brian and his team at <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King's College London</a> address this issue head-on, offering a clear target for policy and conservation efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-s-the-big-deal-about-a-missing-definition">What's the big deal about a missing definition?</h2>



<p>Effective policies and regulations require clear definitions. In the case of destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-fleets-hidden-industrial-fishing-activity-exposed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, the lack of a concrete definition has made it difficult to create targeted laws, measure progress in reducing destructive practices, and hold those responsible accountable.</p>



<p>"For policy to be effective, it needs a clear target to aim at. Without a clear definition of destructive fishing, this target has been absent until now," says Dr. Joshua Brian.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-is-destructive-fishing">So, what IS destructive fishing?</h2>



<p>An international team of experts has collaborated to develop a working definition. Here's how they describe it:</p>



<p><em>"Destructive fishing is any fishing practice that causes irrecoverable habitat degradation, or which causes significant adverse environmental impacts, results in long-term declines in target or non-target species beyond biologically safe limits and has negative livelihood impacts."</em></p>



<p>In simpler terms, destructive fishing involves:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-severe-damage-to-habitats">Severe damage to habitats</h3>



<p>This damage encompasses the destruction or alteration of crucial underwater habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass beds. </p>



<p>These ecosystems are vital for the survival of numerous marine species, serving as breeding grounds, feeding areas, and shelters. </p>



<p>Damaging these habitats causes the entire marine ecosystem to suffer, leading to a ripple effect that can decimate marine biodiversity.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harm-to-non-target-species">Harm to non-target species</h3>



<p>Destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-fishing-method-of-bottom-trawling-harms-both-the-ocean-and-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a> doesn't only impact the species being targeted by fishermen. It also leads to the unintended catch and significant decline of other marine life. </p>



<p>This includes dolphins, turtles, and countless fish species that are caught in nets or harmed by other fishing gear. </p>



<p>These "bycatch" incidents can drastically reduce populations of non-target species, many of which are already vulnerable or endangered.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-negative-impacts-on-communities">Negative impacts on communities</h3>



<p>The repercussions of destructive fishing extend beyond the marine environment to affect human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-communities-are-on-the-frontline-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> as well. </p>



<p>Many coastal and island communities depend heavily on healthy marine ecosystems for their livelihoods, including fishing, tourism, and recreation. </p>



<p>Destructive fishing practices can threaten these jobs and jeopardize food security by depleting fish stocks and damaging the marine resources these communities rely on. </p>



<p>This can lead to economic instability and increased poverty in areas already vulnerable to environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-expert-opinions-on-destructive-fishing">Expert opinions on destructive fishing</h2>



<p>To arrive at this definition, researchers enlisted diverse perspectives from 80 fisheries experts from across the globe. </p>



<p>The team included scientists, conservationists, and individuals from within the fishing industry. Collaborators used a structured method called the Delphi technique to reach a consensus.</p>



<p>Hannah Richardson, a leading expert on destructive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fishing-levels-can-destroy-or-save-coral-reef-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fishing</a>, highlights the urgency: </p>



<p>“Fisheries are fundamental to global food security, but if we want to ensure the future health of fish stocks – and our ocean – we need to avoid fishing methods that are destructive to marine ecosystems and everything living in them.”</p>



<p>With a clear definition, we can:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Empower policymakers:</strong> Governments can use the definition to craft specific and enforceable laws targeting destructive practices.<br></li>



<li><strong>Measure our impact:</strong> We can develop ways to track the prevalence of destructive fishing and monitor whether conservation efforts are making a difference.<br></li>



<li><strong>Promote accountability:</strong>&nbsp;Having a definition provides a reference point for holding governments, fishing companies, and individuals responsible for destructive practices.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-destructive-fishing-definition">Beyond destructive fishing definition</h2>



<p>This working definition is a significant starting point. The next steps involve refining the definition further through discussions with policymakers, with the aim of achieving its adoption on an international level. </p>



<p>Alongside this, there's the important task of developing methods to measure the extent of destructive fishing, so the impact of policies can be accurately assessed.</p>



<p>Clear and specific definitions are crucial tools for addressing complex problems. This newly formulated definition of destructive fishing provides a foundation for taking action to protect our oceans and the communities that depend on them. </p>



<p>It's a step towards ensuring that future generations inherit healthy and productive marine ecosystems.</p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;<em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.13015" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Conservation Letters</a></em>.</p>



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What exactly is 'destructive fishing'? Time for a clear definition

The health of our oceans depends on sustainable management. That's...

<p>They've been called phantoms of the North – the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-great-grey-owls-capture-prey-beneath-snow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">great gray owl</a>. Their haunting calls and striking size make them a captivating sight in the snowy Alaskan wilderness. We picture these owls hunting voles in isolated forests, far away from any hint of human activity. But here's a twist: new research suggests that might not be the whole story.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-owls-in-human-neighborhood">Owls in human neighborhood?</h2>



<p>"We like to think of our wildlife, especially in Alaska, as existing in pristine wilderness untouched by humans," said Falk Huettmann, professor of wildlife and ecology at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (<a href="https://www.uaf.edu/uaf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UAF</a>). </p>



<p>But his team's computer models show something surprising: great gray <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-silent-flight-of-owls-is-one-of-natures-great-mysteries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a> might be more common in areas closer to human development. The areas include small towns, roads, and even structures like the trans-Alaska oil pipeline.</p>



<p>This definitely challenges the stereotype we have of owls as these solitary hunters of the deep woods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-machine-learning">The power of machine learning</h2>



<p>So, what's the secret behind this discovery? Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, the heroes of the study. The research team turned to a state-of-the-art computer system, arming it with a treasure trove of data. </p>



<p>Initially the systems were fed temperature information. The team analyzed how the mercury dips and rises across various locales, understanding the chilly conditions these owls might favor. Then, the human footprint - every road, town, and structure that marks the presence of human activity. </p>



<p>But what about the owls themselves? Here's where citizen science shines. The team tapped into vast databases like <a href="https://ebird.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eBird.org</a>, along with local birdwatching groups and other enthusiastic observers. Each sighting and each note added another piece to the puzzle.</p>



<p>The computers sifted through this wealth of information, learning and discerning patterns that draw a line between specific environmental factors and the presence of these majestic owls. This task, deciphering the habitat preferences of one of nature's enigmas, was a feat that only became feasible with the advent of such advanced computing capabilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-the-owls-reside-near-humans">Why do the owls reside near humans?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-availability">Food availability</h3>



<p>Urban and semi-urban areas can offer abundant food sources for great gray owls. These areas might attract rodents and other prey, making them appealing hunting grounds for the owls. The edges of urban areas, in particular, can provide a rich interface of habitats for owls to hunt.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nesting-sites">Nesting sites</h3>



<p>While great gray owls typically nest in large trees, the outskirts of human settlements or areas with scattered human structures can offer suitable nesting opportunities. These areas might have the large, mature trees that owls need for nesting, along with a lower presence of predators.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microclimates">Microclimates</h3>



<p>Human-made structures and altered landscapes can create microclimates that may be more favorable for the owls or their prey. For example, areas cleared for buildings or roads might open up spaces for hunting or lead to changes in local vegetation that attract prey animals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptability">Adaptability</h3>



<p>Great gray owls, like many other wildlife species, have shown adaptability to human-altered landscapes. Their presence near human populations indicates their ability to exploit new opportunities for food, nesting, and territory that come with human development.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>These owls carry a certain allure, a mystique that seems to cloak them in an aura of mystery. Their Latin name, Strix nebulosa, translates roughly to "foggy screech owl," evoking images of these creatures as ethereal beings, emerging from the mists of the wilderness. </p>



<p>This name alone paints a picture that feels almost magical, as if these owls belong more to the realm of folklore than to the scientific world we understand today.</p>



<p>However, as Huettmann suggests, there's a gap between this romanticized view and the reality uncovered by science. "I think we are seeing that it's not scientifically accurate to hang onto these traditional narratives and myths that are perpetuated about wildlife." </p>



<p>This insight challenges us to rethink our perceptions, urging us to set aside age-old tales and look more closely at the factual evidence presented by modern research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-owl-preferences-besides-human-proximity">Other owl preferences besides human proximity</h2>



<p>Great gray owls, with their distinctive large size and piercing eyes, have specific habitat preferences that go beyond their unexpected proximity to human-populated areas. </p>



<p>Their choices reflect a balance between the availability of prey, the suitability of nesting sites, and the need for adequate cover and territory size. Understanding these preferences helps us grasp the broader ecological needs of these majestic birds.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Dense forests for cover and nesting</h3>



<p>Great gray owls have a strong preference for dense forests, particularly those with a mix of old-growth trees. These environments offer crucial cover from predators and harsh weather conditions. </p>



<p>The forests also provide essential nesting sites. Great gray <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/barn-owls-improve-navigational-devices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">owls</a> do not build their own nests; instead, they often rely on abandoned raptor nests or natural tree cavities found in older, larger trees common in mature forests.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Open areas for hunting</h3>



<p>While dense forests are crucial for nesting and protection, great gray owls also require access to open areas for hunting. These can include meadows, clearings, and the edges of forests. </p>



<p>Such open habitats are vital for the owls' hunting strategy. They perch silently before swooping down on prey. The availability of open hunting grounds close to nesting sites in dense forests creates an ideal habitat for these owls.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Wetlands and riparian areas</h3>



<p>Great gray owls also show a preference for wetlands and riparian areas. These environments are rich in biodiversity and offer abundant prey, including small mammals like voles and mice. </p>



<p>The interface between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems provides a diverse hunting ground for the owls, allowing them to exploit a variety of prey species.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Owls prefer minimal human disturbance</h3>



<p>Although the study reveals that great gray owls can and do live closer to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owls-humans-visual/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human</a> settlements than previously thought, it's essential to recognize that these owls still require areas with minimal human disturbance for optimal breeding and hunting. </p>



<p>Too much noise, light pollution, and direct human interference can negatively impact their ability to thrive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-more-owls-be-seen-near-humans">Will more owls be seen near humans?</h2>



<p>This doesn't mean your local park is going to be overflowing with great grays. However, it does paint a more nuanced picture. We're starting to get a clearer understanding of where these birds thrive.</p>



<p>And here's the even bigger bonus: this same supercomputing tech can help us learn about all sorts of other animals, even ones we know almost nothing about.</p>



<p>It's a reminder that even as wild as the Alaskan landscape is, humans shape it in complex and unexpected ways. It also shows us the power of technology in unlocking the secrets of the natural world. </p>



<p>The study is published in&nbsp;the journal <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-57588-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Great gray owls thrive closer to human areas

They've been called phantoms of the North – the great...

<p>In a revealing study, a stark image emerged: boreal forest landscape, once blanketed in snow, now nearly bare. This was not a distant prediction but an observed reality at the SPRUCE Experiment in Minnesota, where researchers mimicked future climates.</p>



<p>And according to the research, even small amounts of warming can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-drastically-lowers-snows-water-storage-capacity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dramatically change</a> these vast ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boreal-forests">Boreal forests</h2>



<p>Boreal forests, also known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/">tai</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">g</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-climate-change-alter-alaskas-boreal-forest/">as</a>, are vast ecosystems located in the northern regions of the globe, just below the Arctic Circle. These forests are characterized by their cold, harsh climates and short growing seasons. </p>



<p>They are primarily made up of coniferous trees such as pines, spruces, and firs, which are well adapted to the cold environment. Boreal forests cover large parts of Russia, Canada, Alaska, and Scandinavia, making them one of the world's largest biome types.</p>



<p>These forests play a crucial role in the Earth's climate system by acting as significant carbon sinks, absorbing large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. They are also home to a diverse range of wildlife, including bears, wolves, moose, and numerous bird species. </p>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unexpected-changes-what-happens-to-boreal-forests-after-fire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forest</a> ecosystem is adapted to its cold environment, but it is sensitive to climate change, especially to warming temperatures and the resulting changes in snow cover and permafrost.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-snow-matters">Why snow matters</h2>



<p>For much of the northern hemisphere, snow transforms the landscape into a breathtaking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-driven-climate-change-is-to-blame-for-sharp-snowpack-declines-since-1980/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">winter wonderland</a>. But beyond its beauty, snow plays a crucial role in the ecosystem:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Earth's natural mirror:</strong> Snow's bright surface reflects a significant amount of sunlight. This helps keep the air and ground cooler, slowing down the rate of snowmelt.<br></li>



<li><strong>A cozy insulator:</strong> Snow acts like a fluffy blanket, shielding the plants and diverse creatures of the forest floor from the bitter cold and harsh winds.<br></li>



<li><strong>The source of spring:</strong>&nbsp;As spring arrives, the gradual melt of snowpack provides a steady supply of water, feeding rivers, streams, and the plants that burst back to life after their winter slumber.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-snow-even-warmer-temperatures">Less Snow, Even Warmer Temperatures</h2>



<p>A team led by Dr. Andrew Richardson of Northern Arizona University (<a href="https://nau.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NAU</a>) investigated the cascading effects of a seemingly minor change: slightly warmer winters. </p>



<p>"Snow is really a critical part of winter in most northern ecosystems," said Richardson. "Transitioning to low- or no-snow winters is going to have major implications for how these ecosystems 'work.'"</p>



<p>Their findings paint a concerning picture:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extra-warmth-in-boreal-forest">Extra warmth in boreal forest</h3>



<p>Even a degree or two of added warmth results in a substantial decrease in snow cover. This seemingly minor change can have profound effects on global ecosystems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-floods-what-turns-a-rainstorm-into-a-catastrophe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water cycles</a>. The reduction in snow has cascading effects on local and global climates. </p>



<p>For instance, areas that traditionally rely on snowmelt for freshwater may face shortages, affecting both human populations and wildlife. </p>



<p>Additionally, without the reflective surface of snow, the ground absorbs more solar radiation, further increasing local temperatures in a feedback loop that exacerbates the original warming.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-absorbing-soil">Heat-absorbing soil</h3>



<p>Without the reflective power of snow, exposed soil absorbs more of the sun's rays, turning it into a giant heater. </p>



<p>This absorption exacerbates local warming, as the darkened soil surfaces retain more heat compared to the highly reflective snow. </p>



<p>This process not only raises ground temperatures but also contributes to a feedback loop that further accelerates the melting of any remaining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alpine-ecosystems-are-thrown-off-balance-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">snow and ice</a>. </p>



<p>The increased soil temperatures can disrupt local ecosystems, altering the growth cycles of plants and the habitats of wildlife, leading to broader ecological impacts and enhancing the overall warming of the planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-warming-feedback-loop">A warming feedback loop</h3>



<p>The additional heat from the sun-absorbing soil elevates air temperatures, accelerating the melt of surrounding snow. </p>



<p>This rapid snowmelt feeds into a vicious cycle. Reduced snow cover increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil heat absorption</a>, which in turn further warms the air. </p>



<p>This cycle of disappearing snow and escalating temperatures perpetuates a self-reinforcing loop, exacerbating climate warming effects. </p>



<p>Such changes can dramatically alter ecosystems, reduce water availability from snowpack-dependent sources, and increase the frequency of wildfires and other extreme weather events. </p>



<p>The cycle underscores the interconnectedness of climate systems and the significant impact of incremental temperature rises on the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spruce-experiment-simulating-boreal-forest-winters">The SPRUCE experiment: Simulating boreal forest winters</h2>



<p>To isolate the influence of rising temperatures on boreal forest snow, scientists turned to a fascinating project in Minnesota – the U.S. Department of Energy's <a href="https://mnspruce.ornl.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SPRUCE Experiment</a>. </p>



<p>Here, researchers carefully increased the temperature in steps, simulating various levels of warming. Time-lapse cameras captured the vanishing snow, providing a stark visual record.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-even-small-changes-matter">Even small changes matter</h2>



<p>The team wasn't prepared for just how quickly the snow in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-shifting-the-earths-coldest-forest-northward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forest</a> would disappear. Even with the smallest temperature increase, snowpack dwindled rapidly. This meant plants lost their protection earlier in the season, battled temperature swings, and suffered from dehydration with reduced snowmelt.</p>



<p>The consequences, they worry, could ripple through the entire interconnected web of the forest:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Struggling plants:</strong> Untimely exposure to cold and lack of water can stress or even kill trees and other plant life.<br></li>



<li><strong>Drier summers:</strong> Without a healthy snowpack to slowly melt, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-moderate-warming-will-transform-northern-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest</a> might face water shortages in the warmer months.<br></li>



<li><strong>Wildfire risk:</strong>&nbsp;Dried-out forests become tinderboxes, creating a greater risk of devastating wildfires.</li>
</ul>



<p>"We'll likely see negative impacts of low snow, such as frozen soils and damaged plant tissues, as well as reduced spring runoff and drier soils going into summer. Even if you don't like winter, this is just bad news all around," Richardson explains.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arizona-linked-to-boreal-forests">Arizona linked to boreal forests</h2>



<p>While Arizona's ponderosa pine forests are a world away from the boreal, this study offers a cautionary tale. Even here, we see how sensitive our winters are to a few degrees difference. </p>



<p>Remember the last time Flagstaff was on the verge of a snowstorm, but warmer temperatures brought rain instead? That's a hint of what the future might hold.</p>



<p>"We're kind of close to the edge already...This may sound like good news for local residents who are tired of snow by the end of January, but it probably translates to more stressed forests," warns Richardson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-a-changing-world">Lessons for a changing world</h2>



<p>This research isn't about mourning the loss of boreal forest snow; it's about understanding the far-reaching effects of climate change:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Improving climate models:</strong> This unique study's results will help scientists refine the complex models used to predict our planet's future.<br></li>



<li><strong>Ecosystem management:</strong>&nbsp;Knowing how sensitive a region is to snow loss helps us design strategies to protect forests and the countless species they support.</li>
</ul>



<p>"As someone who loves winter, this is a double dose of bad news -- less snow and more fire danger," reflects Richardson.</p>



<p>While solutions to climate change are complex, this study reminds us that even seemingly small temperature shifts have immense power to reshape our world -- from the faraway boreal forests to our own backyard.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023JG007833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">J</a><a href="https://doi.org/10.1029/2023jg007833" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ournal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Just a single degree of warming will wreak havoc in boreal forests

In a revealing study, a stark image emerged: boreal forest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
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<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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