Polar ice is rapidly vanishing in both Antarctica and the South Pole, and the world keeps circling back to the same question: Can we use technology to stop it? 



A new review takes a hard look at five of the boldest proposals for slowing polar melt - and comes back with a clear answer: not yet, and maybe not ever.



The stakes are rising fast. In 2025, Arctic sea ice hit its lowest winter maximum on record, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (<a href="https://nsidc.org/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSIDC</a>). 



That trend highlights why people keep dreaming up big fixes - and why scientists are now asking tough questions about whether those fixes could actually work.



Led by Professor Martin Siegert of the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk/">University of Exeter</a>, the team evaluated the five ideas against six yardsticks: effectiveness, feasibility, scale and timing, environmental risk, cost, and governance. 



Their conclusion is sobering - especially for the Arctic and Antarctic, where even small missteps can cascade into major problems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-big-ideas-bigger-costs">Big ideas, bigger costs</h2>



The five ideas are simple to list and hard to pull off. They include <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-small-aerosols-influence-cloud-formation/">stratospheric aerosol</a> injection, which means spraying reflective particles high in the atmosphere, and seabed curtains to block warm currents from ice shelves.



Other ideas are sea ice management by boosting albedo with beads or by thickening ice, basal water removal under glaciers, and ocean iron fertilization (OIF) to stimulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-at-risk-global-warming-threatens-the-oceans-lifeline/">plankton</a> that carry carbon to the depth.



Cost alone should make readers pause. This analysis estimates that an 80-kilometer (about 50-mile) sea curtain would cost roughly 80 billion dollars over ten years. That figure comes before ongoing maintenance and unforeseen impacts are counted.



"Mid-century is approaching, but our time, money, and expertise is split between evidence-backed net zero efforts and speculative geoengineering projects," said Professor Siegert.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aerosols-can-t-save-the-polar-ice">Aerosols can’t save the polar ice</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/">Stratospheric aerosol</a> injection sounds straightforward: add particles like sulfur dioxide high in the stratosphere to reflect sunlight.



Over the poles it runs into physics, since winter darkness removes sunlight for months and cold-season circulation flushes aerosols out faster.



Even when the sun is up, snow and ice already reflect a lot of light, which weakens the effect. 



The review also flags known risks, including ozone loss, shifts in rainfall, and the chance of rapid warming if injections stop after years of masking greenhouse heating.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thicker-ice-plan-falls-short">Thicker ice plan falls short</h2>



One attention-grabbing idea is to scatter tiny hollow glass microspheres over first-year <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-collapse-of-arctic-sea-ice-may-come-with-little-warning/">sea ice</a> to reflect more light. 



A 2022 paper calculated that roughly 360 megatons of beads per year would be needed and found the beads can darken some surfaces enough to accelerate ice loss.



Support for that approach also sagged outside the lab. A 2025 announcement from the Arctic Ice Project said the nonprofit was winding down after ecotoxicology tests raised potential food web risks.



What about thickening sea ice by pumping seawater onto the surface so it freezes? 



The review points out a practical wall here too, since it would mean deploying and maintaining huge numbers of devices across drifting, breaking ice in brutal conditions for years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-pumping-hits-hard-wall">Glacier pumping hits hard wall</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glaciers-from-the-rockies-to-the-alps-are-melting-much-faster-than-expected/">Speeding glaciers</a> depend partly on water at the base that reduces friction. Drilling through miles of moving ice and pumping out subglacial water across wide areas are a massive challenge.



Keeping the holes from freezing shut demands power, logistics, and precision that exceed current polar field capacity.



Fertilizing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-storage-mystery-emerges-in-the-southern-ocean/">Southern Ocean</a> with iron to grow more plankton has been tested many times. A policy brief notes that only one ship experiment - the <a href="https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/15162/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Iron Fertilization Experiment</a> - saw strong carbon export to more than 9,800 feet, where storage could last centuries. 



It also found that nitrous oxide produced during remineralization can offset 5 to more than 40 percent of any carbon gains.



Even if results looked better, governance would still be a hurdle. The London Convention’s 2013 amendment restricts large-scale ocean fertilization to legitimate research, not carbon markets. 



The review adds that the <a href="https://www.ats.aq/index_e.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Antarctic Treaty System</a> would require strict environmental review for most polar interventions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harsh-realities-of-polar-ice-testing">Harsh realities of polar ice testing</h2>



Polar work windows are short, travel distances are long, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-near-the-north-pole-signals-major-climate-shifts/">storms</a> and sea ice can cancel whole seasons. 



That is before counting iceberg hazards, darkness, and the difficulty of powering heavy equipment cleanly without leaving black carbon on the snow.



Scale also defeats many of these ideas. The ocean and ice do not respect neat borders, so diverting warm water from one polar ice shelf can steer it toward another. 



Slowing one fast-flowing glacier can also redirect stress or subglacial water and speed up a neighbor.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cutting-co2-still-works-best">Cutting CO2 still works best</h2>



The most reliable lever we have is still cutting carbon dioxide quickly. 



The review emphasizes that temperatures tend to stabilize within about two decades after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/green-technology-is-urgently-needed-to-save-the-climate/">net-zero CO2</a>, which slows the drivers of polar ice loss and gives ecosystems and communities a fighting chance.



Protecting polar biodiversity and local livelihoods also means expanding and enforcing strong protected areas. 



It also requires improving monitoring and supporting Indigenous knowledge and leadership in the Arctic. These steps reduce harm now without adding new risks to already stressed systems.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/science/articles/10.3389/fsci.2025.1527393/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Science</a>.



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Polar ice is melting fast, and there is no current technology that can stop it

Polar ice is rapidly vanishing in both Antarctica and the South Pole, and the world keeps circling back to the same question: Can we use technology to stop it? A new review takes a hard look at five of the boldest proposals for slowing polar melt - and comes back with a clear answer: not yet, and maybe not ever. The stakes are rising fast. In 2025, Arctic sea ice hit its lowest winter maximum on record, according to the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)....

The idea of entire cities sinking beneath the waves might seem like science fiction. Yet, recent research on rising sea levels suggests that this scenario could become reality within the next 75 years.



A study from Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore predicts that global sea levels could rise by as much as 6.2 feet (1.9 meters) by 2100 if carbon emissions continue to climb. 



Such a drastic increase would have catastrophic consequences for coastal cities worldwide, leaving millions displaced and vast regions uninhabitable.



"The high-end projection of 1.9 meters [6.2 feet] underscores the need for decision-makers to plan for critical infrastructure accordingly," said Dr. Benjamin Grandey, lead author of the study.



"More importantly, these results emphasize the importance of climate mitigation through reducing greenhouse gas emissions," he warned.



If these projections come true, countless coastal towns and major cities could be submerged underwater. The impact would be felt across all continents, from the United Kingdom and Europe to the United States and beyond.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-sea-level-projections">Rising sea level projections</h2>



Projections of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-warnings-what-coastal-cities-must-prepare-for/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea-level</a> rise depend on complex climate models that factor in various processes. Some projections focus on well-documented trends, such as the melting of glaciers.



Others incorporate less predictable events, such as the sudden collapse of ice shelves. The combination of these different elements results in a wide range of possible outcomes.



The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a>) addressed this uncertainty in its 2023 Sixth Assessment Report. Under high-emission scenarios, the IPCC estimated global sea levels would rise between 1.9 and 3.2 feet (0.6 and 1.0 meters). 



However, researchers at <a href="https://www.ntu.edu.sg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NTU</a> argue that existing models often fail to provide a clear picture. They have developed a "fusion" approach that combines statistical methods with expert opinions to refine sea level predictions.



"Our new approach tackles a key issue in sea-level science: different methods of projecting sea-level rise often produce widely varying results," Dr. Grandey explained. 



By integrating multiple approaches, researchers hope to provide a more accurate estimate of what the future holds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-threat-to-the-united-kingdom">Threat to the United Kingdom</h2>



If sea levels rise by 6.2 feet (1.9 meters), vast areas of the United Kingdom will be at risk.



London would be particularly vulnerable, with many neighborhoods along the River Thames facing severe flooding. Areas such as Bermondsey, Greenwich, Battersea, and Chelsea would likely experience catastrophic inundation.



The impact would extend far beyond the capital. The east coast of England is expected to suffer the most, with towns such as Hull, Skegness, and Grimsby facing complete submersion. Even inland locations, including Peterborough and Lincoln, could experience severe flooding.



Climate Central’s <a href="https://coastal.climatecentral.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Coastal Risk Screening Tool</a> provides a detailed look at which regions will be affected. By setting the water level to 6.2 feet (1.9 meters), users can see which areas are predicted to disappear beneath rising seas. The results paint a grim picture, with entire coastal stretches marked in red.



The west coast of England and Wales would also feel the effects. Low-lying communities such as Weston-super-Mare, Newport, and Cardiff would be heavily impacted. Meanwhile, parts of Southport and Blackpool could also face destruction.



Scotland and Northern Ireland, however, appear to be less affected due to their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pacific-sea-levels-are-rising-faster-than-anywhere-in-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">higher elevations</a>. While some localized flooding may occur, these regions will likely escape the worst of the crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-perspective-on-rising-seas">Global perspective on rising seas</h2>



The threat of rising seas extends far beyond the U.K. Across Europe, heavily populated coastal areas could vanish.



Climate Central predicts that the entire coastline from Calais in France to southern Denmark could be submerged. The situation in Italy is equally dire, with Venice - that is already battling frequent floods - potentially disappearing beneath the water.



The United States is not immune to the dangers either. Coastal cities in the southern states, including New Orleans, Galveston, and parts of the Florida Everglades, are among the most vulnerable.



With much of New Orleans already sitting below <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-will-antarctica-contribute-to-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level</a>, an increase of 6.2 feet would make it nearly impossible to protect.



Many other regions worldwide would also be at risk. Island nations in the Pacific, such as the Maldives and Tuvalu, could become totally uninhabitable. 



Coastal megacities like Jakarta, Bangkok, and Mumbai would face relentless flooding that would threaten the homes and livelihoods of millions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-anything-be-done">Can anything be done?</h2>



The findings from NTU highlight the urgent need for climate action. The continued rise in carbon dioxide emissions remains the primary driver of global warming and ice melt. Without significant reductions, future generations could witness the submersion of major cities.



"This NTU research represents a significant breakthrough in sea-level science. By estimating the probability of the most extreme outcomes, it underscores the severe impacts of sea-level rise on coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems, emphasising the urgent need to address the climate crisis," noted Professor Benjamin Horton, Director of the Earth Observatory of Singapore at NTU.



Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is essential, but adaptation strategies must also be considered. Governments must invest in flood defenses, sustainable urban planning, and disaster preparedness. 



Without such efforts, the world could soon face an era of climate-driven displacement on an unprecedented scale.



The future of coastal cities depends on immediate action. With each passing year of unchecked emissions, the likelihood of a submerged world grows more certain.



The research study was published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2024EF005295">Earth's Future</a>.



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Major coastal cities around the world could disappear under rising seas by 2100

The idea of entire cities sinking beneath the waves might...

Over the past four decades, the rate at which global oceans absorb heat has surged dramatically. A recent study reveals that ocean warming rates have quadrupled since the late 1980s. 



During that earlier period, temperatures rose by roughly 0.06°C (0.11°F) per decade. Today, that rate has jumped to 0.27°C (0.49°F) per decade.



This acceleration offers a clear explanation for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-ocean-warming-in-2024-is-a-warning-for-our-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unprecedented ocean heat</a> observed in 2023 and early 2024, when global sea surface temperatures broke records for 450 consecutive days.



Professor Chris Merchant, lead author of the study and a researcher at the <a href="https://research.reading.ac.uk/meteorology/people/christopher-merchant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>, likens the trend to a bathtub filling with hot water.



“In the 1980s, the hot tap was running slowly, warming up the water by just a fraction of a degree each decade. But now the hot tap is running much faster, and the warming has picked up speed,” Professor Merchant noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-energy-imbalance">Earth’s energy imbalance</h2>



The rapid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-is-subtly-changing-the-tides/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heating of the oceans</a> is tied to Earth’s growing energy imbalance. This imbalance occurs when more solar energy is absorbed by the planet than is radiated back into space. 



Since 2010, this disparity has nearly doubled, driven by rising greenhouse gas concentrations and a decline in Earth’s ability to reflect sunlight. Factors such as melting polar ice and shifts in cloud cover have reduced the planet’s reflectivity, trapping additional heat in the climate system.



Oceans act as Earth’s primary heat sink, absorbing over 90% of this excess energy. The study highlights that 44% of the record-breaking ocean temperatures during the recent El Niño event - a natural climate phenomenon that warms the Pacific - can be attributed to this accelerated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-deja-vu-oceans-may-slow-down-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heat absorption</a>.



Even when compared to the strong El Niño of 2015–2016, the 2023–2024 event stood out due to the oceans’ faster warming trend over the past decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influences-on-ocean-warming">Influences on ocean warming</h2>



While natural climate cycles like El Niño contribute to short-term temperature spikes, the study emphasizes that human activities are amplifying their effects. 



The 2023–2024 El Niño occurred against a backdrop of oceans already primed to absorb heat at unprecedented rates. The researchers found that sea surfaces have warmed so rapidly in recent years that even moderate natural variability now leads to extreme temperature records.



This synergy between human-driven warming and natural cycles has cascading impacts. Warmer oceans intensify hurricanes, disrupt rainfall patterns, and accelerate ice melt. 



For example, the 2024 California wildfire season was exacerbated by abnormally high ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plankton-at-risk-global-warming-threatens-the-oceans-lifeline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperatures</a>, which altered atmospheric moisture and wind patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-accelerated-warming">Future of accelerated warming</h2>



One of the study’s most striking conclusions is that the total ocean warming observed over the past 40 years could be matched - or surpassed - within the next 20 years.



Surface ocean temperatures, which play a critical role in regulating global climate, are rising at a pace that could push Earth toward irreversible tipping points. These include the collapse of ice sheets, the shutdown of ocean currents, and the dieback of vital ecosystems like the Amazon rainforest.



Temporary breaches of the 1.5°C (2.7°F) global warming threshold, such as those recorded in 2024, may soon become permanent without urgent action.



The UK Met Office notes that each fraction of a degree avoided could prevent catastrophic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-sediments-predict-the-impacts-of-ocean-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outcomes</a> for ecosystems and human societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ocean-warming-s-threat-to-marine-ecosystems">Ocean warming's threat to marine ecosystems</h2>



The consequences of ocean warming extend far beyond temperature records. Coral reefs, which support 25% of marine species, are experiencing mass bleaching events at an unprecedented scale. 



Warmer waters disrupt fish migration patterns, threatening global fisheries and food security. Species unable to adapt or relocate face extinction, while invasive organisms thrive in altered conditions.



Coastal communities are also at risk. Rising sea levels, driven by thermal expansion and ice melt, threaten low-lying regions. Saltwater intrusion into freshwater systems further strains resources for millions of people.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closing-the-hot-tap">Closing the “hot tap”</h2>



Professor Merchant stresses that slowing ocean warming requires “closing the hot tap” by rapidly reducing carbon emissions. 



Transitioning to renewable energy, protecting carbon-absorbing ecosystems like mangroves and peatlands, and adopting sustainable land-use practices are critical steps. Governments must prioritize policies that phase out fossil fuels and incentivize green technologies.



Individual actions also play a role. Reducing meat consumption, minimizing energy waste, and supporting climate-conscious policies can collectively drive systemic change. 



The study warns that delaying action will escalate costs - both economic and ecological - as climate disasters grow more frequent and severe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-ocean-warming">Consequences of ocean warming</h2>



Failing to curb emissions may lead to irreversible damage. The financial toll of climate disasters, from rebuilding after hurricanes to relocating displaced communities, could reach trillions of dollars annually by mid-century.



In contrast, investments in renewable energy and climate resilience offer long-term savings and job creation.



“Not doing it is more expensive,” said Merchant, pointing to the growing gap between current efforts and what is needed to stabilize the climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-race-against-time">A race against time</h2>



The study’s findings are a stark reminder that ocean warming is not a distant threat but an immediate crisis. Every year of delayed action allows the “hot tap” to run faster, compounding risks for future generations.



“The difference between 1.5°C and 2°C of warming could determine the survival of entire ecosystems,” noted Professor Rowan Sutton of the <a href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Met Office</a>’s Hadley Centre. The window to avert the worst impacts is narrowing, but it remains open - if societies act decisively.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/adaa8a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Research Letters</a>.



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Ocean temperatures have broken heat records for 450 straight days

Over the past four decades, the rate at which global...

A new study led by geologists and geographers from the University of Florida provides new insights into Antarctic ice shelves and how they respond to climate change.&nbsp;



While warming temperatures are clearly driving a widespread loss of ice shelves, the study reveals that major iceberg calving events have not significantly increased in frequency or size.&nbsp;



Instead, smaller, more frequent calving events, which the authors describe as “death by a thousand cuts,” appear to be the main culprits in Antarctic ice shelf decline.



The findings have been published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2024GL112235" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>, and the research team was led by assistant professor of geological sciences Emma MacKie and assistant professor of geography Katy Serafin (both from the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>), along with a collaborator from the <a href="https://www.mines.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Colorado School of Mines</a>.



“Our results suggest that the primary threat to our ice shelves is ‘death by a thousand cuts’ via small calving events, rather than catastrophic extremes,” MacKie said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rising-temperatures-and-antarctic-ice-shelves-nbsp">Rising temperatures and Antarctic ice shelves&nbsp;</h2>



Calving refers to the process by which chunks of ice detach from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-melting-ice-shelves-threaten-global-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice shelves</a> to form icebergs. While this process has long been known to occur naturally, the role of climate change in speeding it up has attracted increasing scientific attention.&nbsp;



The most striking aspect of this new study is its finding that extreme, large-scale iceberg break-offs - although they capture headlines - are not happening more frequently or growing in magnitude due to global warming.



Throughout their survey, the researchers primarily observed a broad retreat of ice shelves associated with rising temperatures. However, these large calving events - where an iceberg exceeds 100 square kilometers - remain relatively rare.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-calving-events-are-rare">Large calving events are rare</h2>



The team delved into 47 years’ worth of satellite data, spanning 1976 to 2023, to uncover patterns in the frequency and size of large calving events. Despite this extensive timeframe, major calving events still numbered too few for standard statistical methods to paint a clear picture.&nbsp;



To address this, the team turned to extreme value theory, a statistical approach commonly used to study rare natural disasters like major floods or earthquakes.



Katy Serafin - an expert on extreme flooding - applied these established methods to the ice shelf data. “Statistical models relating event size and frequency are tools that have been used for estimating rare flood events, like a 100-year flood, for decades,” she explained.



“Now that satellite imagery can more consistently track large calving events, we thought we’d test whether we could apply the same tools for understanding how likely these massive calving events are.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-icebergs-are-not-increasing">Giant icebergs are not increasing</h2>



By applying extreme value theory to the available data, the researchers calculated the likelihood and potential size of large calving events.&nbsp;



They estimated that a once-in-a-decade iceberg could be around 6,100 square kilometers, comparable to a giant iceberg that broke off in 2017 (roughly the size of Delaware), while a once-in-a-century iceberg could measure as much as 45,000 square kilometers, an area larger than Denmark.



“A once in a century <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarcticas-largest-icebergs-are-not-linked-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iceberg</a> would be several times larger than any in the observational record and would have a significant impact on ice-sheet stability and ocean processes,” said MacKie.



Despite these theoretical extremes, the researchers found no upward trend in the frequency or size of these major events over the last five decades.&nbsp;



Interestingly, the largest icebergs observed appeared between 1986 and 2000, suggesting that these rare break-offs are not directly tied to rising temperatures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-real-threat-small-calving-events">The real threat: Small calving events</h2>



While dramatic, large icebergs do not seem to be increasing in tandem with climate change, smaller, more frequent calving events appear to be gradually eroding Antarctica’s ice shelves. 



The cumulative impact of these numerous small break-offs seems to be the main driver of ice shelf loss over the past 50 years.



This ongoing reduction in ice shelves - amplified by warmer conditions - poses long-term concerns for ice sheet stability and global sea levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-models-and-sea-level-rise">Climate models and sea level rise</h2>



The study’s findings carry significant consequences for climate modeling and predictions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-sea-levels-spiked-dramatically-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea level rise</a>. 



Contrary to public perceptions focusing on massive icebergs breaking away, the slow, continuous loss of ice could represent the more serious danger to polar regions.



Understanding these smaller, frequent calving events can help scientists improve models that forecast the future of ice shelves and enable policymakers to formulate more precise strategies for addressing the ramifications of ice melt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dynamics-of-antarctic-ice-shelves">Dynamics of Antarctic ice shelves</h2>



By revealing that large calving events are not growing in size or frequency, the study comes up with a new narrative on how Antarctic ice shelves are declining.&nbsp;



The emphasis shifts to the accumulative toll of small-scale calving. This highlights the value of long-term observational data and specialized statistical methods, such as extreme value theory, for discerning broader patterns in rarely observed phenomena.



Ultimately, the results warn that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-surge-in-global-warming-may-have-an-unexpected-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid warming</a>, while not accelerating catastrophic iceberg release, is facilitating a steady thinning of ice shelves - a trend that remains a serious concern for Antarctica’s stability and the worldwide consequences of sea level rise.



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Giant icebergs are not the main threat to Antarctica’s stability 

A new study led by geologists and geographers from the...

Glaciers worldwide are shrinking due to rising temperatures, reshaping landscapes and posing serious challenges for the organisms that inhabit them. Yet in the lofty reaches of the Andes Mountains, a wild relative of the llama is helping new life take root in areas newly exposed by ice retreat.&nbsp;



By depositing substantial piles of dung, vicuñas are speeding up plant colonization on freshly deglaciated terrain, a process that would otherwise take more than a century.



This fascinating discovery, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83457-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Scientific Reports</a>, underscores an unexpected strategy through which species are adjusting to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-and-biodiversity-striking-the-right-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>.&nbsp;



While this unique animal behavior offers hope for reviving scarred alpine landscapes, the study’s authors caution that the overall pace of climate change outstrips many species’ ability to find suitable new habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crucial-ecological-role-of-vicunas-nbsp">Crucial ecological role of vicuñas&nbsp;</h2>



Vicuñas are one of two wild South American camelids, with llamas and alpacas as their domesticated counterparts. 



These hardy animals live at high altitudes in the Andes and have a notable habit: much like how people consistently use designated bathrooms, vicuñas gather in communal latrines.



Cliff Bueno de Mesquita is the study’s co-first author and a research scientist at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a>.&nbsp;



“It’s interesting to see how a social behavior of these animals can transfer nutrients to a new ecosystem that is very nutrient poor,” said Bueno de Mesquita.&nbsp;



However, the current rate of climate change still outpaces the ability of many species to find new habitats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-growth-in-vicunas-latrines">Plant growth in vicuñas’ latrines</h2>



The key finding is that vicuñas’ <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephant-dung-feeds-over-2-million-beetles-daily/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dung</a> accelerates plant establishment on deglaciated ground by more than a hundred years. 



Glacial melt in high-altitude areas typically reveals a desolate landscape of rock and gravel, lacking essential nutrients for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-how-climate-change-will-alter-plant-growth-cycles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant growth</a>. 



Over the last ten years, Steven Schmidt, the paper’s senior author and a professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, and his team noticed small patches of vegetation emerging wherever vicuña dung piles accumulated.



The researchers ventured to sites in the Peruvian Andes, nearly 18,000 feet above sea level, that had previously been covered by glaciers. They analyzed the composition of soil in and around these communal dung piles and discovered notable differences.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhanced-soil-quality">Enhanced soil quality</h3>



Vicuña latrine soils contained considerably higher levels of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus than adjacent barren soils - enough to promote rapid plant germination.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-water-retention">Better water retention</h3>



Despite the arid conditions at high altitudes, the latrine soils held more moisture, further supporting plant life in an otherwise harsh environment.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbial-diversity">Microbial diversity</h3>



Soil samples from latrines revealed a wide variety of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-soil-planet-warming-global-carbon-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microorganisms</a>, suggesting the latrines serve as fertile ground for microbes and, consequently, plants.



This rich blend of nutrients, water, and microbes helps seeds from lower elevations - carried to high altitudes via vicuñas’ dung - take root more easily in newly revealed terrain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacial-retreat-and-barren-landscapes">Glacial retreat and barren landscapes </h2>



Normally, the newly exposed soil left by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astonishing-glacier-retreat-in-the-arctic-signals-climate-disaster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreating glaciers</a> can remain plant-free for a century or more due to nutrient deficits and low moisture levels. 



Through their dung piles, vicuñas deposit an essential mix of nutrients, seeds, and microorganisms that jumpstart the formation of a new ecosystem. 



Over time, this vegetation encourages other animals, including herbivores and predators like pumas, to move in.



Camera footage confirms that the presence of nascent vegetation has drawn a surprising variety of wildlife, including species rarely seen at such extreme altitudes. 



In turn, vicuñas themselves also graze on the plants that spring up around their latrines, creating a cyclical benefit.



According to Kelsey Rider, an animal ecologist at <a href="https://www.jmu.edu/index.shtml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">James Madison University</a>, it could take centuries for the deglaciated area to transform into grassland.



This might help mitigate the negative impacts that many animal species preferring colder climates face as their habitats shrink. The process, while beneficial, lags behind the rapid pace of glacial melting worldwide.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anthropogenic-climate-change-nbsp">Anthropogenic climate change&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists note that vicuñas, despite effectively fertilizing and rejuvenating new habitats, cannot fully counteract the accelerating glacier loss.&nbsp;



Over the past two decades, global glacier melt has surged, with non-polar glaciers losing around 267 billion tons of ice each year between 2000 and 2019. 



If warming trends persist, up to 68% of Earth’s glaciers could disappear, imperiling water supplies for almost a quarter of the world’s population.



“The vicuñas are probably helping some alpine organisms, but we can’t assume they’ll all be okay, because in Earth’s history, we’ve never seen climate change happen at this speed,”



Bueno de Mesquita said. “Current anthropogenic climate change is probably the most severe crisis our planet and all living things have faced in the past 65 million years.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-a-drastically-changing-climate-nbsp">Wildlife in a drastically changing climate&nbsp;</h2>



The role of vicuñas in the Andes serves as a compelling illustration of how species can adapt to a changing planet. 



By pooling nutrients in communal dung piles, these animals foster micro-environments that favor plant life, effectively creating oases in barren landscapes.



Although this adaptation stands as a beacon of resilience, the overarching message remains stark: climate change is unfolding too quickly for many species to keep pace.&nbsp;



Without significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and robust conservation efforts, ecosystems around the globe - including the high Andes - risk suffering irreversible damage.



Ultimately, the study emphasizes that while behaviors like the vicuñas’ communal latrines can offer localized reprieves from the stresses of global warming, far more comprehensive measures are needed to ensure that both wildlife and human communities can endure in a drastically shifting environment.



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Animal poop can literally transform barren landscapes into lush ecosystems

Glaciers worldwide are shrinking due to rising temperatures, reshaping landscapes...

Millions of Americans face a sobering reality about their drinking water. A recent study from the&nbsp;Keck&nbsp;School&nbsp;of&nbsp;Medicine&nbsp;at the&nbsp;University&nbsp;of&nbsp;Southern&nbsp;California (USC)&nbsp;warns that exposure to "forever chemicals" in tap water increases cancer risk by up to 33 percent. 



These chemicals, known as polyfluoroalkyl substances (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-strain-identified-that-can-eat-forever-chemicals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a>), exist in nearly half of the drinking water supplies across the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forever-chemicals-in-drinking-water">Forever chemicals in drinking water</h2>



Scientists have linked PFAS to severe health problems, including kidney, breast, and testicular cancer. This study broadens the scope, connecting these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-alter-gene-expression-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemicals</a> to digestive, endocrine, respiratory, and mouth and throat cancers.



<a href="https://www.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC</a> researchers analyzed large population datasets, pinpointing a disturbing pattern - counties with contaminated water reported higher cancer cases between 2016 and 2021.



The <a href="https://www.epa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EPA</a> estimates that PFAS contamination contributes to nearly 6,864 new cancer cases each year. Though this accounts for only 0.4 percent of all cancer cases, the long-term impact remains alarming.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hotspots-of-forever-chemicals">Hotspots of forever chemicals </h2>



The&nbsp;Environmental&nbsp;Working&nbsp;Group&nbsp;(<a href="https://www.ewg.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EWG</a>)&nbsp;has mapped out communities and military sites affected by PFAS contamination. Last year, the EPA set the maximum <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forever-chemicals-found-in-tap-and-bottled-water-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> levels at four parts per trillion in drinking water. 



But these limits are exceeded in many parts of the country - including Nassau and Suffolk counties in New York, and Los Angeles and Orange counties in California.



The study revealed that cancer rates in these counties range from a minor two percent increase to a staggering 33 percent spike. 



A particularly concerning finding involved perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), a type of PFAS linked to mouth and throat cancers.



Men in high-PFAS areas exhibited increased cases of leukemia and cancers affecting the urinary system, brain, and soft tissues. Meanwhile, women in these regions faced higher incidences of thyroid, mouth, throat, and soft tissue cancers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dangers-of-forever-chemicals-in-water">Dangers of forever chemicals in water</h2>



PFAS are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-can-now-trace-forever-chemicals-back-to-their-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microscopic chemicals</a> that persist in the environment and human body for thousands of years. Their ability to repel water and oil makes them common in non-stick cookware, waterproof clothing, and food packaging. 



Unfortunately, they also leach into water supplies through household activities like washing dishes or as pesticide runoff from agricultural lands.



There is no safe level of PFAS exposure. Even small amounts accumulate in the body, leading to potential long-term health effects. While public water systems can treat contaminated water, private wells remain a challenge for individuals relying on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-reduce-pfas-exposure-at-home">How to reduce PFAS exposure at home</h2>



Households concerned about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-filtration-system-removes-forever-chemicals-from-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PFAS</a> in their water can use specialized filters.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.consumerreports.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Consumer Reports</a> advises buying only filters certified by the National Sanitation Foundation, Water Quality Association, or International Association of Plumbing &amp; Mechanical Officials.



Prices range from $45 for basic pitcher filters to $1,200 for advanced under-sink systems. Although costly, these filters provide one of the few reliable ways to reduce PFAS intake.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-worst-pfas-hotspots-in-the-u-s">Worst PFAS hotspots in the U.S.</h2>



According to the Environmental Working Group, the ten worst cities with water contamination from forever chemicals include:



<ol class="wp-block-list">
<li>Brunswick County, N.C. – 185.9 ppt</li>



<li>Quad Cities, Iowa – 109.8 ppt</li>



<li>Miami, Fla. – 56.7 ppt</li>



<li>Bergen County, N.J. – 51.4 ppt</li>



<li>Wilmington, N.C. – 50.5 ppt</li>



<li>Philadelphia, Pa. – 46.3 ppt</li>



<li>Louisville, Ky. – 45.2 ppt</li>



<li>New Orleans, La. – 41.8 ppt</li>



<li>Charleston, S.C. – 33.3 ppt</li>



<li>Decatur, Ala. – 24.1 ppt</li>
</ol>



These numbers reflect serious environmental concerns, prompting urgent calls for regulatory action.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strengthening-pfas-regulations">Strengthening PFAS regulations</h2>



The&nbsp;National&nbsp;Cancer&nbsp;Institute&nbsp;(<a href="https://www.cancer.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NCI</a>)&nbsp;compiled cancer data from 22 registries covering half of the U.S. population. Scientists cross-referenced this data with PFAS levels in drinking water, identifying several high-risk zones in Chicago, New York, Georgia, Texas, and California.



As part of a nationwide cleanup effort, public water systems have five years to reduce PFAS levels. By 2029, the EPA will begin enforcing strict limits on six PFAS types, including PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFHpA, and PFBS.



Dr. Shiwen Li, the study's lead researcher, believes these measures may still be too lenient. He warns that additional restrictions may be necessary to protect public health.



"When people hear that PFAS is associated with cancer, it's hard to know how it's relevant," Dr. Li said. "These findings allow us to draw an initial conclusion about the link between certain rare cancers and PFAS."



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Forever chemicals found in most tap water increase cancer risk by up to 33%

Millions of Americans face a sobering reality about their drinking...

Imagine a world where the vibrant colors and splendor of Earth's wild plants and flowers dotting landscapes around the globe fall victim to extinction and vanish, one species at a time.



While this disturbing notion might seem far-fetched, the reality is that it's already beginning to happen.



Plant conservation is at a critical crossroads as botanic gardens around the world struggle to protect Earth’s most endangered plants. 



A recent review of the processes behind this global <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biobanking-historic-initiative-aims-to-genetically-rescue-endangered-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species preservation</a> challenge provides scientists with details about exactly what these institutions face in their fight to save endangered and threatened plant species from extinction.



The critical question that emerges is - how can the guardian angels of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-some-plants-genus-spread-farther-grow-faster-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant kingdom</a>, botanic gardens, rise to meet this challenge?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-100-years-of-plant-conservation">100-years of plant conservation</h2>



The study examined records of fifty botanic gardens and arboreta around the world over the past 100 years, from 1921 to 2021. 



Encompassing over 500,000 plants between them, the goal was to uncover trends and shifts in living plant collections housed at these facilities.



The study's findings suggest that the collections at these gardens have reached their maximum capacity. 



In addition, due to various limitations and rules placed on collecting wild plants in different parts of the world, acquiring and protecting diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-darkspots-need-urgent-attention/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a> for conservation and study has become challenging.



The research also revealed that, on a global scale, the retention of threatened plants within these collections has not been successful despite the escalating extinction risk.



It raises serious questions about the priority given to combatting biodiversity loss across these gardens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hurdles-in-saving-plants-from-extinction">Hurdles in saving plants from extinction</h2>



The study was spearheaded by Professor Samuel Brockington from <a href="https://www.museums.cam.ac.uk/museums/cambridge-university-botanic-garden" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge University Botanic Garden</a>.



“A concerted, collaborative effort across the world’s botanic gardens is now needed to conserve a genetically diverse range of plants, and to make them available for research and future reintroduction into the wild,” Brockington implored.



The study, published in the journal Nature Ecology and Evolution, stated that the Convention on Biological Diversity (<a href="https://www.cbd.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBD</a>) has considerably diminished the rate of plant collection from the wild.



This has greatly hampered the international exchange of plants.



“The impact of the Convention on Biological Diversity is a remarkable demonstration of the power and value of international agreements," stated Professor Brockington, who is also a Professor of Evolution at the University of Cambridge's <a href="https://www.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Plant Sciences</a>.



"But it seems to be preventing individual botanic gardens from working with many globally threatened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-invasive-plant-species-are-in-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a> that we could help save from extinction.” 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-botanic-garden-meta-collections">Botanic garden meta-collections</h2>



Given that nearly 40% of the world’s plant diversity is at an increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-plants-on-earth-could-be-saved-from-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risk of extinction</a>, botanic gardens cannot single-handedly prevent species extinction. 



Therefore, a collective approach is proposed to store and safeguard diversity in living collections. 



Botanic gardens need to function as a 'meta-collection,’ pooling their resources, sharing data, and expertise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-be-done">What can be done?</h2>



While individual institutions like the <a href="https://www.rbge.org.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh </a>have achieved remarkable success in plant conservation, their efforts highlight both the potential and the limitations of working in isolation.



Global organizations such as Botanic Gardens Conservation International (<a href="https://www.bgci.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BGCI</a>) have made strides in promoting collaboration through conservation consortia, yet these initiatives remain exceptions rather than the standard practice.



Smaller or regionally focused botanic gardens often face resource constraints that limit their capacity for impactful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation efforts</a>. 



Without sufficient funding, expertise, or infrastructure, their ability to participate in large-scale projects is significantly hindered. 



Furthermore, the lack of robust data-sharing systems and collaboration across institutions exacerbates the challenge, preventing the formation of a cohesive global strategy.



The successes of these individual institutions and organizations serve as a foundation, but a more unified and coordinated effort is essential to effectively combat biodiversity loss on a global scale.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-plant-extinction">Climate change and plant extinction</h2>



As climate change transforms growing conditions across different regions globally, it will be more challenging for individual botanic gardens to grow a diverse range of species. 



“<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-climate-changes-have-drastic-effects-on-tropical-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> affects our work directly by altering local weather conditions - we’ve already seen record-breaking temperatures in Cambridge in recent years," Brockington lamented.



"That’s going to affect how well our plants survive, so we need to think rationally and collectively about the best locations to hold different species across the global network of living collections."



Genetic diversity plays a critical role in protecting plants at risk of extinction. The more individual plants of a species are in a collection, the greater the genetic diversity is likely to be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-do-we-go-from-here">Where do we go from here?</h2>



Last year, Cambridge University Botanic Garden advertised for a new "Expedition Botanist" to lead global plant-collection expeditions and contribute to vital conservation efforts.



Brockington believes in the importance of these expeditions and proposes a collaborative collection approach that creates equitable international partnerships.



The CBD, signed by 150 government leaders in 1992, commits each country to protect its biodiversity and promote sustainable development. 



Today, there are about 3,500 botanic gardens and arboreta worldwide, committed to studying, conserving and providing access to the world’s plants.



Organizations like the BGCI, a charity, work to mobilize botanic gardens and establish partnerships to secure plant diversity, benefiting people and the planet.



To sum it all up, we're in a race against time for these botanic gardens to adapt, innovate and collaborate in their fight against plant extinction. The future of our plant kingdom hinges on these collective efforts.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02633-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Saving Earth's most endangered plants from extinction is proving to be very difficult

Imagine a world where the vibrant colors and splendor of...

Climate change is rapidly altering the health landscape across Europe, with extreme heat emerging as a growing threat. 



A new study by the Environment &amp; Health Modelling (<a href="https://www.lshtm.ac.uk/research/centres-projects-groups/ehm-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EHM</a>) Lab at the London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine projects that over 2.3 million additional deaths could occur in 854 European cities by 2099 if urgent action is not taken to curb carbon emissions.



These findings indicate that rising temperatures will lead to a significant increase in mortality, surpassing any reduction in cold-related deaths.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-mitigation-and-adaptation">Climate change mitigation and adaptation</h2>



The research highlights the pressing need for both climate mitigation and adaptation efforts. Even with high levels of adaptation, heat-related health risks will continue to escalate, particularly in regions most vulnerable to rising temperatures. 



The Mediterranean, Central Europe, and the Balkans are expected to experience the most severe consequences, with extreme heat events <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-people-fear-climate-change-will-end-the-world-during-their-lifetime/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">becoming more frequent and deadly</a>.



“Our results stress the urgent need to aggressively pursue both climate change mitigation and adaptation to increased heat,” noted study lead author Dr. Pierre Masselot of the EHM-Lab.



“This is especially critical in the Mediterranean area where, if nothing is done, consequences could be dire. But, by following a more sustainable pathway, we could avoid millions of deaths before the end of the century.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-heat-related-deaths">Predicting heat-related deaths </h2>



The study identifies key European cities that will be disproportionately affected by rising temperatures, with major urban centers in Spain, Italy, and Greece bearing the highest burden. 



The research suggests that Barcelona, Rome, Naples, and Madrid will see the most significant increases in heat-related deaths by the end of the century. Milan, Athens, and Valencia are also expected to witness substantial mortality spikes due to prolonged <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cities-are-largely-unprepared-for-the-effects-of-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exposure to extreme heat</a>.



Large Mediterranean cities will be particularly vulnerable, but the crisis is not confined to these areas alone. Many smaller urban centers in Malta, Spain, and Italy will also experience alarmingly high death rates. The pattern of risk highlights the urgent need for targeted climate action to protect populations living in these high-exposure regions.



Some cities in the British Isles and Scandinavia may experience a net decrease in temperature-related deaths. London, for instance, is projected to see a decrease of 27,455 deaths. 



However, these reductions will be vastly outweighed by the surge in mortality across the continent. The study concludes that without aggressive intervention, the European death toll from climate change will continue to rise, leaving millions of lives at risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptation-alone-will-not-be-enough">Adaptation alone will not be enough</h2>



The findings make it clear that adaptation efforts alone will not be sufficient to counteract the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-summer-more-than-61000-deaths-linked-to-europes-2022-heatwaves/?utm_source=chatgpt.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increasing mortality risks</a> associated with heat exposure. 



Even if cities invest heavily in climate-resilient infrastructure, improved healthcare responses, and urban cooling measures, these strategies will not fully offset the dangers posed by rising global temperatures.



The experts report that only significant cuts to carbon emissions can effectively limit the number of heat-related deaths.



Without decisive action, even the most advanced adaptation strategies will struggle to protect vulnerable populations from the escalating effects of extreme heat. The Mediterranean region, in particular, faces an existential challenge, with soaring temperatures posing a direct threat to public health.



“This study provides compelling evidence that the steep rise in heat-related deaths will far exceed any drop related to cold, resulting in a net increase in mortality across Europe," noted Professor Antonio Gasparrini, senior author and lead of the EHM-Lab.



"These results debunk proposed theories of ‘beneficial’ effects of climate change, often proposed in opposition to vital mitigation policies that should be implemented as soon as possible." 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deadly-impacts-of-climate-change">Deadly impacts of climate change</h2>



To reach these alarming conclusions, the researchers analyzed temperature-related mortality risks in cities across Europe. 



The study incorporated a range of data, including local adaptation patterns, population demographics, and climate projections from the&nbsp;Intergovernmental&nbsp;Panel&nbsp;on&nbsp;Climate&nbsp;Change&nbsp;(<a href="https://www.ipcc.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPCC</a>)&nbsp;Sixth&nbsp;Assessment&nbsp;Report. 



By examining various climate and epidemiological simulations, the team assessed the uncertainty surrounding their estimates and identified the most probable outcomes.



The research used risk functions of temperature to estimate expected mortality rates attributed to changing climate conditions. By factoring in population growth, temperature trends, and death rates, the study provides a comprehensive picture of the future health risks posed by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-and-biodiversity-striking-the-right-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>.



However, the study does not account for specific weather phenomena such as prolonged heatwaves, extreme nighttime temperatures, and humidity variations, all of which could further amplify the estimated death toll. 



This suggests that the true impact of climate change on mortality rates may be even more severe than currently projected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-climate-action">Urgent need for climate action</h2>



The implications of this research are clear: immediate action is required to reduce carbon emissions and protect public health. 



Governments must prioritize aggressive climate policies that cut greenhouse gas emissions while also strengthening adaptation measures to minimize harm in the most vulnerable areas. 



Without decisive intervention, Europe faces a grim future in which millions more people will suffer and die from climate-induced heat exposure.



This study serves as a stark reminder that the consequences of climate inaction will be far-reaching and devastating. The challenge ahead is immense, but with urgent and coordinated efforts, it is still possible to prevent the worst outcomes and safeguard lives across Europe.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03452-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Medicine</a>.



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Without climate action, heat will cause millions of deaths by 2099

Climate change is rapidly altering the health landscape across Europe,...

On the barrier islands of Miami, a troubling phenomenon is unfolding. Since 2016, construction has contributed to subsidence, causing 35 high-rise buildings, including Trump Tower III, to sink as much as eight centimeters into the ground.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.uh.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Houston</a> have played a central role in identifying the cause: urban development is exerting immense pressure on the fragile land beneath these structures.



A recent study published in the journal Earth&nbsp;and&nbsp;Space&nbsp;Science&nbsp;has documented alarming rates of land subsidence between 2016 and 2023. The research highlights that Miami’s coastal skyscrapers, particularly newer constructions, are at significant risk of ground instability.



“About half of the subsiding structures are younger than 2014, and at the majority of them, subsidence decays with time. This correlation suggests that the subsidence is related to construction activities,” the report stated. 



The findings suggest that the weight and vibrations from large-scale developments are pressing into the porous and sandy geology of the region, leading to gradual sinking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-miami-skyscrapers-on-sinking-land">Miami skyscrapers on sinking land</h2>



Subsidence refers to the gradual sinking of land due to natural or human-induced factors. 



In coastal cities like Miami, this issue is particularly concerning because the underlying ground is often composed of loose sediments, limestone, and sand. These materials can compact under the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/construction-materials-could-store-carbon-in-homes-and-buildings-helping-the-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight of heavy buildings</a>, leading to ground-level changes over time.



The process is not uniform across all structures. In some cases, the subsidence begins immediately after construction but slows as the ground settles. 



In others, the sinking continues at a steady rate, raising concerns about long-term stability. The research suggests that once the land is compressed beyond a certain threshold, reversing the process becomes nearly impossible.



This slow-moving yet persistent issue raises serious concerns about Miami’s ability to maintain safe infrastructure in the face of both subsidence and rising sea levels. 



The research team at the University of Houston sought to validate these findings using cutting-edge technology capable of detecting minute changes in the Earth’s surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-construction-induced-subsidence">Construction-induced subsidence</h2>



The research was conducted by a team from the University of Houston’s Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, led by Professor Pietro Milillo.



The team utilized&nbsp;<a href="https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/insar-satellite-based-technique-captures-overall-deformation-picture" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">InSAR</a>, or Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, a satellite-based remote sensing method capable of detecting surface changes as small as the thickness of a credit card.



InSAR works by comparing radar signals from two images of the same area taken at different times. Even the most minor deformations of the Earth's surface become visible using this technique, making it an invaluable tool for monitoring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/adding-coffee-grounds-during-the-construction-process-could-reinforce-buildings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land stability</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-heavy-construction">Impact of heavy construction </h2>



“We attribute the sinking ground primarily to the weight and vibrations from high-rise construction,” said Milillo. 



“The phenomenon, described as creep deformation, occurs when sandy layers interbedded within Miami’s porous limestone geology compress under pressure, potentially compromising structural stability." 



"Our work confirmed the spatial and temporal patterns of subsidence in the study. We demonstrated how construction-induced stresses extend well beyond building footprints, revealing risks to surrounding areas up to 320 meters away.”



The study was a collaborative effort involving several leading institutions, including the University&nbsp;of&nbsp;Houston, the University of Miami, the German&nbsp;Aerospace&nbsp;Center, <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA’s&nbsp;Jet&nbsp;Propulsion&nbsp;Laboratory</a>, and the University&nbsp;of&nbsp;Hannover.



A key contributor to the study was Amin Tavakkoliestahbanati, a graduate student working under Milillo’s guidance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dozens-of-buildings-sinking-in-miami">Dozens of buildings sinking in Miami</h2>



The study focused on buildings located in some of Miami’s most densely developed coastal areas, including Sunny Isles Beach, Bal Harbour, and Surfside. 



The researchers found that 35 buildings in these locations showed measurable subsidence, with many newer structures being the most affected.



In many cases, subsidence began immediately after construction and gradually slowed. However, in some instances, the sinking continued at a constant rate, which could indicate an ongoing risk to structural integrity. 



The data also revealed that the impact of subsidence was not limited to individual buildings. Instead, the stress from these structures was transferring to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mycocrete-new-material-made-of-fungi-hopes-to-replace-concrete-in-construction-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">surrounding</a> land, affecting areas far beyond the original construction sites.



Sunny Isles Beach exhibited some of the most concerning patterns. Up to 70% of newly built high-rises in this part of Miami showed measurable ground sinking. The region's sandy subsurface geology appears to play a significant role in this phenomenon, as loose sand is more susceptible to compression under heavy loads.



“Our role as a validation partner highlights the importance of geospatial technology in urban risk assessments,” said Milillo. “By confirming these patterns, we’re helping to develop tools for safer urban planning, particularly in geologically sensitive coastal zones.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-coastal-development">What this means for coastal development</h2>



Miami’s barrier islands are already vulnerable to&nbsp;<a href="https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/sea-level/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sea-level&nbsp;rise</a>, coastal erosion, and extreme weather. The discovery that urban development is contributing to land subsidence adds another layer of complexity to the challenges faced by city planners, engineers, and policymakers.



As the city continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to incorporate geological data and remote sensing tools like InSAR into urban planning. These technologies can help identify areas at risk before construction even begins, potentially preventing future structural failures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-ground-sinking-in-miami">Consequences of ground sinking in Miami</h2>



Ignoring the risks associated with subsidence could lead to severe consequences. In some cases, prolonged ground sinking can create cracks in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/concrete-becoming-great-carbon-sink-capturing-storing-co2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building foundations</a>, weaken support structures, and even lead to partial collapses. For a city like Miami, where the demand for high-rise living remains strong, addressing this issue should be a priority.



The research demonstrates the value of scientific collaboration in addressing real-world challenges, particularly in understanding construction-related subsidence.



By combining satellite-based monitoring with on-the-ground engineering expertise, researchers can provide valuable insights that help protect communities and infrastructure in vulnerable coastal regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safer-construction-practices">Safer construction practices</h2>



The study has sparked renewed discussions about how to build safely in coastal areas prone to subsidence. Engineers, city planners, and policymakers must work together to develop strategies that mitigate the risks associated with ground sinking in Miami and beyond.



One potential approach is to implement stricter <a href="https://www.iccsafe.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">building codes</a> that require developers to conduct detailed geotechnical assessments before construction begins.



Another possibility is to integrate long-term monitoring programs that track subsidence patterns over time, allowing authorities to intervene before structural issues become critical.



“This work showcases the transformative power of geospatial science to uncover hidden risks beneath the surface,” Milillo said. “It’s a call to action for engineers, planners, and policymakers to work together in creating resilient cities.”



By leveraging scientific advancements and promoting responsible <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">construction practices</a>, cities like Miami can continue to grow while ensuring the safety and stability of their urban landscapes. 



The findings of this study serve as a critical reminder that what happens beneath the surface can have profound implications for the future of coastal development.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024EA003852" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth and Space Science</a>.



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Dozens of coastal skyscrapers in Miami are sinking

On the barrier islands of Miami, a troubling phenomenon is...

A series of earthquakes rattled parts of Surrey from 2018 into early 2019, catching many people off guard. Residents in Newdigate reported cracked walls and swaying furniture at odd times, raising questions about what could cause such unexpected disturbance.&nbsp;



Scientists stepped up their investigations and discovered a curious link between these seismic events and an oil extraction site several miles away.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surrey-s-earthquakes-raised-questions">Surrey’s earthquakes raised questions</h2>



More than 100 small earthquakes occurred over a short span of time in Surrey.



They measured between 1.34 and 3.18 in magnitude, which is mild on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-detect-major-earthquakes-months-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic</a> scale but still disruptive for homeowners living through them.&nbsp;



Geologists debated for a while whether the quakes could be connected to a nearby well or if they were simply natural activity. The site in question was located about three to six miles from the affected area.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-earthquake-links-to-oil-extraction">Possible earthquake links to oil extraction</h2>



<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/people/academic/dr-matthew-fox" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Matthew Fox</a>, a lead investigator from University College London (<a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCL</a>), investigated whether the quakes were triggered by oil extraction activities.



He and his team applied a mathematical model to assess how much the timing and volume of drilling might influence seismic events. 



They ran over a million simulations and found a rough match between the well’s pumping schedule and the pattern of tremors.



“Our study suggests there is a link between the ground earthquakes and oil extraction at Horse Hill but we cannot rule out that this link is a coincidence,” said Dr Matthew Fox at the end of his team’s analysis. 



He pointed out that more data is needed to confirm a cause-and-effect relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underlying-pressures">Underlying pressures</h2>



Scientists have long recognized that removing oil or other fluids from rock can change <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquake-activity-will-increase-due-to-glacial-retreat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pressure underground</a>. This subtle shift can travel several miles through cracks and porous rock layers.&nbsp;



The specific pace depends on how permeable the surrounding geology is, and even slight stress can set off a sudden slip along a fault. 



Researchers suggest that certain types of rock might transfer pressure changes in the matter of a few days, while others could take much longer to show an effect.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ongoing-debate">Ongoing debate</h2>



The British Geological Survey (BGS) and other authorities continue to <a href="https://earthquakes.bgs.ac.uk/research/SurreyEarthquakes.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> seismic activity in that region of England. 



Some experts believe the quakes were linked to a deeper fault that may have been ready to move anyway. Others see potential ties between drilling and the earth’s movement.&nbsp;



“There has been no significant seismic activity in Surrey for decades, so these earthquakes were unusual events,” said <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/people/academic/prof-philip-meredith" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Professor Philip Meredith</a> at the end of his review.



He added that there is still a possibility the timing is just chance. The debate highlights that the mechanisms behind induced seismicity can be complex and require thorough data before reaching any firm conclusions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legal-and-community-impact">Legal and community impact</h2>



Local planning authorities eventually quashed permission for further work at the Surrey site in October 2024. Another project in West Sussex is facing legal scrutiny as well, with residents pushing for careful assessment before exploratory drilling moves forward.&nbsp;



These developments reflect a broader effort to balance the economic interests of energy projects with the concerns of people who live nearby. The legal challenges question whether a region’s full environmental and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-have-long-lasting-impacts-on-forests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">seismic context</a> is being given enough weight before such operations begin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oil-company-insists-the-earthquakes-were-natural">Oil company insists the earthquakes were natural</h2>



Operators at the Horse Hill site have stated that earlier findings from seismologists satisfied the view that the earthquakes were natural, caused by a deeper and unconnected fault.&nbsp;



“This is an incident that was answered and dealt with many years ago when the BGS seismologists were satisfied it was a natural event associated with movement on a deeper, unassociated fault many miles deeper and distant from the site,” said a spokesman for <a href="https://www.ukogplc.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UKOG</a>.



He also noted that the company is now shifting focus toward alternative energy activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-oil-sites-for-future-earthquakes">Monitoring oil sites for future earthquakes</h2>



Oil extraction can offer economic benefits, yet public safety remains a major priority. Scientists recommend that areas targeted for drilling or pumping should be monitored for a stretch of time before projects begin.&nbsp;



Early seismometers, robust data collection, and transparent reporting can reduce the mystery if quakes do arise. This approach could help communities feel better prepared and help researchers gather key information.&nbsp;



Many experts see a need for more field data to clarify whether pressure changes from drilling are a likely cause or if these quakes are simply random occurrences that happened around the same time.



The study was published in the <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/were-the-newdigate-earthquakes-southern-england-of-20182019-triggered-by-oil-extraction/22A5EF8F9934D79FBFED062112DA0611" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geological Magazine</a>.



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Earthquakes linked to nearby oil extraction fracking sites

A series of earthquakes rattled parts of Surrey from 2018...

For millennia, the Arctic-boreal zone (ABZ) has acted as a critical carbon reservoir, locking away vast amounts of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in its frozen soils. Unfortunately, this seems to no longer be true.



A new study confirms that this vital role is rapidly eroding due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-earth-energy-imbalance-temperature-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>, increased microbial activity, and intensifying wildfires. 



The research, led by the <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woodwell Climate Research Center</a>, shows that one-third of the ABZ is now emitting more carbon than it absorbs, with this figure rising to 40% when emissions from fires are factored in.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-carbon-balance-in-the-arctic">Shifting carbon balance in the Arctic</h2>



The Arctic-boreal zone encompasses tundra, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">boreal forests</a>, and wetlands across Earth's northernmost regions.&nbsp;



Historically, the ABZ has acted as a net carbon sink, absorbing more CO₂ through plant photosynthesis than it released via microbial and plant respiration. 



However, the study highlights how this delicate balance is shifting, driven by climate change and a surge in wildfires.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-boreal-zone_abz_study-zone-area_map_credit-WCRC_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-boreal-zone_abz_study-zone-area_map_credit-WCRC_1s.webp" alt="Map of Arctic-boreal zone study area depicting boreal forests, tundra, and permafrost region. Credit: Greg Fiske / Woodwell Climate Research Center" class="wp-image-1958071"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Map of Arctic-boreal zone study area depicting boreal forests, tundra, and permafrost region. Credit: Greg Fiske / Woodwell Climate Research Center</figcaption></figure>



“We wanted to develop the most current and comprehensive picture of carbon in the north, and to do that, we knew we needed to account for fire’s growing carbon footprint in this region,” said lead author Anna Virkkala, a research scientist at Woodwell Climate.&nbsp;



“While we found many northern ecosystems are still acting as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountains-both-carbon-sinks-and-carbon-sources/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide sinks</a>, source regions and fires are now canceling out much of that net uptake and reversing long-standing trends.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data-behind-the-findings">Data behind the findings</h2>



To assess the ABZ’s changing carbon dynamics, the research team compiled three decades of CO₂ data (1990–2020) from 200 monitoring sites. 



The data were drawn from flux towers and chambers that measure gas exchanges between the land and the atmosphere. 



These site-level observations were integrated with climate, soil, and vegetation data into the “<a href="https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/179/2022/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ABC Flux</a>” database, which Virkkala oversees.



The process of “upscaling” these data created detailed, high-resolution maps (1km x 1km) of carbon fluxes across the region. This level of detail allowed researchers to pinpoint specific areas where carbon trends are shifting.



“The high resolution of these data means that we can now see how variable the Arctic is when it comes to carbon,” said Sue Natali, lead of the Permafrost Pathways initiative at Woodwell Climate and a co-author of the study.&nbsp;



“The Arctic isn’t one single place - it’s a massive area with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-action-and-biodiversity-striking-the-right-balance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diverse ecosystems</a> and climatic conditions. And now we have the capability to track and map carbon processes at a spatial resolution that can reveal what’s happening on the ground.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-summer-greening-vs-winter-emissions">Summer greening vs. winter emissions</h2>



The study provides key insights into the factors driving the ABZ’s changing carbon balance. 



While longer growing seasons and increased vegetation in some areas have boosted summer carbon uptake, these gains are overshadowed by increased emissions during the non-growing season. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/permafrost-is-no-longer-permanent-arctic-communities-in-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Thawing permafrost</a> releases stored carbon, and microbial activity during warmer winters accelerates the release of greenhouse gases.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-boreal-zone_abz_average-co2-balance_2001-2020_map_credit-WCRC_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-boreal-zone_abz_average-co2-balance_2001-2020_map_credit-WCRC_1s.webp" alt="Average terrestrial CO2 balance from 2001–2020 based on a synthesis of field measurements and machine learning models. Credit: Greg Fiske / Woodwell Climate Research Center" class="wp-image-1958065"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Average terrestrial CO2 balance from 2001–2020 based on a synthesis of field measurements and machine learning models. Credit: Greg Fiske / Woodwell Climate Research Center</figcaption></figure>



“We are seeing that longer growing seasons and more microbial activity in winter are gradually shifting carbon trajectories,” explained Marguerite Mauritz, an assistant professor at the <a href="https://www.utep.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Texas-El Paso</a> and co-author of the study.



The research also challenges the assumption that a “greener” Arctic will lead to greater carbon storage. While nearly half (49%) of the ABZ showed signs of greening, only 12% of those areas demonstrated an annual net increase in CO₂ uptake.&nbsp;



Warmer conditions often mean more carbon released from permafrost thaw and more biomass available to burn during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-wildfires-are-gaining-even-more-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a>, further contributing to emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fires-amplify-arctic-carbon-loss">Fires amplify Arctic carbon loss</h2>



Wildfires, a growing threat in the ABZ, exacerbate the region’s carbon release. Adding fire emissions to the carbon balance analysis raised the percentage of the ABZ acting as a carbon source from 34% to 40%.&nbsp;



These fires are fueled by increased vegetation and drier conditions, creating a feedback loop that accelerates carbon loss.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-boreal-zone_abz_average-co2-balance_2001-2020_map2_credit-WCRC_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/arctic-boreal-zone_abz_average-co2-balance_2001-2020_map2_credit-WCRC_1s.webp" alt="Average terrestrial CO2 balance from 2001–2020 based on a synthesis of field measurements and machine learning models. Credit: Greg Fiske / Woodwell Climate Research Center" class="wp-image-1958068"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Average terrestrial CO2 balance from 2001–2020 based on a synthesis of field measurements and machine learning models. Credit: Greg Fiske / Woodwell Climate Research Center</figcaption></figure>



The study highlights the need for more robust monitoring of the ABZ to better understand and mitigate the impacts of these changes.



“Highly collaborative efforts like this are critical for understanding how shifting seasonal dynamics and disturbance patterns can have regional and even global impacts,” Mauritz said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-the-planet">Implications for the planet</h2>



The findings are consistent with a growing body of research indicating that the Arctic is transitioning from a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-carbon-sinks-are-being-pushed-to-their-limits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon sink</a> to a carbon source. 



Studies including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-previously-unknown-sources-of-methane-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane (CH₄) emissions</a> from lakes, rivers, and wetlands reinforce this troubling trend. 



A warmer Arctic may no longer serve as a reliable buffer against global carbon emissions but instead act as a significant contributor.



“This study may act as a warning sign of bigger changes ahead, and offers a map of places we’ll need to better monitor in the coming decades,” Virkkala said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-warming-and-carbon-dynamics">Arctic warming and carbon dynamics </h2>



The researchers emphasize that understanding these changes is essential for predicting their long-term impact on the global carbon cycle. 



The detailed, high-resolution maps created by this study can guide future monitoring efforts and inform climate policy.



By illustrating how and where carbon dynamics are shifting, this research provides critical tools for scientists and policymakers to address the challenges posed by a warming Arctic.&nbsp;



As the study shows, the region’s role in regulating Earth’s carbon balance is changing rapidly - and the consequences may reverberate far beyond the northern latitudes.



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Earth's Arctic region has flipped and now emits more carbon than it stores

For millennia, the Arctic-boreal zone (ABZ) has acted as a...

In 2022, the Great Salt Lake - celebrated as the largest saltwater lake in the Western Hemisphere - dropped to unprecedented low levels.&nbsp;



This alarming decline has triggered widespread concerns in Utah regarding the lake’s economic value, ecological significance, and potential threats to public health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-guiding-decisions-about-great-salt-lake">Guiding decisions about Great Salt Lake </h2>



A new study from <a href="https://www.pdx.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Portland State University</a> (PSU) represents the first peer-reviewed effort to quantitatively assess the contributing factors behind Great Salt Lake's record-low water volume. 



According to the researchers, this detailed analysis is critical for predicting and guiding future decisions about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/great-salt-lake-agriculture-is-draining-a-natural-wonder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lake management</a>.



“The lake has a lot of social and economic relevance for the region and Utah,” said Siiri Bigalke, the lead author of the study and a PhD candidate in PSU’s Earth, Environment and Society program.&nbsp;



Bigalke's research builds upon earlier work conducted during her master’s studies at <a href="https://www.usu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Utah State University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-reaching-importance-of-great-salt-lake">Far-reaching importance of Great Salt Lake </h2>



Bigalke highlighted the multifaceted significance of the Great Salt Lake. “It provides over $1.9 billion in annual economic revenue, serves as a vital feeding ground for millions of migratory birds and enhances snowfall over the Wasatch Mountain Range.” 



The Wasatch Range hosts 11 ski resorts, and the Winter Olympics will return to Salt Lake City in 2034. The lake influences weather patterns that sustain this recreation and tourism. A compromised lake could have extensive repercussions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-yearly-changes-in-lake-volume">Yearly changes in lake volume</h2>



Bigalke collaborated with co-authors Paul Loikith, an associate professor of geography and director of PSU’s Climate Science Lab, and Nick Siler, an associate professor in <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>’s College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences.



The team developed a model to track the lake’s annual water volume fluctuations. This model incorporated water inputs - primarily from streamflow and precipitation - as well as water loss from evaporation.



“We developed a model that created alternate scenarios where only one of the input or output variables changed as observed in order to isolate the relative contributions of streamflow, precipitation and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-can-vaporize-water-cause-evaporation-without-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evaporation</a> to the record low volume in 2022,” Bigalke explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-causes-of-the-lake-s-decline">Causes of the lake's decline</h2>



The commonly cited cause of the lake’s decline is reduced streamflows in its three major tributaries, driven by a combination of drought, water diversions, and climate change.&nbsp;



While the PSU study confirmed that shrinking streamflows accounted for about two-thirds of the total water volume drop, it also identified another critical factor: increased evaporation resulting from rising temperatures.



Warmer conditions intensify the rate at which water evaporates off the lake’s surface. This effect, already significant, is likely to worsen over time if temperatures continue to climb.



“As the climate is warming, evaporation off the lake increases, so the contribution from warming to the evaporation is significant,” Loikith said.&nbsp;



“Without the warming trend, 2022 wouldn't have been a record low. Even though streamflow is dominant, the increase in evaporation was necessary to reach the record low.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-short-term-rebound-vs-long-term-pressures">Short-term rebound vs. long-term pressures</h2>



Although boosting streamflows through measures like water conservation could temporarily help the lake recover some of its lost volume, the longer-term picture is more troubling.&nbsp;



The escalating heat linked to climate change is expected to further intensify evaporation, potentially outpacing any near-term improvements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-risks-of-a-shrinking-lake">Health risks of a shrinking lake</h2>



Beyond economic and ecological losses, a shrinking Great Salt Lake also poses serious health concerns for the roughly 1.2 million residents in the Salt Lake City metro region.&nbsp;



As more lakebed is exposed, dust events could become more frequent, degrading air quality and carrying toxic particles.



“As the lake shrinks, it's exposing this dry lakebed that could possibly increase dust events into the metropolitan area, affecting the air quality for nearby residents,” Bigalke noted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-and-key-questions">Future directions and key questions</h2>



The study authors call for further research to determine precisely how much each factor - rising evaporation, shifting precipitation, and human-driven water diversions - impacts the flow of water into the lake. 



This knowledge is pivotal for crafting policies that effectively address the lake’s ongoing decline.



The PSU-led team believes that understanding these variables can help officials plan for a range of scenarios. This is especially crucial in regions susceptible to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-now-the-driving-force-behind-droughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and extreme weather events, where the lake’s status could shift rapidly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-managing-a-critical-resource">Managing a critical resource</h2>



The Great Salt Lake’s record low in 2022 stands as a stark reminder of how climate change and resource management decisions intersect.&nbsp;



Policymakers, conservationists, and local stakeholders must collaborate to safeguard the lake for future generations, balancing economic demands with ecological sustainability.



Ultimately, the lake’s future hinges on measures that address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-worlds-climate-driven-water-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water scarcity</a>, curtail water diversions, and mitigate the effects of global warming. The research highlights the urgency of these efforts and the consequences if they are delayed.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL112154" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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Great Salt Lake is rapidly shrinking, and experts say that they finally know why

In 2022, the Great Salt Lake - celebrated as the...

In the worldwide push to reduce carbon emissions, land-based mitigation strategies (LBMS) - such as planting forests and growing biofuels - are an increasingly popular solution.&nbsp;



However, a new study cautions that while these efforts can help tackle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, they may also threaten wildlife if not implemented with care. Overall, the study finds that restoring forests has the most positive effect on biodiversity, but warns of unintended consequences from other approaches.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-aligning-climate-goals-with-biodiversity">Aligning climate goals with biodiversity</h2>



A team of researchers,&nbsp; including Dr. Evelyn Beaury of the <a href="https://www.nybg.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York Botanical Garden</a> (NYBG), argues that policymakers must weigh the ecological impacts of land-based mitigation strategies as they strive to meet climate targets.



“As efforts to address climate change accelerate, it is urgent to ensure that in deploying LBMS we do not inadvertently imperil <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>,” the researchers wrote.



Beaury is an assistant curator at NYBG’s Center for Conservation and Restoration Ecology. This initiative is dedicated to advancing collaborations with global conservation programs, training future biodiversity leaders, and promoting the sustainable use of plant resources at both local and international levels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-based-mitigation-strategies">Land-based mitigation strategies</h2>



Countries worldwide, from Austria to Zimbabwe, have committed to adopting LBMS over millions of acres to curb carbon outputs and achieve climate objectives. The principal strategies include:



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/success-story-reforestation-has-helped-keep-the-eastern-us-relatively-cool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reforestation</a>: Reintroducing forests in areas where they once existed.</li>



<li><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planting-too-many-trees-could-spoil-the-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Afforestation</a>: Establishing forests on lands such as savannahs and grasslands that have historically been treeless.</li>



<li>Bioenergy Cropping: Cultivating fast-growing plants like switchgrass to generate renewable energy.</li>
</ul>



Although these measures have gained momentum, comprehensively predicting their effects on biodiversity has been challenging, since different ecosystems and species respond in complex ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-mitigation-strategies-and-biodiversity">Climate mitigation strategies and biodiversity </h2>



The study is the first to systematically evaluate how reforestation, afforestation, and bioenergy cropping might affect biodiversity on a global scale.&nbsp;



Led by Dr. Jeffrey Smith, an associate research scholar at <a href="https://environment.princeton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Princeton University’s High Meadows Environmental Institute</a>, the research team modeled how over 14,000 animal species could be impacted by these climate mitigation methods - encompassing creatures from tiny mice to large moose.



“Plant-based mitigation strategies do not have the same effect on the climate or on biodiversity everywhere they are deployed. Our research suggests that we cannot assume plant-based solutions always indirectly reduce the biodiversity crisis,” said Dr. Beaury.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reforestation-a-win-win-for-wildlife">Reforestation: A “win-win” for wildlife</h2>



The study highlights reforestation as the approach most likely to deliver mutual advantages for both climate and biodiversity. By bringing back forests to places where they naturally existed, habitats improve for many species, and carbon sequestration rises, helping mitigate global warming.&nbsp;



Animals such as spotted salamanders, red-bellied woodpeckers, and even jaguars can benefit from the added forest cover.



“Reforestation is an obvious ‘win-win’ for biodiversity,” said Dr. Beaury. “Restoring lost forest provides habitat as well as reduces the impacts of climate change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-from-afforestation-and-bioenergy">Risks from afforestation and bioenergy</h2>



Although afforestation and bioenergy cropping can curb climate threats, they pose direct hazards for wildlife. Afforestation usually means planting trees in savannahs and grasslands, fundamentally altering habitats that support unique species.&nbsp;



Ostriches, lions, elk, and grouse are among the animals at risk if these natural ecosystems become uniform forests or bioenergy plantations.



While such transformations may counteract warming and climate pressures, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/top-marine-predators-may-suffer-massive-habitat-loss-by-2100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitat loss</a> they cause can overshadow any biodiversity gains.&nbsp;



The study concludes that immediate declines in habitat overshadow the positive climate effects, making these tactics less favorable for preserving wildlife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observed-declines-in-resilient-species">Observed declines in “resilient” species</h2>



Even species known to tolerate a range of environmental stresses have suffered under afforestation or intense bioenergy cropping.&nbsp;



The study is one of the first to provide quantitative, global evidence of this impact, confirming ecologists’ long-standing concern that large-scale modifications to ecosystems might do more harm than good in certain contexts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-way-forward-careful-deployment">The way forward: Careful deployment</h2>



As national climate strategies intensify, these findings emphasize the importance of carefully matching LBMS to local conditions to avoid harming biodiversity. 



Where ecosystems naturally support forests, reforestation stands out as a solution that harmonizes climate gains with ecological health. 



Conversely, converting grasslands and savannahs to forest or monoculture plantations demands careful evaluation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-necessary-balancing-act">A necessary balancing act</h2>



As climate change progresses, governments worldwide are deploying LBMS on an unprecedented scale. The researchers argue that these strategies must address both carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation to be truly sustainable.&nbsp;



Rather than assuming plant-based solutions will inherently benefit wildlife, policymakers should base decisions on detailed ecological assessments, ensuring that the drive to mitigate climate change does not inadvertently intensify the biodiversity crisis.



By integrating local ecological knowledge with climate targets, decision-makers can adopt balanced solutions that foster both a stable climate and thriving ecosystems - a critical step toward a healthier planet for both people and wildlife.



The research team included Dr. Jonathan Levine, professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at Princeton, and Dr. Susan C. Cook-Patton, senior forest restoration scientist at <a href="https://www.nature.org/en-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Nature Conservancy</a>.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adm9485" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Climate action and biodiversity: Striking the right balance

In the worldwide push to reduce carbon emissions, land-based mitigation...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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