Parents pass down more than genes. Their everyday choices shape how children see the world. 



A new study from São Paulo State University (<a href="https://www.international.unesp.br" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNESP</a>) in Brazil shows how this works with physical activity. Children copy the habits of their parents, whether active or sedentary.



The researchers tracked 182 children and teenagers, aged 6 to 17, along with their parents. They used accelerometers, devices that measure movement with precision. 



The results were clear: children with inactive parents spent more time sitting. Children with active <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parent-children-relationships-are-key-to-lifelong-well-being/">parents</a> were less sedentary.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mothers-play-a-bigger-role">Mothers play a bigger role</h2>



The study also revealed something striking. Mothers influenced their children’s activity levels more strongly than fathers. Their effect was more than double. 



The exact reason is still uncertain, but daily routines could explain part of it. Mothers often spend more time shaping schedules around meals, homework, and television.



“The results indicate that parents’ level of physical activity can directly influence their children’s habits. In other words, when parents maintain a more active routine, their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/singing-to-babies-is-a-powerful-way-to-boost-their-mood/">children</a> are less likely to remain seated for long periods,” Diego Christofaro noted. 



Christofaro is a professor at the Faculty of Science and Technology (FCT-UNESP) at the Presidente Prudente campus and the lead author of the article published in the journal Sports Medicine and Health Science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sedentary-lifestyles-rising">Sedentary lifestyles rising</h2>



The findings matter because inactivity in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-before-they-crawl-babies-can-feel-their-own-heartbeat/">childhood</a> is already a public health concern. In Brazil, 11% to 38% of children and adolescents are overweight. Sedentary routines contribute directly to this problem. 



The risks go beyond weight gain. Research links too much sitting with heart problems, back pain, poor sleep, anxiety, and depression.



Once these patterns start, they are hard to change. A child who spends long hours sitting is likely to carry those habits into adult life. That makes early action vital.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-kids-copy-parents-activity">Kids copy parents’ activity</h2>



The home environment explains much of this. Children often copy their parents’ screen habits. If parents watch hours of television, children usually do too. When limits on screen time are missing, the hours grow longer.



But the opposite is also true. When parents swap sitting for exercise, children follow their lead. 



In one Canadian study, every 20 minutes of vigorous parental activity added 5 to 10 minutes of moderate activity in children. Kids don’t just listen to words; they notice actions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parents-education-shapes-activity">Parents’ education shapes activity</h2>



Education changes the picture as well. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-who-use-humor-have-better-relationships-with-their-children/">Parents</a> with higher education levels tend to set more structured routines. They often balance screen time with sports or outdoor play. 



Parents with higher levels of education also recognize the harm of excessive sitting and take steps to prevent it.



Awareness is powerful. A parent who knows the risks of long sedentary hours is more likely to limit television, encourage outdoor play, or join their child in activity. Those choices add up over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-value-of-support">The value of support</h2>



Support at home makes staying active easier. Equipment, safe spaces, and shared activities all matter. Families who play sports together or go for walks often see children grow up more active. 



Shared routines also create memories, tying positive feelings to exercise and movement. 



On the other hand, when support is missing, even motivated children face obstacles. A lack of safe places to play or no encouragement from parents can keep them sitting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-message-for-public-health">A message for public health</h2>



“Sedentary habits are the result of multiple factors, such as lack of access, time, and places where physical activity can be practiced,” noted Christofaro. 



“However, our study shows that parents’ habits can affect their children’s health. Therefore, we believe that these results can support public policies and campaigns aimed at promoting a more active lifestyle in the family environment.”



The study showed that parent-child links in sedentary behavior appeared only when parents were insufficiently active. In families where parents stayed active, those links weakened. That means active parents can protect children from inheriting sedentary patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-parents-set-activity-goals">Parents set activity goals</h2>



Brazil’s health guidelines recommend that children and adolescents spend at least 60 minutes a day on moderate to vigorous physical activity. 



Parents should aim for 150 minutes of activity each week. These targets are not just numbers. They represent habits that can shape family health across generations.



Children copy what they see. Parents who sit less and move more give their children a model worth repeating. Small daily choices - walking instead of sitting, playing instead of watching - can ripple through a child’s life, reducing risks and building healthier futures.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666337625000691?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sports Medicine and Health Science</a>.



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Family fitness: Active parents raise active kids

Parents pass down more than genes. Their everyday choices shape how children see the world. A new study from São Paulo State University (UNESP) in Brazil shows how this works with physical activity. Children copy the habits of their parents, whether active or sedentary. The researchers tracked 182 children and teenagers, aged 6 to 17, along with their parents. They used accelerometers, devices that measure movement with precision. The results were clear: children with inactive parents spent more time sitting. Children with active parents were less sedentary....

Microfilaments,,Mitochondria,,And,Nuclei,In,Fibroblast,Cells,,Impressionistic

Type 2 diabetes has affected millions across the world, with countless people experiencing daily blood sugar fluctuations and other health complications. Many individuals struggle with insulin resistance, which makes blood glucose levels hard to manage.



<a href="https://experts.umich.edu/5839-emily-walker" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emily M. Walker</a>, Ph.D, a research assistant professor of internal medicine at the University of Michigan, along with colleagues at <a href="https://www.michiganmedicine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Michigan Medicine</a>, studied the root causes behind faulty energy production in mitochondria that ultimately affect insulin production, resulting in diabetes. 



They reported that halting a stress response inside cells may restore normal function, paving the way for treatments that could help reverse this metabolic disorder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mitochondria-the-basics">Understanding mitochondria - the basics</h2>



Mitochondria are essential organelles found in most eukaryotic cells, often referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. They generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the molecule that fuels nearly every cellular activity. 



Beyond <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fueling-the-mind-new-map-reveals-where-the-brain-gets-its-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">energy production</a>, mitochondria also play crucial roles in regulating cell metabolism, calcium signaling, and even programmed cell death (apoptosis).



Structurally, mitochondria have a distinctive double-membrane design, with an outer membrane that encloses the organelle and a highly folded inner membrane that forms structures called cristae. These folds increase the surface area available for chemical reactions. 



Mitochondria also possess their own DNA, which allows them to produce some of their own proteins and replicate independently of the cell’s nucleus.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-mitochondria-in-diabetes">Role of mitochondria in diabetes</h2>



Mitochondria hold a central spot in human biology because they <a href="https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Mitochondria" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">convert nutrients into energy</a>. When this conversion goes wrong, it can trigger a stress response that leads to poor insulin regulation and elevated blood sugar. 



Many people with diabetes have experienced this shortfall, but the steps leading up to it were less defined until now.



“We wanted to determine which pathways are important for maintaining proper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/damaged-mitochondria-recycled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitochondrial function</a>,” said Walker. 



The researchers identified a stress response that emerges from damaged mitochondria. By interrupting this stress response with a compound known as <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30674674/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISRIB</a>, their results showed a marked improvement in blood sugar handling in mice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insulin-producing-β-cells">Insulin-producing β-cells</h2>



A <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10046343/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">β-cell</a> in the pancreas is responsible for releasing insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar. 



These cells need high energy output from mitochondria to carry out their job. Weak energy conversion can disrupt insulin release, fueling the symptoms associated with <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/about-type-2-diabetes.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.



Some <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1104343" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">earlier work</a> pointed to mitochondrial problems in diabetic patients, but more clarity was needed. 



The new observations suggest that damaged mitochondria trigger changes in gene activity, steering β-cells into a less mature condition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stressed-mitochondria-and-diabetes">Stressed mitochondria and diabetes</h2>



Investigators have also tested the same phenomenon in tissues like liver cells and <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/brown-adipose-tissue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brown adipocytes</a>. The liver is a vital organ for glucose management, while brown adipocytes help regulate body temperature. 



In each case, the same mitochondrial stress response emerged, pushing cells away from their main functions.



“We haven’t tested all possible cell types. Losing your β-cells is the most direct path to getting type 2 diabetes,” said <a href="https://www.michiganmedicine.org/profile/104/scott-soleimanpour" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scott A. Soleimanpour, M.D.</a>, director of the Michigan Diabetes Research Center and senior author of the study. He noted the wide-ranging nature of diabetes in body systems. 



Blocking the damaging stress response opens up intriguing therapeutic angles. 



Restoring normal operation in cells that have not yet died offers a chance to shift type 2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sugary-drinks-linked-to-millions-of-diabetes-and-heart-disease-cases/">diabetes</a> management away from just mitigating symptoms. By preserving the identity of β-cells, the overall insulin balance can improve significantly.



Many drugs now in use either target blood sugar directly or boost insulin output. A drug that protects β-cells by hindering the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-cells-batteries-leaking-causes-inflammation-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cellular stress response</a> could complement existing approaches and lead to fewer side effects. 



Experts also continue to analyze how reversing cellular distress might apply to other chronic conditions that share similar mitochondrial problems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spotlight-on-daily-management">Spotlight on daily management</h2>



While the study focused on laboratory models, findings that reestablish <a href="https://diabetes.org/health-wellness/medication/insulin-basics" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insulin</a> production stand out in a field searching for long-term solutions. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/type-2-diabetes-heightens-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Type 2 diabetes</a> is heavily influenced by lifestyle choices, but some people still experience complications even with diet and exercise. 



A pharmaceutical that turns back the clock on β-cell health may help individuals who have not had success with current treatments.



Mounting evidence shows that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-fling-dna-into-our-brain-cells-making-us-age-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cellular energy mishaps</a> are closely linked to insulin resistance. The body responds to irregular energy signals by reprogramming cells, which sets off a chain reaction. 



Researchers now have a better handle on why <a href="https://diabetesresearchcenter.wustl.edu/items/metabolic-tissue-function-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic tissues</a> lose their maturity and how reversing that shift might stabilize blood sugar.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-next-steps-and-future-hopes">Next steps and future hopes</h2>



Efforts are underway to further map out the exact interactions between mitochondria and the nucleus. Learning how cells translate stress signals into changes in gene function could unearth additional treatment paths. 



Scientists also plan to test ISRIB-like drugs in human tissue samples, aiming for more options in real-world clinical settings.



In-depth genetic analyses may shed light on the subtler triggers behind <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-diabetes-rate-has-doubled-reaching-over-800-million/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>. Tests on how lifestyle factors and genetic predisposition interact with mitochondrial maintenance could expand the scope of these findings. 



For many people, new insights on restoring healthier β-cell operation are a welcome boost to ongoing research.



Researchers behind this project are optimistic that therapies designed to preserve β-cell integrity may alter the direction of diabetes care. 



By easing the damage to mitochondrial systems, those who struggle with type 2 diabetes may find their condition more manageable in the years ahead.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf2034" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Scientists identify a cellular 'switch' that could reverse type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes has affected millions across the world, with...

Flat,Lay,Composition,With,Tasty,Maple,Syrup,And,Dry,Leaves

Sweet treats come with strings attached. Added sugar pushes blood pressure higher, drives visceral fat, and nudges blood glucose past healthy limits. For most people, swapping table sugar for something less taxing could be a small shift with outsized benefits.



A new study suggests that the switch might already be sitting on the breakfast table. 



Researchers looked at what happens when adults trade two tablespoons of refined sugar for an equal amount of pure maple syrup, and the results point to improvements in several early warning signs of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strawberries-promote-cardiometabolic-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiometabolic</a> trouble.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugar-has-invaded-our-lives">Sugar has invaded our lives</h2>



Americans swallow about 17 teaspoons of added sugar each day, roughly two to three times the <a href="https://www.heart.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Heart Association</a>’s recommended cap for men and women. 



Health guidelines urge keeping added sugars below ten percent of daily calories and, ideally, closer to six percent for better heart health.



Cutting back is easier when the replacement tastes familiar. Maple syrup fits the bill but offers more than sweetness. 



Scientists have cataloged more than 67 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-polyphenols-promote-heart-health-youthful-skin-and-a-healthy-waistline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polyphenols</a> in the amber liquid alongside minerals, vitamins, and amino acids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maple-syrup-vs-sugar-the-test">Maple syrup vs. sugar - the test</h2>



The latest work, led by Dr. André Marette at Laval University’s <a href="https://www.iucpq.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quebec Heart and Lung Institute</a> and Dr. Marie-Claude Vohl at the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (<a href="https://www.inaf.ulaval.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">INAF</a>), enrolled 42 volunteers aged 18 to 75 with body mass index values between 23 and 40. 



Each person replaced five percent of daily calories - about two tablespoons - with either Canadian maple syrup or a flavored sucrose syrup for eight weeks. After a four-week washout, the groups switched syrups so every participant served as their own control.



“We know from decades of research that maple syrup is more than just sugar. It contains over 100 natural compounds, including polyphenols, that are known to prevent disease in part through their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-with-milk-has-powerful-anti-inflammatory-properties/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-inflammatory effects</a>,” remarked Dr. Marette. 



Because the fundamental chemistry of maple syrup is unique, they wondered if ingesting maple syrup instead of an equivalent amount of refined sugar would differently impact cardiometabolic health and the intestinal microbiota in humans. 



According to Dr. Marette, "The results were extremely encouraging. I did not expect to see so many improvements of risk factors within a relatively short treatment period.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-shifts-in-key-markers">Surprising shifts in key markers</h2>



After eight weeks on maple syrup, participants handled an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-time-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oral glucose</a> tolerance test far better than when they consumed the sucrose syrup, showing a change of -50.59 versus +29.93. 



Systolic blood pressure edged down by -2.72 millimeters of mercury, while it crept up +0.87 millimeters on the sucrose phase. 



Android fat mass - deep abdominal fat linked to heart disease - dropped -7.83 grams on maple syrup but rose +67.61 grams with refined sugar.



“Both individually and collectively, the study findings are quite significant. The combined decrease of such key risk factors may help to reduce the risk of diabetes and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>," Dr. Marette enthused. 



"Making a commitment to lifestyle changes and small adjustments to our everyday diets is important and can be a powerful tool in preventing future diseases.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-maple-syrup-is-different">Why maple syrup is different</h2>



Blood tests were only half the story. Stool samples showed fewer Klebsiella species and Bacteroides pectinophilus - microbes tied to inflammation - after maple syrup consumption. 



At the same time, Lactocaseibacillus casei and Clostridium beijerinckii flourished. These shifts hint that maple’s natural compounds may influence metabolism partly through the gut.



Pure maple syrup brings trace nutrients along for the ride. 



Two tablespoons supply about 35 percent of a day’s manganese, 15 percent of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-carb-diets-have-more-nutritional-value-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">riboflavin</a>, eight percent of copper, and small but measurable amounts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amaranth-seeds-rich-in-calcium-and-iron-prevents-tumors-and-keeps-bones-strong/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">calcium</a>, thiamin, and potassium, all while carrying roughly twelve percent fewer calories than light corn syrup. 



Refined sugar, in contrast, arrives stripped of such extras.



“With each new study, we learn more about the benefits that natural products from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/many-plant-species-show-great-promise-in-fight-against-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">medicinal plants</a> and functional foods, like maple syrup, provide,” noted Dr. Navindra Seeram. 



“The promising results of this first human trial provide more reasons to educate consumers about maple syrup’s many health benefits. It is truly a ‘smarter sweetener’ and a healthier alternative to refined sugar.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-maple-syrup-data-is-needed">More maple syrup data is needed</h2>



The sample size was modest, and the trial lasted just eight weeks. Even so, the consistency across multiple risk factors stands out.



“While this study was limited to a relatively small sample size (42 men and women) and took place during a relatively short period, the results are still significant,” Dr. Marette remarked. 



“We now have human evidence to support replacing refined sugars with maple syrup, a natural sweetener, for preventing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/christensenella-minuta-gut-bacteria-linked-obesity-different-men-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolic diseases</a>."



The scientists' next goal is to conduct larger studies with other populations to explore how replacing refined sugars with maple syrup might impact their unique health conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-make-the-swap">How to make the swap</h2>



Swapping maple syrup for sugar in your diet is as simple as it sounds.



“Before the study, I would consume pure maple products regularly but not consistently," one study participant shared. 



"I have always enjoyed it. Today my routine is to replace refined sugars with two tablespoons of pure Canadian maple syrup daily."



Small swaps add up. Cutting just two tablespoons of refined sugar trims roughly 96 calories and more than 24 grams of straight sucrose.



By choosing pure maple syrup in place of refined sugar, you enact a modest dietary change backed by evidence of healthier glucose responses, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-foods-might-work-like-medicines-to-lower-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lower blood pressure</a>, diminished visceral fat, and a more favorable gut microbiome.



While larger studies will refine these insights, the present trial already encourages individuals, clinicians, and food producers to rethink sweetening habits and embrace this nutrient-rich natural syrup as a wiser everyday indulgence.



For anyone edging toward metabolic trouble, that simple switch may be one easy step toward better numbers at the next check-up.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://jn.nutrition.org/article/S0022-3166(24)00465-6/abstract" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Nutrition</a>.



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This sugar substitute has surprising health benefits, including weight management

Sweet treats come with strings attached. Added sugar pushes blood...

Scientists have been grappling with how to help people maintain healthy circulation as the years pass. Now, research points to a simple but powerful strategy that involves meeting a certain quota of weekly activity.



After combing through extensive data, epidemiologist <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo</a> from the University of California, San Francisco (<a href="https://medicine.ucsf.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSF</a>) and her colleagues noticed that many individuals start off active but lose momentum by middle age. 



This decline appears to drive up the risk of developing hypertension, a medical condition marked by above-normal blood pressure levels that can result in heart disease and other complications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-blood-pressure">Understanding blood pressure</h2>



<a href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hypertension</a> affects billions worldwide, placing a significant burden on public health. It develops when the force of blood against the arterial walls remains too high, which can hurt critical organs over time.



Millions of people live with hypertension without even realizing it, a reason it is often described as a silent condition. 



Once discovered, however, moderate to vigorous exercise has proven to be an effective way to reduce those numbers on the blood pressure gauge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-the-study">Inside the study</h2>



Over 5,100 adults from four US cities contributed to this one particular study on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/morning-coffee-drinkers-have-a-lower-risk-of-heart-disease-and-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a>. 



Researchers took regular physical measurements and tracked each person’s exercise routines over three decades to see how consistent physical activity influenced blood pressure later in life.



At each stage, participants who logged more hours of physical effort ended up with better circulatory readings. 



Those who managed five hours of moderate exercise per week saw a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-foods-might-work-like-medicines-to-lower-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meaningful reduction</a> in their chances of having high blood pressure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-activity-targets-that-matter">Activity targets that matter</h2>



“Achieving at least twice the current minimum adult guidelines may be more beneficial for the prevention of hypertension than simply meeting the minimum guidelines,” said <a href="https://profiles.ucsf.edu/jason.nagata" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jason Nagata</a>, a UCSF expert in young adult medicine. 



This perspective supports the evidence that any type of exercise can help manage blood pressure for people without advanced cardiovascular conditions.



Moderate exercise helps the body regulate blood vessels and hormones linked to stress. 



The findings suggest that staying active consistently, rather than pushing hard for a short spurt, can keep the cardiovascular system on a stable path.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exercise-helps-blood-pressure">Exercise helps blood pressure</h2>



The five-hour weekly target mentioned in the study isn’t just a random number. 



It lines up with results from other <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/healthy-living/fitness/fitness-basics/aha-recs-for-physical-activity-in-adults" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">large-scale reviews</a> showing that greater amounts of moderate aerobic activity (like brisk walking or biking) can lead to even bigger drops in systolic blood pressure, especially in people at risk but not yet diagnosed with cardiovascular disease.



The review by the researchers confirmed this trend across 435 clinical trials. 



Their findings showed that regular exercise lowered <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/understanding-blood-pressure-readings" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">systolic blood pressure</a> by an average of 3.5 mmHg in healthy adults and by 5.5 mmHg in those with lifestyle-related diseases, including hypertension. 



These numbers matter because even small reductions can significantly lower the risk of stroke and heart attack.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-racial-differences">Social and racial differences</h2>



The study showed that race and social backgrounds heavily influence a person’s ability to stay <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fitness-focused-medicine-physical-activity-reduces-chronic-disease-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physically active</a>. At 40 years old, physical activity dipped among White men and women, yet Black men and women saw a continued decline rather than a plateau.



By age 45, Black women in the study surpassed White men in the number of hypertension cases. At 60, upwards of 80 to 90 percent of Black participants were living with high blood pressure, compared to around 70 percent of White men and about half of White women.



Many people face hidden obstacles that make it difficult to stay active over the years. Work shifts, unsafe neighborhoods, lack of access to parks, and limited time all contribute to the decline in physical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caffeine-at-night-disrupts-sleep-and-brain-activity-especially-in-young-adults/">activity</a>, especially in underserved communities.



“Although Black male youth may have high engagement in sports, socioeconomic factors, neighborhood environments, and work or family responsibilities may prevent continued engagement in physical activity through adulthood,” said Nagata. 



Researchers noted that socioeconomic factors and environment weren't directly measured in this study, but they likely played a major role.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consistent-fitness-habits">Consistent fitness habits</h2>



“Teenagers and those in their early 20s may be physically active but these patterns change with age,” explained Bibbins-Domingo. In earlier years, many teenagers and people in their early 20s get daily movement through sports and outdoor activities.&nbsp;



“This might be especially the case after high school when opportunities for physical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fitness-focused-medicine-physical-activity-reduces-chronic-disease-risk/">activity</a> diminish,” said Nagata. At some point, life’s responsibilities can interfere with exercise. 



Public health advocates often focus on educating children and adolescents about adopting active lifestyles. 



Researchers in this study highlight how those messages remain vital for maintaining heart health as people transition to jobs, parenthood, and hectic schedules.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-pressure-exercise-and-heart-health">Blood pressure, exercise, and heart health</h2>



Health guidelines recommend at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise per week for adults, though this research suggests going beyond that threshold offers clear advantages. 



Adding structured workouts or simple movement like brisk walks can be powerful steps in lowering long-term risk of high blood pressure.



Maintaining a committed exercise routine takes extra planning as the years go by. However, the rewards include protecting the heart, keeping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">blood</a> vessels flexible, and minimizing the negative effects of chronic stress.



Staying consistent with physical activity offers a chance to lower the probability of hypertension before serious complications set in.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41440-024-01974-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Journal of Preventive Medicine</a>.



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Scientists identify minimum amount of physical activity needed to prevent high blood pressure

Scientists have been grappling with how to help people maintain...

It’s a common belief that the more sweets you eat, the more you’ll crave them. But recent research suggests that’s not necessarily true. A new study shows that eating more sugary foods doesn’t make you like sweetness any more - or any less - than you already do.



Researchers at <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wageningen University</a> in the Netherlands investigated whether changing the amount of sweet foods in your diet could shift your preference for sweetness.



Over six months, participants were assigned diets with different levels of sweet-tasting foods. Surprisingly, no matter how much <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-average-american-consumes-80-pounds-of-sugar-per-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugar</a> they consumed, their preference for sweetness stayed exactly the same.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-foods-and-calorie-intake">Sweet foods and calorie intake</h2>



Dr. Kees de Graaf is an emeritus professor in sensory science and eating behavior at Wageningen University.



"We also found that diets with lower or higher dietary sweetness were not associated with changes in energy consumption or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/body-weight-impacts-cerebral-blood-flow-and-brain-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body weight</a>,” said Dr. de Graaf.



“Even though many people believe that sweet foods promote higher energy intake, our study showed that sweetness alone isn’t to blame for taking in too many calories.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-approach-to-studying-sweetness">A new approach to studying sweetness</h2>



Most earlier research looked only at short-term effects - sometimes lasting just a day. “Most studies examining the effects of repeated exposure to sweet taste on the liking, or preference, for sweetness have been short-term, covering periods up to one day,” said Dr. de Graaf.



“Without consistent data on the longer-term effects, the basic question of whether or not sweetness preferences are modifiable has been unanswered.”



To fill that gap, the Wageningen team designed a longer, more rigorous trial. They used a validated method for measuring sweet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-surprising-amount-of-adults-like-intensely-sour-flavors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">taste preferences</a>, focusing on specially developed foods and drinks that were not part of the main diet. 



Importantly, the study followed a preregistered, ethics-approved protocol, with strict adherence throughout.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-study-looked-like">What the study looked like</h2>



The study involved about 180 volunteers who were divided into three groups. Each group received diets that were mostly sweet, less sweet, or a balanced mix of both. 



Every two weeks, participants got packages of food and drinks designed to make up about half of their daily meals. They also received daily menu plans for guidance but could decide how much or how little to eat.



The researchers carefully categorized foods based on their sweetness, using a database from a previous study of 500 commonly eaten Dutch foods. 



Sweet products included jam, milk chocolate, sweetened dairy, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sugary-drinks-linked-to-millions-of-diabetes-and-heart-disease-cases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sugar-sweetened drinks</a>. Non-sweet items included ham, cheese, peanut butter, hummus, salted popcorn, and sparkling water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-preferences-were-measured">How preferences were measured</h2>



Each participant’s preference for sweet tastes was measured at several points: before the study started, twice during the diet, immediately after the diet ended, and again one and four months later. 



The researchers also collected data on participants’ total energy and nutrient intake, body weight, body composition, and blood markers related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-diabetes-rate-has-doubled-reaching-over-800-million/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diabetes</a> and cardiovascular disease, such as glucose, insulin, and cholesterol levels.



To avoid bias, the foods and drinks provided to each group were matched in terms of carbohydrates, fat, and protein. Participants were also randomized based on similar ages, genders, and body weights.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-sweets-less-sweets-same-cravings">More sweets, less sweets - same cravings</h2>



Over six months, the group eating less sweet foods didn’t show a decreased preference for sweet tastes. The group eating more sweet foods didn’t develop a stronger craving either. It seems that preferences for sweetness cannot be unlearned.



Eating different amounts of sweet foods had no impact on body weight, energy intake, or biomarkers for disease risk. When the study ended, participants’ eating habits naturally returned to baseline within one to four months.



“This is one of the first studies to measure and adjust sweetness across the whole <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-healthy-diet-your-secret-weapon-against-aging-and-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> within a realistic range of what people actually consume,” said Dr. de Graaf.



“This matters because some people avoid sweet-tasting foods, believing that regular exposure will increase their preference for sweetness - but our results show that’s not the case.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-healthy-eating-patterns">Shaping healthy eating patterns</h2>



While this study focused on adults, the researchers are interested in seeing if the results hold for children. 



Taste preferences and eating habits may still be more flexible at younger ages, and understanding that could help shape healthier eating patterns early in life.



The research was presented by doctoral fellow Eva Čad at NUTRITION 2025, the annual meeting of the American Society for Nutrition held in Orlando.



The findings are detailed in a <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en/newsarticle/preference-for-sweet-cannot-be-easily-unlearned.htm#:~:text=A%20large%2Dscale%20Wageningen%20study,to%20like%20sweet%20flavours%20more.">press release</a> by the Wageningen University.



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Eating sugary foods does not boost your sweet tooth

It’s a common belief that the more sweets you eat,...

Adding a cup of beans to your daily meals might do more than fill you up - it could also support your heart and metabolic health. New research shows that eating beans every day is a simple and affordable habit with big potential health benefits.



The study was led by scientists from the <a href="https://www.iit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>, who set out to explore how two common beans could affect people with prediabetes. Their findings offer some food for thought when it comes to preventing chronic diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-beans">Health benefits of beans</h2>



“Individuals with prediabetes often exhibit impaired lipid metabolism and chronic low-grade inflammation," said Morganne Smith, a doctoral candidate at the Illinois Institute of Technology. 



"Both of which can contribute to the development of conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-sweetener-erythritol-sugar-substitute-linked-to-blood-clots-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-can-reverse-type-2-diabetes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">type 2 diabetes</a>.”



The study showed that eating beans reduced cholesterol and inflammation in prediabetics, but didn’t affect glucose levels.



The research was presented at <a href="https://nutrition.org/nutrition-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NUTRITION 2025</a>, the annual meeting of the American Society for Nutrition. 



The work is part of a larger project by Indika Edirisinghe, PhD, and Britt Burton-Freeman, PhD, also from Illinois Institute of Technology.



While beans like chickpeas and black beans are popular ingredients in many dishes, they often receive little attention in studies looking at heart disease and diabetes risk. This new study puts the spotlight back on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-chickpeas-and-black-beans">Understanding chickpeas and black beans</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whats-the-best-protein-for-muscle-gain-it-might-not-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chickpeas</a>, also known as garbanzo beans, have a mild, nutty flavor and a firm texture, making them ideal for everything from hummus and stews to salads and roasted snacks. 



Rich in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hemp-seeds-could-be-a-game-changer-as-an-alternative-protein-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based protein</a>, fiber, and essential minerals like iron and magnesium, chickpeas support digestive health, promote satiety, and help regulate blood sugar. 



Their high folate content also makes them particularly valuable in supporting prenatal health and cell repair.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discover-the-six-foods-that-rejuvenate-your-body-inside-and-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black beans</a>, on the other hand, bring a denser, creamier texture and an earthy flavor that pairs well with Latin American, Caribbean, and Southwestern cuisines. 



Like chickpeas, they provide a solid source of protein and fiber, but they also deliver a powerful dose of antioxidants, particularly anthocyanins - the same compounds found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/15-benefits-of-eating-blueberries-the-superfood-that-greatly-improves-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blueberries</a>. 



These antioxidants help combat inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. Black beans also contain resistant starch, which nourishes gut bacteria and may improve insulin sensitivity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



To make sure the results reflected real-world conditions, researchers asked 72 participants with prediabetes to maintain their usual lifestyle. 



They were randomly assigned to eat one cup of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discover-the-six-foods-that-rejuvenate-your-body-inside-and-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">black beans</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/whats-the-best-protein-for-muscle-gain-it-might-not-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chickpeas</a>, or rice (used as a control) every day for 12 weeks.



Blood samples were collected at the start, six weeks in, and again at 12 weeks. The team measured cholesterol levels, markers of inflammation, and blood sugar. They also performed glucose tolerance tests at the beginning and end.



The results were significant. For those eating chickpeas, total cholesterol dropped from an average of 200.4 milligrams per deciliter to 185.8 milligrams per deciliter by the end of the 12 weeks.



Meanwhile, those eating black beans saw a significant decrease in a marker of inflammation known as interleukin-6 - from 2.57 picograms per milliliter to 1.88 picograms per milliliter. However, there were no significant changes in blood sugar levels for any group.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-beans-better-health">More beans, better health</h2>



“Our study showed the benefits of consuming beans in adults with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cinnamon-helps-control-blood-sugar-in-prediabetics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prediabetes</a>, but they are a great option for everyone,” said Smith. 



“These findings could be used to inform dietary guidelines, clinicians, or public health programs focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preventing heart disease</a> and diabetes.”



The good news is that adding more beans to your diet doesn’t have to be complicated. Whether you choose canned, dried, or frozen beans, they are all good options. The researchers recommend checking labels for added salt or sugar.



“There are a lot of ways to incorporate beans into your regular diet as a cost-effective way to support overall health and reduce the risk of chronic diseases,” said Smith. 



“You can blend them to add some thickness to a soup base, add them as a salad topping, or pair them with other grains like rice or quinoa.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measurable-benefits-add-up">Measurable benefits add up</h2>



Beyond supporting heart and metabolic health, beans are packed with essential nutrients that benefit the body in many ways. 



They are an excellent source of plant-based protein, making them a smart choice for those aiming to reduce their meat intake without sacrificing essential nutrients.



Beans are also rich in fiber, which supports digestion and can keep you feeling full longer - a plus for weight management.



In addition, beans provide key vitamins and minerals like iron, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnesium-threonate-is-best-supplement-for-improving-brain-health-says-neurologist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a>, potassium, and folate. These nutrients play vital roles in energy production, muscle function, and maintaining healthy blood pressure levels. 



With a low glycemic index, beans can also help manage blood sugar levels over time.



This study is just the beginning. The researchers plan to continue looking at how eating beans affects gut health. They hope to learn more about the connection between gut bacteria and metabolic health.



For now, the takeaway is simple: beans are an affordable, and nutrient-dense food that can be a valuable part of any balanced diet. Just a cup of beans a day could be a small but mighty step toward better health.



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Eating a small amount of these types of beans greatly boosts heart health and metabolism

Adding a cup of beans to your daily meals might...

Untitled design - 1

Typical devices for measuring mental effort can feel bulky and awkward. Traditional headsets with sticky gels or tangled cables might interfere with performance instead of helping it. 



A new lightweight forehead gadget aims to make mental load tracking more comfortable. It sticks to the skin like a temporary sticker and wirelessly scans <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> signals to figure out when your mind is getting maxed out. 



“Technology is developing faster than human evolution," explained <a href="https://www.ae.utexas.edu/people/faculty/faculty-directory/lu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nanshu Lu</a> from The University of Texas at Austin (<a href="https://www.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UT Austin</a>) who guided the research behind this so-called e-tattoo. 



"Our brain capacity cannot keep up and can easily get overloaded. There is an optimal mental workload for optimal performance, which differs from person to person.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-time-mental-strain-seen-with-e-tattoo">Real-time mental strain seen with e-tattoo</h2>



“Being low cost makes the device accessible. One of my wishes is to turn the e-tattoo into a product we can wear at home,” said author <a href="https://www.ae.utexas.edu/people/faculty/faculty-directory/sentis" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Luis Sentis</a> from UT Austin. 



This sticker pairs up with an ultra-thin battery unit, which together cost around $200. Single-use sensors are about $20 each. 



Scientists tested six volunteers with a memory game that pushed their <a href="https://www.mcw.edu/-/media/MCW/Education/Academic-Affairs/OEI/Faculty-Quick-Guides/Cognitive-Load-Theory.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive load</a>. 



As the tasks became more demanding, the theta and delta <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/big-changes-in-the-brain-between-the-ages-of-11-25-and-how-it-influence-our-decisions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a> signals rose in intensity, hinting that the brain was struggling. Meanwhile, changes in alpha and beta activity suggested mental fatigue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-e-tattoo-replaces-bulky-headgear">E-tattoo replaces bulky headgear</h2>



Surveys such as NASA’s Task Load Index help gauge <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cells-called-astrocytes-help-human-brains-store-massive-amounts-of-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental</a> strain but rely on subjective opinions, which might miss subtle shifts in attention or overload. 



Studies indicate that measuring electroencephalography (<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3206198/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EEG</a>) can tap into genuine signs of effort or fatigue, yet standard EEG equipment can cost $15,000 or more. The e-tattoo offers a real-time alternative without the heavy hardware.



Researchers also added electrooculography (<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31277871/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EOG</a>) to track blink and eye-movement patterns. These signals add context to the EEG reading. 



That combination can pick up quick lapses in focus, a serious concern for jobs like air traffic control or long-haul truck driving.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flexible-design-works-during-movement-nbsp">Flexible design works during movement&nbsp;</h2>



Wires and gel electrodes often slip out of place when people walk or turn their heads. The e-tattoo avoids this by conforming closely to the skin. 



It works best on hairless areas such as the forehead, though the team is exploring ink-based sensors for coverage on the scalp. The goal is to keep everything comfortable so that natural movements and daily tasks remain uninterrupted.



The sticker syncs with a small computer model that crunches the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-the-human-brain-create-retrieve-memories-engram-cells-connections/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">signals</a>. It noticed rises in mental load before the subject even realized they were swamped. 



That prediction step could prove useful for scheduling breaks or adjusting tasks if it senses high demand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-any-of-this-matter">Why does any of this matter?</h2>



“Now we have the ability to monitor mental strain, which hasn’t been tracked. This could fundamentally change how organizations ensure the overall well-being of their workforce,” said Sentis. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-can-boost-memory-in-a-surprising-way/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memory tests</a> are a start, but the applications may expand to any fast-paced environment. Workers like air traffic controllers and truck drivers can benefit from a heads-up when focus levels dip. 



Cost barriers shrink with this design. The e-tattoo is comfortable, wireless, and individualized to each face. The hope is that it will allow people to catch overload warnings early. 



Each user’s optimal effort window differs, so an objective gauge might reduce oversights when juggling deadlines, safety checks, or other high-stakes demands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-e-tattoos-show-how-brains-respond">E-tattoos show how brains respond</h2>



Experts mention that devices like this could strengthen personalized research on focus and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-changes-supercharged-the-human-brain-but-at-a-cost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity</a>. Some individuals might thrive under intense challenge, while others prefer moderate tasks. 



By measuring actual brain signals, the e-tattoo could provide objective feedback instead of waiting for people to recall their experience.



Studies on the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165017398000563" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alpha wave link</a> it to alertness and retention. Meanwhile, increases in <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1103228108">theta activity</a> have been connected to deep working memory processes. 



The new e-tattoo captures these details, which might help identify an ideal zone between boredom and overexertion. Many standard measures happen only after tasks wrap up. This sticker-like sensor collects information in real time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-plans-aim-for-better-coverage">Future plans aim for better coverage</h2>



Researchers plan to fine-tune the design for hair-covered regions so that a more complete <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-mapping-research-mouse-neurons-revolutionary-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">map of the brain</a> can be monitored. 



As robotics and automated systems become commonplace, the team foresees broader use of advanced mental load tracking. 



Early predictions of fatigue or reduced attention could boost safety and performance without big, clunky headsets.



Practical details such as sweat resistance, battery life, and everyday comfort will likely improve with further work. Specialists see promise in wearables that read signals straight from the skin. 



If the reading is reliable and the cost stays modest, routine mental load checks might someday be as normal as wearing a smartwatch.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666998625000948" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Device</a>.



Image Credit: DEVICE/HUH ET AL.



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Wireless e-tattoo detects when your brain gets overloaded

Typical devices for measuring mental effort can feel bulky and...

Music lives in every culture and in every person. Long before recorded sound, our ancestors drummed, clapped, and sang - and movement followed. From ceremonial dances to casual tapping, rhythm has always stirred the human body.



Today, the world dances not just to new beats, but also to familiar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brain-doesnt-just-hear-music-it-becomes-the-rhythm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">songs</a> from the past. That mix of melody, memory, and motion is called groove. But what truly makes us get up and dance? Recent research points to an unexpected player: nostalgia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-groove-to-music">Why we groove to music</h2>



Groove is more than just enjoying a catchy beat. It is a psychological and physical urge to move. When groove hits, the body responds. You tap your foot, nod your head, or start dancing. Scientists describe it as a pleasurable urge to move to music. 



“Groove is the pleasurable urge to move to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-reveal-how-music-can-heal-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">music</a>. When we are studying the motor system in people with and without movement disorders, the brain spontaneously lights up when they listen to music. It really does seem to be about the rhythmic aspects of it,” explained Professor Jessica Grahn.



Until now, most research has focused on rhythm, beat complexity, and familiarity. But a new study from Western University shows that groove is not just about patterns. It is also about emotion, particularly the warm, bittersweet feeling of nostalgia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-link-between-nostalgia-and-dance">Link between nostalgia and dance</h2>



The study involved 102 participants aged 23 to 28, a group chosen to capture peak nostalgia. The researchers selected 40 pop songs. 



Twenty of the songs were chart-toppers from 2010 to 2015, a time linked to participants' adolescence. The other songs, from 2018 to 2021, served as modern but familiar control tracks. Each <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-connects-people-emotionally-and-physically/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">song</a> clip lasted 25 seconds and included the chorus to boost recognition.



Participants rated how much they wanted to tap, move, and dance to each song. They also rated how much they liked the song, how familiar it was, and how nostalgic it felt. 



The team collected data on each person's musical and dance background. That included dance training and general musical exposure, using validated scales like the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nostalgic-songs-boost-the-urge-to-dance">Nostalgic songs boost the urge to dance</h2>



The results revealed something fascinating. Both familiarity and nostalgia were linked to higher ratings for tapping and moving. But only nostalgia predicted the urge to dance. 



Songs from the earlier period triggered stronger feelings across all categories. Still, nostalgia stood out with the biggest jump, a 32-point average difference between early and late songs.



“The more familiar you are with a song, the more likely you are to enjoy it. And familiarity and nostalgia are inherently very tied to each other, because the more you know a song, and the more it makes you feel, the more it’s going to take you back to a special place and make you want to move,” noted study lead author Riya Sidhu.



Ke$ha’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iP6XpLQM2Cs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TiK ToK</a>, which ruled the Billboard Hot 100 for nine weeks in 2009, topped the list in dance desirability. Other high scorers included&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPf0YbXqDm0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Uptown Funk</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KQ6zr6kCPj8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Party Rock Anthem</a>. 



More recent songs like&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyDfgMOUjCI" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bad Guy</a>&nbsp;by Billie Eilish and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oygrmJFKYZY" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Don’t Start Now</a>&nbsp;by Dua Lipa were familiar, but they lacked the emotional punch of nostalgia.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dancing-feels-different-from-tapping">Dancing feels different from tapping</h2>



The study made another important discovery. Tapping, moving, and dancing are not equal in how they connect to groove. Tapping had the highest average score, followed by general movement. Dancing scored lowest, which surprised the researchers at first. 



But dancing might demand more social or emotional readiness. Some participants may have felt self-conscious about dancing, even in a private setting.



When the researchers ran statistical models, nostalgia again showed a strong link. Familiarity explained tapping and moving. But it failed to predict dancing once nostalgia was included. 



That means the emotional content of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-people-are-born-to-enjoy-music-more-than-others/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">song</a>, how much it recalls personal memories, plays a unique role in making people want to dance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-nostalgic-songs-feel-powerful">Why nostalgic songs feel powerful</h2>



One explanation is arousal. Nostalgic songs activate the brain’s reward and emotion centers. This boost in emotional arousal might make people more likely to get up and move. Previous studies have shown that music and memory are tightly connected. 



Music can trigger vivid recollections, sometimes even in people with memory loss. When a song reminds someone of their teenage years, it does more than sound good. It reawakens a feeling, a time, a version of themselves.



This emotional layering seems to amplify groove. It is not just that we recognize the beat. We recognize who we were when we first heard it. That deep sense of self in the music might be why dancing feels easier with older, meaningful songs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-dance-experience-changes-groove">How dance experience changes groove</h2>



Interestingly, musical training had no real impact on groove ratings in this study. Dance training, however, did. 



Participants with dance experience reported a stronger urge to move and dance to music. This suggests that people comfortable with dancing are more receptive to music’s emotional cues.



Dance training might reduce social anxiety tied to movement. It might also improve motor coordination, making spontaneous dancing feel more natural. Those with no dance background may tap along but hesitate to take that next step into full-body motion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nostalgic-songs-turn-memories-into-moves">Nostalgic songs turn memories into moves</h2>



The implications of this research go beyond the dance floor. Music-based therapy is already in use for conditions like Parkinson’s disease, where rhythm can help guide motor function. 



This study adds a new layer. By choosing songs with personal emotional significance, therapists might improve outcomes. Nostalgic music could help patients re-engage their motor systems more effectively than unfamiliar tracks.



The study focused on young adults, but nostalgia deepens with age. Older adults may experience even stronger responses to music from their youth. Future research could explore these age-related differences, especially in clinical settings.



Ultimately, groove is not just about a catchy beat. It is about who we were when we first heard it. This study reveals that nostalgia holds a powerful key to unlocking movement. It stirs memories, triggers emotions, and gets our bodies moving in a way that newer music cannot always match.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0318766" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS One</a>.



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Nostalgic songs light up your brain - and get you moving

Music lives in every culture and in every person. Long...

While AI has already transformed fields like image recognition and translation, researchers are now exploring its potential in discovery-driven tasks, exploring how different drugs interact with cancer cells.



One of the most exciting applications is hypothesis generation, something that was once thought to be the domain of human curiosity alone.



A recent study, led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> in partnership with <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King’s College London</a> and Arctoris Ltd, tested this idea. 



Could AI suggest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-transforming-pollen-science-and-health-planning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatments</a> for breast cancer using drugs not originally meant to fight cancer? Could those suggestions lead to real, testable breakthroughs in the lab? The results suggest the answer might be yes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-finds-new-drug-ideas-for-cancer">AI finds new drug ideas for cancer</h2>



The research focused on GPT-4, a large language model (LLM) that is trained on vast amounts of internet text. The team designed prompts that asked GPT-4 to generate pairs of drugs that could work against MCF7 breast cancer cells but not harm healthy cells (<a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4493126/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MCF10A</a>). 



They also restricted the model from using known cancer drugs and instructed it to prioritize options that were affordable and already approved for use in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-shows-better-emotional-intelligence-than-humans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">humans</a>.



“This is not automation replacing scientists, but a new kind of collaboration,” said Dr. Hector Zenil from King’s College London. 



“Guided by expert prompts and experimental feedback, the AI functioned like a tireless research partner, rapidly navigating an immense hypothesis space and proposing ideas that would take humans alone far longer to reach.”



In its first round, GPT-4 proposed 12 unique drug combinations. Interestingly, all combinations included drugs not traditionally associated with cancer therapy. 



These included medications for conditions like high cholesterol, parasitic infections, and alcohol dependence.



Even so, these combinations were not arbitrary. GPT-4 provided rationales for each pairing, often tying together biological pathways in unexpected ways.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-combos-work-well">Some combos work well</h2>



The next step was to test the drug pairs in the lab. Scientists measured two things: how well each combination attacked MCF7 cells and how much damage was caused to MCF10A cells. 



They also evaluated whether the drug pairs worked better together than separately, a property known as synergy.



Three combinations stood out for having better results than standard cancer therapies. One involved simvastatin and disulfiram. 



Another paired dipyridamole with mebendazole. A third involved itraconazole and atenolol. These drug pairs were not only effective against MCF7 cells, but they worked without overly harming healthy cells.



“Supervised LLMs offer a scalable, imaginative layer of scientific exploration, and can help us as human scientists explore new paths that we hadn’t thought of before,” said Professor Ross King from Cambridge’s Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, who led the research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-and-humans-improve-ideas-together">AI and humans improve ideas together</h2>



Following the first set of results, the researchers asked GPT-4 to analyze what had worked and suggest new ideas. 



They shared summaries of the lab findings and prompted the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-helps-humans-have-20-minute-conversation-with-humpback-whale-named-twain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> to propose four more drug combinations, including some involving known cancer drugs like fulvestrant.



This time, the AI returned combinations such as disulfiram with quinacrine and mebendazole with quinacrine. Three of the four new suggestions again showed promising synergy scores. 



One of the most effective combinations was disulfiram with simvastatin, which achieved the highest synergy score of the entire study at over 10 on the HSA scale.



The feedback loop, AI suggesting ideas, humans testing them, then feeding results back to the AI, represents a novel way of conducting science. 



The process no longer moves in one direction. Instead, it cycles, with both machine and human adjusting and improving as they learn from each iteration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-found-surprising-cancer-combos">AI found surprising cancer combos</h2>



Among the twelve original combinations, six showed positive synergy scores for MCF7 cancer cells. These included unusual pairings like furosemide and mebendazole or disulfiram and hydroxychloroquine. 



Importantly, eight of these twelve combinations had greater effects on MCF7 cells than on MCF10A cells, indicating good specificity.



Some of the most toxic drugs to MCF7 cells included disulfiram, quinacrine, niclosamide, and dipyridamole. Disulfiram had the lowest IC50 value, meaning it required only a small dose to reduce cell viability. 



GPT-4’s ability to find such effective non-cancer drugs and pair them meaningfully surprised even the researchers.



“This study demonstrates how AI can be woven directly into the iterative loop of scientific discovery, enabling adaptive, data-informed hypothesis generation and validation in real time,” said Zenil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hallucinations-as-creative-leaps">Hallucinations as creative leaps</h2>



GPT-4 sometimes makes mistakes. These are called hallucinations, statements not supported by its training data. In most cases, hallucinations are flaws. But in hypothesis generation, they can be productive.



In this study, one such hallucination involved the claim that itraconazole affects cell membrane integrity in human cells. 



While this is true for fungi, human cells do not use the same biological pathway. Yet, this flawed idea still led to successful experiments.



“The capacity of supervised LLMs to propose hypotheses across disciplines, incorporate prior results, and collaborate across iterations marks a new frontier in scientific research,” said King.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-may-help-tailor-cancer-treatments">AI may help tailor cancer treatments</h2>



The research team believes that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-alert-doctors-when-patients-might-get-sicker/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> and lab automation could eventually reduce the cost of personalized medicine. 



Cancer treatment might one day involve a custom research project for each patient. Instead of general prescriptions, therapies could be tested and tailored in near real time.



The cost of running a lab remains high, but AI like GPT-4 drastically cuts down the time and effort required to generate useful hypotheses. With further advances in robotics, the physical testing process might also become cheaper.



“Our empirical results demonstrate that the GPT-4 succeeded in its primary task of forming novel and useful hypotheses,” the authors concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-this-means-for-future-science">What this means for future science</h2>



This study shows that AI can do more than summarize or analyze. It can take part in generating new scientific knowledge. 



GPT-4 didn’t just crunch numbers. It offered unexpected ideas, learned from outcomes, and improved its suggestions.



The combinations it proposed still need clinical trials. They are far from becoming approved treatments. But their success in lab settings highlights the potential of repurposing safe, existing drugs for new uses, something that could save years of development time.



The study is published in the <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2024.0674" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of The Royal Society Interface</a> and <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.12258" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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'AI scientist' discovers that common non-cancer drugs, when combined, can kill cancer cells

While AI has already transformed fields like image recognition and...

A new study suggests that early humans may have used fire not primarily for cooking, but to protect their hard-earned meat from predators and preserve it through smoking and drying.



This theory offers a fresh explanation for why fire was first adopted long before it became a common part of daily life.



Researchers from <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a> argue that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-shows-early-humans-climbed-trees-and-worked-with-stone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early humans</a>, especially Homo erectus, likely used fire as a practical tool to guard and store large quantities of meat. Instead of cooking, fire may have served to smoke and dry meat from massive animals like elephants or hippos.



This, they propose, was a key survival strategy that let humans make the most of rare and valuable kills.



The research was conducted by Dr. Miki Ben-Dor and Professor Ran Barkai from the university’s Alkow Department of Archaeology and Ancient Near Eastern Cultures. The study is part of a broader theory that connects prehistoric developments to the decline of large game over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-uses-of-fire">Early uses of fire</h2>



Evidence of fire use becomes common in human habitats only after about 400,000 years ago. Before that, signs of fire are much rarer.



“The origins of fire use is a ‘burning’ topic among prehistory researchers around the world," Barkai said. "It is generally agreed that by 400,000 years ago, fire use was common in domestic contexts - most likely for roasting meat, and perhaps also for lighting and heating.” 



“But there is controversy regarding the preceding million years, and various hypotheses have been put forward to explain why early humans began using fire. In this study, we sought to explore a new perspective on the issue.”



Ben-Dor emphasized that early humans didn’t use fire on a regular basis. “At a number of early sites there are clear signs that fire was used, but without burnt bones or evidence of meat roasting," he said. 



The researchers suggest that ancient people needed a compelling, energy-efficient reason to invest time and effort in maintaining a fire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-patterns-across-ancient-sites"><a></a>Patterns across ancient sites</h2>



To support their theory, the researchers analyzed nine early sites - 1.8 million to 800,000 years old - with fire evidence. These sites span Africa, Israel, and Spain. The team also drew on ethnographic data from present-day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-hunter-gatherer-ancestors-did-much-more-gathering-than-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hunter-gatherers</a> to help interpret ancient behavior.



“We examined what the nine ancient sites had in common, and found that all contained large quantities of bones from large animals - mostly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">elephants</a>, but also hippopotamuses, rhinoceroses, and others,” Ben-Dor said.



Previous studies show these animals were crucial for early human diets, supplying most of the necessary calories. "The meat and fat of a single elephant contain millions of calories, enough to feed a group of 20–30 people for a month or more,” he said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-and-smoke-protects-food">Fire and smoke protects food</h2>



From this, the researchers concluded that early humans used fire to guard valuable meat from other animals and to prevent spoilage by smoking it.



“A hunted elephant or hippopotamus was thus a real treasure - a kind of meat and fat ‘bank’ that needed to be protected and preserved for many days, since it was coveted not only by predators but also by bacteria,” Ben-Dor said.



This dual use made fire-building worthwhile, even before it became a standard domestic tool, they argue. It also explains why some early sites have evidence of fire without signs of cooked meat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-wider-prehistoric-picture">A wider prehistoric picture</h2>



Barkai sees this idea as part of a larger shift in how we understand early human behavior. “In this study, we propose a new understanding of the factors that motivated early humans to begin using fire," he explained. "The need to safeguard large hunted animals from other predators, and to preserve the vast quantity of meat over time.”



“It is likely that once fire was produced for these purposes, it was also occasionally used for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-bedrock-can-tell-us-about-ancient-cooking-and-culture/">coo</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-bedrock-can-tell-us-about-ancient-cooking-and-culture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">k</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-bedrock-can-tell-us-about-ancient-cooking-and-culture/">ing</a> - at zero marginal energetic cost. Such use may explain evidence of fish roasting from around 800,000 years ago at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov.”



The researchers' approach aligns with their broader theory that prehistoric hunting and consumption of large animals drove human evolution. When those large animals disappeared, humans adapted by exploiting smaller prey.



In this view, fire wasn’t simply a tool for comfort or cuisine. It was a strategic response to ecological and survival pressures - a way for early humans to make the most of their greatest food sources before those sources became scarce.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1585182/full">Fron</a><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1585182/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">t</a><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2025.1585182/full">iers in Nutrition</a>.



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Early humans first used fire to preserve meat instead of cooking

A new study suggests that early humans may have used...

Milk is a staple in many households. It has long been valued for nutrients like calcium and vitamin D, yet new data hint at another benefit that involves the intricate community of microbes inside the digestive system.



Recent findings, led by <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/people-search/li-jiao-23845" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Li Jiao</a> from <a href="https://www.bcm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Baylor College of Medicine</a>, shows that milk consumption is connected with an uptick in several helpful bacteria, while cheese may reduce certain microbes important for a balanced intestinal environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-dairy-helps-the-gut">How dairy helps the gut</h2>



Experts say dairy interacts with the microbiome, which is the mix of microorganisms in the body that help break down nutrients. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-types-of-plant-based-milk-are-linked-to-mental-disorders-like-depression/">Milk</a>&nbsp;seems to support a broader range of gut microbes, a sign of a more adaptable gut.



Scientists have explored the role of milk in encouraging the growth of bacteria linked to lower inflammation and improved gut barriers. 



Some <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29590046/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">researchers</a> suggest this trend could relate to the carbohydrate content in dairy, but details remain under investigation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-microbiome-the-basics">Understanding the microbiome - the basics</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-fingerprints/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The microbiome</a> refers to the vast community of microorganisms - bacteria, fungi, viruses, and others - that live in and on the human body, particularly in the gut. 



These microbes aren't just passive passengers; they play an active role in regulating digestion, synthesizing essential nutrients like vitamin K and certain B vitamins, and training the immune system. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-link-between-obesity-anxiety-and-gut-microbiome-changes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The gut microbiome</a>, in particular, acts almost like a second brain, influencing not just metabolism but also mood and behavior through the gut-brain axis. 



This ecosystem is so vital that disruptions in its balance, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to a range of conditions from obesity and inflammatory bowel disease to anxiety and depression.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-key-bacteria">Examining key bacteria</h2>



Several dairy-linked microbes stand out. One is <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10410495/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Faecalibacterium</a>, known for producing substances that help maintain gut balance and calm inflammation.



Another is <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9300896/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Akkermansia</a>, often mentioned for its <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29902436/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">link</a> to healthy weight and blood sugar control. Investigators say these bacteria can be more abundant in the gut when milk intake rises.



Cheese appears to bring different consequences by reducing Bacteroides, which are common gut residents that may influence colon conditions. It also seems to lower <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1075996404000071" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subdoligranulum</a>, a genus thought to play a part in metabolic health.



Scientists have noticed that <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/bifidobacterium" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bifidobacterium</a>, regarded as a probiotic, may increase with certain dairy habits too. This possibility has drawn interest among professionals looking for dietary ways to support digestion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-yogurt-didn-t-reveal">What yogurt didn’t reveal</h2>



Although yogurt is often praised for its probiotic potential, this study didn’t find clear links between yogurt intake and gut microbiota changes. 



That’s likely because participants reported very low yogurt consumption overall, limiting meaningful analysis.



Without enough data, researchers couldn’t determine whether yogurt had the same effects on key bacteria like Akkermansia or Faecalibacterium. 



More diverse and higher yogurt intake in future studies may be needed to explore how fermented dairy compares to milk and cheese.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dairy-intake-and-gut-health">Dairy intake and gut health</h2>



A few researchers highlight that milk has more lactose, which might help raise the presence of healthful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-recreate-an-ancient-war-trick-to-defeat-viruses/">bacteria</a>. 



Cheese, produced through fermentation, contains less lactose but includes other elements that might shape the gut in a different way.



Dietitians remind people that daily dairy recommendations can differ by age, lifestyle, and health status. Individuals who are sensitive to lactose or prone to certain digestive concerns might need to choose their dairy products carefully.



Some nutrition <a href="https://www.myplate.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">guidelines</a> in the United States advise around three cups of dairy daily, although personal needs vary. 



Many folks fall short of this amount, which leaves a door open for considering how milk or cheese might add microbial variety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-dietary-guidelines">Future dietary guidelines</h2>



Health experts caution that these findings shouldn’t lead to broad assumptions about all dairy products. 



The study involved a small group of older men, and their average dairy intake was lower than national averages, so the results may not apply to other groups or dietary patterns.



Still, the research adds weight to calls for more personalized dietary advice. Instead of focusing only on dairy quantity, future guidelines might need to emphasize the type of dairy product and its effects on gut <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-bacteria-found-on-chinese-space-station-has-never-been-seen-before/">bacteria</a> balance and overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limits-of-small-scale-research">Limits of small-scale research</h2>



The study included only 34 participants, most of whom were older men. This limited sample size makes it hard to apply the findings to younger people, women, or more diverse populations.



Also, the reliance on self-reported food frequency questionnaires introduces some uncertainty. 



People don’t always remember their food habits accurately, which can affect how well their dairy intake matches up with microbiome changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dairy-gut-health-and-the-future">Dairy, gut health, and the future</h2>



Studies increasingly point to the idea that food choices affect more than just basic nutrition. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/most-americans-dont-know-the-dangers-of-raw-milk-and-bird-flu/">Milk</a> consumption, in particular, is now tied to the presence of microbes that could protect against a variety of gut-related issues.



“Dairy consumption may influence host health by modulating the structure and composition of the colonic adherent gut microbiota,” said Dr. Jiao. 



The broader health connection is an active topic, and future efforts may include trials that examine long-term changes.&nbsp;



Researchers plan to learn more about how each type of dairy modifies these microorganisms in people of different ages and backgrounds. 



They also want to understand the range of nutrients, such as calcium or protein, that might work alongside gut microbes to keep digestion running smoothly.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/3/567" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nutrients</a>.



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New study shows that milk consumption improves gut biodiversity and cheese reduces certain microbes

Milk is a staple in many households. It has long...

We often connect learning with patience and steady improvement. Yet, new experiments suggest that our brains may catch on to new challenges in less time than expected.



More than 7 million people in the United States are affected by neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, incurring an estimated $384 billion in annual health expenses.



Experts hope that pinpointing where and how brain cells build new knowledge may eventually improve medical approaches for dementia therapy and symptom control.



The research was led by Kishore Kuchibhotla, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a>. The study addresses how behavior changes can appear deceptively delayed, even though the nervous system might have already absorbed the necessary associations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-learns-before-behavior">Brain learns before behavior</h2>



The researchers used brain imaging in mice to investigate how certain tasks became familiar. They found that correct responses appeared relatively soon, even though outward <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cells-called-astrocytes-help-human-brains-store-massive-amounts-of-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a> seemed to catch up at a slower pace.



The experts also saw something unexpected in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/sensory-cortex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory cortex</a>, an area that typically helps us process inputs like sounds or sights. Instead of playing a purely observational role, it seemed to be active in guiding the animals’ actions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cortex-directs-behavior">Cortex directs behavior</h2>



The idea that the sensory cortex can not only interpret incoming signals but also shape decision-making is drawing fresh attention to what some call the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/association-cortex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">associative cortex</a>.



Researchers propose that this area may do double duty, weaving sensory details and newly learned rules into a single framework.



The separation between trial-and-error mistakes and legitimate attempts to apply new rules was visible in neural recordings. Scientists noticed specific changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-changes-supercharged-the-human-brain-but-at-a-cost/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cell</a> activity that signaled when a mouse was merely guessing versus when it was truly testing its newfound knowledge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-ties-brain-to-action">Learning ties brain to action</h2>



“Identifying how the brain actually forms new connections and learns is a question at the frontier of neuroscience," said Paul Forlano, program officer in the <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NSF</a> Directorate for Biological Sciences.



"Knowing that influences our understanding of how we interact with our environment and pick up on and respond to cues, which opens the door to a range of new fundamental and applied research.” 



That perspective resonates with many <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27403450/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurologists</a> who suspect that mental processes unfold behind the scenes before they become visible in everyday actions. Observing that hidden phase of knowledge could prompt more effective therapy plans for disorders marked by memory loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-dementia-research">Impact on dementia research</h2>



Because <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/big-brains-and-wide-ranges-cant-save-birds-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurodegenerative</a> diseases can weaken learning and recall, clearer insight into how fast connections form may guide better interventions.



New therapies could aim to strengthen these early neural adjustments and keep them from fading.



Some <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29669100/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">scientists</a> suggest that mapping how tasks embed themselves in cortical circuits might be the key to interrupting certain forms of memory decline. They hope to uncover ways to preserve the swift initial learning responses that help form stable skills.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mistakes-help-learning">Mistakes help learning</h2>



The mice that persisted in making errors were not stuck in a learning rut. Instead, they were checking which moves might still fit the situation. This difference shows that repeating mistakes is not always a lack of progress.



It also highlights how complex learning can be. Even when an action seems wrong, it might represent active testing of new possibilities rather than an ongoing misunderstanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-research-inspires-ai">Brain research inspires AI</h2>



Modern <a href="https://news.mit.edu/2017/explained-neural-networks-deep-learning-0414" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neural networks</a> in computer science try to replicate how neurons function when they adapt to data. The fresh findings from these mouse studies might point to better ways of designing artificial systems that learn as fast as biological brains.



Engineers could look at how the associative cortex organizes sensory details, then implement similar strategies to help machines master tasks more fluidly.



That could mean faster, more accurate adaptations to changing conditions without long periods of trial and error.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-these-results-matter">Why these results matter</h2>



Investigators think that once an individual becomes an expert at a task, certain cortical areas can go offline without disrupting the performance.



This suggestion came from experiments where silencing the auditory cortex no longer hindered well-practiced actions.



Following those clues could reveal practical interventions for people who struggle to hold onto newfound skills. Keeping the brain engaged in this learning window might protect or extend that short-lived but critical period of rapid improvement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fast-learning-guides-therapy">Fast learning guides therapy</h2>



Several fields stand to gain from these reports of quick knowledge uptake. Therapists might tweak training exercises for patients with memory issues, aiming to capitalize on this hidden phase of learning.



Technical developers could adapt algorithms for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-brains-are-constantly-working-to-predict-what-comes-next/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pattern recognition</a> software. They may focus on capturing the fast, behind-the-scenes processes that seem to jump-start accurate performance even before it’s obvious on the surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-perspective-on-learning">A new perspective on learning</h2>



For a long time, scientists believed that acquiring a skill involved slow shaping of sensory signals. These new insights show that the mind might adopt a fresh rule set sooner than expected, even though outward actions can lag.



This realization may reshape how we define “learning” in both education and clinical fields. It opens a conversation about how quickly the body can know something, long before that knowledge appears fully in daily practice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reward-signals-lock-in-skills">Reward signals lock in skills</h2>



Investigators suggest that a <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3899024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reward-prediction</a> signal in the sensory cortex fades in expert performers. Its initial presence is believed to help link a stimulus to an eventual outcome, which is vital in forming stable knowledge.



Neuroscientists wonder if boosting this signal could lock in skills for people with memory troubles. They also see potential in training the brain to keep drawing from these neural patterns for advanced learning tasks.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-08730-8#Sec13" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Our brain can learn new skills much faster than expected

We often connect learning with patience and steady improvement. Yet,...

Fenugreek, known scientifically as Trigonella foenum-graecum, has long been valued for its dense nutritional content. 



It contains a notable amount of protein, fiber, and magnesium that can help meet daily needs without complicated meal planning. Many traditions have used these seeds for their subtle taste and nourishing properties.



<a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8976-5004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Muhammad H. Alu’datt</a>, lead author of a recent study on fenugreek and its impact on human health, noted that fenugreek offers a unique combination of macronutrients and minerals that support daily health. 



The researchers highlighted that the seeds are especially rich in protein, magnesium, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-chia-seed-packs-a-powerful-nutrient-punch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soluble fiber</a>, which can aid in muscle maintenance, blood sugar control, and digestion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-uses-of-fenugreek-seeds">Early uses of fenugreek seeds</h2>



Fenugreek’s history crosses <a href="https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/trigonella-foenum-graecum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiple cultures</a>. Some groups enjoy it as a cooking spice, while others appreciate its practical uses in daily life. 



Today, its popularity is growing because newer <a href="https://www.foodandnutritionjournal.org/volume12number1/glycemic-index-lowering-effects-of-defatted-fenugreek-seed-flakes-fenuflakestm-on-some-indian-food-preparations-a-randomized-controlled-clinical-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">findings</a> suggest these seeds might promote healthy muscle upkeep. One reason is the protein content, which helps maintain tissues vital for movement or exercise recovery.



A steady <a href="https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a> intake is just as important for anyone trying to stay active. Fenugreek seeds offer this mineral in amounts that make it easier to reach the recommended daily target. 



Researchers have associated magnesium with basic metabolic reactions and muscle relaxation. This connection means that those who include fenugreek in their diets might notice fewer nagging muscle strains during busy weeks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fenugreek-packs-a-nutritional-punch">Fenugreek packs a nutritional punch </h2>



Fenugreek has more than protein and magnesium. The first mention of <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/galactomannan" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galactomannan</a> in fenugreek highlights the presence of a type of soluble fiber. 



This component seems to support a balanced digestive system by regulating intestinal movement.



Experts say the seeds also provide additional minerals, like iron and potassium, though <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/magnesium-threonate-is-best-supplement-for-improving-brain-health-says-neurologist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnesium</a> often takes the spotlight for its role in muscle control.



Some find fenugreek seeds a bit chewy and slightly aromatic, especially when lightly crushed. Toasting them in a dry pan helps soften their sharper notes. 



People who prefer milder textures can soak them overnight and blend them into dips for an easy way to boost daily protein.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-muscle-support-and-normal-digestion">Muscle support and normal digestion</h2>



A balanced diet with plenty of protein often supports muscle tissue. Fenugreek participates as an excellent plant-based source that contains amino acids, which may aid in muscle repair. 



Those dealing with a hectic schedule can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hemp-seeds-could-be-a-game-changer-as-an-alternative-protein-source/">toss </a>these seeds into rice dishes or soups. Substituting other condiments with crushed fenugreek seeds may enhance taste and add a nutrient advantage.



Fiber in fenugreek seeds also promotes satiety, which can help manage portion sizes. Combined with water, certain components in these seeds expand and encourage a feeling of comfortable fullness. 



A calmer digestive experience often follows, because fiber is <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/endocrinology/articles/10.3389/fendo.2022.906690/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linked</a> to a steady glycemic response as well.



The result is more stable energy, which comes in handy for maintaining an active routine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-everyday-pointers-for-using-fenugreek">Everyday pointers for using fenugreek</h2>



Ground fenugreek powder goes well with marinades or rubs on lean meat. It can also flavor vegetarian stews, giving them a subtle, savory edge. 



Some prefer a cooled fenugreek “<a href="https://fullleafteacompany.com/pages/what-is-fenugreek-tea-history-benefits-more?srsltid=AfmBOopmdXsVkS1d6fw4b7tTWDF-z15ud4uWYDuOdHXPFxNPH_ZWKWgt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tea</a>,” steeped briefly to highlight its mild, nutty essence. Others go for fenugreek sprouts in salads or sandwiches, which add an extra crunch packed with vitamins.



Alu’datt and colleagues emphasized that moderate daily intake of fenugreek can contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/klotho-s-kl-protein-discovered-boosts-lifespan-muscle-brain-power-with-one-dose/">muscle</a> support and digestion. 



They recommended consistent use in small amounts, but cautioned that guidance from a health professional is essential before introducing new ingredients into a regular diet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nursing-mothers-and-fenugreek-seeds">Nursing mothers and fenugreek seeds</h2>



Fenugreek may also help women during breastfeeding. In a clinical trial with 78 nursing mothers, those who consumed fenugreek seed tea reported increased milk supply. 



Babies in that group showed improved growth in weight, length, and head circumference compared to those in the control group.



This seed may also play a role in blood sugar balance. Another recent <a href="https://www.foodandnutritionjournal.org/volume12number1/glycemic-index-lowering-effects-of-defatted-fenugreek-seed-flakes-fenuflakestm-on-some-indian-food-preparations-a-randomized-controlled-clinical-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">study</a> involving 62 people with type 2 diabetes showed that taking fenugreek powder twice daily for two months led to reduced blood glucose and body mass index. 



Researchers believe this effect comes from the seed’s high <a href="https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002136.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soluble fiber</a>, which can slow sugar absorption and blunt post-meal spikes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-improves-well-being">Improves well-being</h2>



Frequent bloating or other digestive troubles motivate many individuals to look for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-foods-promote-weight-loss-regardless-of-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant foods</a> that are less burdensome. Fenugreek’s soluble fiber might soothe common issues. 



It can support the <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/87559120600586315" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiota</a> that line the gut, which may encourage both nutrient absorption and comfort after meals.



Many simply appreciate how fenugreek offers variety in the kitchen. Livening up everyday staples with an extra layer of flavor encourages healthy eating. 



The seeds might also suit those exploring legume-based diets, since fenugreek belongs to the same family as lentils and beans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sensible-measures-and-professional-advice">Sensible measures and professional advice</h2>



Healthy adults often do well with moderate amounts of fenugreek, but cautious steps are wise for some. If individuals have special conditions, it’s good to speak with a dietitian or physician before altering meals. 



Most find no problems when integrating fenugreek into a varied diet. A steady intake of these seeds can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/archaeologists-find-hallucinogenic-seeds-in-ancient-bones-black-henbane/">complement</a> a plan that includes quality proteins, vegetables, and fruits.



Athletes and those who train regularly sometimes find fenugreek beneficial due to its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-high-protein-fruit-prunes-strengthens-muscles-and-bones-in-people-over-45/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high protein</a> content. It’s considered a simple way to refuel muscles without an abrupt shift in meal routines. 



Adding water-rich vegetables with fenugreek seeds can also enhance hydration, which is valuable during intense exercise.



The study is published in the <a href="https://ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1750-3841.16970" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Food Science</a>.



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This seed is rich in protein, magnesium, and helps grow muscle mass

Fenugreek, known scientifically as Trigonella foenum-graecum, has long been valued...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



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Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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