The Haenyeo of South Korea’s southern coast continue a centuries-old tradition that sets them apart. These remarkable women - free divers of Jeju Island - plunge into the sea without oxygen tanks to collect abalone, seaweed, and other marine life.



Often in their 60s or 70s, they dive year-round, even in winter, sometimes to depths of 60 feet. Their way of life is disappearing, but new research suggests their legacy may stretch far beyond tradition - it might help unlock new insights into human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-genes-in-extreme-divers">Unique genes in extreme divers</h2>



Scientists from the <a href="https://healthcare.utah.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah Health</a> and UCLA have studied the Haenyeo to understand how they handle the extreme physical stress of deep diving.



The findings reveal unique genetic features that could help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-gold-the-vitamin-packed-fruit-that-regulates-blood-sugar-and-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulate blood pressure</a> and improve pain tolerance.



These traits may not only explain how the Haenyeo endure their harsh environment but also offer promising leads for treating blood pressure-related disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-haenyeo-advantage">The Haenyeo advantage</h2>



The study began with a simple question: Do the Haenyeo have a biological edge that helps them survive repeated dives into cold, deep waters? 



Researchers looked at their heart rate and blood pressure during simulated dives, then sequenced their DNA. What they found were two genetic variants potentially tied to diving-related stress.



“They’re absolutely extraordinary women,” said Melissa Ilardo, an assistant professor of biomedical informatics at the University of Utah Health. 



“Every day, they head out and get in the water, and that’s where they work all day. I saw women over 80 diving off a boat before it even stopped moving.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-divers-with-protective-genes">Divers with protective genes</h2>



One of the most significant findings was a genetic change linked to lower blood pressure during dives. This change was more than four times as common in the Haenyeo compared to mainland Koreans. 



Lowering blood pressure while diving may help protect them - and their unborn children - during pregnancy. While the dangers of breath-holding are well-known in other situations, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-apnea-may-lead-to-worse-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep apnea</a>, the researchers believe diving poses a unique challenge.



“This is not something that every human or every woman is able to do,” said Diana Aguilar-Gómez, a postdoctoral researcher in evolutionary biology at UCLA. “It’s kind of like they have a superpower.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tolerance-for-the-cold">Tolerance for the cold</h2>



The second genetic difference relates to pain sensitivity, particularly to cold. Jeju Island winters can bring air temperatures close to freezing, yet the Haenyeo dive regardless of the chill.



“I asked them once if they would stop diving if it got cold enough. They said that as long as the wind alarm doesn’t go off, they’ll still get in the water," noted Ilardo. “The wind alarm is to keep them from blowing out to sea.”



Although the researchers didn’t measure the women’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cold-plunges-may-keep-you-feeling-alive-and-healthy-longer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cold tolerance</a> directly, the team suspects this gene may play a role in how the Haenyeo manage to dive year-round. 



Future studies will look deeper into this genetic marker and what it might mean for pain management in colder climates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-experience-still-matters">Experience still matters</h2>



Genes alone don’t tell the whole story. Diving changes the body over time, and the Haenyeo show this through their powerful reflexes. 



When anyone submerges underwater, the body slows the heart to conserve oxygen. In untrained individuals, the heart rate drops by about 20 beats per minute during a simulated dive. For the Haenyeo, this drop is nearly double.



This physiological adaptation likely comes from decades of diving, a skill that’s as much about muscle memory and discipline as it is about biology. 



The team found that even people from Jeju Island who weren’t Haenyeo had a weaker version of this reflex, suggesting the full benefit comes only with practice.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-the-island">Looking beyond the island</h2>



One of the most exciting possibilities is that these findings might help others. The genetic trait linked to lower blood pressure could aid in managing conditions like hypertension and stroke. 



Jeju Island already has one of the lowest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dramatic-temperature-changes-linked-to-half-a-million-stroke-deaths/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke mortality rates</a> in South Korea. The researchers wonder if the same genes found in the Haenyeo divers might be partly responsible.



“If there’s something about it that actually reduces the risk of stroke mortality, then we could help people everywhere by understanding what’s special about these women," said Ilardo.



While the Haenyeo’s way of life may be fading, their legacy might shape how we think about heart health for generations to come.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-reports/fulltext/S2211-1247(25)00348-1?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2211124725003481%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Reports</a>.



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Legendary divers in Korea have inherited 'superhuman' genes

The Haenyeo of South Korea’s southern coast continue a centuries-old tradition that sets them apart. These remarkable women - free divers of Jeju Island - plunge into the sea without oxygen tanks to collect abalone, seaweed, and other marine life. Often in their 60s or 70s, they dive year-round, even in winter, sometimes to depths of 60 feet. Their way of life is disappearing, but new research suggests their legacy may stretch far beyond tradition - it might help unlock new insights into human health. Unique genes...

You've probably heard the age-old belief that if your partner garners attention from others, it'll make them seem more attractive to you and save your relationship, right? 



But what if this notion is a tad off the mark? That's exactly what new research discovered -- the reaction to third-party interest in our partners might not be what we'd expect.



In a deeply insightful study conducted by Prof. Gurit Birnbaum and Prof. Doron Friedman, affiliated with the Baruch Ivcher School of Psychology at <a href="https://www.runi.ac.il/en/schools/psychology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reichman University</a>, a new perspective on relationship dynamics is unveiled.



The focus? How your partner's popularity with others can influence your level of attraction, commitment, and competitiveness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choosing-relationship-partners">Choosing relationship partners</h2>



Picking a life partner is, without a doubt, one of the most critical decisions we ever make. It's like signing up for a marathon -- influencing the course of your life profoundly, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/self-compassion-enhances-relationship-satisfaction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shaping your happiness</a>, and directing your journey.



Naturally, humans have devised strategies overtime to ease this process -- like observing how others react to potential partners.



This is what scientists refer to as "mate-choice copying," a phenomenon witnessed across numerous species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-partners-attention-in-relationship">Partners attention in relationship</h2>



Previous research confirms that witnessing others' desire for a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dating-apps-make-it-difficult-to-find-true-love/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential mate</a> tends to enhance their appeal in our eyes. Interestingly, this doesn't end once we've cuffed up. 



The evaluations continue, with our view of our partners significantly influenced by how attractive others find them. 



But here's the catch -- this external attention can stir different reactions, depending on whether you're scouting for a partner or already in a relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-current-partner-conundrum">Current partner conundrum</h2>



The experiment sought to unpack what happens when the attention is shifted towards our current partners. 



Specifically, how does observing others flirt with our partner influence our perception of their attractiveness, the effort to maintain the relationship, and the instinct to ward off competing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-brain-literally-changes-based-on-daily-activities-and-lifestyle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attention</a>? 



Does it fan the flames of desire, or does it make us insecure?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-conducted">How the study was conducted</h2>



The research involved three separate experiments. 



Participants in committed relationships were walked through scenarios where their partner either received unwanted attention or had a neutral interaction with a third party. 



The participants then rated their sexual desire for their partner, their willingness to make sacrifices for the relationship, and their urge to ward off the competitor.



In each attempt, the exposure to external attention directed at the partner was manipulated differently. 



The first experiment used the power of imagination, the second leveraged the immersive nature of virtual reality, while the third delved into participants' real-life experiences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revealing-results">Revealing results</h2>



Across all the experiments, a recurring theme emerged: when participants observed others showing interest in their partner, their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/where-does-love-live-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desire for their partner</a> declined. 



Their inclination to make sacrifices for the relationship also decreased, while their urge to drive off competitors intensified.



“We were in Tel Aviv, when suddenly this guy shows up and asks for my girlfriend's number. I got annoyed, like, who does he think he is?! My girlfriend quickly brushed him off, but my mind was already racing with questions: What if she finds him attractive? Might I lose her? Would she be happier with him?” one participant noted.



"While some people might attempt to make their partner jealous by attracting attention from others, hoping to feel more desirable or secure, research indicates that this tactic can backfire. Rather than strengthening the relationship, it may undermine the very bond it seeks to enhance," states Prof. Gurit Birnbaum of Reichman University.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-dynamics-from-partners">Relationship dynamics from partners</h2>



The findings from this study challenge traditional assumptions about jealousy and attraction towards your partner within romantic relationships. 



By revealing that external interest can diminish a partner's allure rather than enhance it, the research prompts a reevaluation of how jealousy is perceived. 



An overreliance on provoking jealousy as a method of increasing desirability could, in fact, result in emotional detachment and questioning of relational stability.



This apprehension suggests that cultivating a secure, affirming environment may be a more effective strategy for fostering long-term relational health. 



Understanding these dynamics is crucial for therapists and counselors guiding couples through relationship challenges, helping them navigate beyond potentially harmful tactics in search of genuine intimacy and connection.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The groundbreaking results from the <a href="https://www.runi.ac.il/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Reichman University</a> study open new avenues for research in the field of psychology, specifically concerning mate-choice dynamics and relationships. 



Future studies might explore the psychological mechanisms behind mate-choice copying and its variance across different cultures and relationship contexts. 



Additionally, there is potential to delve deeper into virtual reality's role as a tool for simulating and studying complex social interactions that impact relationship psychology. 



Such explorations can further elucidate the nuanced interplay between individual psychological processes and the external social environment driving attraction and commitment. 



By continuing to investigate these elements, future research can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of human relational behavior and promote strategies for nurturing healthier, more resilient partnerships.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-this-important">Why is this important?</h2>



Sure, witnessing others' interest in a potential partner might make them more attractive initially, but in a committed relationship, the same attention might have the opposite effect. 



It seems the fear of losing a partner might drive us to create an emotional distance and limit our investment in the relationship. 



Meanwhile, any aggression towards the rival is not so much about preserving the relationship but more about the natural human desire for revenge. 



The study is published in <a href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00224499.2024.2391105" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Sex Research</a>.



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Making a partner jealous hurts relationships much more often than it helps

You've probably heard the age-old belief that if your partner...

Researchers are on track to develop a new method to counteract jet lag. The experts have unlocked the mystery of a specific protein that regulates our body clock - Casein Kinase 1 delta (CK1δ).



Circadian rhythms are the inherent 24-hour cycles affecting our sleep-wake patterns and overall daily functions. The research may ultimately allow us to adjust these biological rhythms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jet-lag-and-the-body-clock-protein">Jet lag and the body clock protein</h2>



Led by experts at <a href="https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke-NUS Medical School</a> and the University of California, Santa Cruz, the study could open new avenues of treatment related to the body's circadian rhythm.



The research sheds light on the potential for alternative and more effective interventions for disorders tied to the biological clock.



The goal is to develop innovative treatments that help realign circadian rhythms, providing relief for those affected by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/children-who-watch-screens-in-bed-have-the-most-disrupted-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep disruptions</a> and improving overall health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-proteins-that-run-the-body-clock">Proteins that run the body clock</h2>



CK1δ governs our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/syncing-brain-muscle-circadian-rhythms-slows-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">circadian rhythm</a> by tagging other proteins that play a part in our biological clock. This protein network essentially fine-tunes the timing of our circadian rhythms.



It is important to note that CK1δ itself can be tagged - which can alter its ability to control the proteins that run the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercising-shift-internal-clock/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">body's internal clock</a>.



In previous work, scientists identified two distinct versions of CK1δ, known as isoforms δ1 and δ2. While these protein variants contain very few differences - a mere 16 building blocks or amino acids - these differences critically influence the function of CK1δ.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-the-protein-and-jet-lag">Controlling the protein and jet lag</h2>



Using advanced spectroscopy and spectrometry techniques, the researchers studied the tails of the proteins. The experts concluded that the unique tail sequences determine how the proteins are tagged.



Study co-author Carrie Partch is a professor in the Department of Chemistry &amp; Biochemistry at the University of California, Santa Cruz. 



"Our findings pinpoint to three specific sites on CK1δ's tail where&nbsp;phosphate groups&nbsp;can attach, and these sites are crucial for controlling the protein's activity," said Professor Partch.



"When these spots get tagged with a phosphate group, CK1δ becomes less active, which means it doesn't influence our circadian rhythms as effectively. Using high-resolution analysis, we were able to pinpoint the exact sites involved - and that's really exciting."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protein-variants-may-influence-jet-lag">Protein variants may influence jet lag </h2>



Professor David Virshup, director of the Cancer and Stem Cell Biology Program at Duke-NUS, discovered that the δ1 tail interacts more with the main part of the protein, leading to greater self-inhibition compared to δ2.



"When these sites are mutated or removed, δ1 becomes more active, which leads to changes in circadian rhythms. In contrast, δ2 does not have the same regulatory effect from its tail region," said Professor Virshup.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-applications-beyond-jet-lag">Applications beyond jet lag</h2>



CK1δ plays a significant role in other crucial processes, including cell division, cancer development, and certain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-grounds-could-help-prevent-neurodegenerative-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurodegenerative diseases</a>. 



With the newfound understanding of CK1δ's activity, new strategies could be developed for not just circadian rhythm disorders but also for a range of conditions.



Professor Patrick Tan from Duke-NUS elaborated on the broader implications that this research could have on our health and well-being.



"Regulating our internal clock goes beyond curing jet lag - it's about improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-significantly-improves-sleep-quality-in-adults/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep quality</a>, metabolism and overall health," said Professor Tan.



Going forward, the researchers will explore how real-world factors such as diet and environmental changes can influence the tagging sites on CK1δ.



This could potentially shed light on how these elements affect our circadian rhythms and might be a stepping stone to practical solutions for managing disruptions caused by jet lag.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resetting-the-body-clock">Resetting the body clock</h2>



The implications of this discovery extend well beyond basic sleep regulation. For frequent travelers, overcoming jet lag has long been a challenge. 



By targeting the CK1δ protein, the researchers are optimistic about developing treatments that can reset the body’s internal clock faster and more effectively.



This could mean adjusting to new time zones with ease, reducing the usual symptoms of fatigue, and enhancing overall well-being. 



As these findings advance, the potential for creating accessible, targeted therapies that specifically address jet lag grows, offering new hope to those who are constantly on the move.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2415567121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Goodbye jet lag: Using a protein to reset the body clock

Researchers are on track to develop a new method to...

Global Cat Day, celebrated each year on October 16, is dedicated to raising awareness about the welfare of cats around the world.&nbsp;



The campaign was initially founded as National Feral Cat Day in 2001 by <a href="https://globalcatday.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alley Cat Allies</a>, a nonprofit organization that advocates for the humane treatment of cats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cats-are-community-nbsp">Cats are community&nbsp;</h2>



According to Alley Cat Allies, cats are community members and every community should have policies and programs to protect them.



“Global Cat Day is a day to embrace the global truth that Cats Are Community,” said the organization.



“This powerful statement is recognition that cats have lived alongside us for thousands of years, have a rightful place in our communities, and are beings with inherent value who deserve to be protected.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humane-management-of-cat-populations-nbsp">Humane management of cat populations&nbsp;</h2>



Global Cat Day emphasizes the importance of humane methods for managing cat populations, particularly through Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR) programs.&nbsp;



These programs involve trapping stray and feral cats, having them neutered or spayed, and then returning them to their original location.&nbsp;



Trap-Neuter-Return programs help control the feral cat population without resorting to euthanasia. They improve the quality of life for both cats and communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-global-cat-day">Significance of Global Cat Day</h2>



Global Cat Day also promotes the adoption of cats from shelters, responsible pet ownership, and the protection of cats from harm and neglect. It is an opportunity to take action to improve the lives of cats worldwide.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adopting-a-shelter-pet">Adopting a shelter pet</h3>



Adopting a cat from a shelter is a rewarding experience that can be life-changing for you and your new pet.&nbsp;



There are a variety of cats at the shelter, each with their own <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-better-at-expressing-emotions-than-cats-except-for-anger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personality</a> and background. Some are shy, while others are more curious and eager to meet new people.&nbsp;



Whether it's a playful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/kittens-who-socialize-with-humans-are-less-fearful-aggressive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">kitten</a> or a calm, older cat, you should choose the best companion to fit your lifestyle.&nbsp;



Rescuing a cat can be incredibly fulfilling, especially knowing that you have given them a second chance at a happy life.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-responsible-ownership-nbsp">Responsible ownership&nbsp;</h3>



Responsible cat ownership involves providing a safe and healthy environment for your cat while considering the impact they may have on your household, neighborhood, and the broader environment.&nbsp;



Beyond providing your cat with basic needs, such as food, water, and regular veterinary care, it is important to provide mental and physical stimulation to keep your pet happy and healthy.&nbsp;



It is also important to make sure your home is safe and that your cat has comfortable spaces to rest and explore.



Another aspect of responsible ownership involves minimizing the impact cats may have on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/free-ranging-cats-are-one-of-the-most-problematic-invasive-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildlife</a>, particularly birds and small animals, by keeping them indoors or supervising their time outdoors.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-cats-from-harm-nbsp">Protecting cats from harm&nbsp;</h3>



For indoor cats, remove hazards like toxic plants, harmful chemicals, or objects they could ingest or injure themselves on.&nbsp;



For cats with outdoor access, it is important to limit their exposure to dangers such as traffic, predators, or other animals.&nbsp;



Unlike their wild ancestors, many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-most-beloved-cats-are-more-likely-to-be-destructive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domesticated cats</a> lack the skills or resources to protect themselves from dangers in urban or suburban environments.



To advocate against abuse, you should report suspected cases of neglect to local authorities or animal welfare organizations.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-raising-awareness-about-cat-welfare-nbsp">Raising awareness about cat welfare&nbsp;</h2>



When cats are cared for properly, they are healthier, happier, and less likely to suffer from preventable diseases, malnutrition, or injuries.



Beyond individual animals, cat welfare plays a role in managing the overall population.&nbsp;



Without proper care, particularly spaying and neutering, stray and feral cat populations can grow rapidly, leading to challenges like overpopulation, the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feline-coronavirus-is-passed-between-domestic-and-wild-cats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a>, and environmental impacts.



By prioritizing cat welfare, communities can address these issues humanely and sustainably, promoting balance in the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-celebrating-global-cat-day-nbsp">Celebrating Global Cat Day&nbsp;</h2>



According to Charlene Pedrolie, president and chief operating officer of Alley Cat Allies, today is about embracing the global truth that Cats Are Community.



“Cats Are Community is a powerful recognition that every neighborhood, city, and country worldwide must have humane, non-lethal policies and programs that treat all cats as community members," said Pedrolie.



"Evidence-based Trap-Neuter-Return (TNR), the only humane and effective approach to community cats outdoors, must be central to these policies. That is the thought leadership and change Global Cat Day is all about.”



People worldwide are encouraged to discover more ways to get involved at <a href="http://www.globalcatday.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GlobalCatDay.org</a>.



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Global Cat Day: Creating life-saving change for cats 

Global Cat Day, celebrated each year on October 16, is...

Do you recall who taught you in the second year of school? Some memories last a lifetime, while others are just a fleeting moment.



About 50 years back, a considerable leap was made in cognitive science. Scientists discovered that a particular region of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brains-create-three-copies-of-every-memory-we-make/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain</a>, the medial temporal lobe (MTL), stood guard over our long-term declarative memories - those of explicit details like names, dates, and events.



When MTL is damaged, these long-term memories get lost, leaving victims living a life of moments, unable to recall information just a minute or two beyond the arena of the present conversation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-memories-of-motor-skills">Memories of motor skills</h2>



Interestingly, those very people with a damaged MTL were observed to possess the capability of learning new motor skills, not only learning them but retaining these skills for days, months, or even more. This gave a clear indicator that MTL damage did minimal to no harm to the memories of motor skills.



This discovery prompts an intriguing question: Where in the human brain are these long-term motor skill memories, like riding a bike or tying a shoelace, stored?



Is it so that our brain compartmentalizes short and long-term sensorimotor memories in distinct, specialized regions?



These questions have baffled researchers for years, provoking curiosity and investigations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-motor-skills-and-memory">Mysteries of motor skills and memory</h2>



Researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (<a href="https://seas.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SEAS</a>), have found that similar to declarative memories, the memories of short-term and long-term motor skills are also stored in separate regions of our brain. 



The experts determined that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-specialized-regions-develop-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cerebellum</a> is the central hub for the storage of long-term skill memories.



The research, offering new perspectives on the role of the cerebellum in sensorimotor learning, was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS).



Maurice Smith is the Gordon McKay Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS and the principal investigator of the study.



“This work advances our understanding of the role of the cerebellum in sensorimotor learning and points towards the role of the cerebellum as a gateway to the formation of stable memories for sensorimotor skills, largely independent of the short-term memory systems,” said Smith.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-motor-memories-and-the-cerebellum">Motor memories and the cerebellum </h2>



Past studies have shown the crucial role the cerebellum plays in motor learning, but how it contributes to the formation of short-term and long-term skill memory was blurry. 



To look deeper into the relationship, Smith and Alkis Hadjiosif, a postdoctoral fellow at SEAS and <a href="https://www.massgeneral.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Massachusetts General Hospital</a>, reviewed previous studies on motor learning in patients with cerebellar damage.



There were disparities in the severity of motor learning impairments among patients with cerebellar damage across different studies. Smith and Hadjiosif theorized that these discrepancies were due to the subtle differences in the time between trials, the "memory window."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerebellar-damage-and-motor-memories">Cerebellar damage and motor memories</h2>



The hypothesis was based on the idea that cerebellar damage specifically impairs long-term sensorimotor memory. Therefore, longer memory windows would increase dependency on the impaired long-term memory.



To test their theory, Smith and Hadjiosif explored unreported data from previous studies, specifically the intertrial intervals. They discovered that studies with shorter intertrial intervals reported only minor impairments in learning for patients with severe cerebellar diseases.



Upon further analysis, they found that patients displaying near-normal performance on short interval trials were significantly impaired on long interval trials. This observation held true across the data from different studies.



The finding shed light on the importance of time in understanding the degradation of memory in patients with cerebellar degeneration. This solves the puzzle of varying results across different studies involving cerebellar damage's effects on sensorimotor learning ability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-rehabilitation">Implications for rehabilitation</h2>



This nuanced understanding of the cerebellum's role in sensorimotor memory formation could have profound implications for rehabilitation strategies in patients suffering from cerebellar damage. 



The research suggests that traditional approaches that do not differentiate between short and long-term memory strategies may need to be reconsidered.



Therapeutic practices could be adapted to prioritize shorter training intervals, leveraging preserved short-term memory capabilities to compensate for long-term memory impairments. 



These adaptive strategies could enhance rehabilitation outcomes, offering a tailored approach designed to exploit the intact facilities of sensorimotor <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/zombie-neurons-shed-new-light-on-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>.



By focusing on modifying the temporal dynamics of rehabilitation exercises, clinicians might significantly improve motor recovery and skill retention in affected individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The discovery opens numerous avenues for future research on motor skill memories, looking beyond traditional paradigms of memory storage and retrieval. One significant pathway involves exploring how neural plasticity can be harnessed to aid long-term skill formation despite cerebellar deficits. 



Additionally, researchers are interested in unraveling how other brain regions might compensate for cerebellar impairments, possibly through the recruitment of alternative neural pathways. 



Moreover, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes could unlock new therapeutic targets to enhance cognitive and motor recovery. 



Finally, interdisciplinary collaborations encompassing neuroscience, bioengineering, and clinical therapy are likely to propel advancements in this field, providing new insights into the brain's remarkable ability to adapt and reorganize itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



“These findings highlight how important time is to understanding memory degradation in patients with cerebellar degeneration and solve the mystery of the trial-to-trial and study-to-study variability in the effects of cerebellar damage on sensorimotor learning ability,” said Smith. 



“Our research usually involves designing new experimental manipulations to acquire novel data sets that can provide insight into the mechanisms for learning and memory, but sometimes simply looking at old data through the right lens can be even more illuminating.”



As we progress in our journey to understand the human brain’s intricate mechanisms, every piece of data counts. Sometimes, a new perspective on old data can lead to breakthroughs in our grasp of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>, motor skills and memory.



Such is the nature of research - a relentless cycle of question and discovery, an eternal quest for understanding.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2411459121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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How do we remember how to ride a bike?

Do you recall who taught you in the second year...

Hunger is a word that resonates with an unfortunate 733 million humans across the globe daily. Food, or the lack of it, is a poignant issue in today's world. In an era where we've got plenty of food to feed every soul on Earth, it seems paradoxical that so many still don't get their share.



How is it possible that despite producing all the food, many cultivators are still left desperate for a meal? We have landed on the moon, yet we can't ensure our fellow humans have a meal on their table. 



This is a grim picture of economic disparity and social inequality that transcends borders and nations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-not-just-food-but-foods">Not just food, but FOODS</h2>



Three <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-has-caused-crisis-levels-of-food-and-water-scarcity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">simple things</a> we need to survive - air, water, and food. However, the narrative has shifted towards celebrating FOODS, and not merely food on World Food Day. 



The extra "S" stands for so much more - diversity, nutrition, affordability, accessibility, and safety. 



It is a resounding call to action, urging us all to ensure our plates resemble a vibrant rainbow of nutrients.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-food-snapshot">Global food snapshot</h2>



To put it bluntly, a distressing 2.8 billion people worldwide cannot afford a wholesome diet. Unhealthy diets are now a harbinger of malnutrition in all forms – from undernutrition to obesity.&nbsp;



This isn't something relegated to a specific demographic or geographic region; the problem is widespread and carries significant socioeconomic and environmental implications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leading-the-fight-against-hunger">Leading the fight against hunger</h2>



Our current agrifood systems are trapped in a vicious cycle. While they're severely threatened by disasters and crises, they also contribute directly to them.&nbsp;



Agricultural activities lead to pollution, soil degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. What's needed is a transformation - an essential shift to tackle climate change and build resilience.



One such organization leading this fight against hunger is the Food and Agriculture Organization (<a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">FAO</a>). In 2023 alone, their initiatives provided crucial agricultural support to an astounding 57 million people.



From influencing policies and legislation to reshaping agrifood systems in developing nations, FAO has been at the frontlines of this battle.



Achieving a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/futuristic-food-supply-transforming-co2-into-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food-secure world</a> is no small task. It calls for a mammoth effort, and for us, the consumers, to step up. We can contribute by urging actions from our government, making healthier food choices, reducing food waste, and safeguarding our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-healthy-food-habits">Rethinking healthy food habits</h2>



Healthy diets go beyond just eating. They require balance, variety, and moderation in our dietary habits. It's about time our agrifood systems paved the way for everyone to access such <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>, promising a healthier humanity and a sustainable planet.



In 2024, we commemorate the 20th anniversary of a significant milestone that has guided governments worldwide – “Voluntary Guidelines to Support the Progressive Realization of the Right to Adequate Food in the Context of National Food Security.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-in-agritech">Innovations in agritech</h2>



The advancement in agritech presents a beacon of hope, promising transformative changes in traditional agricultural practices. 



Cutting-edge technologies such as precision farming, genetic engineering, and smart irrigation systems are revolutionizing how we cultivate crops and manage resources. By utilizing data analytics and remote sensing, precision farming allows farmers to optimize yields and reduce waste. 



Genetic engineering offers the potential to develop crop varieties that are resistant to diseases and better adapted to climate fluctuations. Smart irrigation systems, powered by IoT devices, ensure efficient water use, crucial for areas facing water scarcity. 



The integration of technology in agriculture is crucial for fostering a sustainable future, addressing food security, and mitigating the adverse impacts of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-and-empowerment">Education and empowerment</h2>



Education emerges as a powerful catalyst for driving sustainable change in global food security. By equipping individuals, particularly women and youth, with knowledge and resources, communities can strengthen their resilience against food insecurity.&nbsp;



Educational programs focused on nutrition, sustainable farming practices, and business skills empower people to make informed decisions that enhance systems.&nbsp;



Furthermore, collaborations between governments, educational institutions, and NGOs can amplify the impact, ensuring that education leads to tangible improvements in reducing hunger and promoting a thriving global society.



As we navigate these critical times, what we need is unity of purpose. Our collective steps and voices can make a difference. Let's work together to ensure no one goes hungry, today or tomorrow. 



Let's celebrate FOODS, in all its diversity and goodness. We must remember that it's not just about food - it's about FOODS.



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World Food Day 2024: Fighting global hunger

Hunger is a word that resonates with an unfortunate 733...

Information shapes our perceptions and decisions, but what happens when we don’t have the whole story? 



Most of us have experienced that moment in a debate when we are utterly convinced we’re right, only to later discover that we were missing key details.



This phenomenon, termed the "illusion of information adequacy," reveals our tendency to assume we have enough data to make informed decisions, even when critical details are missing.



Recent research explores this intriguing concept, uncovering how we often believe our judgments are well-founded despite incomplete information.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-illusion-of-information-adequacy">The illusion of information adequacy</h2>



The illusion of information adequacy refers to the natural assumption that we have all the necessary data to make informed decisions or to defend our stances. 



"We found that, in general, people don’t stop to think whether there might be more information that would help them make a more informed decision," noted study co-author Angus Fletcher, a professor at <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ohio State University</a>.



According to Professor Fletcher, when individuals encounter a few aligned pieces of information, they're quick to conclude, "that sounds about right," and proceed accordingly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research">Focus of the research </h2>



In an attempt to better understand this intriguing human tendency, the team analyzed the behavior of 1,261 Americans. They were divided into three groups and were given an article about a fictional school that lacked adequate water.



The first group read an article supporting the idea of merging with another school, the second group's article advocated for staying separate, and the third control group read both arguments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confident-decisions-without-the-facts">Confident decisions without the facts</h2>



The fascinating results showed that the groups with one-sided information still felt confident in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making</a>. They were inclined to follow the recommendations in the article they read. 



"Those with only half the information were actually more confident in their decision to merge or remain separate than those who had the complete story," noted Professor Fletcher.



Interestingly, those who lacked complete information even assumed that most people would make the same decision they did.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-behavioral-patterns-revealed">Different behavioral patterns revealed</h2>



Despite the concerning findings, Professor Fletcher shared an optimistic perspective. In the study, many of the participants who initially had one-sided information changed their minds upon encountering the other side's argument.



However, this may not apply universally, especially regarding deeply entrenched ideological issues. Often, people might mistrust new information or reframe it to align it with their pre-existing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/self-serving-bias-distorting-beliefs-about-others-feel-better/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">beliefs</a>.



The study's findings shed light on another interesting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pandemic-restrictions-had-a-lasting-effect-on-behavior-patterns/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavioral pattern</a> - naive realism. This refers to the belief that one's subjective perception of a situation is the complete objective truth.



The illusion of information adequacy, however, shows that people may share the same understanding - if they both are adequately informed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-the-illusion-of-information-adequacy">Fighting the illusion of information adequacy </h2>



Fletcher, who also investigates the impact of narratives on people, advises everyone to ensure they have the full story before assuming a stance or making a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quick-decisions-are-often-biased-and-misleading/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision</a>. 



"Your first move when you disagree with someone should be to think, 'Is there something that I’m missing that would help me see their perspective and understand their position better?' That’s the way to fight this illusion of information adequacy," said Fletcher. 



According to the researchers, their results provide broad support for the theory that individuals maintain the illusion that they have adequate information, and this illusion impacts several downstream outcomes related to decision-making.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-information-gaps-and-decision-making-pitfalls">Information gaps and decision-making pitfalls</h2>



In decision-making, the illusion of having enough information can lead us into traps. The study demonstrates that when people receive incomplete or one-sided information, they not only feel confident but often more convinced of their stance than if they had access to the full picture.



This overconfidence stems from our tendency to fill in missing information with assumptions that reinforce our beliefs.



The research suggests that information gaps can contribute to a rigid mindset, where new insights are either dismissed or reshaped to fit an existing narrative. 



By being aware of these information gaps, we can better navigate complex situations, question our assumptions, and ultimately make decisions that are more nuanced, informed, and reflective of the broader context.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0310216" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Why people often believe they are right, even when they're wrong

Information shapes our perceptions and decisions, but what happens when...

Blood type plays a fascinating role in the world of human biology, influencing various aspects of our well-being. This particular characteristic has piqued the curiosity of scientists and doctors for years.



A recent study has uncovered a potential link between certain blood types and an increased risk of experiencing an early stroke.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-blood-types">Human blood types</h2>



Before we dive into the finer details of this study, it's important to have a basic understanding. 



The yardstick that we use to distinguish human blood types, known as the ABO blood group system, recognizes A, B, AB, and O as the main blood types. 



These labels arise from particular chemical components present in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blood-stem-cells-grown-in-the-lab-for-first-time-ever-leukemia-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red blood cells</a>. However, beneath these general categories lie subtle variations, the result of gene mutations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-type-and-early-stroke">Blood type and early stroke</h2>



A detailed research venture in 2022 explored the connection between the gene responsible for the A1 subgroup and the likelihood of having an early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-americans-are-at-risk-of-a-stroke-from-intense-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke</a>. 



The researchers scrutinized data from 48 genetic studies, including 17,000 stroke patients and approximately 600,000 non-stroke individuals, all between the ages 18 and 59.



The researchers conducted a genome-wide search and found two locations that were strongly associated with an earlier risk of stroke. Interestingly, one of these locations coincided with the site where the genes for blood type reside.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-type-a-and-stroke-risk">Blood type A and stroke risk</h2>



When the researchers looked closer at specific blood type genes, they made an astonishing discovery. 



Those people whose genome coded for a version of the A group had a 16 percent higher chance of suffering a stroke before age 60 compared to other blood types. 



On the other hand, individuals with a gene for group O1 had a 12 percent lower stroke risk. These riveting findings were shared by senior author and vascular neurologist Steven Kittner from the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>.



However, the experts emphasized that the extra stroke risk for people with type A blood is relatively slight. As such, these individuals do not need to worry about more surveillance or check-ups.



Though it's still a bit of a mystery, the increased risk may be tied to components involved in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-sweetener-erythritol-sugar-substitute-linked-to-blood-clots-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood clot</a> formation, including platelets, cells lining blood vessels, and various circulating proteins.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-and-late-stroke">Early and late stroke</h2>



An intriguing part of the study cropped up when comparing those who had a stroke before 60 to those who had one after this age. 



The increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adults-with-migraines-have-a-greater-stroke-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stroke risk</a> accompanying type A blood dwindled quite significantly in the late-onset stroke group. It implies the triggers for early-life strokes may differ from those later in life.



It is worth noting that strokes in younger people are seldom caused by atherosclerosis, the accumulation of fatty patches in arteries. They are more often provoked by factors connected to clot formation.



Additionally, the study identified that people with type B blood had roughly an 11 percent increased likelihood of having a stroke, irrespective of their age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-type-and-cardiovascular-health">Blood type and cardiovascular health</h2>



Earlier research has shown that the part of the genome associated with blood type, known as the "ABO locus," is tied with coronary artery calcification, which can limit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-increases-blood-flow-to-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood flow</a> and up the risk of a heart attack.



Similarly, the A and B blood type genetic sequences have been linked to a slightly elevated risk of venous thrombosis, or blood clots in veins.



Despite needing more studies to shed light on these discoveries, it appears our blood type could harbor more health secrets than we previously suspected, particularly regarding our stroke risk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetics-and-stroke-risk">Genetics and stroke risk</h2>



While blood type offers an interesting peek into stroke risk, it's merely a part of the larger picture. Genetics wield a hefty influence on our susceptibility to various heart-related conditions, including stroke.



 In the same study, it was noted that other genetic markers, apart from the ABO blood group, were associated with early onset stroke. 



These markers affect elements like blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and inflammatory responses, all of which can alter stroke risk.



A deeper understanding of this broad genetic landscape aids scientists in identifying those who may be at higher risk. 



The progress in genetic testing could potentially lead to more personalized health approaches, allowing individuals to lower their risks based on their unique genetic makeup. 



While blood type provides valuable insights, it remains a part of a more intricate interplay between genetics and lifestyle choices that determine stroke risk.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.neurology.org/doi/10.1212/WNL.0000000000201006" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>.



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Blood type is linked to your risk of having a stroke

Blood type plays a fascinating role in the world of...

In a report published in The Conversation, experts describe the potentially catastrophic crises faced by humanity, and our failure to acknowledge our interconnectedness with nature. 



The authors of the <a href="https://theconversation.com/humanitys-future-depends-on-our-ability-to-live-in-harmony-with-nature-233042" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">report</a> - Liette Vasseur, Anders Hayden and Mike Jones - note that our current mindset is focused on competition, growth and profit. This, they say, has been a key contributor to social and ecological crises



Humanity stands on the brink of a series of trials, each one potentially more devastating than the last. 



Our ongoing battles against inequality, poverty, inadequate food supplies, environmental turmoil, and loss of biodiversity suggest that we might have overstepped as hosts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-can-nature-continue-to-sustain-life">Can nature continue to sustain life?</h2>



Our existence is woven into complex systems. A single tug at one thread resonates through the entire fabric. 



Societies often turn a blind eye to these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-day-2024-the-tide-may-finally-be-turning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interconnections</a>, leading to a one-sided, exploitative relationship with nature. Our perceived superiority over other living beings, defined by race, gender, economic status, or species, fuels such exploitative tendencies.



Our growth-focused, competitive mindset has been a thorn in the side of both social and ecological welfare for years. 



What's truly chilling isn't the damage already done but the delicate state in which it leaves our environment. Have our actions pushed nature to a precipice, beyond which it can't sustain life?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-straddling-the-fence">Straddling the fence</h2>



As we ponder over our collective survival and prosperity, addressing these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interconnected</a> crises becomes non-negotiable. 



While initiatives like Earth for All and the United Nations' Pact for the Future offer some guidance, they fall short of the sweeping change we need. It's like trying to put out a forest fire with a water pistol.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-and-equitable-future">Sustainable and equitable future </h2>



What does this profound change entail? It's not merely about minor adjustments to existing systems; it's about revamping our interactions with the environment. 



In their report, the experts note that we must reciprocate what we take from nature. They emphasize that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-the-dual-crises-of-climate-and-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable</a> and equitable well-being must be placed at the center of human societies.



The ability to lead good lives without overshooting our planet's boundaries is a tightrope walk we need to master. This balancing act requires an economic perspective that encourages living in harmony with nature, not against it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daunting-yet-achievable">Daunting yet achievable</h2>



This transformation might seem like a Herculean task, but it's achievable. Communities from Puget Sound to Sumas First Nation serve as living proof of this possibility. The experts pointed out that in these communities, people are already living in ways that allow humans and ecosystems to flourish.



We, as adaptable creatures with the gift of foresight, have the capacity to transform systems through cooperation.



Our personal choices matter, but their influence magnifies when we unite for systemic changes in our communities, organizations, and the broader society. So, how about we pull together and accelerate this transition?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-friendly-sustainable-future">Nature-friendly sustainable future </h2>



Embracing a lifestyle intertwined with nature requires collaborative, equitable action, purposeful efforts, and communication across cultures. 



Let's start pondering over the ripple effects of our actions and contemplate both their immediate and long-term <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-extinctions-shatter-the-harmonious-balance-of-nature/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">repercussions</a>. It’s time we took the reins and crafted more fair and sustainable societal systems.



Addressing the plethora of problems we face requires a diverse toolkit of solutions, sourced from both formal knowledge, like scientific research, and traditional wisdom, such as Indigenous ecological knowledge. Imagine the swell of creativity we could unleash by blending these different knowledge systems.



This reformation is not just about changing our mindset; it’s also about reshaping our technological systems. 



Technology, often a tool for exploitation, bears <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-the-critical-role-of-nature-in-human-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">massive potential for positive changes</a>. With a systems thinking approach, we can steer technological innovations towards equity and sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-circular-economy">A circular economy</h2>



Moving towards a circular economy is key to redesigning the relationship between humankind and the environment. 



Unlike the existing “use, produce, discard” model, the circular economy aims to minimize waste and maximize resource use through restorative and regenerative processes. This approach encourages a complete redesign of production processes to prioritize reuse and recycling materials. 



Not only does it reduce environmental harm, but it also creates economic opportunities and jobs, paving the way for a sustainable future within our planet’s resource limits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education-key-to-change">Education: Key to change</h2>



Education stands as a powerful force in driving our transition to a more sustainable and equitable future. It’s the lantern that illuminates the interconnectedness of social, economic, and environmental systems, inspiring actionable change. 



By integrating sustainability principles into educational curricula, we can equip future generations with the knowledge and skills to address global challenges of nature. 



More than just enlightening, education can foster a sense of responsibility towards our planet, nurturing leaders who can champion innovation and sustainable policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-sustainability-and-our-future">Nature, sustainability, and our future</h2>



Significant changes loom over Earth's natural environments and societal systems. Our survival depends on our ability to plan for these challenges proactively. 



We need more than incremental changes to tackle these threats. "What is needed is radical transformation aimed at creating just and flourishing relationships between nature and humanity for the benefit of all current and future life on Earth," the experts concluded.



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We must live in harmony with nature to create a sustainable future

In a report published in The Conversation, experts describe the...

We all know that food is central to survival, but have you considered how the diversity and abundance of food in our surroundings might have played a significant role in our evolution? 



A recent study suggests that food diversity in steep mountainous terrains had a significant impact on early human species. The research was led by a team at the IBS Center for Climate Physics (ICCP) at <a href="https://pusan.ac.kr/eng/Main.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Pusan National University</a> in South Korea



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-allure-of-mountain-diversity">The allure of mountain diversity</h2>



The research team analyzed an extensive dataset of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hominin-fossils-are-a-million-years-older-than-estimated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hominin fossils</a>, artifacts, high-resolution landscape data, and a simulation of Earth’s climate dating back 3-million-years. 



The goal was to answer an intriguing question: Why were our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-evolution-was-shaped-by-competition-not-just-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary ancestors</a> more inclined towards mountainous regions than flat landscapes?



Archeological sites show that early human settlements, primarily hominins, were often nestled in or near mountain regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-humans-in-the-mountains">Early humans in the mountains</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mountains</a> are rich in biodiversity due to the climatic shifts caused by variations in elevation. Flora and fauna thrive under diverse environmental conditions, and mountainous regions host a myriad of ecosystems and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-vegetation-are-a-key-driver-of-global-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation</a> types, also known as biomes.



Such ecological prosperity drew our early ancestors to these landscapes, providing them with an abundant supply of food resources and a means to withstand climate changes. This concept is the basis of the Diversity Selection Hypothesis.



Elke Zeller is a PhD student from the IBS Center for Climate Physics and lead author of the study.



"When we analyzed the environmental factors that controlled where human species lived, we were surprised to see that terrain steepness was standing out as the dominant one, even more than local climate factors, such as temperature and precipitation," noted Zeller.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balanced-equation-of-mountain-diversity">Balanced equation of mountain diversity</h2>



However, living in these steep regions wasn't exactly easy. The rugged terrain posed considerable challenges, from difficulty navigating the land to high energy consumption.



The researchers assessed how human adaptations over time gradually swayed the cost-benefit equilibrium of residing in such challenging environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-steeper-environments">Adapting to steeper environments</h2>



Human resilience is evident in the adaptive journey of early Homo habilis, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus, who gradually acclimated to steeper environments until about 1 million years ago.



After a brief disappearances, the topographic signal resumes around 700,000 years ago, with the emergence of more culturally advanced species such as Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis. These groups demonstrated higher tolerance for colder and wetter climates and also learned to control fire.



“Whether it’s all a coincidence, or the intensifying glacial climate shifts contributed to the genetic transitions in early humans, remains an open question," said Axel Timmermann, co-author of the study.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-puzzle-of-human-evolution">Puzzle of human evolution </h2>



The debate on human evolution and how we adapted to environmental challenges continues to spark scientific discussions worldwide. However, this South Korean team's findings shed light on one piece of the human evolution puzzle.



The analysis suggests that it was indeed beneficial for early human groups to populate mountainous regions, despite the increased energy consumption needed to navigate these environments.



"Our results clearly show that over time hominins adapted to steep terrain and that this trend was likely driven by the regionally increased biodiversity," said Zeller. 



The data - averaged over hundreds of thousands of years, spanning different species and continents - confirm that our ancestors were, indeed, “steeplanders.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-life-and-social-bonds">Mountain life and social bonds</h2>



Mountainous regions not only presented a diverse array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-help-reduce-food-insecurity-in-rural-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food resources</a> but also likely influenced early hominin social structures and innovations. 



The rugged terrain and varied ecosystems would have required early humans to develop cooperative strategies for survival, as foraging and hunting in these challenging environments often demanded group effort. 



This need for collaboration may have encouraged the development of early social bonds and the sharing of resources, leading to more complex social behaviors over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-tool-innovation-in-the-mountains">Human tool innovation in the mountains</h2>



In addition to social adaptation, the challenging environment of mountainous areas likely spurred the invention and refinement of tools. 



Early hominins in these regions may have relied on rudimentary tools to navigate the terrain, hunt diverse prey, and process different plant materials. 



These innovations allowed them to exploit a broader range of food sources and adapt to the ever-changing conditions found at higher altitudes.



By pushing hominins to adapt both socially and technologically, these steep and varied landscapes may have been a driving force behind some of the earliest forms of human innovation.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp2809" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Early humans preferred the mountains, and it changed our evolution

We all know that food is central to survival, but...

Let's talk about caffeine, that wonderful elixir we clutch onto dearly from our morning coffee cup, afternoon tea break, or even that comforting mug of hot chocolate in the winter. Caffeine consumption is apparently doing more than just keeping our eyes peeled open, it's also improving heart health.



Recent findings published in Rheumatology by Oxford University Press show that this familiar friend might actually be doing our hearts a favor by improving vascular and heart health. Here's the scoop on this refreshing revelation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-disease-and-caffeine">Heart disease and caffeine</h2>



Vascular disease, or the harming of our blood vessels, and its grim companions -- heart attacks and strokes -- rank high on the mortality chart for the global population.



For those battling inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, the stakes are even higher. 



Their diseases, coupled with certain treatments like cortisone derivatives, make them vulnerable to aggravated vascular risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doctor-recommendations">Doctor recommendations</h2>



Until now, doctors often advised patients to evade these vascular and heart health risks by essentially shunning risk factors, such as caffeine intake.



This meant dialing down inflammation, reducing cortisone medications, and adhering to the age-old healthy lifestyle mantras -- no smoking, less cholesterol, and keeping high blood pressure in check.



But here's the exciting part. Scientists from <a href="https://www.uniroma1.it/en/pagina-strutturale/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, Italy, believe they've stumbled onto something truly unique. 



How about improving your vascular health with something enjoyable, something as simple as sipping on your favorite cup of joe?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-and-vascular-growth">Caffeine and vascular growth</h2>



The research team led by Fulvia Ceccarelli found that caffeine, a key component in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caffeine-has-a-protective-effect-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>, tea, and cocoa, plays an active role in boosting endothelial progenitor cells. 



These cells are the good guys, regenerating the lining of our blood vessels, and taking part in vascular growth.



We're all pretty tuned into caffeine's stimulant prowess. But it turns out, it's been holding out on us. 



Caffeine also flexes its muscles in the anti-inflammatory department, thanks to its knack for bonding with receptors on the surface of immune cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lupus-patients">Lupus patients</h2>



To substantiate this hypothesis, the researchers conducted a study involving 31 lupus patients, all devoid of traditional cardiovascular risks. 



Across a span of a week, the investigators gauged their food intake using a questionnaire. Post this, they proceeded to examine the patient's blood to evaluate their vascular health.



So, what did they find? 



Patients who had consumed caffeine exhibited improved vascular health. This was measured via the endothelial cells, the vital inner layer of blood vessels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-and-heart-health-research">Caffeine and heart health research</h2>



“The present study is an attempt to provide patients with information on the possible role of diet in controlling the disease,” said the paper’s lead author, Fulvia Ceccarelli. 



“It will be necessary to confirm the results through a longitudinal study, aimed at assessing the real impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caffeine-consumption-may-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee consumption</a> on the disease course.”



However, there's more to this story that needs uncovering. A longitudinal study is necessary to validate these findings and assess the actual impact of coffee consumption on the course of the disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-rheumatic-disease">Implications for rheumatic disease</h2>



For individuals suffering from rheumatic diseases, this caffeine connection could herald a transformative shift in daily management strategies. 



While avoiding known vascular risk factors remains crucial, adding caffeine into the mix provides a potentially natural and enjoyable way to fortify vascular health. 



This discovery calls for a reassessment of dietary guidelines, encouraging patients and healthcare providers to consider how integrating caffeine could complement existing treatment protocols. 



However, as promising as these findings are, patients should consult with their healthcare providers before making any significant lifestyle changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-on-public-health">Broader impact on public health</h2>



Beyond the immediate circle of those with rheumatic conditions, the broader implications of this study invite us to rethink our societal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-coffee-good-for-you-it-may-depend-on-your-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relationship with caffeine</a>. 



A staple in global cultures, from bustling urban coffee shops to tranquil tea ceremonies, caffeine emerges as more than a simple daily ritual. 



Its potential role in promoting cardiovascular health could thereby influence public health policies, inspiring further research into dietary components that foster well-being. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-beyond-vascular-and-heart-health">Caffeine beyond vascular and heart health</h2>



As scientific investigation continues to uncover the myriad effects of diet on health, caffeine stands out as a compelling candidate for further exploration, promoting a vision of everyday choices that significantly enhance life quality.



While the quest for understanding caffeine's impact on cardiovascular health has encountered mixed results thus far, this new piece of the puzzle surely gives us food for thought. 



So, the next time you're enjoying a steaming cup of coffee, give a nod to those endothelial progenitor cells it might be helping out.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rheumatology/keae453/7814667?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rheumatology</a>.



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Caffeine is proven to boost heart health in many people

Let's talk about caffeine, that wonderful elixir we clutch onto...

Our human expressions hold the key to understanding emotions. A fascinating study reveals that recognizing emotions is not just a standalone act; it’s part of a larger process that includes our physical traits, cultural backgrounds, and the context we’re in. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotions-beyond-facial-expressions">Emotions: Beyond facial expressions</h2>



These insights come from a study led by Dr. Leda Berio and Professor Albert Newen of the Institute of Philosophy II at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany.



In the 1970s, a theory emerged proclaiming the face as our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-many-facial-expressions-seem-more-social-and-likeable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional gateway</a>. 



Renowned researcher Paul Ekman labelled basic emotions like fear, anger, joy, and sadness with typical facial expressions, remarkable for their cross-cultural uniformity.



However, as Berio and Newen point out, this isn't the full picture.



Take for instance a person whose reservation at a restaurant gets disregarded. Despite showing a facial expression typical of fear, most people would perceive the person as angry due to the situation. Emotion perception, they found, is deeply entrenched in context.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-always-in-the-face">It's not always in the face</h2>



Berio explains further that emotions can also reveal themselves without a facial guise. Consider a person in a defensive posture, being cornered by a growling dog. 



Even if their face is out of sight, fear is the emotion we readily infer from the situation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotion-recognition-vs-expressions">Emotion recognition vs expressions</h2>



The researchers propose that emotion recognition is a mere sub-process of our knack for forming a holistic impression of a person. 



This broader process considers not just facial expressions but an array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-brains-can-subconsciously-respond-to-verbal-communication-while-sleeping/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">characteristics</a> including physical traits such as skin color, age, and gender, cultural cues like clothing, attractiveness, gestures, and posture.



Snap judgments, they argue, are shaped by these myriad factors. 



"If we perceive a person as a woman and they show a negative emotion, we're more likely to attribute the emotion to fear, whereas with a man it's more likely to be read as anger," Newen notes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-background-information-vs-emotion">Background information vs. emotion</h2>



Moving beyond immediate perceptions, our assessment of emotions also taps into a reservoir of background knowledge about the person. 



“If a family member suffers from Parkinson’s, we learn to assess the typical facial expression of this person, which seems to indicate anger, as neutral, because we are aware that a rigid facial expression is part of the disease,” says Berio.



Stereotypical assumptions about various social roles also color our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceptions</a>. 



“If we perceive a person as a woman and they show a negative emotion, we’re more likely to attribute the emotion to fear, whereas with a man it’s more likely to be read as anger,” Berio points out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-artificial-intelligence">Implications for Artificial Intelligence</h2>



In essence, humans draw from a rich pool of characteristics and background knowledge to decode the emotions of others. 



This complex process cannot be replicated accurately by artificial intelligence if it relies solely on facial expressions, as most systems do today, warns Newen.



So, the eyes may be the window to the soul, but we must not forget that the drapes, the walls, and the surrounding neighborhood also tell a captivating story. 



Is it time you looked beyond the obvious expressions in reading emotions?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-cultural-differences">Role of cultural differences</h2>



Navigating a multicultural landscape, one's ability to understand emotions becomes even more nuanced when acknowledging cultural variances. 



Different cultures can interpret facial expressions and situational cues in divergent ways, as highlighted in the study by Berio and Newen. 



For example, a subtle smile may signal happiness in Western cultures but could indicate embarrassment or even disapproval in some East Asian contexts. 



This suggests that our emotional interpretation mechanisms are not universally fixed but are instead malleable, shaped significantly by our societal contexts and cultural upbringing. 



Such understanding highlights the necessity for cross-cultural awareness in global communications, impacting fields from international business to multicultural social settings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-neurological-research">Potential for neurological research</h2>



The findings from <a href="http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ruhr University Bochum</a> open enticing avenues for further exploration in neuroscience. 



The interplay between emotion recognition and broader impression formation invites questions about the specific neural pathways and regions of the brain engaged in this process. 



Investigating these biological underpinnings could enhance our understanding of neurological conditions and the emotional interpretation skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. 



Moreover, by going into how the brain processes these layers of emotional cues, scientists could advance technologies designed to better mimic human-like understanding of emotions, refining the development of more sophisticated, empathetic artificial intelligence systems. 



Such advancements hold promise for revolutionizing mental health diagnoses and interpersonal assistive technologies, ultimately fostering deeper connections within human societies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reading-emotions-and-expressions">Reading emotions and expressions</h2>



Decoding emotions, it seems, is far from being a cut-and-dry process. In this complex pattern, our ability to form a holistic impression plays a critical role. 



From immediate physical and cultural cues to deep-seated background knowledge, we leverage a diverse array of information to recognize emotions -- a process that artificial intelligence has yet to master fully.



While significant strides have been made in understanding and mimicking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human emotional recognition</a>, it appears there's still a long path ahead before AI can truly 'read' us like we read one another.



Always remember, the next time you find yourself puzzled over someone's emotions, you might just need a broader perspective.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpr.13113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a>.



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Facial expressions aren't enough to understand human emotions

Our human expressions hold the key to understanding emotions. A...

A concerning number of Americans, approximately 130 million, suffer from various heart conditions. 



These conditions, beyond their immediate threats, may be secretly escalating a surge of dementia cases in the country, posing a severe health threat.



According to the American Heart Association, diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation could be a root cause of dementia.



These illnesses inhibit proper blood flow, inevitably leading to the demise of brain cells and tissues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-conditions-and-dementia">Heart conditions and dementia </h2>



Over 130 million Americans battle some form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>, making immediate prevention even more pertinent, especially considering the millions of dementia cases that emerge each year.



"Dementia is commonly seen as an incurable and relentless disease that cannot be prevented," said Dr. Fernando Testai, an expert affiliated with the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois</a>. 



"Evidence shows, however, that adopting a healthy lifestyle and identifying and treating vascular risk factors early may help preserve normal brain function and reduce the burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other related dementias."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-heart-condition-contributes-to-dementia">Common heart condition contributes to dementia </h2>



In a paper published in the journal <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/STR.0000000000000476">Stroke</a>, the experts noted that coronary artery disease - the most common of American heart conditions and a leading cause of death - is a significant factor contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dementia-was-extremely-rare-in-ancient-times-so-why-is-it-now-so-prevalent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a>.



Essentially, the buildup of plaque inhibits blood flow to major organs, including the brain, ultimately leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/having-a-pet-leads-to-a-much-slower-rate-of-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive function deterioration</a>. 



Studies show that coronary artery diseases escalate dementia risk by 27 percent. This emphasizes the critical connection between a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-finds-strong-correlation-between-heart-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart and brain</a>.



Heart failure also adds to the growing list of culprits, potentially leading to cognitive decline affecting memory, language, and planning abilities. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-markers-of-heart-disease">Brain markers of heart disease </h2>



In an interview with CNN, Dr. Testai noted that the conditions that lead to heart failure, such as diabetes and coronary artery disease, can increase the levels of beta-amyloid in the brain. This protein is recognized as a key marker of Alzheimer's disease.



Atrial fibrillation (A-fib), a disease affecting millions of Americans with numbers on the rise, has also been linked to dementia. 



This condition may cause cerebral microhemorrhages - tiny brain bleeds that could potentially lead to a stroke. The risk of memory or thinking problems increases by 39 percent for those with A-fib.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adopting-a-heart-healthy-lifestyle">Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle </h2>



"This call to action is especially critical right now because so many Americans have some form of heart disease and people are getting sicker and sicker earlier in life," said Dr. Andrew Freeman, an expert at National Jewish Health who was not involved in the study. 



To combat this, Dr. Freeman advises adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle before it's too late. This involves consuming anti-inflammatory nutrients as part of the Mediterranean diet, maintaining an adequate exercise regime, and ensuring rest and connection with others. 



Walking briskly for 30 minutes daily, for instance, can reduce dementia risk by a staggering 62 percent.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/any-type-of-physical-activity-can-help-protect-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical activity</a> is just absolutely magnificent. And when if you blend that with eating a more plant-based diet, de-stressing, sleeping enough and connecting with others - that’s your magic recipe. It’s the fountain of youth, if you will," said Dr. Freeman. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regular-screening-for-early-risk-detection">Regular screening for early risk detection</h2>



Preventing heart disease and dementia begins with the early identification and management of risk factors. 



Regular screenings for key health indicators such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar are crucial as they can uncover underlying health issues that might otherwise remain hidden. 



These assessments play a pivotal role in diagnosing conditions like hypertension and diabetes, which have profound impacts on both cardiac and cerebral health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevention-and-awareness">Prevention and awareness</h2>



For individuals already dealing with heart-related conditions, consistent monitoring and adherence to prescribed treatment regimens are vital. 



Medications aimed at controlling blood pressure, cholesterol, or heart rhythm can serve to maintain optimal blood flow and alleviate cardiac stress. 



This forward-thinking approach not only mitigates the risk of cardiovascular events but also protects the brain from the chronic effects of reduced blood supply.



Additionally, engaging in discussions about lifestyle practices with healthcare providers allows individuals to establish attainable goals for heart health improvement. 



By prioritizing routine health evaluations, individuals can significantly diminish the likelihood of developing dementia associated with heart disease.



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Heart conditions propel the rise of dementia

A concerning number of Americans, approximately 130 million, suffer from...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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