A recent study comparing how mothers in the U.K. and Uganda soothe their crying babies found something surprising: Ugandan babies calm down faster, even though their moms take longer to respond.



On the surface, this flips the script on common Western parenting advice. We often hear that faster is better when it comes to calming a crying infant. But this research suggests that the manner in which a mother comforts her baby matters more than how quickly she does it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-touch-versus-talk-to-calm-babies">Touch versus talk to calm babies</h2>



Researchers observed 147 real-life moments of distress in 82 infants across both countries. They focused on what mothers did in those moments, not just how quickly they reacted.



In both places, faster responses did help babies settle down. But here’s the twist: even though U.K. mothers typically responded more quickly, Ugandan babies calmed faster overall. That wasn’t random. The difference came down to the way mothers soothed their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/conscious-awareness-when-does-our-sense-of-purpose-emerge/">infants</a>.



In Uganda, moms often used touch - holding, carrying, or <a href="https://www.afro.who.int/countries/uganda/news/safe-space-nourish-who-uganda-champions-breastfeeding-workplace" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breastfeeding</a> - as their main method of comfort, even with older babies. In the U.K., mothers started with physical comfort when babies were young, but switched to using more words and less touch as their infants grew.



That shift in strategy seems to make a difference.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-culture-shapes-our-parenting">Culture shapes our parenting</h2>



The study was led by researchers from the <a href="https://www.dipf.de/en/frontpage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DIPF Leibniz Institute</a> in Germany, and Durham University in the U.K.. They wanted to understand how caregiving works in real life - outside of labs or parenting books - and across very different environments.



“Our findings show that maternal responsiveness is universally important. But how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mothers-can-use-singing-to-engage-with-infants/">mothers</a> respond, and the effectiveness of their strategies, varies in meaningful ways between cultures,” said Dr. Carlo Vreden of the DIPF Leibniz Institute for Research and Information in Education.



“Importantly, we are not making value judgments about which approach is better. Rather, we are highlighting that caregiving strategies are shaped by culture. It is not just about how quickly the mothers respond to their babies, but also the type of maternal soothing response which plays a crucial role in infant emotion regulation.”



In the U.K., many parenting norms are based on studies done in Western countries, often under very controlled conditions. But this doesn’t reflect the full picture of how most babies are raised around the world.



Professor Zanna Clay explained, “Most of what we know about babies’ early emotional development is based on studies conducted in Europe and North America. But of course, these Western settings don’t reflect the caregiving environments experienced by the majority of infants around the world, nor how they may have been historically.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-babies-stay-calm-despite-slower-responses">Babies stay calm despite slower responses</h2>



One principal reason why Ugandan mothers would take longer to reply is plain: they’re frequently engaged in manual labor, such as working in the fields or taking care of household chores outside. In contrast to high-income environments, mothers in rural Uganda typically cannot abandon everything the instant their baby begins crying.



“Uganda is an interesting place to study <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/child-care-quality-has-direct-impact-on-later-success-in-science-and-math/">caregiving</a>,” Clay said, “as infants are typically cared for by multiple different caregivers and their styles of caregiving culturally differ, such as prioritising more physical contact with their babies.”



Even with slower response times, Ugandan mothers’ reliance on touch - especially breastfeeding - seemed to have a calming effect. The babies got comforted in a way that worked well for them, even if it wasn’t immediate.



Professor Clay added, “Our study also highlights the balance between responding to your baby while also having to manage daily tasks, which can be more challenging in rural low-resource settings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-parenting-advice">Rethinking parenting advice</h2>



This research challenges the idea that there’s only one right way to raise emotionally healthy kids. It shows that parenting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parenting-may-help-keep-the-brain-younger/">strategies</a> can look different in different places - and still be effective.



“We’ve shown that Western ideas about optimal parenting don’t always apply in other settings,” said Dr. Vreden. “Even though the U.K. mums do seem to follow this sort of gold standard of responding as soon as possible, it's the Ugandan children, who don't get that quicker response, who actually recovered faster.”



“This emphasises the complexity of different strategies working in different ways and in different settings.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-calm-babies-in-real-life">Calm babies in real life</h2>



By watching what happens in real-life settings - not just in labs - researchers can get a clearer picture of what helps babies <a href="https://www.eccpct.com/Resources/Child/Tips-for-Tots/Help-Young-Children-Regulate-Their-Emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulate</a> their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/facial-expressions-arent-enough-to-understand-human-emotions/">emotions</a>. This matters for building parenting support programs that fit the realities of people’s lives, no matter where they live.



Future research may explore how these early caregiving approaches affect children as they grow and how parenting differs across even more cultures.



In the end, it’s not just about being fast - it’s about being effective. And effectiveness can look very different, depending on where you are.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://psycnet.apa.org/fulltext/2026-56898-001.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Developmental Psychology</a>.



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How, or how fast? Study examines fascinating cultural differences in how babies are calmed

A recent study comparing how mothers in the U.K. and Uganda soothe their crying babies found something surprising: Ugandan babies calm down faster, even though their moms take longer to respond. On the surface, this flips the script on common Western parenting advice. We often hear that faster is better when it comes to calming a crying infant. But this research suggests that the manner in which a mother comforts her baby matters more than how quickly she does it. Touch versus talk to calm babies Researchers...

We all know the human body takes some hits as we age - that's nothing new. But here's the kicker: the process isn’t as slow and steady as most of us thought.



A comprehensive study reveals some eye-opening insights about aging, focusing on exactly "when" things start to shift and how our bodies begin to break down, both inside and out. 



Aging isn't just about wrinkles and gray hairs - there’s a whole internal, built-in timeline, surprisingly similar for all humans, that we’re only beginning to understand.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-the-human-body-start-to-age">When the human body start to age</h2>



The man at the helm of the study is Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at <a href="https://med.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford School of Medicine</a>. His team's research provides some fascinating insights into the specifics of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological aging process</a>.



Snyder and his team explored data from individuals ranging from 25 to 75 years old. 



Their research focused on the different molecules playing significant roles in aging, including those constituting our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-microbiome-trillions-of-bacteria-unique-like-your-fingerprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbiomes</a> - the microcosm of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that exist within us.



Interestingly, they discovered that 81% of these molecules don’t follow a predictable, chronological pattern as one might expect. Instead, our bodies experience two periods of rapid change as we age. 



Sharp molecular and microbial shifts occur precisely at ages 44 and 60, a finding that may alter our understanding of how our bodies age.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-microbiome-the-basics">Understanding the microbiome - the basics</h2>



Your microbiome is basically the bustling community of trillions of microbes - like bacteria, fungi, and viruses - that live in and on your body. 



Most of them live in your gut, especially in your large intestine, and they’re not just there for lack of anywhere better to be. 



They help you digest food, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-meat-less-protein-lacks-certain-nutrients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">absorb nutrients</a>, and even produce vitamins like B12 and K. Think of them as your behind-the-scenes health squad, working 24/7 to keep things running smoothly.



The microbiome also plays a huge role in your immune system, mood, and even how your brain functions. 



When the balance of good and bad microbes gets thrown off - like from antibiotics, stress, or a poor diet - it can mess with everything from your energy levels to how well you sleep. 



That’s why you hear so much buzz about probiotics, fermented foods, and fiber. They’re like fuel for your inner ecosystem, helping your microbiome thrive and keeping you feeling your best.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-correlation-between-aging-and-diseases">Correlation between aging and diseases</h2>



The molecules related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, a leading cause of death worldwide, showed substantial changes at both of these age intervals.



Furthermore, molecules connected to our immune function - our body’s vital defense mechanism against disease - changed significantly in individuals entering their early 60s.



The researchers were driven to investigate these trends after noticing a sharp rise in the risk of developing age-related conditions like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-why-some-brains-resist-alzheimers-disease-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's disease</a> and cardiovascular disease during mid-life, rather than a steady increase.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-age-and-the-human-body">Studying age and the human body</h2>



The study's findings are based on data obtained from 108 participants, aiming to unlock the mysteries of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-could-be-the-key-to-better-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biology of aging</a>. 



Over several years, participants' biological samples were analyzed every few months, allowing the scientists to track an astonishing 135,000 age-related changes in different molecules.



The team discovered thousands of molecules and microbes that undergo shifts, either increasing or decreasing in their abundance. 



A whopping 81 percent of the molecules studied experienced dramatic changes at specific ages. Notably, these transformations were most prevalent when participants were in their mid-40s and early 60s.



Dr. Xiaotao Shen, who was part of the Stanford Medicine team, pointed out significant changes in the number of molecules related to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-behind-different-levels-alcohol-consumption-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol</a>, caffeine, and lipid metabolism; cardiovascular disease; and skin and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecule-in-coffee-trigonelline-keeps-muscles-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">muscle health</a> in individuals in their 40s.



For those in their 60s, changes were observed in carbohydrate and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-coffee-good-for-you-it-may-depend-on-your-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">caffeine metabolism</a>, immune regulation, kidney function, cardiovascular disease, and skin and muscle health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-lifestyle-a-factor">Is lifestyle a factor?</h2>



Could our lifestyles be contributing to these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/losing-loved-ones-can-speed-up-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">age-related changes</a>? Snyder suggests it’s a possibility worth considering. 



For instance, alcohol metabolism may falter due to the increased alcohol consumption that often occurs in people's mid-40s, a decade frequently marked by significant life stressors such as career changes, family obligations, or personal challenges. 



This shift in behavior can lead to a cascade of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/muscles-defy-aging-with-remarkable-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physiological changes</a>. 



The scientists plan to delve deeper into the various triggers for these periods of rapid change, exploring how factors like diet, exercise, and stress management interplay with aging.



Understanding these connections could pave the way for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/harvard-scientists-fountain-of-youth-pill-sparks-controversy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthier aging strategies</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-genetics-in-aging">Role of genetics in aging</h2>



Alongside our environment and lifestyle choices, our genes significantly impact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exposure-certain-odors-pheromones-speeds-up-aging-process/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how we age</a>. Everyone has a unique genetic blueprint that can make them more susceptible to certain health issues as they get older.



For example, some gene variations can affect how well our bodies break down substances, handle stress, and even heal from injuries. 



By understanding these genetic markers, we can gain valuable insights into why some people face age-related health problems sooner than others. 



This knowledge opens the door to personalized medicine, allowing us to create tailored interventions that could boost prevention efforts and enhance our quality of life as we age.



Given these findings, paying special attention to our health in our 40s and 60s becomes even more critical. 



Simple measures like increasing physical activity to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption, could go a long way in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/monthly-aging-treatment-helps-you-live-long-die-healthy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">delaying the 'break down' process</a>.



"I’m a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we’re still healthy," Snyder aptly concludes.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a>.



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Human bodies begin breaking down at two very precise ages

We all know the human body takes some hits as...

In the United States, student math performance has been steadily slipping for decades, consistently ranking in the bottom quarter compared to other developed countries. The COVID-19 pandemic only deepened the crisis.&nbsp;



But a new study led by researchers at the <a href="https://bcfg.wharton.upenn.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pennsylvania's Behavior Change for Good Initiative</a> (BCFG) suggests that small, behaviorally informed nudges directed at teachers could help turn the tide - at least slightly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavioral-science-in-the-classroom">Behavioral science in the classroom</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2418616122" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>, explored whether carefully designed email messages could influence teacher behavior in ways that benefit student <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memes-help-students-learn-better-and-boost-engagement/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>.&nbsp;



Past research has shown that behavioral nudges can increase student motivation and performance. This time, the researchers turned their attention to the adults in the room.



Angela Duckworth, who led the research, is the Rosa Lee and Egbert Chang Professor at Penn’s School of Arts &amp; Sciences and the Wharton School, and co-director of BCFG.&nbsp;



“Our results showed that simple, low-cost nudges can help teachers support student progress in math,” said Duckworth. “These nudges worked across different school contexts, with effects persisting eight weeks after teachers stopped receiving the nudges.”



The intervention was made possible through a partnership with <a href="https://www.zearn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zearn Math</a>, a nonprofit educational platform used by millions of students and teachers.&nbsp;



“Large-scale studies on teacher-focused interventions have been rare due to the high cost and logistical challenges involved,” said Dena Gromet, executive director of BCFG and co-author of the study. “Thanks to our partnership with Zearn Math, we were able to overcome these challenges.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-megastudy-on-math-progress">A megastudy on math progress</h2>



This was no small experiment. Involving over 140,000 teachers and nearly 3 million elementary school students, the study tested 15 different types of behaviorally informed email interventions against a simple reminder message.&nbsp;



The design followed a “megastudy” format, a relatively new experimental approach that allows multiple interventions to be tested simultaneously against a common control.



“A megastudy is a large-scale experiment in which multiple interventions are tested on the same outcome,” explained co-author Katy Milkman, professor at the Wharton School and co-director of BCFG. “This method allows for direct comparisons of their effectiveness.”



Each intervention was based on principles from behavioral science. One asked teachers to make a concrete plan for using Zearn Math in the upcoming week. 



Another intervention appealed to empathy by reminding teachers of their students’ needs and potential. Others focused on delivering personalized updates about student progress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-modest-but-measurable-impact">A modest but measurable impact</h2>



The researchers found that, on average, behaviorally informed messages led to a 1.89% increase in student math progress during the four-week period in which teachers received the emails. While the effect was small, it was statistically significant - and some messages were more effective than others.



The most successful intervention increased student math progress by 5.06%. This message prompted teachers to log into Zearn weekly to view a personalized progress report for their students.



“Personalized nudges - those that referenced progress updates about a teacher’s own students - were more effective than nonpersonalized ones,” Duckworth noted. This aligns with prior findings in behavioral science that people are more motivated when feedback is directly tied to their own goals or the outcomes of people they care about.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-nudges-solve-big-math-problems">Small nudges solve big math problems</h2>



Despite the promising findings, the researchers caution that these types of email nudges are only one piece of a much larger puzzle.&nbsp;



“These results suggest the need for more intensive support than the light-touch email nudges we tested,” Milkman said. “And they underscore how hard it is to change human behavior.”



Still, the study opens the door to further research into what makes teacher-directed nudges effective - and how they can be improved over time.&nbsp;



Duckworth emphasized the importance of exploring why referencing personalized data seems to work so well. 



“It may be that capitalizing on teachers’ intrinsic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-influences-our-motivation-to-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">motivation</a> to help their students is a distinct and potentially cost-effective approach that can complement other interventions, such as offering performance bonuses and other extrinsic incentives,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaping-more-effective-education-policies">Shaping more effective education policies</h2>



The researchers are already looking ahead. They plan to conduct more randomized experiments to better understand the long-term effects of such interventions and to determine why some nudges are more successful than others.



“The better we understand why something works, the more powerfully we can use it to create positive change,” Duckworth said. “Ultimately, this line of research could help shape smarter, more effective education policies.”



In a system where large-scale transformation often feels daunting, these small, strategic nudges offer a glimpse of how behavioral science can help educators - and their students - make meaningful strides, one math problem at a time.



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How simple emails could help fix America's math crisis

In the United States, student math performance has been steadily...

Trillions of bacteria occupy human bodies - from head to toe, inside and out - forming a microbiome that is as personal as a fingerprint. Each individual’s microbial mix affects digestion, immunity, and many other human processes.



For six years, scientists tracked the microbiomes of people ranging from 29 to 75 years old. 



They collected samples from the gut, mouth, nose, and skin, observing how these organisms changed during short-term illnesses, chronic conditions, and daily life.



Michael Snyder, Ph.D., from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> and director of the Stanford Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, led this wide-ranging effort with the late George Weinstock at <a href="https://www.jax.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jackson Laboratory</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trillions-of-microbes-shape-who-we-are">Trillions of microbes shape who we are</h2>



Researchers confirm that the human microbiome contains about 39 trillion microbes. 



“Our results underscore the idea that we each have individualized microbiomes in our bodies that are special to us,” Snyder states. 



Genes, diet, and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-may-be-the-best-strategy-to-boost-your-immune-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">immune system</a> all shape these communities, which vary greatly between people.



This diversity matters for health. Each person’s bacteria respond to internal factors, refuting any notion that everyone shares identical microbial residents. 



Investigators suggest that understanding these differences could open new possibilities for personalized care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-temporary-microbial-changes-observed">Temporary microbial changes observed</h2>



Over 5,432 biological samples produced more than 118 million measurements. 



Scientists used genetic sequencing to identify microbial populations during routine checkups or unusual events, such as vaccinations or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-increasing-enterococci-looming-global-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic use</a>. 



Xin Zhou, Ph.D., notes, “People with Type 2 diabetes showed a less stable and less diverse microbiome,” hinting that limited variety may connect with certain illnesses.



Short-term infections caused temporary disruptions. 



“We found that when you get sick with something like a cold, you have this temporary change in the microbiome; it becomes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antibiotic-resistance-could-cause-a-health-crisis-globally/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">very dysregulated</a>,” Zhou explained. 



“With diabetes, that signature is the same in many ways except that it is long-term rather than temporary.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-personal-microbes-are-the-most-stable">Personal microbes are the most stable</h2>



Another finding challenged expectations about which bacteria remain most consistent. 



“A lot of people would suspect that the bacteria shared among us would be the most important and thus the most stable. We found the complete opposite - the personal microbiome is the most stable,” Snyder expounded.



Researchers discovered that unique <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/household-plumbing-is-full-of-microbial-communities-that-might-be-a-health-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial communities</a> within each person often stay steady despite environmental influences. 



This insight highlights how individual baselines shape resilience during illness or dietary changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnection-across-human-microbiomes">Interconnection across human microbiomes</h2>



Shifts in the nose, mouth, or skin coincided with changes in the gut, suggesting that these microbes behave like “a single, fluid system,” according to Snyder. 



Certain immune proteins in the blood moved in sync with these shifts, indicating strong ties between microbial balance and immune reactions.



Environmental factors, including humidity and seasonal effects, influenced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/warming-waters-are-dramatically-changing-microbial-life-in-antarctica/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbial composition</a> but could not explain the large differences seen across participants. 



The study underscores that each person’s body creates a unique habitat for bacteria, making it hard to define a universal standard.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-the-human-microbiome-matter">Why does the human microbiome matter?</h2>



Scientists propose that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deep-meditation-transforms-gut-microbes-for-optimal-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">composition and stability</a> of a person’s microbiome may help predict how they respond to illnesses or treatments. 



“The microbiome varies enormously between people. How you feed it and what it’s exposed to probably makes a big impact on your health, and we still have to work that out in many ways,” Snyder concluded.



Insights from this work point to individualized strategies that account for specific microbial features. 



By focusing on personal baselines, future research may offer medical guidance tailored to each individual’s microbes, potentially improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-microbes-have-an-unexpected-link-to-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long-term wellness</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-scientific-understanding">Evolution of scientific understanding</h2>



Interest in microbes dates back to the late 1600s, when early microscopes revealed tiny organisms in water droplets. 



For centuries, scientists concentrated on harmful bacteria, overlooking beneficial ones. Over time, researchers uncovered the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-says-the-international-space-station-is-too-clean-add-microbes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">importance of friendly bacteria</a> that assist with immune function.



The term “microbiome” gained traction in the early 2000s, accompanied by growing awareness that these microbial residents are not merely passengers. 



Ongoing projects, including broad genetic investigations, have shown that microbial diversity can shift with diet, medications, and aging. 



This evolution in understanding has prompted deeper studies into how each person’s bacterial signature may influence everything from metabolism to mood.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Experts see ways to use microbiome knowledge in personalized medical plans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chocolate-could-be-the-next-probiotic-powerhouse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">designing probiotics</a> or targeted therapies for each person. 



Some researchers suggest that small changes, like altering meal routines, might strengthen bacterial communities that enhance metabolic health. 



Others propose monitoring microbial markers to identify subtle shifts before chronic conditions take hold.



Scientists continue to probe how gut microbes connect to the brain through chemical signals, raising questions about links to mental well-being. 



Investigators are also examining <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-aging-have-been-found-in-the-skin-microbiome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">skin microorganisms</a> to see if they affect issues like dryness or irritation. 



As methods for genetic analysis improve, more precise mapping of these bacterial populations may offer fresh approaches for supporting long-term health without a one-size-fits-all framework.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-microbiome-and-future-health">Human microbiome and future health</h2>



Growing interest in this field suggests that bacteria can influence nutrient processing. Studies look beyond the gut, revealing microbial identities in body areas.



Variety appears vital, prompting further work on how personal bacterial communities support resilience. 



Simple lifestyle shifts may nurture helpful microbes, guiding approaches that honor each person’s unique health profile.



While these microbial mysteries continue to unfold, it’s clear that our personal armies of bacteria deserve more attention in the pursuit of better, individualized care.



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128(24)00056-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Host &amp; Microbe</a>, are part of the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1238-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integrative Human Microbiome Project</a>.



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Human bodies have 'head-to-toe' microbiomes that are unique like fingerprints

Trillions of bacteria occupy human bodies - from head to...

Fruits and plant extracts have long been valued for their medicinal properties. Scientists are now working to better understand how these natural compounds might help prevent or treat disease, especially in the face of growing antibiotic resistance.



Recent research shows that certain plant extracts and fruit fibers may boost the immune system and even reduce the risk of chronic diseases.



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Munich</a> and the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) are teaming up to explore the power of medicinal plants in treating urinary tract infections (UTIs). 



At a lecture during FAPESP Week Germany at the Free University of Berlin, the team shared that they are building infection models to investigate how plant compounds affect bladder cells and immune response.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-medicinal-plants-may-block-infections">Medicinal plants may block infections</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/narrowing-the-search-for-new-medicinal-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Medicinal plants</a> contain phytochemicals that may help block infections and support the body’s defenses.



Some of these compounds may reduce inflammation, fever, or pain, but researchers are especially interested in how they might block infections.



“Although their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anti-inflammatory-foods-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">anti-inflammatory</a>, antipyretic and analgesic effects are well known, the active compounds of these plants - such as flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenoids - and their mechanisms of action on pathogen cells have yet to be characterized. Some are antibacterial, but many don’t have this effect,” said Ulrich Dobrindt, a professor at the University of Munich.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-extracts-and-bladder-cells">Plant extracts and bladder cells</h2>



To dig deeper, the scientists created infection models to observe how these extracts influence gene activity in bladder cells.



The experts are especially focused on plants listed in the German pharmacopoeia that have traditional use in treating urological issues.



Working with scientists at UFMG, the team tested extracts from plants like Solidago gigantea and Equiseti herba. 



They discovered that certain water-based extracts drastically reduced how well Escherichia coli, the main cause of UTIs, could stick to and survive in human bladder cells.



“We observed a drastic reduction in the adhesion and proliferation of this bacterium in bladder cells,” Ulrich said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-fibers-and-digestive-health">Fruit fibers and digestive health</h2>



While their German colleagues focused on infection, researchers in Brazil are exploring how fruit fibers may support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-coffee-promotes-digestive-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">digestive health</a> and prevent disease. 



A team from the University of São Paulo’s School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, working with the Food Research Center (FoRC), is studying special polysaccharides - complex sugars that can’t be digested but may have powerful biological effects.



These sugars, especially pectins, are found in papaya, passion fruit, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/citrus-fruits-where-did-they-come-from-and-how-would-we-live-without-them/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">citrus fruits</a>. They are believed to help reduce the risk of chronic diseases. 



But extracting them can be tricky. Fruits like papaya ripen quickly, which changes the structure of the pectins and reduces their health benefits.



“During fruit ripening, enzymes are expressed that modify the structure of the pectins, reducing their beneficial biological effects. Passion fruit and citrus pectins, on the other hand, must be chemically modified in order to present beneficial activities in the intestine,” explained João Paulo Fabi, professor at the University of São Paulo and project coordinator.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-boosting-the-effectiveness-of-fruits">Boosting the effectiveness of fruits</h2>



To address these challenges, the Brazilian team created new methods to extract and alter pectin from the usually discarded white parts of oranges and passion fruit. 



By reducing their molecular complexity in the lab, the researchers were able to boost the pectins' effectiveness.



This led to one patent for extracting pectin from soft fruits like papaya and chayote. Another patent is being filed for a method to modify pectin from passion fruit leftovers.



“We already have a prototype for extracting and modifying these pectins on a laboratory scale. The idea is to obtain a product, such as a flour rich in modified pectin, that could be consumed as a supplement or food ingredient,” Fabi explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-and-fruits-the-future-of-medicine">Plants and fruits: The future of medicine</h2>



With their modified pectins, the team conducted animal studies in collaboration with other groups. These preclinical trials showed promising links between the altered pectins and improved biological activity in the body.



“These preclinical studies can serve as a basis for the development of clinical trials [with modified pectins] as adjuvants to chemotherapy treatment of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colon cancer</a> or even as beneficial modulators of the intestinal microbiota,” said Fabi.



Together, these complementary projects from Brazil and Germany highlight the potential of natural substances in improving health - from preventing infections to supporting the gut.



As science continues to explore the benefits of what we eat, it’s becoming clearer that the healing power of plants may be more than just folklore - it might be the future of functional food and medicine.



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Fruits and plants are powerful allies for disease prevention

Fruits and plant extracts have long been valued for their...

When it comes to spending time outdoors, parks are meant to offer a break from city life - a place for kids to play, dogs to run, and people to relax.



But new research suggests that the very entrances to these green spaces may hold an invisible health risk.



Researchers from <a href="https://www.tcd.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a> have found that entrances are the most contaminated areas within public parks when it comes to the presence of infective roundworm eggs.



The study focused on Toxocara, a genus of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-spreading-the-deadly-tropical-disease-leishmaniasis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parasitic</a> roundworms commonly found in dogs and cats.



The eggs, which are passed into the environment through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-feces-can-harm-the-environment-and-disrupt-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal feces</a>, can be accidentally ingested by humans. While many people infected with Toxocara show no symptoms, others may develop serious health issues, including eye infections.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-park-hotspots-for-parasite-exposure">Park hotspots for parasite exposure</h2>



Previous studies have shown that park soils can be contaminated with Toxocara eggs, but few have looked at how contamination differs from one part of a park to another.



To investigate, the researchers collected soil samples from twelve parks across Dublin. They tested specific areas including entrances, playgrounds, the edges of sports fields, and grassy spots that are popular for sitting.



The results pointed to a clear pattern. Park entrances were the most contaminated, followed by playgrounds. 



Upon closer inspection, most of the detected eggs were found to be potentially infectious. The majority belonged to the species Toxocara canis, which is a roundworm species typically associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parasites-make-dogs-smell-enticing-to-infectious-sand-flies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-contamination-across-parks">Monitoring contamination across parks</h2>



The findings have clear implications for public health. According to the researchers, more preventive measures are needed - especially near park entrances and playgrounds.



"Park entrances had the most Toxocara eggs, and most of these eggs likely came from dogs. By providing signage, bins and a means to clean up after your dog in these locations, we could reduce the level of contamination. That’s the next step in the research," noted the experts.



The team also emphasized the importance of monitoring. They designed their testing method to be both affordable and simple, so it can be easily repeated. This allows for ongoing tracking of roundworm contamination across different parks and over time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-it-matters-for-public-health">Why it matters for public health</h2>



Although most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-are-overlooked-sources-of-antibiotic-resistant-salmonella/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infections in humans</a> remain undetected, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-parks-may-be-fueling-parasite-outbreaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">parasites</a> have the potential to create serious illness in some cases. Children are particularly susceptible because they tend to play on the ground and have a tendency to put dirty hands in their mouths. 



Toxocara larvae may travel through the body in a small number of cases, giving rise to visceral larva migrans, or even eye injury that can cause loss of sight.



The presence of infective eggs in clusters at park entrances and playgrounds suggests that the risk of infection is greatest where families and pet owners congregate. These are also areas where children and pets are most likely to come into close contact with the soil.



Public information campaigns may serve to emphasize the need for good hygiene following a visit to the park, particularly among young children.



Also, urban planners and park officials can employ this study to redesign and maintain public parks.



By positioning additional trash cans closer to entrances, enhancing signs, or even changing landscaping in areas of high risk, cities can assist in curtailing parasite dissemination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reducing-infection-risks-at-parks">Reducing infection risks at parks</h2>



Toxocara contamination isn’t just a city issue - it’s something that pet owners and visitors can help prevent. Picking up after dogs is a simple but powerful way to reduce the number of roundworm eggs entering the soil. 



Even if dog feces aren’t left near park entrances, rain and foot traffic can carry the contamination across the park.



If you're a regular park user, wash your hands after your visit, especially before eating or touching your face. If you have children, make sure they do the same. 



It's also a good idea to discourage digging or rolling in the grass in areas close to park entrances and playgrounds, where the risk of infection is higher.



Community involvement, from responsible pet ownership to smarter park design, plays a big role in keeping these shared spaces safe and healthy for everyone.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0012917" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a>.



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Public parks may be hotspots for parasitic infections

When it comes to spending time outdoors, parks are meant...

Young,Woman,Drinking,Water,Outdoors,,Promoting,Healthy,Hydration,And,An

Plastic containers and packaging are everywhere, as many people rely on them for food storage, convenience, and hydration. Plastics have improved modern life in countless ways, but the ultimate price of this convenience is only now coming clearly into focus.



We have reached the point as a society where researchers have begun looking beyond the environmental hazards of plastic pollution to uncover hidden connections between plastic exposure and human well-being. 



Questions are emerging about how microplastics might be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-chewing-gum-may-be-full-of-microplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">affecting our bodies</a> and whether this is something we should address.



Some everyday items, such as water bottles, may contribute far more than trash. They could be releasing tiny plastic particles that slip into our bodies. 



Early studies suggest that plastic particles are influencing human <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-over-2000-genetic-markers-that-affect-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood pressure</a>, a condition linked to serious cardiovascular problems. 



According to Dr. Johanna Fischer from the Department of Medicine at <a href="https://www.dp-uni.ac.at/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Danube Private University</a> in Austria, a few recent findings have sparked new debates about what happens when microplastics flow through our bloodstream.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-pieces-of-plastic-wreaking-havoc">Tiny pieces of plastic wreaking havoc</h2>



Microplastics measure less than 5 mm, arising from the breakdown of larger plastics or from everyday sources like car tires and synthetic clothing. 



They have been detected in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-pose-a-greater-threat-to-some-ocean-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food, water, and the air</a>. Scientists have identified them in the placenta, in certain organs, and even in the bloodstream. 



Their presence has raised concerns because they might trigger inflammation or hormonal imbalances. By entering daily routines unnoticed, these microscopic bits could pose health hazards that are still under investigation.



Recent work has pointed to an unexpected culprit for high blood pressure. Their investigations indicate that common water bottles can release particles into the liquid we drink. 



According to preliminary insights, microplastics can migrate into our system, with potential effects on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-smell-control-your-blood-pressure-new-research-says-yes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blood pressure measurements</a>. 



Investigators also discovered these minute fragments in glass containers, which complicates efforts to avoid them altogether. 



This points to a wider issue that stretches beyond visible waste and calls for innovative approaches to monitoring exposure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastics-linked-to-blood-pressure">Plastics linked to blood pressure</h2>



Eight healthy adults took part in a project aimed at exploring any links between plastics and blood pressure. 



They were asked to rely on tap water instead of bottled drinks for about a month. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/black-gold-the-vitamin-packed-fruit-that-regulates-blood-sugar-and-blood-pressure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Blood pressure</a> readings were collected at the outset, after two weeks, and at the end of four weeks. 



The findings indicated that women showed a noticeable dip in blood pressure levels, particularly in diastolic readings, while men did not exhibit the same changes.



One explanation might be that only three men participated. That small number makes it difficult to form broad conclusions. 



Still, the overall data hint that cutting back on plastics could influence cardiovascular health by reducing the number of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-are-widespread-in-the-seafood-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plastic particles</a> present in the bloodstream. 



The research group emphasizes that larger trials are needed. They aim to measure the actual concentration of microplastics in the blood, providing a clearer picture of how plastic exposure might relate to changes in blood pressure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-blood-pressure-and-plastics-the-results">Blood pressure and plastics - the results</h2>



“We concluded, after extensive research, that beverages packaged in plastic bottles should be avoided,” the research team warned. 



The changes observed in blood pressure suggest that reducing the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-in-the-brain-alarming-new-details-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intake of plastic particles</a> could lower cardiovascular risk, emphasizing how these findings may fit into the bigger picture. 



For these scientists, a lower exposure to plastics seems to correlate with improvements in some blood pressure markers.



By stating that “plastic particles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-every-semen-sample-tested/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">present in the bloodstream</a> could contribute to increased blood pressure,” the team highlighted a potential link between microplastics and cardiovascular concerns. 



Although their study involved only a small group, they view the results as a motivation to investigate these interactions further. 



While the precise pathways remain unclear, the prospect that tiny plastic fragments might affect blood pressure and overall cardiovascular health should encourage us all to rethink these common habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Because hypertension is a leading cause of heart complications, any factor that might raise blood pressure deserves scrutiny. 



Humans already face multiple risks for cardiovascular disease, so identifying one that might be avoidable is compelling. 



Limiting bottled beverages or opting for tap water in reusable non-plastic containers will definitely help reduce exposure, though additional verification is needed to confirm the long-term impacts.



Reviewing many different studies, it's very clear that microplastics have infiltrated every nook and cranny of our bodies, natural environments, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sounding-the-alarm-microplastics-are-disrupting-photosynthesis-around-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global ecosystems at large</a>. 



On top of high blood pressure and other cardiovascular health issues that arise from the consumption of microplastics, scientists and physicians are concerned about inflammation, endocrine problems, and oxidative stress, all of which can harm overall health. 



Though the convenience of disposable products is tempting, making a personal choice of removing single-use plastics from our everyday lives will undoubtedly yield benefits - both for our health and the global environment. 



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2673-8929/3/3/26" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microplastics</a>.



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Drinking from plastic bottles directly linked to high blood pressure and heart problems

Plastic containers and packaging are everywhere, as many people rely...

Many teens enter adulthood already carrying risk factors for heart disease. According to a new American Heart Association (AHA) scientific statement, this transition phase - from 18 to the late twenties - is critical for protecting heart health.



During this time, the brain and decision-making abilities are still developing. At the same time, independence increases, and life takes on many new forms.



The research, published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, urges better support for young adults. Their routines change, their responsibilities grow, but health often takes a backseat. 



Recognizing this period as an opportunity to build strong habits can shift the outlook of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular wellness</a> for life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loss-of-structure-can-hurt-heart-health">Loss of structure can hurt heart health</h2>



When children grow up, their regular health checkups often disappear. 



Adolescents see doctors for vaccines or school-related check-ins. Those visits vanish once high school ends. Without these routine appointments, early signs of heart disease can go unnoticed.



“We may miss the opportunity to let them know that they are in the elevated blood pressure range and ways they can take action,” said Dr. Jewel Scott, an assistant professor of biobehavioral health and nursing science in the College of Nursing at the <a href="https://sc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Carolina</a> in Columbia.



Emerging adults often eat more processed foods and exercise less. The habits of high school sports fade, replaced by sedentary days and fast food. Sleep also suffers due to work, studies or parenting. All of these changes increase <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-cells-grown-in-space-may-help-heal-damaged-hearts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular risk</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaping-surge-among-young-adults">Vaping surge among young adults</h2>



Historically, smoking began in high school. But now, people are picking up tobacco products later. Between 2002 and 2018, tobacco use among 18 to 23-year-olds doubled. 



E-cigarettes are now the most used product in this age group. The long-term effects of vaping on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-insecurity-can-lead-to-heart-problems-later-in-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart</a> health remain unclear, which worries researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cost-and-coverage-health-care-barriers">Cost and coverage: Health care barriers</h2>



Emerging adults make up the biggest group among the 27 million uninsured in the U.S. Insurance often vanishes at 19 or 26, depending on state rules or family plans under the <a href="https://www.hhs.gov/healthcare/about-the-aca/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Affordable Care Act</a>.



Students in community colleges are at greater risk. About 40% of college students attend these institutions, which often lack health services. Similarly, those in trade programs or apprenticeships may not have access to care.



Even those with insurance don’t always visit the doctor. Less than 40% of insured emerging adults use their benefits. Some avoid care due to bad experiences, long waits or confusion about where to go.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-conditions-affect-heart-health">Social conditions affect heart health</h2>



The <a href="https://www.heart.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AHA</a> statement highlights how education, neighborhoods and income shape health. People with higher education often have better heart health. Those in segregated or resource-poor areas see worse outcomes.



Neighborhoods without clean air or safe green spaces leave kids inactive and stressed. These effects follow them into adulthood. The statement calls for changes that improve access to healthy environments.



Strong friendships and emotional support also help. On the flip side, isolation, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, can hurt heart <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-patients-have-a-unique-vulnerability-to-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>. The statement urges finding and helping at-risk youth - especially those with a history of trauma or abuse.



“We highlight some of the populations that need extra effort or attention tailored to their unique circumstances,” said Dr. Scott.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-heart-health">Addressing heart health</h2>



The AHA statement calls for policy changes that close coverage gaps. But having insurance isn’t enough. Young adults need help navigating the system, and providers must use every opportunity to talk about heart health.



Pregnancy adds another layer of concern. Poor heart health can lead to problems like gestational diabetes or preeclampsia. These can affect both mother and child, even years later.



Clinicians must address heart risks before pregnancy. This means bringing cardiovascular conversations into regular care.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-supporting-young-adults-with-technology">Supporting young adults with technology</h2>



Technology offers new ways to engage. Telehealth and mobile tools can help. The statement also pushes for social media campaigns to share heart health messages with young people.



Places like community colleges, the military and hospitality industries offer untapped potential. These are spaces where many young adults work and study. Using these channels could improve outreach and awareness.



The statement encourages partnerships across health systems, education and employers. These joint efforts can support emerging adults as they take on the challenges of growing up - while keeping their hearts healthy.



The scientific statement was prepared by a volunteer writing group for the AHA Prevention Science Committee and other councils. It aims to raise awareness and spark better decisions around heart health.



It does not offer treatment advice but summarizes what’s known and what needs more research. Contributors include medical experts and researchers from across the U.S.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.124.039239" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the American Heart Association</a>.



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Your twenties can make or break your heart health

Many teens enter adulthood already carrying risk factors for heart...

When you sit down to work, your to-do list waits, but so does your phone. One buzz, one glance at your phone, and suddenly you’re distracted, and start scrolling through a feed, not a spreadsheet.



This cycle repeats daily, quietly slicing your attention into fragments. It feels innocent and normal, but the effects run deep.



We often blame the phone itself. It’s a small, glowing thing we can’t resist. Productivity hacks suggest hiding it, muting it, or moving it away. But do these tricks actually help? 



A recent study, published in Frontiers in Computer Science, challenges this approach. It asks a deceptively simple question: If you put the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/phone-bans-dont-help-children-learn-to-navigate-the-digital-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phone</a> just a little farther away, does your mind come back to focus? The answer turns out to be more complicated than expected.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-changes-and-behavioral-shifts">Subtle changes and behavioral shifts</h2>



“The study shows that putting the smartphone away may not be sufficient to reduce disruption and procrastination, or increase focus,” stated Dr. Maxi Heitmayer, a researcher at the London School of Economics (<a href="https://www.lse.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LSE</a>) and author of the study.



“The problem is not rooted within the device itself, but in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/taking-a-smartphone-break-can-improve-your-life-in-surprising-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habits and routines</a> that we have developed with our devices.”



To explore this, the researchers invited 22 participants into a controlled setting. For two days, each participant worked alone in a soundproof room. They brought the devices they usually used at work - laptops and phones.



The researchers did not change notification settings. All incoming alerts came naturally, as they would on any other workday.



The only variable that shifted was the phone’s location. On one day, it stayed right on the participant’s desk. On the other, it was placed 1.5 meters (about 5 feet) away, on a separate surface. This small shift created a subtle yet revealing change in behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phones-aren-t-the-only-distraction">Phones aren't the only distraction </h2>



When the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-screen-time-shapes-their-mental-health-as-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phone</a> sat within arm’s reach, people used it often. When it was farther away, phone use decreased. But rather than becoming more focused, participants simply diverted their attention elsewhere - primarily to their laptops.



This redirection didn’t affect how much time people spent on actual work versus leisure. The total amount of distraction remained consistent across both setups. 



So, even when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-media-pressure-is-straining-teen-friendships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phone</a> was harder to reach, the impulse to break concentration didn’t vanish - it just found a new outlet. Phones still drew more attention than laptops.



“It’s your connection with loved ones and with work. It’s your navigation system, alarm clock, music player, and source of information. Unsurprisingly, people turn to the tool that does everything,” said Heitmayer.



“Even if you have no clear purpose, you know it has your socials and can provide entertainment.”



Though laptops could provide similar access, they lacked the same appeal. Phones felt more distracting to use. They were more portable, more personal, and more instantly rewarding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-phone-itself-is-not-the-issue">The phone itself is not the issue</h2>



“In my research I want to shift the discourse beyond device-centric debates,” Heitmayer said. “The smartphone itself is not the problem. It’s what we do with it and, frankly, the apps that generate and reinforce these habits." 



"The key issue lies in the rituals we’ve built around these devices. Picking up a phone doesn’t require intent anymore. It’s automatic. A second of silence, a moment of rest, and we reach our hand out toward it, without thinking."



This reflex isn’t just about checking the time or answering a call. It's about filling tiny gaps in the day - gaps where our brain used to wander, pause, or recharge. Those gaps are now filled with feeds, images, updates, and loops that rarely end with one swipe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-phone-apps-designed-for-distraction">Phone apps designed for distraction</h2>



To reduce distractions, people often try turning off phone notifications or setting strict rules. Some set alarms to limit scrolling. Others use apps to block other apps. These strategies may offer brief relief, but they rarely change behavior for long.



“Whenever there is a small break, people check their phone, regardless of whatever system they have in place. And then there’s the socials, which is an entirely different beast,” said Heitmayer.



“There is a very unequal battle fought out every single day by each and every one of us when we use our phones."



“The things inside phones that are the biggest attention sinks are developed by large corporations who greatly profit from our failure to resist the temptation to use them; all of this is literally by design.”



The most engaging parts of your phone are not random. They are engineered. Social media apps, messaging platforms, news updates - they all compete for your time. Such apps reward small clicks with large dopamine hits. And they rely on repeated use, even if you feel worse afterward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-for-responsibility-and-protection">A call for responsibility and protection</h2>



For most adults, managing their relationship with phones and their constant distraction takes daily effort.



It’s hard, even when we understand what’s happening. But for younger users, who have grown up with this digital environment as a norm, the risks may be even greater.



“These devices are incredibly useful and can facilitate learning and creativity, but they come at a cost that most adults struggle to manage, so we simply cannot ignore this,” noted Heitmayer.



This caution points to a future where digital responsibility must expand. It’s not enough to educate users on balance in their lives. Platforms and apps must be designed with user well-being in mind.



Children, in particular, need tools that support - rather than erode - their ability to focus, reflect, and grow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-the-phone-it-s-the-habit">It’s not the phone, it’s the habit</h2>



At the center of this issue lies a simple truth: distraction is a habit that is alive and well. In order to make a significant change, we must recognize the loop and disrupt it - not just with tools or rules, but with awareness and intention.



When we stop seeing the phone as the sole culprit, we can start reshaping the way we think, work, and live in its presence.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/computer-science/articles/10.3389/fcomp.2025.1422244/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Computer Science</a>.



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Digital distraction: The real culprit isn’t your phone

When you sit down to work, your to-do list waits,...

In recent years, cold plunges have become a fixture on wellness feeds and gym schedules. People swear by them - claiming everything from mental clarity to faster recovery. But what does science say when you strip away the hype?



A team of researchers at the <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Ottawa</a> has taken a closer look. Their work didn’t just explore how our bodies handle cold on the outside. It examined what happens on a much deeper level: inside your cells. 



The results of the study could shape how we think about cold exposure and its place in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organ-aging-can-predict-diseases-decades-in-advance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">everyday health</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-plunges-change-cells-in-one-week">Cold plunges change cells in one week</h2>



​The&nbsp;<a href="https://hepru.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit</a>&nbsp;conducted a tightly controlled experiment with ten healthy young men.​



Over seven days, each participant immersed himself in 14°C (57.2°F) water for one hour per day. Blood samples were drawn before and after the cold-water sessions on days 1, 4, and 7.



The aim wasn’t to measure surface-level outcomes like muscle soreness. Instead, the team analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells to examine cellular stress, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-discover-a-protein-that-reverses-cellular-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recovery</a>, and resilience. 



They focused on autophagy (the body's way of cleaning out damaged components) and apoptosis (programmed cell death).



“Our findings indicate that repeated cold exposure significantly improves autophagic function, a critical cellular protective mechanism,” said Professor Kenny. 



“This enhancement allows cells to better manage stress and could have important implications for health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/defying-time-three-ways-to-slow-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longevity</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-early-cold-plunges-caused-stress">Early cold plunges caused stress</h2>



On the first day, the researchers found clear signs of stress. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/random-dna-mutations-shape-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cells</a> showed an increase in proteins like p62, which typically accumulate when autophagy is disrupted. 



LC3-II, a marker of autophagic activity, did not increase. Apoptotic signaling also rose, with a marked spike in cleaved caspase-3, a protein that signals a cell is on its way to self-destruction.



This meant that initially, the cold exposure was overwhelming the cells. The natural repair systems weren't strong enough to counteract the damage. But that would begin to change by day four.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signals-of-cellular-recovery">Signals of cellular recovery</h2>



By the fourth day of immersion, early signs of adaptation emerged. LC3-II levels began to climb slightly, and p62 dropped - although still above baseline.



However, caspase-3 remained high, indicating the cells were still battling stress. The balance had not yet tipped in favor of full recovery.



“By the end of the acclimation, we noted a marked improvement in the participants’ cellular cold tolerance. This suggests that cold acclimation may help the body effectively cope with extreme environmental conditions," explained King, the study's first author.



Day seven marked a significant change. LC3-II rose substantially, showing robust autophagic activity. p62 dropped below baseline. 



Caspase-3 levels returned to near normal. The cells had started to regulate themselves more efficiently, showing they had adapted.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-learning-confirmed">Cellular learning confirmed</h2>



To take it further, the researchers tested the participants’ blood cells in cold conditions outside the body - before and after the week-long immersion routine.



Known as ex vivo testing, this allowed the team to simulate hypothermic states (temperatures as low as 4°C) without endangering the volunteers.



Before acclimation, these tests revealed poor autophagic responses and increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-we-reverse-aging-a-bold-new-approach-could-reprogram-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">apoptosis</a> across all cold conditions. 



But after the seven-day program, LC3-II increased significantly at every temperature below 35°C. Apoptotic signals, particularly cleaved caspase-3, decreased, while p62 remained lower across the board.



These shifts showed that cells had become better at handling cold stress, even when removed from the body. It wasn’t just temporary resistance - it was programmed cellular behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-plunges-triggered-stress-proteins">Cold plunges triggered stress proteins</h2>



While tracking autophagy and apoptosis, the researchers also looked at heat shock proteins - namely HSP70 and HSP90. 



These proteins help stabilize other proteins during stress. Both increased during cold immersion but did not change significantly across the seven days.



This suggests that the cold exposure was enough to activate them, but the level of stimulus did not escalate throughout the week. 



Instead, it’s possible the body tuned its internal systems to respond more efficiently without ramping up these proteins further.



“This work underscores the importance of acclimation protocols in enhancing human health, especially in contexts where individuals are exposed to extreme temperatures,” noted Professor Kenny.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cooling-curve-and-shivering-clues">Cooling curve and shivering clues</h2>



Besides cellular markers, physiological changes supported the idea of adaptation. 



By day seven, participants had smaller increases in blood lactate levels - indicating less shivering. The body was becoming more efficient at conserving heat without relying on rapid muscle contractions.



Cooling rates slowed too. Participants took longer to reach the cutoff esophageal temperature of 35.5°C. While core temperature didn’t differ much across days, these smaller indicators confirmed the shift in cold tolerance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-and-death-inside-a-cell">Life and death inside a cell</h2>



Interestingly, at colder temperatures (33°C and below), both autophagic and apoptotic signals rose post-acclimation. 



This dual response could mean cells were trying to survive using every tool available. When stress surpassed a certain threshold, even enhanced autophagy wasn’t enough to prevent some cells from progressing toward death.



This mirrors findings in animal models, where excessive autophagy can trigger cell death if damage is too severe. 



The takeaway? Cold adaptation boosts protection, but it’s not a magic shield against extreme stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-plunges-may-slow-cellular-aging">Cold plunges may slow cellular aging</h2>



"We were amazed to see how quickly the body adapted," said King. "Cold exposure might help prevent diseases and potentially even slow down aging at a cellular level. It's like a tune-up for your body's microscopic machinery."



While this research focused on healthy young males, it opens a door for broader inquiry. 



Could older adults benefit from structured cold exposure? What about people with chronic illnesses that impair autophagic function? 



These are next steps scientists are eager to explore.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cold-exposure-as-health-practice">Cold exposure as health practice</h2>



This study presents a strong case for integrating safe, structured cold exposure into wellness routines. 



Seven days of one-hour immersion changed how cells handled stress, repaired themselves, and avoided damage. It’s one of the first studies to show these changes at a molecular level in humans.



More research will help define guidelines: how cold, how long, and how often. But one thing is clear - the body learns. And when exposed with care, cold might not be something to avoid, but something to use.



Whether you're an athlete or just someone curious about longevity, this research suggests that the answer might be hiding in plain sight - or maybe, in a tub of ice water.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adbi.202400111" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Biology</a>.



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Cold plunges improve your health by literally changing your cells

In recent years, cold plunges have become a fixture on...

Walk through any busy street, and you’ll hear it - music, playing from car windows, cafés, or earbuds. People love and enjoy music. It helps us celebrate, grieve, concentrate, and connect. But while we know how music makes us feel, we rarely ask why it makes us feel that way.



Why do <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-connects-people-emotionally-and-physically/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melodies</a> spark joy? Why do rhythms move our bodies before we even think? Is our love for music something we learn, or does it go deeper?



A recent study published in Nature Communications brings new depth to this question. The research suggests that our ability to enjoy music is not simply a cultural product or personal habit. 



Scientists have now found that genetics also play a role in shaping how much pleasure we draw from music. That joy, it turns out, may be written in our DNA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-our-love-for-music-rooted-in-biology">Is our love for music rooted in biology?</h2>



For centuries, music has been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-music-affects-a-babys-heartbeat-before-birth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">more than entertainment</a>. It reflects who we are. It binds people across generations and geographies. It serves as an emotional outlet and a social bridge. 



Even Charles Darwin, fascinated by music's power, once said it "must be ranked amongst the most mysterious with which he is endowed." Despite its deep cultural presence, we still struggle to explain the origins of music enjoyment.



This new research, led by scientists at the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.mpi.nl/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics</a>&nbsp;in the Netherlands, takes a scientific step forward. The international team set out to explore whether the pleasure people feel while listening to music is partly influenced by genetic differences.



“The answer to this big question has the potential to open a window into more general aspects of the human mind, such as how experiences become pleasurable,” said study first author and PhD candidate Giacomo Bignardi.



“We wanted to understand whether genetic differences between individuals can result in differences in the pleasure that people derive from music and what these differences can tell us about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-your-body-moves-to-music-even-if-you-dont-enjoy-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human musicality</a> in general.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-genetic-links-to-music-enjoyment">Strong genetic links to music enjoyment</h2>



To investigate, the researchers turned to twin studies - a powerful method in behavioral genetics. Identical twins share almost 100% of their DNA. Fraternal twins share about half.



By comparing similarities between these two groups, scientists can estimate how much genes contribute to a trait. If identical twins enjoy music in more similar ways than fraternal twins, then genetics likely play a part.



​The study was a collaboration between the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aesthetics.mpg.de/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics</a>&nbsp;in Germany and the&nbsp;<a href="https://ki.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karolinska Institutet</a>&nbsp;in Sweden.&nbsp;It involved data from more than 9,000 twins.​



Participants provided self-reports on how much pleasure they get from music - what researchers call music reward sensitivity.



They also answered questions about their general sensitivity to rewards and completed tasks that measured their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-has-the-power-to-change-the-mood-of-our-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">musical perception</a>, such as identifying pitch, melody, and rhythm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-love-for-music-may-be-genetic">Love for music may be genetic</h2>



The findings were striking. The researchers estimated that about 54% of the variation in music reward sensitivity in the Swedish sample could be linked to genetic differences. 



That means more than half of the difference in how people respond to music may be inherited. This is a significant discovery. It implies that music enjoyment is not just a learned behavior or shaped by environment - it may be part of our biological design.



But the results went further. The researchers also found that the genes affecting music reward were not the same as those influencing general pleasure or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">musical skill</a>. 



That distinction is important. It means that enjoying music isn’t just about being musically talented or having a naturally cheerful personality. The capacity to feel joy from music stands apart.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-genes-for-different-experiences">Different genes for different experiences</h2>



As the research dug deeper, more complexity appeared. Music enjoyment is not one single experience. People find pleasure in different ways: some feel emotionally uplifted, others feel compelled to dance, while some enjoy making music with others. The genetic analysis reflected this richness.



The team found that different genetic pathways were associated with different aspects of music reward. This means that the genes influencing your emotional connection to music may differ from those that make you enjoy dancing to a beat or playing in a band.



“These findings suggest a complex picture in which partly distinct DNA differences contribute to different aspects of music enjoyment,” said Bignardi.



“Future research looking at which part of the genome contributes the most to the human ability to enjoy music has the potential to shed light on the human faculty that baffled Darwin the most, and which still baffles us today.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-music-enjoyment-is-inherited">Music enjoyment is inherited</h2>



This study reshapes how we think about the roots of musical pleasure. For years, scientists and philosophers treated music as a purely cultural artifact - something passed down through teaching and tradition. Now we see that biology plays a strong role.



The rhythm that makes your feet move or the melody that brings tears to your eyes may be part of your genetic inheritance.



That doesn’t mean culture or personal experience don’t matter. They still do. What we listen to and how we express our tastes remain deeply shaped by family, society, and personal history. But now, we can add another layer to the story: a biological one.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-music-enjoyment">Future research on music enjoyment </h2>



The study opens new possibilities. Future research may explore which regions of the genome are most involved. Scientists might one day discover genetic patterns linked to musical creativity or preference. Such findings could also have broader applications.



Understanding how our brains respond to music may offer clues to emotional regulation, mental health, or even cognitive development.



In the end, music continues to enchant, connect, and move us. This study reminds us that part of that magic might be found inside our genes - echoing across generations, written into the very code of our being.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-58123-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Some people are born to enjoy music more than others

Walk through any busy street, and you’ll hear it -...

Healthy eating has always been a hotly debated topic, but fresh findings now connect balanced meals in midlife to a stronger chance of enjoying life in one’s later years.



Experts have long studied how food choices can offset chronic issues, and they keep exploring ways to maximize overall well-being without adopting overly restrictive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-diet-shifts-the-hidden-costs-of-what-we-eat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a>.



One recent <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-03570-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">investigation</a> followed more than 105,000 Americans in their journey from midlife through senior status, over three decades. The study closely examined the impact of daily eating habits on long-term health.



One of the lead investigators is Professor Anne-Julie Tessier from the <a href="https://www.umontreal.ca/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montreal</a>. She wanted to see whether smart nutrition could boost the odds of turning 70 with steady mental, physical, and cognitive abilities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midlife-eating-patterns">Midlife eating patterns</h2>



“Studies have previously investigated dietary patterns in the context of specific diseases or how long people live,” said Frank Hu, a professor of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard Chan School.



“Ours takes a multifaceted view, asking, how does <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-you-eat-can-literally-change-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> impact people’s ability to live independently and enjoy a good quality of life as they age?"



Participants gravitating toward vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains tended to avoid critical illnesses like diabetes or heart disease more often. 



This concept of healthy aging, which includes freedom from serious chronic issues and solid mental and physical function, is recognized by the <a href="https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/186463" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> for emphasizing longevity with vitality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-diets-can-be-personalized">Healthy diets can be personalized </h2>



The researchers examined a range of eating strategies, each emphasizing nutritious foods and lower intake of sweets, refined grains, and processed meats.



These patterns often highlighted plant-based staples, modest amounts of lean animal protein, and reduced sodium - all designed to align with established guidelines for better health.



“Our findings also show that there is no one-size-fits-all diet. Healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/small-changes-in-diet-can-greatly-reduce-your-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> can be adapted to fit individual needs and preferences,” said Professor Tessier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-impact-of-processed-foods">Health impact of processed foods</h2>



“Since staying active and independent is a priority for both individuals and public health, research on healthy aging is essential,” said study co-author Marta Guasch-Ferré, who is an associate professor at the <a href="https://www.ku.dk/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Copenhagen</a>.



The experts also observed that certain participants consumed more packaged snacks, sugary beverages, and ready-to-eat <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meals</a>, which frequently contain excessive sodium, unhealthy fats, and artificial additives.&nbsp;



High intake of these convenience items was connected to lower rates of physical mobility, weaker mood regulation, and more prevalent health complications as people aged. 



Those who opted for fresher, less refined foods generally reported easier movement, stable cognitive function, and fewer day-to-day difficulties throughout their 70s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midlife-eating-affects-health-after-70">Midlife eating affects health after 70</h2>



Remaining energetic beyond 70 involves more than dodging conditions like heart attacks or cancer; it also means sustaining the ability to get around and maintain positive mental health. 



A diet rich in fiber, vitamins, and protective minerals seems to support clearer thinking, stronger muscles, and steadier emotions.



According to the research team, midlife is a window when many people can still modify their routines, making it a perfect stage to bolster long-term well-being. 



By prioritizing fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other nutrient-dense choices, adults might improve their odds of staying vibrant well into their eighth decade.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limitations-of-the-study">Limitations of the study</h2>



Most of the volunteers were employed in healthcare, which may mean they already had above-average awareness about nutrition, self-care, and disease prevention. 



This could shape how representative the findings are for the general population, particularly for those in jobs where health education is less emphasized or resources are limited.



Moreover, the project did not thoroughly address additional influences like stress, sleep, or environmental exposures that can also impact how people age. 



The authors note that further investigation across different groups and regions is needed to confirm how these dietary habits translate to wider communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-better-health-in-later-life">Better health in later life</h2>



Despite the study’s limitations, scientists believe these observations could inform guidelines that focus on plant-heavy menus while including moderate portions of fish, poultry, and certain dairy products. 



Such balanced recommendations might help preserve independence by cutting back on diseases and supporting stable brain and muscle function in later life.



Eventually, specialists may consider genetic factors and personal preferences to tailor meal plans for individuals, aiming to optimize health at every life stage. 



Combined with better access to wholesome foods in workplaces, schools, and local markets, this approach might support millions in aging with fewer setbacks and more comfort.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midlife-eating-for-healthy-aging">Midlife eating for healthy aging</h2>



Some experts suggest gradually replacing sugary drinks with water or tea, and picking whole grains over refined bread or pasta. 



Even small steps, such as cooking more meals at home and keeping an eye on salt content, can shift eating habits toward healthier patterns.



Others highlight the advantage of planning grocery lists around staples like leafy greens, nuts, and lean proteins to curb impulse buys that derail good intentions. A simple focus on minimally processed items appears to go a long way in creating a diet that supports healthy aging.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-025-03570-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Medicine</a>.



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Eating better in midlife helps you age with strength

Healthy eating has always been a hotly debated topic, but...

Population genetics can reveal surprising insights about the ancestry of any group, often challenging assumptions that have persisted for centuries. Japan is a prime example, with many believing its people descend from only two main lines of ancestry. 



New evidence now indicates that there may be a third strand woven into the country’s genetic heritage. Researchers are examining DNA clues and clinical data to piece together a bigger story, and the results are shaking up conventional wisdom on what it really means to be Japanese.



A paper published in the journal Science Advances presented findings that suggest a far more intricate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreating-the-face-of-dragon-man-harbin-skull-denisovans-an-ancient-human-cousin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic tapestry</a> is involved in the ultimate ancestry of people in Japan than previously thought. 



The project behind this discovery is led by experts who investigated thousands of samples to paint a detailed picture of ancestry. 



After sifting through these clues, RIKEN’s Chikashi Terao and colleagues propose that a third group, the so-called Emishi people, is part of this fascinating blend.



Terao, who headed the study at RIKEN's <a href="https://www.riken.jp/en/research/labs/ims/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Integrative Medical Sciences</a>, explains, “Our analysis revealed Japan's subpopulation structure on a fine scale, which is very beautifully classified according to geographical locations in the country.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fresh-perspective-on-japanese-ancestry">Fresh perspective on Japanese ancestry</h2>



Researchers used whole-genome sequencing to analyze genetic information from more than 3,200 people across seven regions of Japan. 



This approach zooms in on all three billion DNA base-pairs, offering a much more comprehensive view compared to previous methods. 



Terao says, “Whole-genome sequencing gives us the chance to look at more data, which helps us find more interesting things.”



By examining the data, the team pinpointed differences that track with older population groups. Traditional narratives described only two main ancestral lines: the Jomon and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-study-reveals-secrets-of-weedy-rice-invasion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rice-farming</a> migrants from east Asia. 



The latest results identify a third source in the mix - people with connections to northeast Asia known as the Emishi. 



One key aspect of this research is the focus on subtle markers that illuminate how these historical groups spread out across the islands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japan-s-ancestry-gets-clues-from-jewel">Japan's ancestry gets clues from JEWEL</h2>



The Japanese Encyclopedia of Whole-Genome/Exome Sequencing Library (JEWEL) combines genetic material with related medical and family information. 



The researchers gathered this data to explore health links and ancestry, creating a resource that also sheds light on how certain diseases appear in distinct areas. 



Terao remarks, “We reasoned that rare variants can sometimes be traced back to specific ancestral populations, and could be informative in revealing fine-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/timeline-early-humans-great-migration-reached-america-challenged-again/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration patterns</a> within Japan.”



According to the analysis, Jomon ancestry remains most prominent in Okinawa, appearing in 28.5% of the samples studied there, while it is lowest in western Japan at just 13.4%. 



Meanwhile, the study found that individuals in western regions have closer connections to Han Chinese people. 



The influx of migrants from east Asia between the year 250 and year 794 correlates with that finding. Emishi-related lineage appears strongest in the northeast, gradually dwindling as one moves westward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-variants-and-their-role">Rare variants and their role</h2>



The study did more than trace broad patterns of ancestry. It also drilled down into uncommon gene variations to discover their potential involvement in various conditions. 



One particular variant of a gene called PTPRD has the potential to be highly damaging because it could be linked with hypertension, kidney failure, and myocardial infarction, according to Xiaoxi Liu, a senior scientist in Terao’s lab and the first author of the research. 



Additionally, significant incidences of variants in the GJB2 and ABCC2 genes were documented, tying them to hearing loss and chronic liver disease.



These clues demonstrate the practical potential of such extensive DNA surveys. By mapping rare changes, the researchers gain a sharper understanding of health outcomes, which may eventually guide new approaches to diagnosis or treatment. 



The JEWEL database thus provides a framework for aligning genetic signals with real-world health profiles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-neanderthals-and-denisovans">Clues from Neanderthals and Denisovans</h2>



The project also examined segments inherited from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tinshemet-cave-more-evidence-neanderthals-and-early-humans-interacted-socially/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neanderthals</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-denisovan-species-humans-lived-undisturbed-tibetan-plateau-160000-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Denisovans</a>, two archaic human groups that intermixed with Homo sapiens millennia ago. 



Terao states, “We are interested in why ancient genomes are integrated and kept in modern human DNA sequences.” 



The team identified 44 ancient DNA regions present in Japanese people, many unique to East Asians. 



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/japanese_ancestry_introgressed-chart_credit-RIKEN_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/japanese_ancestry_introgressed-chart_credit-RIKEN_1s.webp" alt="Introgressed sequences from archaic Neanderthals or Denisovans in the Japanese population. Click to enlarge. Credit: RIKEN" class="wp-image-1963362"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Introgressed sequences from archaic Neanderthals or Denisovans in the Japanese population. Click to enlarge. Credit: RIKEN</figcaption></figure>



Among these was a Denisovan-derived segment within the NKX6-1 gene, which may influence how individuals respond to semaglutide, a drug used to treat type 2 diabetes.



They also located 11 Neanderthal-derived segments possibly tied to several conditions, including coronary artery disease, prostate cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. 



Researchers in other parts of the world have shown that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthal-genes-make-you-more-of-a-morning-person/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">archaic DNA</a> occasionally grants advantages in extreme environments or impacts susceptibility to illness. 



This new study adds fresh details to the ongoing search for connections between ancient genes and modern-day health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japan-ancestry-and-human-health">Japan, ancestry, and human health</h2>



Scientists point out that large-scale genetic investigations have mostly centered on European samples. Terao is keen to expand the reach of JEWEL by including more DNA profiles from Asia and beyond. 



This broader approach could highlight unique markers and conditions that are otherwise overlooked. “We’d like to connect population differences with differences in genetics,” he observes.



Population research of this magnitude promises to clarify how certain traits, disorders, and susceptibilities arise. 



It may also help fine-tune healthcare for specific communities by showing which variants are most influential. At the same time, it shows that no population is as uniform as once believed. 



The new evidence highlights how three ancestral groups contributed to the current mosaic in Japan, blending the histories of the Jomon, east Asian migrants, and the Emishi people into a more complete picture of Japan’s past.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adi8419" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Who are the Japanese people? DNA study results upend previous beliefs

Population genetics can reveal surprising insights about the ancestry of...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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