Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural economics to look not just at what people buy, but why they buy it, how often, and what those habits reveal about the modern consumer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-move-beyond-florists">Flowers move beyond florists</h2>



Drawing on a nationally representative survey of more than 8,500 people, the team found remarkable variety rather than a single archetype. Using marketing-style cluster analysis, they identified 13 distinct kinds of flower buyers.



Some are the classic date-night crowd: heavy on roses, big on Valentine’s Day. Others show up once a year for anniversaries and otherwise keep their wallets shut. 



A growing slice is buying flowers solely for themselves - home-use-only shoppers who treat stems like candles or throw pillows, a mood boost for the living room. And then there’s the “everything” group: people who purchase for all kinds of occasions and tend to spend the most overall.



Ask people what flowers mean and the responses span the spectrum. Word clouds from open-ended answers lit up with “beauty” and “smell,” but also “expensive” and “waste.”



Even so, buyers describe tangible upsides. Those who’d purchased flowers in the past year were more likely to report feeling better at home and at work - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-and-self-guided-nature-program-quickly-improves-mood-and-reduces-stress/">improved mood</a>, less stress, higher morale. The effect was strongest among recent purchasers.



As agricultural economist Ben Campbell put it, “there’s a perceived benefit of buying flowers - whether it’s real or not. People feel they’re getting something valuable from the experience.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-changed-how-we-buy-flowers">Covid changed how we buy flowers</h2>



Behind the scenes, the cut-flower supply chain is both global and intricate. Imports - especially roses from Colombia - still dominate U.S. shelves. But the domestic picture has shifted in surprising ways.



When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-lockdowns-weakened-our-immune-systems/">COVID-19</a> hit, weddings and funerals vanished overnight. Growers plowed under fields. Florists closed their doors. And then, stuck at home, people started buying flowers anyway - to brighten kitchen tables and Zoom backgrounds, to mark time when weeks blurred together. Grocery stores and even convenience stores leaned into the demand.



“It became almost like therapy,” said Julie Campbell, the study’s lead author and a horticulture professor. “The habit stuck around.”



That collective turn inward sparked new growth outdoors. From 2017 to 2022, open-field flower acreage in the U.S. more than doubled. Much of that expansion came from small and mid-sized farms growing stems that don’t ship well - zinnias, dahlias, snapdragons - varieties that explode with color but wilt on long-haul flights. 



Rather than compete with mass-produced roses from the Andes, these growers staked out a complementary niche: seasonal, local, and often more diverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-farms-find-their-niche">Local farms find their niche</h2>



Today’s bouquets are often a collage of origins. One sleeve might hold Ecuadorian roses, California ranunculus, and Georgia-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-wildflowers-may-be-harming-bees/">wildflowers</a>, all in the same mix.



Consumers seem comfortable with that blend, and many are learning to read seasonality the way they do with produce: peonies in late spring, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/">sunflowers</a> in midsummer, chrysanthemums in fall.



For domestic growers, that seasonality is an advantage. It allows them to sell what travels poorly and tell a fresher story - field to vase instead of farm to table. For retailers, it’s an opportunity to meet shoppers where they already are.



The UGA study suggests that people inclined to toss a bouquet in the cart also value other small home upgrades. In other words, flowers are converging with the broader “home as haven” mindset that accelerated during the pandemic and never really retreated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-are-no-longer-just-gifts">Flowers are no longer just gifts</h2>



If there’s one throughline in the data, it’s diversity of intent. Flowers are still gifts, of course, but self-purchase is no longer niche. 



The “everything” buyers - those who grab stems for birthdays, apologies, Tuesdays, and everything in between - anchor the market, yet the once-a-year romantics and the treat-yourself crowd matter too.



That mix is why bouquets now show up in so many retail formats. A pharmacy endcap might catch the anniversary buyer; a grocery display might tempt the self-care shopper who wants tulips with their tomatoes.



It also helps explain the emotional payoffs respondents described. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-quality-is-a-critical-driver-of-bee-abundance/">Fresh flowers</a> are a fast, visible change in a room and an affordable luxury compared to furniture or renovations. That hit of beauty, scent, and novelty can feel outsize relative to the spend, which reinforces repeat purchases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-industry-goes-next"><a></a>Where the industry goes next</h2>



Policy and logistics will continue to shape the landscape - trade agreements, air freight costs, and climate impacts all ripple into what appears in the bucket by the checkout. But the UGA team’s work points to a few practical implications now.



Retailers can segment more intelligently, tailoring assortments and messaging to different buyer types rather than assuming a single use case. 



Growers can lean into their strengths - distinctive, local, and seasonal - without trying to displace imports that excel at year-round volume. And marketers can speak to well-being without overpromising: flowers won’t solve life’s problems, but they routinely make spaces feel better, and people notice.



Perhaps the biggest takeaway is the simplest: Americans are still buying flowers - and not just to hand to someone else.



Whether it’s a dozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-delicate-roses-have-such-harsh-prickles/">roses</a> flown in from Colombia or a handful of dahlias clipped from a nearby farm, fresh stems have become an everyday indulgence. They sit by the sink, brighten a desk, bookend the produce aisle, and remind us, in small ways, why bringing a bit of the outside in still resonates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/horttech/35/3/article-p286.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HortTechnology</a>.



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Why more people are buying flowers for everyday therapy

Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast. Researchers at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural...

Fresh,Green,Corn,Plants,With,Roots

In the vast kingdom of plants, roots serve as the vital "mouths" through which they absorb water and nutrients, anchor themselves, grow, and thrive in the face of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental challenges</a>. 



Yet, the intricate mechanisms behind plant root growth have long remained a mystery. Now, an important study has solved this puzzle, revealing a surprising connection between plant root growth and a biological process familiar to those who practice fasting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autophagy-is-the-hero-of-plant-root-growth">Autophagy is the hero of plant root growth</h2>



Researchers from the University of Copenhagen's <a href="https://www1.bio.ku.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Biology</a>, led by Assistant Professor Eleazar Rodriguez, have discovered that a beneficial clean-up mechanism called autophagy plays a crucial role in the growth and strength of plant roots. 



Autophagy, which is also present in humans and has gained popularity as part of a health trend, helps cells dispose of various waste products during periods without food.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-triggers-remarkable-changes-throughout-the-body/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fasting</a> has become popular as it seems to have a range of health-promoting effects in humans, as periods without food cause the body to activate a clean-up processes to dispose of various waste products in cells," explains Assistant Professor Eleazar Rodriguez.



"In our study, we have proven that the same mechanism, which also exists in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-pass-down-memories-to-help-offspring-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant kingdom</a>, plays a vital role in the ability of plant roots to grow and absorb water and nutrients for the rest of the plant," Rodriguez continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-autophagy">Understanding autophagy</h2>



The process of autophagy acts as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fasting-and-feeding-cycle-is-crucial-for-healthy-aging/">cellular recycling</a> system, breaking down and repurposing old, damaged, or unnecessary components within the cell. 



By doing so, autophagy maintains <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cellular health</a>, promotes survival during stress, and plays a crucial role in various physiological processes.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Three types of autophagy</h3>



Cells carry out autophagy through three main pathways:



<ol>
<li>Macroautophagy: This is the most well-known form of autophagy, often referred to simply as "autophagy." In this process, a double-membraned vesicle called an autophagosome engulfs cellular components and fuses with a lysosome, where the contents are degraded.</li>



<li>Microautophagy: In this process, the lysosome directly engulfs small portions of the cytoplasm, including proteins and organelles, through invaginations in its membrane.</li>



<li>Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA): This highly selective process targets specific proteins that contain a particular amino acid sequence. These proteins are recognized by chaperone proteins and directly transported into the lysosome for degradation.</li>
</ol>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Benefits of autophagy</h3>



Autophagy provides numerous benefits to cells and organisms:



<ul>
<li>Cellular clean-up: By removing damaged or dysfunctional components, autophagy helps maintain cellular health and prevents the accumulation of toxic substances that can lead to disease.</li>



<li>Nutrient recycling: During periods of starvation or stress, autophagy breaks down cellular components to generate energy and building blocks for essential processes.</li>



<li>Immune defense: Autophagy plays a role in defending cells against invading pathogens, such as bacteria and viruses, by targeting them for degradation.</li>



<li>Longevity: Increased autophagy has been linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-may-be-the-secret-to-slowing-down-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">increased lifespan</a> in various organisms, from yeast to mammals, likely due to its role in maintaining cellular health and preventing age-related diseases.</li>
</ul>



As research continues to uncover the complex mechanisms and far-reaching implications of autophagy, it becomes increasingly clear that this cellular self-cleaning process plays a vital role in maintaining health and preventing disease across various living organisms, from plants to humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-root-growth-has-a-heartbeat">Root growth has a heartbeat</h2>



It is well-known that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-change-their-roots-to-survive-harsh-conditions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">auxin</a>, a plant hormone, controls plant growth, including root growth. Auxin acts as a fuel for a kind of heartbeat that pulsates in each root tip of a plant. 



Every four to six hours, auxin levels and the heartbeat in a plant's roots reach a maximum, triggering the growth of new roots.



"The movement of a root is almost like watching a snake slithering forward in search of water and nourishment in the soil. And we can see that the heartbeat is strongest every time the root meanders forth," says Eleazar Rodriguez.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-autophagy-in-plant-root-growth">Role of autophagy in plant root growth</h2>



To understand the significance of autophagy in root growth, the researchers disabled the clean-up mechanism in their experiments. The results were striking.



"In our experiments, we disabled the clean-up mechanism to understand its significance. Imagine if every garbage collector in Copenhagen went on strike –- it wouldn't be long before trash filled the streets," notes Rodriguez.



The scientists observed the exact same thing happening in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-and-temperature-collaborate-to-boost-plant-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant cells</a>, as the heartbeats that drive root growth became much weaker and went out of sync.



This allowed the researchers to conclude that autophagy helps maintain the perfect balance of different biochemical components, enabling the most efficient root growth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-climate-change">Implications for climate change</h2>



The new knowledge about plant roots could have significant implications in the fight against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-a-way-of-telling-us-what-climate-they-can-survive-in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. As extended periods of drought and floods become more common, food security is increasingly threatened. Crops with roots that can grow even in these harsh conditions are crucial.



"Numerous methods to change the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-plants-fight-climate-change-with-a-genetic-weapon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genetic characteristics</a> of plants are available today. These can be used to get plants to develop longer roots, faster, and in doing so, become more resistant to droughts or floods," explains Ph.D. student Jeppe Ansbøl, a co-author of the study.



"One of the methods enlists the help of bacteria that live in symbiosis with the plant and can cause the plant to change its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-sleap-creating-new-plants-that-help-fight-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">growth pattern</a>. Several companies in Denmark are working on this right now," noted Ansbøl.



The researchers believe that this new knowledge applies to all flowering plants and potentially more. In principle, crops like tomatoes, potatoes, rice, wheat, and corn could be altered to grow more and denser roots, thanks to this newfound understanding of how plants get their roots to grow.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-plant-root-growth-autophagy-discovery">Impact of plant root growth autophagy discovery</h2>



The discovery of the role of autophagy in plant root growth represents a significant step forward in our understanding of plants. 



"The more roots the plants have the more water and nutrients they can take, so the plants grow better faster. We're heavily dependent on plants because they feed us, extract CO2 from the atmosphere and produce the oxygen we breathe. As such, it is extremely important to understand them fully, to which end we have just taken a big step forward," concluded Rodriguez.



In summary, by harnessing this new knowledge and applying innovative techniques, such as genetic modification and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterial symbiosis</a>, we can develop plants with more extensive and efficient root systems, better equipped to absorb water and nutrients in challenging environmental conditions. 



As we continue to unravel the mysteries of plant biology, we move closer to ensuring food security and sustainability in an ever-changing world, reminding us of the vital importance of understanding the complex mechanisms that sustain life on our planet.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.embopress.org/doi/full/10.1038/s44319-024-00142-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EMBO Reports</a>.



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Scientists learn what makes plants grow strong roots in new study

In the vast kingdom of plants, roots serve as the...

Vegan,Leather,Shoes,From,Mushroom,Mycelium,And,Samples,Of,Vegan

The fashion world is buzzing about a new material that's changing the game: mushroom leather. Made from mycelium, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eco-friendly-vegan-leather-could-transform-the-fashion-industry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">innovative textile</a> is taking the industry by storm, offering a sustainable and stylish alternative to traditional leather. 



But it's not just about looking good -- this fungal fashion movement is about embracing a more eco-conscious and cruelty-free approach to clothing production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-mycelium">Understanding mycelium</h2>



What makes mushroom leather so remarkable? It all starts with mycelium, the thread-like, dense cellular structure that forms the vegetative <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/understanding-fungi-characteristics-and-function/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">part of a fungus</a>. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mycocrete-new-material-made-of-fungi-hopes-to-replace-concrete-in-construction-projects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> consists of a network of fine white filaments called hyphae. These hyphae can penetrate various substrates, including soil, wood, and organic matter. It is the main growth structure of fungi, playing a crucial role in nutrient absorption and decomposition. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-function-and-ecological-role">Function and ecological role</h3>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-engage-in-more-conversations-after-rainfall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> serves as the primary mode of nutrient absorption for fungi. It breaks down complex organic materials into simpler compounds that the fungus can absorb and utilize. 



It also plays a vital role in ecosystems as a decomposer, breaking down dead organic matter and recycling nutrients back into the soil. This process is essential for soil health and plant growth.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-symbiosis-and-applications">Symbiosis and applications</h3>



Some fungi form symbiotic relationships with plants through mycelium. One example is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-distribute-enormous-amounts-of-co2-to-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mycorrhizal fungi</a>, which form mutualistic associations with plant roots, enhancing the plant's nutrient uptake while receiving carbohydrates in return.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/a-beginners-guide-to-mycology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mycelium</a> has various applications, including in agriculture (as a natural fertilizer), medicine (antibiotics and other drugs), environmental cleanup (bioremediation), and now textiles (mushroom leather). It is also being explored for use in sustainable materials, such as biodegradable packaging and building materials.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-as-the-backbone-of-mushroom-leather">Mycelium as the backbone of mushroom leather</h2>



Scientists and designers have discovered that this humble organism can be harnessed to create a material that closely resembles <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fast-fashion-carbon-footprint/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional</a> leather in texture, durability, and versatility.



Unlike animal leather, which requires intensive processing and generates harmful waste products, mycelium leather is cultivated through a natural process. 



By growing mycelium on agricultural waste or other organic matter, it can grow into sheets that can be tanned, dyed, and transformed into a variety of fashion products.



"As our world searches for sustainable alternatives to traditional materials, there has been growing interest in using living organisms to produce biodegradable material substitutes with low environmental impact -- such as mycelium leather, which is an eco-friendly leather alternative," explains lead author of the study Assia Crawford, of the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado</a> in the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-impact-of-traditional-leather">Environmental impact of traditional leather</h2>



Traditional leather production significantly harms the environment. Raising livestock for leather involves deforestation, water pollution, and substantial greenhouse gas emissions. The process also requires large amounts of water and land, contributing to further environmental degradation. 



Synthetic leather alternatives, derived from petroleum-based products, are not without issues. These alternatives involve extracting fossil fuels, which has its own set of environmental costs, including pollution and long-term degradation.



In contrast, mycelium leather presents a much more sustainable option. It does not need large tracts of land, reducing the pressure on natural habitats and forests. 



Mycelium leather production also requires less water, addressing one of the significant issues associated with traditional leather. The energy required to produce mycelium leather is lower, making the process more efficient and less harmful. 



Moreover, the production process of mycelium leather generates fewer harmful byproducts, contributing to a cleaner, more sustainable manufacturing method. This makes mycelium leather a promising alternative that can help reduce the environmental impact of the fashion industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-mycelium-leather">Evolution of mycelium leather</h2>



The development of mycelium leather has been a journey of innovation and experimentation.&nbsp;Researchers have been exploring different cultivation methods,&nbsp;refining the texture and quality of the material,&nbsp;and experimenting with various applications in fashion and design.



Early pioneers in this field focused on growing mycelium on solid substrates like agricultural waste.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;newer techniques have emerged,&nbsp;such as submerged fermentation,&nbsp;which allows for greater control over the growth process and produces a more uniform material.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-fashion-is-fungal">Future of fashion is fungal</h2>



The possibilities for the new leather are endless.&nbsp;From high-end luxury brands to sustainable startups,&nbsp;designers are embracing this versatile material to create a wide range of products.&nbsp;We're seeing mycelium leather used in everything from shoes and handbags to jackets and upholstery.



But the impact of mycelium leather extends beyond the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-fast-fashion-jeans-bad-for-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fashion</a> industry.&nbsp;Its potential applications span various sectors, including automotive interiors,&nbsp;furniture,&nbsp;and even construction materials.&nbsp;This versatile and sustainable material could pave the way for a more eco-conscious future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mycelium-leather-challenges-and-opportunities">Mycelium leather challenges and opportunities</h2>



While the future of mycelium leather looks bright,&nbsp;there are still challenges to overcome.&nbsp;Scaling up production to meet growing demand remains a key hurdle.&nbsp;Additionally,&nbsp;ensuring consistency in quality and texture across different batches of mycelium leather is an ongoing challenge.



However,&nbsp;as research and development continue,&nbsp;these challenges are being addressed.&nbsp;New technologies and techniques are emerging to streamline production and improve the overall quality of mycelium leather.



As consumers become more aware of the environmental and ethical impact of their fashion choices,&nbsp;the demand for sustainable and cruelty-free alternatives is on the rise.&nbsp;The newly developed leather from fungus offers a compelling solution,&nbsp;combining style and sustainability in a way that benefits both the planet and its inhabitants.



So,&nbsp;the next time you're updating your wardrobe,&nbsp;consider opting for a mycelium leather accessory or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fragrance-releasing-fabric-gym-clothes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garment</a>.&nbsp;By supporting this innovative and eco-friendly material,&nbsp;you're not just making a fashion statement – you're contributing to a more sustainable and compassionate future.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/research-directions-biotechnology-design/article/growing-mycelium-leather-a-paste-substrate-approach-with-posttreatments/8B0BAD4C1481BDE26583408B4FAA9D13" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Research Directions: Biotechnology Design</a>.



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'Mushroom leather' is quickly becoming the latest eco-friendly fashion trend

The fashion world is buzzing about a new material that's...

Grasslands often fly under the radar when it comes to public awareness of their ecosystem services. While forests are well-known for their timber production, water regulation, climate impact, and recreational value, grasslands are rarely mentioned in the same breath. 



However, these unassuming landscapes play a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-play-a-major-role-in-mitigating-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crucial role</a> in our food supply and offer a wide range of benefits that are essential for human well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revealing-the-secrets-of-grassland-ecosystem-services">Revealing the secrets of grassland ecosystem services</h2>



Valentin Klaus, a senior scientist at ETH Zurich's Institute of Agricultural Sciences (<a href="https://www.ias.ethz.ch/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IAS</a>), and his colleagues from Agroscope recently published a study in Nature Communications that highlights the diverse <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-grasslands-take-a-long-time-to-recover/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem services</a> provided by grasslands. 



The researchers examined 90 permanent grassland areas on over 30 farms in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland, to understand how different farming practices influence these services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-provisioning-regulating-and-cultural-services">Provisioning, regulating, and cultural services</h2>



Grasslands are not just vast expanses of green. They serve as important carbon stores, helping to mitigate climate change. They also provide a haven for biodiversity, supporting a wide range of plant and animal species. 



Additionally, grasslands protect against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-can-be-managed-to-benefit-biodiversity-and-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil erosion</a> and offer cultural services, such as an attractive landscape with grazing animals that delights hikers and tourists.



The researchers considered three main grassland farming practices in their study: fertilization (use of fertilizer or unfertilized extensive grassland), type of use (meadow or pasture), and farming system (conventional IP Suisse or organic). 



They analyzed the soils and plant communities of all the grasslands involved and split their analysis into three groups: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/elephants-thrived-on-early-african-grasslands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">provisioning services</a>, regulating services, and cultural services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unlocking-grassland-ecosystem-potential-through-farming">Unlocking grassland ecosystem potential through farming</h2>



The study revealed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services. However, there is no one-size-fits-all approach that delivers all ecosystem services simultaneously.



"We've observed that farming practices have a significant effect on many ecosystem services," says Valentin Klaus. "However, there's no one 'Swiss army knife' of farming practice that delivers all ecosystem services."



Extensive farming without fertilizer, such as semi-natural pastures and meadows, greatly <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activities-grassland-plant-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhances biodiversity</a>, soil protection, and landscape aesthetics. However, it significantly reduces the quantity and quality of feed production for farmers.



"This trade-off between feed production and cultural or regulating services is well known. However, we were able to clearly show that extensive grassland farming produces not only biodiversity benefits but also many societally relevant ecosystem services," Klaus explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pastures-vs-meadows-debate-continues">Pastures vs. meadows debate continues</h2>



The researchers found a pronounced effect on ecosystem services depending on whether grassland was used as pasture or meadow. 



Pastures are richer in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drier-savannas-store-more-soil-carbon-than-previously-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant species</a>, have a higher quality of animal feed, and are aesthetically pleasing due to the presence of livestock. 



On the other hand, meadows produce a higher amount of animal feed, which is important to farmers. Additionally, the plant communities in meadows, particularly unfertilized ones, are more visually appealing due to the abundance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-meadow-full-of-flowers-benefit-mankind/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowering herbs</a>.



Klaus attributes these differences to the frequent mowing of meadows, which favors certain plant species while suppressing others. 



Meadows are also fertilized more intensively on average than pastures, which has an additional impact on many <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grassland-ecosystem-stability-is-driven-by-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecosystem services</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organic-farming-provides-a-surprising-twist">Organic farming provides a surprising twist</h2>



Surprisingly, organic farming had only a slight positive effect on the grassland's ecosystem services. 



Although the researchers found more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/symbiotic-relationship-plant-roots-underground-mycorrhizal-fungi/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">symbiotic fungi</a> and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in organically farmed areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performed roughly equally well in terms of all ecosystem services.



"Although we found more symbiotic fungi and a lower risk of nitrogen leaching in such areas, conventionally and organically farmed grassland performs roughly equally well in terms of all ecosystem services," Klaus says.



Klaus assumes that the reason for this weak effect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-of-organic-farming-wildlife-may-struggle-through-the-transition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">organic farming</a> is due to the high similarity in how conventionally and organically farmed grassland is managed. Both can be relatively intensively used with ample fertilizer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mosaic-of-farming-practices-needed">Mosaic of farming practices needed</h2>



The study highlights that no one type of grassland management provides all ecosystem services simultaneously. To promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes effectively, a mosaic of different <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cattle-farming-expansion-could-expose-more-than-a-billion-cows-to-heat-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming practices</a> is necessary.



"To specifically increase and promote grassland ecosystem services in our landscapes, we need a mosaic of the farming practices mentioned; in other words, a combination of areas with and without fertilization as well as meadows and pastures next to each other," Klaus explains. 



He notes that there is no one ideal type of grassland, so weighing the pros and cons is important, saying, "We have to ask ourselves: Who's benefiting the most from what kind of management and in what location?"



If a meadow is used mainly to produce feed, biodiversity and other important services suffer. In extensive unfertilized meadows, farmers must reckon with considerable production losses. 



"If we want to sustain and facilitate the provision of all ecosystem services, we need a combination of different grassland types at the farm and landscape level," Klaus emphasizes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maximizing-grassland-ecosystems-benefits">Maximizing grassland ecosystems benefits</h2>



The researchers plan to use these findings to support farmers, land cooperatives, and cantonal authorities. The study helps to balance the various demands and interests and to achieve a high level of ecosystem service multifunctionality at the landscape level.



In summary, this important study unveils the hidden benefits of grasslands and emphasizes the importance of diverse farming practices in promoting ecosystem services. The findings challenge our perception of grasslands and highlight the need for a mosaic approach to grassland management. 



By combining different farming practices, such as fertilization, use, and farming systems, we can unlock the full potential of grasslands and ensure the provision of essential ecosystem services. 



The study serves as a valuable tool for farmers, land cooperatives, and decision-makers, empowering them to make informed choices that balance the various demands and interests while promoting sustainable grassland management. 



As we move forward, it is crucial to recognize the unsung heroes of our landscapes -- grasslands -- and work towards preserving and enhancing these valuable ecosystems for the benefit of both humans and the environment.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48049-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Grasslands are a critical component of global agriculture and ecosystems

Grasslands often fly under the radar when it comes to...

The debate over the best diet for our beloved dogs has been raging for years,&nbsp;with raw food enthusiasts,&nbsp;kibble connoisseurs,&nbsp;and now,&nbsp;vegan proponents,&nbsp;all vying for the title of "healthiest" diet.&nbsp;



A 2022 study made headlines claiming that a vegan diet was the healthiest and least hazardous choice for dogs,&nbsp;but a new analysis from the <a href="https://www.liverpool.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Liverpool</a> challenges those findings.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vegan-dog-diet-study">Vegan dog diet study</h2>



The 2022 study, which garnered significant attention, relied on an online survey of dog owners who were asked about their dogs' diets, veterinary care, and overall health. The study's results suggested that dogs fed either a raw meat or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-for-dogs-given-the-thumbs-up-by-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diet</a> seemed to be healthier than those fed a conventional diet.



However, it's important to examine the methodology and potential limitations of any scientific study. The study's reliance on owner perceptions and its observational design raised questions about the validity of its conclusions. 



Owner-reported data can be subjective and may not accurately reflect the actual health of the dogs. Additionally, an observational study design can show correlations but cannot prove cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, the findings must be interpreted with caution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reanalysis-of-vegan-dog-diet">Reanalysis of vegan dog diet</h2>



Researchers at the University of Liverpool decided to take a closer look at the data from the original study. They reanalyzed the data using different statistical techniques, focusing on one key outcome: owner opinions of dog health.



"On first reading this paper in 2022, it was evident that the study exclusively relied upon owner survey data and had an observational design, meaning that the associations between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-with-vegan-diets-may-have-better-health-outcomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> type and dog health could only suggest a possible correlation and not causality," explained Professor Alex German, an animal medicine expert.



The Liverpool team's analysis revealed that the dog's age was the most significant factor influencing owner perceptions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/which-thanksgiving-leftovers-are-safe-to-give-your-dog/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dog</a> health. Other important variables included owner age, owner education, and breed size. These factors strongly impacted how owners viewed their dogs' health. 



Veterinary care variables also played a role but had less influence compared to the dog's age and the other mentioned factors. The analysis found minimal association between feeding a vegan diet and owner opinions of health. This means that whether a dog was fed a vegan diet or not had little effect on how owners perceived their dogs' health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



"Crucially, we cannot draw a firm conclusion as to what diet type is actually best for dogs; this was never possible given the nature of the original dataset and study design. However, we can conclude that variables other than dog diet are more strongly associated with owner opinions about the health of their dog," noted Professor Richard Barrett-Jolley, an expert in neuropharmacology.



So, where does this leave dog owners who are considering a vegan diet for their furry friends? It's important to remember that the new analysis doesn't definitively prove or disprove the benefits of a vegan diet for <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/can-dogs-eat-bananas-and-other-fruits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs</a>. Instead, it highlights the need for more rigorous research to determine the true impact of diet on canine health.



Dog owners should consider that the current evidence does not strongly support the health benefits of vegan diets for dogs. This means more comprehensive studies are necessary to understand how different diets affect dogs. Until then, it's best for owners to consult with veterinarians and rely on established dietary guidelines to ensure their dogs' health and well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-veterinary-guidance">Role of veterinary guidance</h2>



If you're considering switching your dog to a vegan diet, consult your veterinarian. They can help you assess your dog's individual needs and ensure that any dietary changes are made safely and gradually. Under veterinary supervision, a well-formulated vegan diet can provide all the necessary nutrients for a dog to thrive.



The debate over the best diet for dogs continues. One thing is clear: more research is needed. Scientists must study the long-term effects of different diets on canine health. 



Only with comprehensive research can we understand the true impact of various diets on dogs. The reanalysis of the 2022 study serves as a reminder that scientific findings are not always definitive. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0280173" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Vegan diets may not be best for dogs, after all

The debate over the best diet for our beloved dogs...

Vegetable,Saute,Or,Caponata,,Or,Pisto,With,Eggplant,,Peppers,,Tomatoes

In recent years, plant-based diets have garnered attention for their potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/physicians-need-to-know-the-benefits-of-plant-based-diets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health benefits</a>. Extensive research spanning two decades now suggests that vegetarian and vegan lifestyles could be linked to improved cardiovascular health and a lower risk of various diseases, including cancer. 



The research, which involved a comprehensive review of 49 studies published between 2000 and 2023, offers new insights into how diet influences long-term health outcomes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-benefits-of-plant-based-diets">Health benefits of plant-based diets</h2>



The "umbrella" review conducted by the researchers allowed them to extract and synthesize data from multiple sources, focusing on how plant-based <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diets-are-proven-better-for-human-and-environmental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diets</a> affect the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. 



The findings reveal a strong statistical relationship between vegetarian and vegan diets and better management of several risk factors, including blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and body mass index (BMI). 



Notably, plant-based diets are linked with a reduced risk of ischemic heart disease, as well as gastrointestinal and prostate cancers.



However, it's not all definitive wins. The research pointed out that among pregnant women, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegetarian-diet-boston/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetarian</a> diets did not significantly alter the risk of gestational diabetes and hypertension when compared to non-plant-based diets. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-debate-continues">The debate continues</h2>



Despite these promising findings, the researchers caution against a wholesale endorsement of plant-based diets for everyone. 



The variation in results across studies - due to differences in diet specifics, participant demographics, and study durations - suggests that the overall benefits of plant-based diets need clearer definition. 



Additionally, some vegetarian or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vegan-diet-improves-heart-health-in-a-matter-of-weeks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegan diets</a> might lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins and minerals, indicating potential drawbacks that must be considered.



Study lead author Angelo Capodici from the <a href="https://www.unibo.it/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bologna</a> and his colleagues emphasize the need for further research to solidify their findings and address the gaps in our understanding of plant-based diets. 



"Our study evaluates the different impacts of animal-free diets for cardiovascular health and cancer risk, showing how a vegetarian diet can be beneficial to human health and be one of the effective preventive strategies for the two most impactful chronic diseases on human health in the 21st century," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study </h2>



“Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and cancer currently represent the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Studies performed on large cohorts worldwide have identified several modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Among them, robust evidence supports diet as a major modifiable risk factor," explained the study authors. 



“A suboptimal diet, marked by insufficient consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, and whole grains, coupled with an excessive intake of meat (particularly red and processed), salt, refined grains and sugar, has been shown to notably elevate both mortality rates and disability-adjusted life years. Over time, these dietary choices have led to a concerning increase in health-related issues.”



“Additionally, the reduction of products of animal origin in favor of vegetarian ones has been suggested to reduce CVD and cancer risk.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The future of dietary guidance</h2>



The analysis paints a generally positive picture of plant-based diets, associating them with significant health advantages. However, the complexities and variations found in the studies call for a more nuanced approach to dietary recommendations. 



"By utilizing an umbrella review, the research enables the synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses, providing a higher level of evidence and summarizing a vast quantity of information," wrote the study authors. 



"Furthermore, its alignment with current health concerns, specifically targeting cardiovascular diseases and cancer, makes the study highly relevant to ongoing public health challenges and positions it as a valuable resource for informing preventive measures and dietary guidelines."



As we continue to explore the connections between diet and health, it becomes increasingly clear that what works for one may not work for all. 



Future studies are needed to build on these findings and help tailor dietary guidelines that can be broadly recommended, ensuring that they are beneficial without unintended health consequences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-based-diets">More about plant-based diets</h2>



A plant-based diet focuses primarily on foods derived from plants. This includes not only fruits and vegetables, but also nuts, seeds, oils, whole grains, legumes, and beans. 



Plant-based diets are not only beneficial to human health by lowering the risk of serious diseases, but are also more environmentally sustainable than diets rich in animal products because they use fewer natural resources and are associated with much less environmental damage. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0300711" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLoS ONE</a>.



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Plant-based diets lower the risk of most major diseases

In recent years, plant-based diets have garnered attention for their...

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the forest" or the "tree of life," captures the fascination of many with its imposing presence and unique features. 



Despite its cultural and ecological significance, the evolutionary origins of the baobab tree have remained largely enigmatic, wrapped in a veil of mystery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-madagascar-as-the-cradle-of-baobabs">Madagascar as the cradle of baobabs</h2>



A new study led by the Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, based at the <a href="http://english.wbg.cas.cn/">Wuhan Botanical Garden</a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has shed light on these magnificent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-highlights-the-value-of-old-large-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a>. 



The comprehensive study, which utilized advanced genomic and ecological analyses, pinpoints Madagascar as the ancestral home of the baobab from which all existing species have dispersed.



The research was based on high-quality genomic data from all eight currently existing baobab species. The findings suggest that the baobabs first appeared in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/madagascar-extinctions-linked-to-human-expansion-1000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Madagascar</a> and subsequently spread across Africa and Australia. 



The study reveals how various factors like environmental changes, animal pollinators, and fluctuations in local sea levels have tailored each species to thrive in its specific environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-genomes">Insights from the genomes</h2>



The genetic clues indicate that all baobabs likely share a common origin in Madagascar. Intriguingly, six out of the eight known species are exclusively found on this island, hinting at a deep-rooted history intertwined with the geological and ecological dynamics of Madagascar. 



"What we see about baobabs in Madagascar today was greatly influenced by both interspecific competition and the geological history of the island, especially changes in local sea levels," said Dr. WAN Junnan, the lead researcher of the study.



Understanding how these environmental factors influence the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Malagasy baobab</a> provides insights that could help predict how baobabs in other regions might respond to similar challenges. 



Historical data on global mean sea levels (GMSL) over the past 10 million years suggest that baobab trees were more likely to spread and expand during periods of lower sea levels. 



This pattern could be disrupted by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-coastal-salt-marshes-are-keeping-pace-with-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising sea levels</a> associated with ongoing climate change, potentially impacting the future expansion and survival of baobab populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-challenges-for-baobab-trees">Conservation challenges for baobab trees</h2>



The unique ecological niches that baobabs inhabit, combined with their limited opportunities for expansion, present a complex conservation challenge. 



The loss of habitat for the trees and their crucial pollinators, such as fruit bats and hawkmoths, further threatens these iconic species. As a result, researchers are calling for a reevaluation of the conservation status of some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">baobab</a> species.



There are ongoing proposals to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species to update the classification of certain baobabs from endangered to critically endangered. This status would better reflect the severe declines some populations have faced.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about baobab trees</h2>



Baobab <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/baobab-trees-dying-off/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trees</a> are among the most iconic and resilient flora native to the arid regions of Madagascar, Africa, and Australia. Known for their enormous trunk girth, baobabs store large quantities of water to endure harsh drought conditions. 



These trees are often called "upside down trees" due to the root-like appearance of their gnarled branches. Baobabs can live for thousands of years, which makes them historical landmarks in their respective landscapes.



Their fruit, known as baobab fruit, is rich in vitamin C, antioxidants, and other nutrients, making it a valuable food source in arid regions. The fruit has a velvety shell and is about the size of a coconut, containing a dry, nutritious pulp that tastes somewhat like a blend of grapefruit, pear, and vanilla.



The baobab also plays a crucial role in the ecosystem as a habitat and food source for various birds and animals, including some endangered species. In addition to its ecological roles, the baobab tree has significant cultural importance and appears in many local myths and legends as a symbol of life and resilience.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07447-4">Nature</a>.



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Mysterious origin of baobab trees has finally been revealed

The baobab tree, often celebrated as the "mother of the...

If you enjoy the vibrant colors of wildflowers,&nbsp;the sweet taste of honey,&nbsp;or the juicy crunch of an apple,&nbsp;you have pollinators to thank.&nbsp;These creatures,&nbsp;including bees,&nbsp;butterflies,&nbsp;wasps,&nbsp;and even some birds and bats, play a crucial role in our ecosystem and food production.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;these vital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-twist-in-the-evolution-of-plant-pollinator-relationships/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> are facing an unprecedented crisis due to climate change.&nbsp;



Their populations are declining worldwide at an alarming rate. A new study,&nbsp;led by Dr.&nbsp;Johanne Brunet and Dr.&nbsp;Fabiana Fragoso,&nbsp;paints a grim picture of the multiple stressors impacting pollinators,&nbsp;many of which are a direct result of human activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-impact-on-pollinators">Climate change impact on pollinators</h2>



"This review introduces the diversity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saving-pollinators-wild-bees-boosts-food-supply-income/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>,&nbsp;addresses the main drivers of pollinator decline,&nbsp;and presents strategies to reduce their negative impacts," said Dr.&nbsp;Brunet.&nbsp;



"We discuss how managed bees negatively affect wild bee species,&nbsp;and examine the impact of habitat loss,&nbsp;pesticide use,&nbsp;pests and pathogens,&nbsp;pollution,&nbsp;and climate change on pollinator decline.&nbsp;Connections between humans and pollinator decline are also addressed."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-loss-to-food-insecurity">Biodiversity loss to food insecurity</h2>



The decline of pollinators has far-reaching consequences. It not only threatens biodiversity but also jeopardizes crop yields and food security. 



According to the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (<a href="https://www.ipbes.net" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPBES</a>), a staggering 16% of vertebrate pollinators, such as birds and bats, and 40% of invertebrate pollinators, including bees and butterflies, are at risk of extinction. 



This alarming decline could lead to a significant reduction in the availability and variety of food sources, particularly fruits and vegetables that rely on pollination for reproduction.



Without these pollinators, plants would struggle to produce the seeds and fruits necessary for their survival and propagation. This decline would not only diminish our diets but also disrupt entire ecosystems that depend on these plants. The loss of pollinators could cause a ripple effect, impacting other species and leading to a less diverse and resilient environment.



"In the absence of pollinators,&nbsp;the human diet will shift towards a preponderance of wheat,&nbsp;rice,&nbsp;oat,&nbsp;and corn,&nbsp;as these are wind-pollinated crops," said Dr.&nbsp;Fragoso.&nbsp;"Crops that reproduce vegetatively,&nbsp;such as bananas,&nbsp;will be maintained."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-complex-threats-to-pollinators">Climate change and complex threats to pollinators</h2>



The decline of pollinators is not a simple issue with a single cause. It's a complex web of interconnected factors, each contributing to the overall crisis. 



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



Climate change, with its associated changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, disrupts the delicate balance of pollinator habitats and food sources. These changes can alter blooming periods of plants and the availability of nectar and pollen, which are critical for pollinators' survival.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-loss">Habitat loss</h3>



The problem is further exacerbated by habitat loss due to deforestation and urbanization, leaving pollinators with fewer places to forage and reproduce. Concrete and asphalt replace natural habitats, reducing areas where pollinators can thrive. This habitat fragmentation isolates pollinator populations, making it difficult for them to find mates and maintain genetic diversity.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pesticides-and-herbicides">Pesticides and herbicides </h3>



The widespread use of pesticides and herbicides in agriculture also takes a toll on pollinators. Pesticides can be toxic to pollinators, killing them outright or impairing their ability to forage and reproduce. 



Herbicides reduce the availability of wildflowers and other plants that provide essential food sources. These chemicals create a hostile environment for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollution-prevents-nighttime-pollinators-from-finding-flowers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a>, making it difficult for them to survive and thrive.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-species-and-disease">Invasive species and disease</h3>



Additionally, pollinator populations are impacted by the introduction of non-native species and diseases. Invasive species can outcompete native pollinators for resources, while new diseases can spread rapidly and decimate populations. 



This combination of factors creates a challenging environment for pollinators, contributing to their decline and threatening the ecosystems that depend on them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainable-practices-and-global-cooperation">Sustainable practices and global cooperation</h2>



While the situation is dire,&nbsp;there is still hope for pollinators.&nbsp;The researchers emphasize the importance of adopting sustainable agricultural practices that minimize the use of harmful chemicals and promote biodiversity.&nbsp;They also advocate for integrated pollinator management strategies that consider both wild and managed bee populations.



"Widespread use of sustainable practices in agriculture,&nbsp;and further development of integrated pollinator management strategies,&nbsp;eco-friendly strategies including reduction of pesticide use,&nbsp;will help preserve pollinators," said Dr.&nbsp;Fragoso.



"Potential adverse effects of managed bees on the local wild bee populations must be mitigated.&nbsp;Non-lethal collection methods should be developed and adopted globally in response to the increasing need for base-line pollinator data collection."



Addressing the threat of climate change is also crucial. Climate change affects pollinators by altering their habitats and the availability of food resources. It changes temperature and precipitation patterns, which can disrupt the life cycles of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollinators</a> and the plants. This can lead to mismatches in timing, such as when plants bloom and when pollinators are active, reducing pollination.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-action-is-needed">Urgent action is needed</h2>



The decline of pollinators is a global crisis that requires urgent action.&nbsp;We can all play a role in supporting these essential creatures.&nbsp;By planting pollinator-friendly gardens,&nbsp;supporting sustainable agriculture,&nbsp;and advocating for policies that protect pollinators and their habitats,&nbsp;we can help ensure a future where both pollinators and humans can thrive.



"Measures must keep being implemented to reduce climate change and prevent its serious negative impacts on pollinators.&nbsp;Climate change has the most diverse negative impacts on pollinators and is the threat most difficult to control.&nbsp;However,&nbsp;its consequences threaten food security and world stability,&nbsp;thus efforts to control it must be prioritized at a global scale," noted Dr.&nbsp;Brunet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/10.1079/cabireviews.2024.0016" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CABI Reviews</a>.



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Most pollinators face extinction risk due to climate change

If you enjoy the vibrant colors of wildflowers,&nbsp;the sweet taste...

Pillbug,Sow,Bug,Isopoda,Oniscus,Wood,Louse

Woodlice, often much smaller than the typical seed-dispersing fauna, play some of the most critical roles in the ecosystem. 



This concept was recently highlighted by researchers from Kobe University, who unveiled that these tiny creatures can effectively <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/competition-nutrients-faster-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disperse seeds</a> after ingestion. 



Their studies set a new record for the smallest animals known to participate in this vital ecological process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intricacies-of-seed-dispersal">Intricacies of seed dispersal</h2>



Plants have evolved to produce fruits that attract animals, which consume and later deposit their seeds far from the original source. 



This dispersal strategy is crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-plants-disperse-their-seeds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant reproduction</a> and diversity. 



The seeds must be appealing and accessible to potential dispersers, durable enough to withstand the digestive process, and appropriately sized to pass through the animal. 



Surprisingly, research has primarily focused on mammals and birds, overlooking the potential roles of smaller invertebrates like woodlice in this process.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-mysteries-of-the-silver-dragon-plant">Exploring the mysteries of the "silver dragon" plant</h2>



The focus of the <a href="https://www.kobe-u.ac.jp/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kobe University</a> team was a unique plant known as the "silver dragon," which thrives across East Asia. 



This non-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesizing</a> plant depends on fungi and produces tiny, resilient seeds within its fleshy fruits. 



The research aimed to explore unknown methods of seed dispersal due to the minimal information available on how the silver dragon plant's seeds are spread. 



Through automated nighttime photography and controlled feeding experiments, the team observed that camel crickets were the primary consumers of the fruit. 



Remarkably, these crickets not only consumed over half of the fruits but also had the highest seed viability post-digestion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-woodlice-and-earwigs-unlikely-allies-in-seed-dispersal">Woodlice and earwigs: unlikely allies in seed dispersal</h2>



Unexpectedly, woodlice and earwigs also showed significant involvement in seed dispersal, with more than 30 percent of the ingested seeds surviving the process. 



This finding is particularly notable as it challenges the conventional view of these creatures solely as seed predators. 



Instead, it suggests a mutualistic relationship where these invertebrates help in seed dispersal, potentially increasing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-may-never-fully-recover-from-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant diversity</a> and ecological resilience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-conservation-the-impact-of-tiny-seed-dispersers">Rethinking conservation: the impact of tiny seed dispersers</h2>



Kenji Suetsugu of Kobe University emphasizes the broader significance of these findings. 



"The identification of novel seed dispersal agents among small invertebrates prompts a reevaluation of conservation strategies. It underscores the necessity to preserve diverse habitats that support a wide range of species, including those previously overlooked as ecologically insignificant," he explains. 



The team is optimistic about uncovering similar dispersal mechanisms in other plant species, which could reveal a previously unrecognized ecological phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Woodlice and the call for inclusive conservation strategies</h2>



This research spotlights the vital roles that even the smallest creatures like woodlice play in our ecosystems and underscores the need for a broader perspective in conservation strategies. 



Recognizing the contributions of all species, regardless of their size, this study, published in the journal 'Plants, People, Planet,' challenges the scientific community and conservationists to rethink how we perceive and protect biodiversity. 



Through such innovative studies, we continue to uncover the complex and often surprising interactions that sustain life on our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-woodlice">More about woodlice</h2>



Also known as pill bugs or roly-polies, woodlice are small, gray, or brown creatures that scurry around in gardens, forests, and even homes. 



Despite their appearance, these creatures are not insects but rather crustaceans, more closely related to shrimp and crabs than to bugs.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Habitat and behavior</h3>



Woodlice thrive in damp, dark environments such as under rocks, logs, or leaf litter. They play a crucial role in the ecosystem by breaking down dead plant material and recycling nutrients back into the soil. These creatures are nocturnal and often hide during the day to avoid predators and maintain moisture.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Unique defense mechanism</h3>



One fascinating feature of woodlice is their ability to roll up into a tight ball when threatened, hence the nickname "roly-poly." This defense mechanism protects their vulnerable underside and makes it difficult for predators to consume them.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Benefits to gardens</h3>



In addition to plant seed dispersal, as discussed above, gardeners appreciate woodlice for their role in decomposition and soil aeration. As they feed on dead plant matter, they contribute to the formation of nutrient-rich soil that supports plant growth. Additionally, their burrowing activity helps to improve soil structure and drainage.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Keeping woodlice in check</h3>



While woodlice are generally beneficial, an excessive population can occasionally damage young plants. To control their numbers, gardeners can reduce moisture levels in the garden, remove hiding places like debris, and maintain good soil drainage. However, in most cases, woodlice coexist peacefully with plants and contribute to a healthy garden ecosystem.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.10519" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants People Planet</a>.



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Tiny woodlice prove to be crucial players in plant seed dispersal

Woodlice, often much smaller than the typical seed-dispersing fauna, play...

Ever heard of plants <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bioluminescent-plants-gene-discovery-now-available-for-any-home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">glowing</a>? No, it's not a scene from a sci-fi movie. Plants have a hidden talent – they emit a faint, invisible light known as solar-induced fluorescence (SIF). It's like a secret language, whispering tales of their health and activity. 



NASA scientists are eavesdropping from space, using satellites like the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (<a href="https://ocov2.jpl.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OCO-2</a>) to decode these luminous messages and predict flash droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flash-droughts">Flash droughts</h2>



Flash droughts, as their name suggests, strike with lightning speed. Unlike traditional droughts that develop over months, these stealthy adversaries can parch the land in mere weeks, leaving farmers and ecosystems scrambling. These sudden and intense droughts come without warning, rapidly drying out soil and vegetation.



Remember the devastating 2012 drought across the U.S.? That was a flash drought, causing widespread crop failure and resulting in a staggering $30 billion in agricultural losses. The rapid onset and severe impact of flash droughts make them particularly challenging to manage and predict.



Predicting these disasters has been a challenge, until now. Scientists have struggled to find reliable early warning signs for flash droughts, leaving farmers vulnerable to sudden and severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/computational-tools-may-improve-the-future-of-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water shortages</a>. However, recent advancements in technology and research have provided a breakthrough. 



By monitoring plant fluorescence and soil moisture from space, researchers can now detect early signs of flash droughts, offering valuable lead time for mitigation efforts. This innovation marks a significant step forward in our ability to combat this unpredictable threat.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-glow-linked-to-flash-drought">Plant glow linked to flash drought</h2>



In a recent study, NASA researchers uncovered a surprising pattern. Before a flash drought strikes, plants go through a sudden and intense growth spurt. 



During this period, they absorb carbon dioxide at an accelerated rate, almost as if they are preparing for an impending shortage. 



This frantic feeding frenzy results in a significant increase in their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forest-glow-co2-storage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar-induced fluorescence</a> (SIF) signal, which creates an unusual glow detectable by satellites from space.



This unexpected growth surge, however, is a double-edged sword. While the rapid growth indicates healthy and thriving plants, it also has a hidden cost. 



As plants vigorously absorb water to support their accelerated growth, they rapidly deplete the soil moisture. 



This depletion leaves the soil dry and vulnerable. When extreme heat strikes, the already diminished moisture levels plummet further, setting the stage for a flash drought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-plant-glow">Significance of plant glow</h2>



The rapid depletion of soil moisture due to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a>' growth spurt acts as a precursor to the flash drought. The plants' initial thriving phase, marked by the intense SIF signal, is followed by a sudden downturn as the drought takes hold. 



This pattern of initial growth followed by rapid drying highlights the complex and interconnected nature of flash droughts, making early detection and prediction crucial for mitigating their impacts.



"Plant fluorescence shows promise as a reliable early <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-and-boreal-ecosystems-are-becoming-increasingly-unstable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warning indicator</a> of flash drought with enough lead time to take action," explains Nicholas Parazoo, NASA Earth Scientist.



This discovery is a game-changer.&nbsp;By monitoring the SIF signal,&nbsp;scientists can potentially predict flash droughts weeks or even months in advance,&nbsp;giving farmers and water managers a crucial head start in preparing for the dry spell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-sif-signal">Beyond SIF signal</h2>



The SIF signal is just one piece of the puzzle. To confirm their findings, the scientists turned to another NASA satellite, <a href="https://smap.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SMAP</a> (Soil Moisture Active Passive). 



SMAP measures soil moisture from space, and its data perfectly matched the pattern revealed by the glowing plants. 



When the SIF signal was high, SMAP showed a corresponding decrease in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drying-without-dying-desert-moss-holds-the-key-to-drought-tolerance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil moisture</a> in the weeks leading up to a flash drought. This correlation held true across diverse landscapes, from forests to grasslands.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbon-cycle-and-flash-droughts">Carbon cycle and flash droughts</h2>



The study also shed light on how flash droughts impact the carbon cycle. Plants are natural carbon sinks, absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-cleverly-adapt-their-photosynthesis-to-changes-in-light/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>. This process is crucial in reducing atmospheric carbon levels. 



However, as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-use-their-roots-to-ration-water-during-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought stress</a> sets in, plants' ability to capture carbon diminishes. The stress from drought conditions hampers their photosynthetic activity, leading to a reduced intake of carbon dioxide.



The researchers anticipated a noticeable spike in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during flash droughts due to the decreased carbon uptake by stressed plants. Surprisingly, the study revealed a different outcome. 



They discovered a balance in the carbon cycle that they did not expect. The initial growth spurt of plants before the drought resulted in a higher than usual carbon uptake. 



This increased absorption of carbon dioxide before the drought effectively compensated for the subsequent decline in carbon uptake during the drought stress period.



As a result, the overall carbon balance remained stable despite the occurrence of the flash drought. This finding highlights the complex interactions within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/including-animals-carbon-cycle-models-boosts-ecosystem-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon cycle</a> and suggests that plants' response to pre-drought conditions plays a significant role in mitigating the potential increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels during flash droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oco-2-s-legacy">OCO-2's legacy</h2>



The OCO-2 satellite,&nbsp;celebrating its 10th anniversary in space,&nbsp;has been instrumental in this research.&nbsp;Its three high-precision spectrometers can detect the faint glow of SIF and measure carbon dioxide levels with remarkable accuracy.



This wealth of data has allowed scientists to unravel the intricate connection between plants,&nbsp;water,&nbsp;and carbon,&nbsp;and to develop new tools for predicting and mitigating the impacts of flash droughts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lesser-flash-droughts-using-plants">Lesser flash droughts using plants</h2>



The implications of this research are far-reaching. With early warning systems based on plant fluorescence and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-alter-roots-soil-moisture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil moisture</a> data, farmers can make informed decisions about irrigation, crop selection, and planting schedules. This could significantly reduce crop losses and ensure food security in the face of a changing climate.



"While early warning can’t eliminate the impacts of flash droughts, farmers and ranchers with advanced operations can better use water for irrigation to reduce crop impacts, avoid planting crops that are likely to fail, or plant a different type of crop to achieve the most ideal yield if they have weeks to months of lead time," notes Jordan Gerth, <a href="https://www.weather.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Weather Service</a> Scientist.



So,&nbsp;next time you gaze at a field of green,&nbsp;remember the secret glow hidden within those leaves.&nbsp;It's not just a sign of life, but a beacon of hope,&nbsp;guiding us towards a future where we can outsmart even the most elusive droughts.



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Plants emit a faint 'glow' when flash droughts are imminent

Ever heard of plants glowing? No, it's not a scene from a...

A recent study led by <a href="https://www.chapman.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chapman University</a> has found that some <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bodybuilding-supplement-called-helps-prevent-alzheimers-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supplement</a> companies may mislead customers with unproven health claims and undeclared ingredients. The researchers focused on herbal supplements purported to treat or prevent COVID-19 and other respiratory illnesses. During the pandemic, the use of dietary supplements surged globally. 



“There was a big spike in purchase and use of these types of supplements during the pandemic,” said senior author Rosalee Hellberg, an associate professor of food science at Chapman. “Whenever there’s an increase in demand, there’s also an increased chance for fraud to occur.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ayurvedic-herbal-supplements-nbsp">Ayurvedic herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers collected 54 supplements containing Ayurvedic herbs, a type of alternative medicine from India, which were claimed to treat COVID-19.&nbsp;



These herbs included ashwagandha, cinnamon, ginger, turmeric, tulsi, vacha, amla, guduchi, and tribulus. The products were sourced from online and local retailers in Orange and Los Angeles counties, CA.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-barcoding-nbsp">DNA barcoding&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers employed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-in-nutrition-science-dna-barcoding-reveals-dietary-secrets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA barcoding</a> techniques to verify the plant species in the supplements. DNA barcoding uses a short DNA sequence to identify an organism's species. 



The researchers noted several concerning results, indicating the need for increased scrutiny of these products. In 60% of the products, the expected ingredient was not detected.&nbsp;



However, Hellberg noted that this might not necessarily indicate fraud, as the novel use of DNA barcoding may struggle to detect degraded DNA, meaning a negative result does not confirm the absence of the species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-ingredients-in-herbal-supplements-nbsp">Hidden ingredients in herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



Another limitation of DNA barcoding is that it does not quantify the detected species' ingredients. Additional research is required to verify the amount of each ingredient, Hellberg said.&nbsp;



“If the ingredients were present at a higher amount, that is where the concerns can arise,” explained Hellberg. “Also, any time you're detecting things that aren't on the label, that can indicate some quality control issues. That could also suggest that there are other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a> going on or maybe things aren't being handled properly.”



The scientists also found 19 products with undeclared <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/increasing-plant-extinction-threatens-the-future-of-medicine-and-human-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant</a> species. Common fillers such as rice and other materials were identified, along with other unlisted Ayurvedic herbs. 



“So these could be used in a fraudulent manner,” said Hellberg. “Instead of having 100% of the declared species on the label, some manufacturers might mix in filler because it’s cheaper.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Undeclared species and ingredients in supplements pose risks to consumers, who could ingest substances causing allergic reactions and other health issues. However, the study did not determine the exact risk level, as it could not detect the amount of each ingredient.&nbsp;



This study - published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pca.3320" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Phytochemical Analysis</a> - highlights the importance of increased regulation and scrutiny of dietary supplements to ensure consumer safety and prevent misleading health claims.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-herbal-supplements-nbsp">More about herbal supplements&nbsp;</h2>



Herbal supplements are products made from plants for their therapeutic or medicinal properties. They are commonly used to improve health, boost immune function, and prevent or alleviate various ailments.&nbsp;



Herbal supplements can be found in various forms, such as pills, powders, teas, extracts, or capsules.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-traditional-medicine">Traditional medicine</h3>



The use of herbal supplements dates back thousands of years as part of traditional medicine practices across the world, such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine.&nbsp;



Commonly used herbs include echinacea, used to prevent colds; ginseng, used for energy and cognitive function; and St. John's wort, often used for depression.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-regulation-nbsp">Lack of regulation&nbsp;</h3>



While many find herbal supplements beneficial, their effectiveness can vary widely. In many countries, they are not strictly regulated like prescription drugs. This lack of regulation can lead to inconsistencies in potency and purity.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-side-effects">Side effects</h3>



Users should also be aware of potential side effects and interactions with other medications. Some of the general side effects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/herbal-supplements-are-not-always-safe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">risks</a> associated with herbal supplements include:



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-allergic-reactions">Allergic reactions</h4>



Some people may experience allergies to certain herbs, manifesting as rashes, hives, swelling, or difficulty breathing.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gastrointestinal-issues">Gastrointestinal issues</h4>



Many herbal supplements can cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or upset stomach.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-disturbances">Sleep disturbances</h4>



Supplements such as ginseng and ginkgo can cause insomnia or restlessness.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleeding-risks">Bleeding risks</h4>



Herbs like garlic, ginkgo, and ginseng have blood-thinning properties and can increase bleeding risk, particularly if taken with other blood thinners like warfarin.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-issues">Heart issues</h4>



Some herbs can interfere with heart medications and affect heart rhythms. For example, St. John's wort can interact with heart medications like digoxin.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-liver-damage">Liver damage</h4>



Supplements such as kava and comfrey have been linked to liver damage.



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drug-interactions">Drug interactions</h4>



Many herbs can interact with prescription medications, either decreasing or increasing their effects, which can be dangerous. For instance, St. John’s wort can reduce the effectiveness of birth control pills, antidepressants, and other medications.



It's crucial for individuals to discuss any herbal supplements they are considering with a healthcare provider to ensure they are appropriate and safe, especially if they have underlying health conditions or are taking other medications.



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Herbal supplements often contain hidden ingredients

A recent study led by Chapman University has found that...

Utah's majestic mountain ranges and canyons,&nbsp;beloved by outdoor enthusiasts,&nbsp;are under siege by an unlikely adversary:&nbsp;a tiny,&nbsp;flightless <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> known as the balsam woolly adelgid (BWA).&nbsp;Introduced from Europe a century ago,&nbsp;this invasive pest has been wreaking havoc on subalpine fir trees across the American West.



While barely visible to the naked eye, the BWA's impact is anything but subtle. As it spreads through Utah's forests, it leaves behind a trail of weakened and dying trees. The widespread damage raise concerns about the future of these critical ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-with-a-voracious-fir-tree-appetite">Insect with a voracious fir tree appetite</h2>



Unlike the native bark beetles that have plagued Western forests in recent years,&nbsp;the BWA doesn't chew or burrow. Instead,&nbsp;this minuscule <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nighttime-buzz-insect-activity-increases-by-31-4-at-night/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> feeds by sucking out the tree's fluids,&nbsp;leaving behind a toxic saliva that weakens the tree's defenses and disrupts nutrient flow.



"It inserts its stylet, which is like a feeding tube, between the cells of the bark, and eventually finds parenchyma cells and it feeds on the fluids and starches that are contained within those parenchyma cells," explains Justin Williams,&nbsp;an entomologist with the U.S.&nbsp;Forest Service.



The saliva injected by the BWA promotes abnormal cell growth. This leads to a characteristic swelling of branch nodes known as "gouting." These swollen nodes are a telltale sign of BWA infestation. They can ultimately contribute to the tree's demise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extent-of-insect-damage-to-fir-trees">Extent of insect damage to fir trees</h2>



A recent study from the <a href="https://www.utah.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Utah</a>,&nbsp;conducted in partnership with the U.S.&nbsp;Forest Service,&nbsp;has shed light on the BWA's spread and potential impact in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest.



Researchers surveyed 58 plots across the Wasatch and Uinta mountains. They meticulously assessed the severity of BWA infestation on each subalpine fir tree. 



Their findings paint a sobering picture. The study revealed that climate exposure has already damaged 41% of the subalpine fir biomass in the area.



"We took that climate-to-severity relationship along with a series of climate projections and we were able to map current and future exposure to BWA damage at a high spatial resolution. The idea [is], in 2040, 2060, 2080, and 2100, based on these different climate projections, determining how exposed these areas are to the potential damaging effects of BWA," explains Lead author Mickey Campbell,&nbsp;a research assistant professor at the University of Utah.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warming-climate-worsens-the-outlook">Warming climate worsens the outlook</h2>



Unfortunately, climate change is poised to exacerbate the BWA problem. As temperatures rise, the insect's range and potential for damage are expected to increase. This means more trees will be at risk.



Campbell's research predicts a grim future. "And indeed, we find that for an insect that prefers warmer areas, a warming climate is going to provide it with more opportunity to cause damage," says Campbell. This indicates a direct link between rising temperatures and increased BWA activity.



By 2100, even under moderate climate projections, a staggering 79% of the study area's subalpine fir biomass could be exposed to BWA damage. This projection highlights the urgent need for proactive measures to protect Utah's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-white-fir-tree-resistance-to-tiny-insect">White fir tree resistance to tiny insect</h2>



While the BWA poses a significant threat to subalpine fir, there is a glimmer of hope. The experts found that white fir trees seem resistant to the insect's attacks. Despite the presence of BWA, white fir shows no signs of damage.



This resistance could be a crucial factor in the forest's ability to adapt to the BWA infestation. If white fir can thrive despite BWA, it could help maintain the forest's biodiversity. 



This resilience ensures that essential ecological functions continue. White fir's ability to withstand BWA could play a significant role in preserving the health and diversity of these forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future directions</h2>



The University of Utah research team has developed an online interactive dashboard. This tool helps land managers and the public visualize the potential spread of BWA damage in the Uinta-Wasatch-Cache National Forest. 



It could be invaluable for developing targeted mitigation strategies to protect vulnerable areas. By showing current and future projections, the dashboard aids in planning and response efforts.



However, the fight against the BWA is far from over. Ongoing research and monitoring are crucial. These efforts help understand the complex interactions between this invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pest-control-product-nemaslug-could-harm-beneficial-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pest</a>, its host trees, and the changing climate. 



Continued studies will provide essential data to inform and improve management strategies, ensuring better protection for the forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-call-to-action">A call to action</h2>



Clearly, the BWA is a small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-thrive-in-restored-habitats-near-solar-energy-facilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> with a big impact.&nbsp;Its presence in Utah is a stark reminder of the interconnectedness of our ecosystems.&nbsp;



Introducing non-native species can have far-reaching consequences.&nbsp;The BWA's success in warmer temperatures is a sign of the growing threat of climate change.



Rising temperatures enable pests to thrive and expand their range.&nbsp;Addressing climate change is crucial for protecting vulnerable ecosystems.&nbsp;We can all play a role in conservation.&nbsp;



Support scientific research and contribute to conservation efforts.&nbsp;Stay informed about invasive species and make choices to reduce our environmental impact.



By combining scientific knowledge with individual action,&nbsp;we can protect Utah's forests and other vulnerable ecosystems.



The BWA infestation is a call to action.&nbsp;We must prioritize the preservation of our natural world for future generations.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378112724001646#" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Forest Ecology and Management</a>.



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Fir trees are severely threatened by an unwelcome insect guest

Utah's majestic mountain ranges and canyons,&nbsp;beloved by outdoor enthusiasts,&nbsp;are under...

In recent years, avocados have become synonymous with modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-one-avocado-each-day-can-add-years-to-your-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating habits</a>, especially popular among millennials who frequent trendy cafés. However, this beloved fruit faces an imminent threat due to the worsening <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-our-way-out-of-the-climate-crisis-with-farm-free-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate crisis</a>. 



Recent research predicts a significant decline in the world’s prime avocado-growing regions, with projections showing up to a 41% reduction by 2050. 



The culprit? An increasingly hotter, drier climate, which poses a serious challenge to avocado cultivation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-vulnerability-of-avocados">The vulnerability of avocados</h2>



Avocados, often hailed as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-avocado-debate-understanding-the-impacts-of-our-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">superfood</a>, require substantial amounts of water to thrive. This characteristic renders them particularly susceptible to the impacts of climate change. 



According to the report titled "Getting Smashed: The climate danger facing avocados" released by <a href="https://www.christianaid.org.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">C</a><a href="https://www.christianaid.org.uk/news/what-we-do/avocados-are-getting-smashed-climate-change" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hristian Aid</a>, if global warming continues unchecked, the suitable areas for growing this fruit could decrease dramatically. 



"Avocados might be a superfood but their kryptonite is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-crop-growing-regions-are-shifting-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>. They are thirsty plants that are ill-suited to a hotter, drought-prone planet," said Mariana Paoli, Global Advocacy Lead at Christian Aid.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impact-of-declining-avocado-production">Global impact of declining avocado production</h2>



The decline in avocado production extends beyond just affecting enthusiasts of guacamole or avocado toast; it has significant global implications. As the seventh-largest importer of avocado crops, the UK exemplifies the fruit's importance on an international scale. 



Avocados, rich in nutrients and healthy fats, form an essential component of diets worldwide. Moreover, ongoing research points to potential health benefits, including avocados' properties against diseases such as cancer. 



Yet, the anticipated conditions of extreme heat and prolonged drought threaten the ability of avocado trees to thrive and produce fruit effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-regions-will-be-hit-harder-than-others">Some regions will be hit harder than others</h2>



Specific <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-crop-growing-regions-are-shifting-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regions</a> are expected to suffer more than others. For example, Michoacán, a pivotal avocado-growing area in Mexico, might see its production capacity plummet by 59% by 2050, even if global temperature increases stay below 2°Celsius. 



This region, like others, has experienced significant land clearance to meet the soaring demand, primarily from the US. Currently, Mexico leads the global avocado market, but the future seems uncertain with these climatic challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-response-and-the-call-for-action">The response and the call for action</h2>



The report not only highlights the challenges faced due to climate change but also urges actionable responses. It calls for stronger support for farmers and emphasizes the urgency of reducing emissions. 



Transitioning from fossil fuels to cleaner energy sources is identified as a critical step in mitigating these adverse effects.



Beyond their environmental impact, avocados have also sparked significant cultural debate. In Australia, they became a symbol of generational economic discussions after millionaire Tim Gurner controversially linked millennials' penchant for avocado toast with their struggles in achieving home ownership in 2017.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-avocado-farming">The future of avocado farming</h2>



As the situation evolves, it's clear that both producers and consumers face a challenging future. With prices likely to rise due to scarcity, significant shifts in the global market are anticipated. 



Accordingly, the report urges wealthier nations to take robust actions to reduce their emissions and transition to cleaner energy solutions. These measures are crucial not just for those who enjoy this fruit, but for the global community reliant on such vital crops. 



Ultimately, the steps we take now could determine their availability and affordability for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-plight-of-avocado-farmers">The plight of avocado farmers</h2>



Jolis Bigirimana, who leads Farmer’s Pride in Burundi, described the dire circumstances faced by avocado farmers.



‘We are experiencing hot temperatures, heavy rain, and erosion which is having a terrible impact on farmers' productivity and their income. We only have a very short period of rainfall here in Burundi and during that period avocado growers used to water their plants,” said Bigirimana.



“But because of climate change the weather is now more extreme and this has affected our productivity. It now costs us a lot of money to water our crops which has affected our income and is a threat to our livelihoods.”



"We need to see richer, polluting countries to cut their carbon emissions which is driving this extreme weather and also provide climate finance to help us adapt to the changing climate.”



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Avocados are threatened by extreme climate conditions

In recent years, avocados have become synonymous with modern eating...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

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https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
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Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



---



By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

[sendtonews key="qjvhBOBnY8-2426650-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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