Most of us have heard a parent or grandparent say, “Time goes by faster every year,” while shaking their head at how quickly July 4 seems to roll around. 



When you’re twelve, however, the brain has a different perception of time - the wait for summer vacation feels endless, and a single school day can feel as slow as a traffic jam in August heat.



That gap between the child’s long afternoon and the adult’s lightning-fast month isn’t just storytelling, it’s how our brain's perception of time changes, altering the way it measures all of the moments that make up our lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-first-vs-fresh-experiences">First vs. fresh experiences</h2>



Children cram their days with firsts: a first dive into the pool, a first try at long division, a first sleepover away from home.



These fresh experiences swarm the brain with new images to file away, stretching the subjective length of a single afternoon.



Adults, by contrast, tend to replay <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-heat-impacts-our-daily-routines-and-transportation/">familiar routines</a>. With fewer novel snapshots to store, the days collapse into something closer to a highlight reel than a feature film.



According to psychologist Marc Wittmann at the Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health <a href="https://igpp.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">(IGPP</a>), the feeling that time accelerates is tightly linked to how much new material our brains record each day.



He points out that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-clutter-speeds-up-aging-in-the-brain/">memory</a> and time perception sit on the same neural bench; when one slows, the other shrinks. "Newness" holds the key to this phenomenon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-brain-and-time-perception">Human brain and time perception</h2>



Whenever a brain encounters something it has never processed before, a quick surge of attention flags the event as worth keeping. The more flags raised, the thicker the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-brains-use-storage-trick-to-keep-your-memories-in-sequential-order/">memory log</a> becomes, and the longer that span later feels.



Kids, still green to nearly everything, throw flags left and right. A lunchroom joke, a new word in science class, or a game of tag - each registers as its own small chapter.



Adults often glide through copy-and-paste days that differ only by the date on the calendar. With fewer chapters recorded, the book of any given week reads as a short story.



Research using immersive virtual reality in 2024 showed that older volunteers underestimated simple time intervals by roughly 15 percent, highlighting how novelty <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096800042300302X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sharpens the inner clock</a>.



Routine doesn’t just compress the past; it also drains the present.



Studies tracking holiday seasons in several countries found that people who stuck to predictable daily rhythms felt that Christmas or Ramadan arrived sooner every year, while those who sprinkled in new activities reported a slower march toward the festivities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-processing-speed-linked-with-time">Brain processing speed linked with time</h2>



Every sensation has to travel from eye or ear to cortex. In youngsters, those <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/speech-pattern-wfd-that-is-a-clear-indication-a-person-is-in-cognitive-decline/">neural highways</a> are short and well-paved. As bodies grow, the routes lengthen, and the conduction speed though still quick can’t match its earlier zip.



Add natural age-related slowing of signal processing and the brain starts sampling the world less often each second.



Fewer samples mean fewer “ticks” on the subjective stopwatch, so a morning meeting seems to vanish faster for a forty-year-old than for a fourth grader.



This sampling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-link-pupil-dilation-to-brains-working-memory-levels/">shows up in the eyes</a>. Our eyes jerk from point to point in rapid saccades, pausing in brief fixations while the brain grabs a visual frame.



Young, rested eyes squeeze in more fixations per minute. Older or fatigued eyes lag, offering the brain fewer still frames to stitch together. With a thinner film strip, the projection of the day speeds along.



Scientists studying eye movements liken perception to a flipbook. Each fixation is a page; flip them fast enough and you see smooth action.



When fixations slow, the flipbook loses pages. Motion still appears, but the storyline gets choppy, and, in recall, it shortens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-and-alertness">Sleep and alertness</h2>



A single night of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-can-boost-memory-in-a-surprising-way/">good sleep</a> can pull the brake on runaway days. When neurons are well-rested, they fire faster, notice more, and form clearer memories.



Athletes know the flip side: stepping onto the field after too little shut-eye makes the whole match blur. The plays happen, but the mind records only a highlight or two before the final whistle.



Students grinding through an all-nighter meet the same fate - an exam that seems to finish moments after it starts.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-the-best-treatment-for-excessive-daytime-sleepiness/">Chronic fatigue</a> magnifies the effect. Continually short-changing rest lowers baseline alertness, trimming snapshots day after day.



Over months, life can feel like it’s slipping through the cracks, not because the clock sped up but because the recorder slowed down.



<a href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/dopamine-the-pathway-to-pleasure" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dopamine</a>, a neurotransmitter tied to motivation and time estimation, also dips with sleep debt, further warping the <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1364166/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sense of duration</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-media-and-lost-time-perception">Social media and lost time perception</h2>



Endless feeds promise variety, yet most algorithms serve look-alike posts. Swipe through video after video of the same dance trend, and the brain barely registers a change.



Hours evaporate while the memory log remains nearly blank. Compound that with the blue-light-induced bedtime delay, and you have a double punch: fewer snapshots captured and fewer hours slept.



Cutting back on passive scrolling or swapping it for an activity with genuine novelty - trying a new recipe, learning a chord on guitar - feeds the brain more distinct moments. Those moments stretch subjective time, turning a blur of an evening into something that feels full.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-with-age-comes-responsibility">With age comes responsibility</h2>



Beyond slower processing, adults juggle long lists of responsibilities. Focus narrows to tasks at hand - emails, errands, budgets - scanning less of the environment for new input. Novelty drops, and subjective days shorten.



<a href="https://www.tiaa.org/public/institute/publication/2023/young-adults-their-attitudes-and-outlook-toward-retirement-and-the-future" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A 2023 survey</a> comparing young adults with retirees found that the older group reported the year as “rushing by” nearly twice as often, linking the feeling to the predictability of daily routines rather than to health issues.



Even so, not every senior feels the rush. Researchers tracking so-called “<a href="https://www.nm.org/healthbeat/healthy-tips/4-habits-super-agers" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">super-agers</a>” note that those who keep learning new skills and staying socially engaged maintain sharper senses of time, along with stronger memory performance. Variety keeps the brain’s camera clicking.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-use-your-brain-to-slow-time-perception">Use your brain to slow time perception</h2>



Here's the good news - the tools to lengthen your days fit into ordinary life. Go to bed on a schedule that honors the seven-to-nine-hour rule.



Plan at least one activity each week that forces you out of autopilot: a different jogging route, a museum you’ve never visited, a new language app.



While doing it, pay close attention to sights, sounds, and textures. Engagement packs extra snapshots into the mental album.



Stay curious daily. Swap a lunchtime scroll for a short walk and notice five things you’ve never clocked before - a mural, a bird call, the scent of a bakery vent.



Those micro-discoveries add pages to the flipbook, expanding the subjective afternoon. Over time, the habit can "thicken" the memory book that tells the story of a year, making December feel like it belongs twelve full months away, right where the calendar says it should be.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-review/article/why-the-days-seem-shorter-as-we-get-older/2CB8EC9B0B30537230C7442B826E42F1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Review</a>.



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Scientists explain why time seems to move faster and 'fly by' as we age

Most of us have heard a parent or grandparent say, “Time goes by faster every year,” while shaking their head at how quickly July 4 seems to roll around. When you’re twelve, however, the brain has a different perception of time - the wait for summer vacation feels endless, and a single school day can feel as slow as a traffic jam in August heat. That gap between the child’s long afternoon and the adult’s lightning-fast month isn’t just storytelling, it’s how our brain's perception of time...

Quantum states, such as quantum superposition "cat states," are notorious for their fragility, often disappearing in the blink of an eye. But imagine keeping such a delicate state stable not just for seconds, but for nearly half an hour. 



That's exactly what a team of scientists has achieved, maintaining a quantum superposition -- known as a "cat state" -- for an astonishing 23 minutes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-cat-states-and-superposition">Quantum "cat states" and superposition</h2>



Quantum superposition is the idea that tiny particles can be in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-a-simple-way-to-grasp-this-impossible-concept-carl-kocher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">multiple states at the same time</a>. A great way to understand this is through Schrödinger's cat, a famous thought experiment.



Imagine you have a cat in a closed box with a device that has a 50% chance of releasing poison based on something random happening at the quantum level, like an atom decaying. 



According to superposition, until you open the box to check, the cat is both alive and dead at the same time. 



This strange scenario shows just how weird and mind-bending quantum mechanics can be, challenging our everyday ideas about how things work.



The "cat state" takes this superposition idea and applies it to something bigger and more familiar, like a cat, to highlight <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-a-simple-way-to-grasp-this-impossible-concept-carl-kocher/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how bizarre quantum theory really is</a>. 



By imagining the cat being both alive and dead, we can better understand the tricky parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-speed-measured-for-first-time-too-fast-to-comprehend/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a> and why simply observing something can change its state. 



This example is still a key part of conversations about what reality is really like and the mysterious behaviors of the quantum world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maintaining-cat-state-stability">Maintaining cat state stability</h2>



Leading the charge is Zheng-Tian Lu, a researcher at the <a href="https://en.ustc.edu.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Science and Technology</a> of China. 



His team's record-shattering achievement completely disrupts our understanding of quantum mechanics and opens up exciting possibilities for future technologies.



Creating such states isn't new, but keeping them stable has been a monumental challenge. 



Usually, these superpositions collapse into a single state almost as soon as they form. Lu and his colleagues decided to tackle this problem head-on.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-they-pull-this-off">How did they pull this off?</h2>



They took about 10,000 atoms of ytterbium -- a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-coal-ash-holds-tons-of-rare-earth-elements-worth-8-4-billion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rare earth element</a> -- and cooled them down to a few thousandths of a degree above absolute zero. 



Then, they used lasers to trap the atoms with electromagnetic forces. 



Under these ultra-cold conditions, they could control the atoms' quantum states with incredible precision. Each atom was placed into a superposition of two states with very different spins.



Now, you'd expect environmental disturbances to ruin the party pretty quickly, causing the atoms to settle into a single spin state in milliseconds or seconds. But here's where the magic happens. 



The researchers fine-tuned their lasers just right, allowing the cat states to last an unprecedented 1,400 seconds -- that's 23 minutes, or about the time it takes to watch your favorite sitcom without commercials.



Barry Sanders from the <a href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Calgary</a> was impressed by the feat. He told New Scientist, “It's a big deal because they're making this beautiful cat state in an atomic system and it's stable.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-quantum-cat-states-matter">Why quantum cat states matter</h2>



Why should you care about this? For starters, these long-lasting cat states are incredibly sensitive to their environment. 



Think of them like ultra-sensitive probes that can detect the slightest changes around them. 



Sanders explained, “A probe gets jiggled and pushed and nudged and prodded, and then by seeing what happens, you learn about the things that interact with it.”



The researchers showed that their cat state's sensitivity for measuring magnetic fields is already nearing the fundamental limits set by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-impossibility-made-possible-using-exotic-mathematics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>. 



Because it sticks around for so long, the cat state isn't just a one-trick pony; it can gather data over extended periods, capturing both quick blips and slow changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-applications">Real world applications</h2>



This could have big implications for studying subtle magnetic forces or even uncovering exotic effects in fundamental physics. 



Imagine being able to detect minute changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plasma-can-bend-magnetic-fields-into-unique-shapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic fields</a> that were previously beyond our reach.



Looking to the future, these cat states might find a home in quantum information processing. 



They could act as super-stable memory units, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transmitting-quantum-information-using-electron-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storing extra information</a> and helping devices like quantum computers correct errors on the fly.



It's not every day that we see such a leap in quantum stability. This achievement <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pushes the boundaries of what's possible</a> and brings us closer to practical quantum technologies. It's like unlocking a new level in a game we thought we had figured out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



To sum it all up, this achievement by Zheng-Tian Lu and his team is a game-changer in quantum physics. 



By keeping a quantum "cat state" alive for 23 minutes, they've shattered previous records and opened up a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whole new world of possibilities</a>. 



Their clever use of ytterbium atoms and precise laser tuning demonstrates incredible control over quantum states.



It's exciting to think about where this could lead us. From super-sensitive probes that can detect the tiniest magnetic forces to more stable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/code-breaking-encryption-quantum-computers-takes-big-step-closer-to-becoming-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computers</a> that can fix their own errors, the implications are huge. 



While we might not see immediate changes in our daily lives, this kind of research pushes the boundaries of what's possible and gets us one step closer to the next big leap in technology



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2410.09331v1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arXiv</a>.



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"Quantum cat" survives in superposition for a record-shattering 23 minutes

Quantum states, such as quantum superposition "cat states," are notorious...

Long COVID is the lingering aftermath of infection by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is estimated that millions of adults, in the U.S. alone, have suffered from this condition. 



What is it about this virus that takes such a toll on the human body and, more specifically, the brain?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-revolutionary-exploration-of-long-covid">A revolutionary exploration of long COVID</h2>



A team of experts from <a href="https://www.helmholtz-munich.de/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Helmholtz Munich</a> and <a href="https://www.lmu.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität</a> (LMU) explored this medical mystery in depth. They unearthed an intriguing factor - the notorious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sars-cov-2-can-survive-on-frozen-meat-for-up-to-a-month/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a> spike protein may be guilty of causing persistent brain effects.



These lingering proteins nestle within our brain's protective membranes - the meninges - and the bone marrow within our skulls for up to four years post-infection.



Just like a squatter in an abandoned house, these proteins become unwelcome residents, causing chronic inflammation and amplifying the risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-grounds-could-help-prevent-neurodegenerative-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurodegenerative diseases</a>.



The research team also pointed out promising news. It seems that mRNA <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-vaccine-misconceptions-are-spreading-rapidly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 vaccines</a> reduce the accumulation of this protein in the brain.



Despite this, the stubborn persistence of spike proteins offers a potential hotspot for future therapeutic strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-the-spike-protein">The impact of the spike protein</h2>



So, how does this dreaded spike protein invade our brain? An advanced, AI-powered, imaging technique forms the backbone of the researchers' answer to this question. 



The breakthrough method transforms organs and tissue samples into transparent structures. It's like having a clear blueprint of a complex building, that allows a three-dimensional view of cellular structures, metabolites and, in this case, viral proteins. 



The research revealed unexpected deposits of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-covid-variant-has-30-mutations-on-the-spike-protein/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spike protein</a> in tissue samples from patients and mice.



Strikingly, there was an influx of this protein in the bone marrow of the skull and meninges, even years after infection. 



These proteins attach themselves to ACE2 receptors, which are particularly prevalent in these regions.



"This may make these tissues especially vulnerable to the long-term accumulation of spike protein," noted study lead author Dr. Zhouyi Rong.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spike-protein-and-long-covid-impacts">Spike protein and long COVID impacts</h2>



Study co-author Professor Ertürk is a researcher at the Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (iTERM), at Helmholtz Munich.



"Our data also suggest that persistent spike protein at the brain's borders may contribute to the long-term neurological effects of COVID-19 and long COVID," said Professor Ertürk.



"This includes accelerated brain aging, potentially leading to a loss of five to ten years of healthy brain function in affected individuals."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vaccines-and-their-role">Vaccines and their role</h2>



We know that vaccines offer a protective shield against the virus. But how do they stand against this protein accumulation? 



The research team discovered that the BioNTech/Pfizer mRNA COVID-19 vaccine puts a significant hurdle in the pathway of spike protein accumulation in the brain. 



The hitch? Even though there was a reduction in the spike protein levels, about 50% of it still remained. These leftovers continue to pose a toxic risk to the brain. Nevertheless, the team remains optimistic. 



"This reduction is an important step. Our results, while derived from mouse models and only partially transferable to humans, point to the need for additional therapies and interventions to fully address the long-term burdens caused by SARS-CoV-2 infections," said Professor Ertürk.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-societal-challenge-of-long-covid">Societal challenge of long COVID</h2>



Long COVID isn't only a personal health issue affecting individuals. About 50 to 60% of the world's population has battled with COVID-19, and a significant chunk have experienced long COVID - adding up to roughly 400 million individuals.



"This is not just an individual health issue - it is a societal challenge. Our study shows that mRNA vaccines significantly reduce the risk of long-term neurological consequences and offer crucial protection," said Professor Ertürk.



"However, infections can still occur post-vaccination, leading to persistent spike proteins in the body. These can result in chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-impacts-the-brain-through-inflammation-not-infection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain inflammation</a> and an increased risk of strokes and other brain injuries, which could have substantial implications for global public health and health care systems worldwide."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advancements-in-diagnosis-and-treatment">Advancements in diagnosis and treatment</h2>



The silver lining to this research is that it points to promising new avenues for diagnosing and treating these long-term neurological impacts of COVID-19.



Unlike brain tissue, the areas prone to spike protein accumulation - the bone marrow of the skull, along with the meninges - are easier to access for medical examinations.



Combined with protein panels - tests designed to detect specific proteins in tissue samples - this could allow for the early detection of spike proteins or inflammatory markers in blood plasma or cerebrospinal fluid.



"Such markers are critical for the early diagnosis of COVID-19-related neurological complications," said Professor Ertürk.



"Additionally, characterizing these proteins may support the development of targeted therapies and biomarkers to better treat or even prevent neurological impairments caused by COVID-19."



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1931312824004384" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell Host &amp; Microbe</a>.



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Long COVID: Persistent spike proteins accumulate in the brain

Long COVID is the lingering aftermath of infection by the...

Have you ever wondered where your banana peel goes after you casually toss it in the trash? Turns out, it might be missing out on an exciting second life as banana peel flour, which can be transformed into a scrumptious, nutritious snack.



In a recent study, scientists discovered an intriguing possibility. They showed that by blanching, drying, and grinding banana peels into a flour, the unused part of your banana could be reborn as a delicious addition to baked goods.



And it tastes just as good, if not better than wheat-based products.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-snacks">Science behind the snacks</h2>



The results of the simple experiment were compelling. Sugar cookies made using the peel flour were taste-tested by consumers who reported that they enjoyed the products as much as they enjoyed peel-free sugar cookies.



The individual were also getting a package deal of flavors packed with a generous helping of minerals and cancer-fighting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-food-day-fighting-global-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a>.



When enriched with banana peels, the sugar cookies baked in the study showed higher levels of fiber, magnesium, potassium, and antioxidant compounds. 



On the flip side, too much banana peel flour did result in somewhat brown and hard cookies, probably due to the extra fiber present in the banana peels. 



However, a balance was found when flour containing 7.5 percent banana peel was used: this combination produced an appealing texture.



Plus, there's another benefit. The goods made with banana peel flour showed no signs of spoilage, even after being kept on the shelf at room temperature for three months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-banana-peel-flour-beyond-cookies">Banana peel flour beyond cookies</h2>



While this particular study focused on sugar <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/larger-snack-sizes-lead-to-quicker-eating-and-bigger-bites/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cookies</a>, the findings hint at a broader potential. 



Using banana peel flour in breads, cakes, and even pasta, could be the next step. In fact, a study from last year revealed that banana peels can provide a natural food color to cakes while boosting their nutritional value.



Food writers have been using banana peels in curry dishes, while vegan bloggers have gotten creative with ideas like banana peel bacon and pulled peel "pork."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-and-environmental-value">Nutritional and environmental value</h2>



Banana peel flour has more surprises in store. A <a href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/82432213.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2016 study</a> found that substituting up to 10 percent of wheat flour with banana peel flour enriched baked bread with greater protein, carbohydrate, and fat content.



Furthermore, it may be important to note that 40 percent of a banana's weight is in its peel. Unfortunately, we discard most of this nutritional treasure.



Interestingly, turning banana peels into flour isn't just about health and taste. It also brings forth a sustainable solution to the ever-growing problem of food waste.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-in-the-peels-of-other-fruits">Potential in the peels of other fruits</h2>



The trend of converting peels to flour isn't limited to bananas. 



The study found similar potential in the skin of other fruits, such as mangoes and oranges. Using their skins can boost a cake's antioxidant properties and improve its flavor profile. 



Moreover, did you know that orange peels can be repurposed in various ways? From adding zest to recipes to making natural cleansers, orange peels are versatile and sustainable.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-banana-peels">Benefits of banana peels</h2>



As discussed, banana peels are mighty health warriors in disguise. They are rich in vitamins like B6 and B12, which improve energy levels, brain health, and red blood cell production. 



Their high potassium and magnesium content is a boon for heart health, muscle function, and blood pressure.



The peels are also full of fiber, which aids digestion, promotes a healthy gut, and prevents constipation. Their exceptional antioxidant content combats oxidative stress, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.



Moreover, these antioxidants may also have anti-inflammatory effects and thus may reduce the risk of chronic diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Making the most of your banana</h2>



The study was led by researchers from Aligarh Muslim University (<a href="https://www.amu.ac.in" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AMU</a>). It teaches us to consider potential uses of what we would ordinarily just throw away. 



Turning a part of your fruit that's not eaten into something beneficial like banana peel flour is a brilliant idea.



This is not just a way to keep your meals flavorful; banana peel flour also adds a healthful spin to your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smart-snacking-quality-and-timing-make-all-the-difference/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a>. So the next time you peel a banana, think twice before you toss the skin away.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.2c00159">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.



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Using this banana peel ingredient in foods adds cancer-fighting nutrients

Have you ever wondered where your banana peel goes after...

Art and music have always intertwined, each amplifying the other's emotional depth. Researchers recently explored how aesthetic perception -- the ability to notice and enjoy things that are beautiful or interesting -- is affected by combining music and images.



The findings are part of a neuroaesthetics collection edited by Emily Cross of ETH Zurich. This remarkable study sheds light on how auditory and visual elements interact in artistic appreciation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-approach-to-combine-music-and-art">Unique approach to combine music and art</h2>



The research at the the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (<a href="https://www.aesthetics.mpg.de/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MPIEA</a>) began with an intriguing observation at the Kentler International Drawing Space in Brooklyn, New York.



This gallery’s exhibition, titled "Music as Image and Metaphor," presented 41 drawings accompanied by custom-composed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-can-boost-brainpower-and-productivity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">musical pieces</a>.



The unusual pairing prompted visitors to linger longer than usual. Curious about this phenomenon, one of the exhibition’s curators approached former MPIEA researcher Lauren Fink to investigate further.



This conversation sparked the study’s design, which focused on whether the intentional pairing of music and images influences the aesthetic experience or whether random pairings yield similar effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-four-distinct-aesthetic-presentations">Four distinct aesthetic presentations</h2>



Conducted online, the study involved more than 200 participants. They were exposed to 16 works presented in four distinct formats: music-only compositions, images without any musical accompaniment, deliberate audiovisual pairings, and random audiovisual pairings.



Participants’ engagement times were recorded as a measure of aesthetic interest. 



Additionally, after each presentation, participants reported on their subjective experiences, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-has-the-power-to-change-the-mood-of-our-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional responses and feelings</a> of being moved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pairing-music-with-art">Pairing music with art</h2>



"We found that the participants spent the longest time with the music-only pieces, followed by the combined audiovisual pairings, and finally the images without music," said Fink, the study's first author.



"However, they reported the strongest emotional effect from the audiovisual combinations."



Interestingly, whether the audiovisual pairing was intentional or random did not significantly alter aesthetic evaluations. 



"Surprisingly, the type of combination had no effect on aesthetic evaluations: Regardless of whether the audiovisual pairing was intentional or random, participants experienced the works similarly," Fink noted.



This challenges the idea that perfectly matched music and visuals always create a better experience. 



Instead, it shows that simply adding music boosts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional engagement</a>, even without perfect synchronization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-depth-vs-aesthetic-evaluation">Emotional depth vs. aesthetic evaluation</h2>



Melanie Wald-Fuhrmann, director of the Department of Music at MPIEA and senior author of the study, provided further context.



"It is also noteworthy that there was no direct correlation between the time spent and the aesthetic preferences - an indication that music enriches the emotional depth of art perception, but does not necessarily change its aesthetic evaluation," she explained.



This distinction highlights a critical nuance: while music deepens the emotional resonance of an artwork, it doesn’t necessarily alter its inherent aesthetic appeal. 



This finding demonstrates the multifaceted nature of art perception, where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/classical-music-orchestrates-a-mood-lifting-dance-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional engagement</a> and aesthetic judgment can operate independently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-art-and-music-pairing">Implications for art and music pairing</h2>



The results of the study open new perspectives on how music and visual art interplay in shaping aesthetic experiences.



Although targeted pairings can enhance perceived correspondence between the auditory and visual elements, they don’t necessarily influence how much time viewers spend engaging with the art or their aesthetic preferences.



This insight has significant implications for curators, artists, and museum professionals. It suggests that while pairing art and music can enhance the overall experience, the selection process may not need to be overly rigid. 



The emotional impact of music alone can suffice to create a compelling artistic presentation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-context-of-neuroaesthetics">Broader context of neuroaesthetics</h2>



The research also contributes to the broader field of neuroaesthetics, which examines the neural underpinnings of aesthetic experiences.



By investigating how auditory and visual elements interact, the researchers have provided valuable data on the sensory integration processes that shape our perception of art.



The findings align with existing research on multisensory experiences, which suggests that combining sensory modalities often enhances emotional responses. 



However, this study uniquely highlights that such combinations may not directly influence aesthetic judgment, offering a fresh perspective on the complexities of art perception.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



The study raises intriguing questions for future research. For instance, how do individual differences, such as musical training or familiarity with visual art, influence responses to audiovisual pairings? Do cultural factors play a role in shaping these experiences?



Addressing these questions could provide a more nuanced understanding of the interplay between music and visual art.



Another potential avenue for exploration is the impact of different genres on aesthetic perception. 



Would classical music paired with abstract art evoke different responses compared to contemporary or experimental music? 



Such investigations could further refine our understanding of the relationship between auditory and visual stimuli.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The findings also have real-world implications. Museums can use music to make exhibits more engaging, advertisers can pair visuals with emotional music to grab attention, and storytellers can combine music and visuals to create a bigger emotional impact for their audience.



The study offers valuable insights into the complex relationship between music and visual art.



Music enhances the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/music-causes-similar-emotional-experiences-and-sensations-in-all-cultures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional experience</a> of art but has little impact on how we judge its beauty. These findings highlight the complexity of aesthetic experiences and open doors for more research and practical uses.



The study’s core message is simple: music holds a unique power to deepen our emotional connection to art, even when the pairing lacks deliberate synchronization.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-71399-y" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



Image Credit: Unsplash/CC0 Public Domain



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Play any kind of music to make art an emotional experience

Art and music have always intertwined, each amplifying the other's...

The rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in our world's atmosphere is fueling an environmental threat to marine life. Ocean acidification is growing in magnitude as it moves into deeper waters.



Jens Müller and Nicolas Grube are environmental physicists in the Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics at ETH Zurich. They set out to investigate the consequences of acidification by developing a 3D model of our oceans.



The research, recently published in the journal Science Advances, sheds light on how ocean acidification has intensified since the industrial revolution kicked off.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-carbon-and-ocean-acidification">Connecting carbon and ocean acidification</h2>



Science has shown us that carbon emissions heat up Earth's atmosphere and oceans. But there's more.



When dissolved in seawater, CO2 causes chemical reactions that drop the pH levels, making it acidic. This is similar to what happens when your beverage gets that fizzy zing from carbon dioxide. 



The process may sound simple, but it poses a serious threat to marine life. Our oceans are home to many sea creatures whose survival depends on the chemical stability of the ocean.



Coral reefs are especially at risk. The acidic waters hinder their skeleton-building ability, resulting in coral bleaching and eventually death. This creates a domino effect on marine ecosystems, affecting countless marine species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-ocean-acidification-depths">Mapping ocean acidification depths</h2>



Müller and Grube carefully designed an experiment to untangle the spread of ocean acidification. 



Their focus: How deep down has acidification seeped into our oceans over time? To answer this, they developed an ocean model simulating the effects of rising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/collapse-of-main-atlantic-ocean-circulaton-current-amoc-is-already-happening/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric CO2 levels</a>.



The model was based on historical data spanning over two centuries, with CO2 estimates for the years 1800, 1994, 2004, and 2014. This gave the researchers a timeline to monitor how acidification spread through the ocean layers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-constructing-the-ocean-model">Constructing the ocean model</h2>



Creating a model of this scale required careful planning. Starting with a standard <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-cool-the-climate-more-than-previously-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> model that simulates water movement and chemistry, the researchers then added data points on CO2 levels and acidification indicators like proton concentrations, pH levels, and aragonite saturation states.



This comprehensive approach enabled the experts to accurately map acidification trends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acidification-reaches-new-ocean-depths">Acidification reaches new ocean depths</h2>



Ocean acidification is moving deeper into the ocean, with the average depth impacted by acidification measuring around 1,000 meters by 2014.



In regions influenced by the Atlantic meridional overturning current, acidification reached depths of up to 1,500 meters.



But this spread isn't uniform; different ocean regions face varying levels of change due to factors like water circulation patterns and temperature.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-marine-life-at-risk">Marine life at risk</h2>



Deeper acidification harms more marine organisms. Tiny creatures like Pteropods, called "sea butterflies," are among the most vulnerable. Their calcium-based shells are highly susceptible to acidic conditions.



A decline in pteropods would disrupt marine ecosystems. Other species, including corals and certain types of plankton, face similar risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-implications-of-deeper-acidification">Future implications of deeper acidification </h2>



Müller and Grube's findings emphasize the urgent need to address carbon emissions. As CO2 levels rise, ocean acidification will only get worse. 



The deeper it goes, the harder it is to reverse the impacts. The long-term consequences for marine biodiversity and human communities relying on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-hidden-skin-could-protect-us-from-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> resources are unclear.



Reducing carbon emissions will help slow acidification. Initiatives to shift to renewable energy, enhance energy efficiency, and promote conservation could also contribute.



In addition to mitigation efforts, further research is needed to understand acidification's full impact and to find ways to protect marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-challenge-of-ocean-acidification">Addressing the challenge of ocean acidification</h2>



The study by the <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a> researchers paints a vivid picture of the hidden changes happening beneath the ocean's surface and the intricate connections between human activities and ocean health.



The new model provides valuable data for those working to tackle this urgent issue.



Addressing the challenge of ocean acidification requires a deeper understanding of its effects and collaborative efforts to reduce carbon emissions. 



Innovative research, like modeling acidification trends, offers valuable insights to guide solutions. Protecting our oceans is essential for preserving biodiversity and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado3103" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Ocean acidification is spreading into deeper waters

The rise in carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in our world's...

Once upon a time, more than a million years ago, the hot savannah near what we now know as Lake Turkana in Kenya served as a bustling hub, where two completely distinct species of hominins left their footprints in history.



Recent discoveries reveal that these two species, engrossed in their search for sustenance, might have unknowingly crossed paths and left a tangible mark on our understanding of human evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mystery-of-hominin-footprints">Mystery of hominin footprints</h2>



Hominin is the term used to group species that branched off the evolutionary tree after the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-preferred-the-mountains-and-it-changed-our-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancestors</a> of the great apes diverged, about 6-7 million years ago. 



The Hominins thus include all the species that were directly ancestral to humans or were closely related to them.



The fascinating discovery of 1.5-million-year-old footprints is like peering through a window into our past.



According to scientists, this is the first discovery of fossilized tracks where two different species of hominin left their footprints concurrently on the same ancient lake shore.



This finding could help us to understand how hominin species interacted with and affected each other.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-breakthrough-discovery">A breakthrough discovery</h2>



A recent publication in the journal Science presents irrefutable evidence of different hominin species co-existing in the same space and temporal frame.



The footprints imprinted by individuals of the species Homo erectus and Paranthropus boisei, which are two of the most common hominin species of the Pleistocene Epoch, narrate the story of their lives.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/footprints_human-ancestors_Paranthropus-boisei_credit-Chatham-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/footprints_human-ancestors_Paranthropus-boisei_credit-Chatham-University_1s.webp" alt="A footprint hypothesized to have been created by a Paranthropus boisei individual. Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University" class="wp-image-1952149"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A footprint hypothesized to have been created by a Paranthropus boisei individual. Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University</figcaption></figure>



“Their presence on the same surface, made closely together in time, places the two <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-impacted-earth-than-previously-thought-2/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> at the lake margin, using the same habitat,” said Craig Feibel, an author of the study and a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Department of Anthropology in the <a href="https://sas.rutgers.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-hominin-footprints">Tracking hominin footprints</h2>



Feibel, along with researchers led by Cyprian Nyete, discovered the footprints in 2021. A surprise awaited them as they unearthed not just giant bird tracks but hominin footprints as well. 



The footprints told an intriguing story. If the two species of hominins didn’t cross paths, they tread the shore within hours of each other, according to Feibel.



“Fossil footprints are exciting because they provide vivid snapshots that bring our fossil relatives to life,” said Kevin Hatala, the study’s first author and an associate professor of biology at <a href="https://www.chatham.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chatham University</a> in Pittsburgh.



“With these kinds of data, we can see how living individuals, millions of years ago, were moving around their environments and potentially interacting with each other, or even with other animals. That's something that we can't really get from bones or stone tools,” he added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-existence-of-two-hominin-species">Co-existence of two hominin species</h2>



The discovery of hominin footprints is, as Feibel puts it, "a bit of serendipity." The findings demonstrate the co-existence of these species and supports a hypothesis that has been around for a while.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/footprints_human-ancestors_Homo-erectus_credit-Chatham-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/footprints_human-ancestors_Homo-erectus_credit-Chatham-University_1s.webp" alt="A footprint hypothesized to have been created by a Homo erectus individual. Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University" class="wp-image-1952147"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A footprint hypothesized to have been created by a Homo erectus individual. Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University</figcaption></figure>



According to fossil records, Homo erectus, our direct <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-first-arrived-in-europe-1-3-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancestor</a>, persisted for a million years more than Paranthropus boisei. The reasons behind the extinction of Paranthropus boisei remain unknown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transcending-the-physical-evidence">Transcending the physical evidence</h2>



The footprints acquire a significant position in the study of human evolution. In Feibel's words, they fall into the category of "trace fossils," that provide non-physical evidence of behavior.



Unlike body fossils (such as bones and teeth) that can be moved by natural forces, trace fossils remain untouched, preserving an authentic record of past behaviors.



The discovery of these footprints opens a gateway into the past by showing directly that distinct kinds of human relatives co-inhabited the same place at the same time. 



Even more intriguing is the possibility that the two groups might have interacted, influencing each other in ways we are yet to fully comprehend.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-ancient-hominin-footprints">Insights from ancient hominin footprints</h2>



The study of these ancient footprints offers valuable insights into the behavior and movement patterns of our prehistoric ancestors. 



By examining the size, shape, and stride length of the footprints, researchers can gather information about the individuals' walking speed, body proportions, and possibly even their social dynamics.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/footprints_human-ancestors_cross-paths_Paranthropus-boisei_Homo-erectus_credit-Chatham-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/footprints_human-ancestors_cross-paths_Paranthropus-boisei_Homo-erectus_credit-Chatham-University_1s.webp" alt="A 3D computerized model of the surface of the area near Lake Turkana in Kenya shows fossil footprints of Paranthropus boisei (vertical footprints) with separate footprints of Homo erectus forming a perpendicular path. Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University" class="wp-image-1952145"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A 3D computerized model of the surface of the area near Lake Turkana in Kenya shows fossil footprints of Paranthropus boisei (vertical footprints) with separate footprints of Homo erectus forming a perpendicular path. Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University</figcaption></figure>



This invaluable evidence provides a window into the daily lives and interactions of Homo erectus and Paranthropus boisei, shedding light on our shared history and the complexities of our evolutionary journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-human-evolution">Understanding human evolution</h2>



The coexistence and potential interaction between Homo erectus and Paranthropus boisei have significant implications for our understanding of human evolution.



It challenges the linear narrative of human evolution and highlights the complexity and diversity of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-arrived-in-south-america-much-earlier-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary past</a>. 



The presence of multiple species in the same environment suggests that different hominin groups may have occupied distinct ecological niches and developed unique adaptations. 



By studying these ancient footprints, we not only unravel the story of our ancestors but also gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate tapestry of human evolution.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-our-prehistoric-ancestors">The journey of our prehistoric ancestors</h2>



The footprints of Homo erectus and Paranthropus boisei provide a tangible narrative of our prehistoric ancestors. They reveal how distinct paths paved the way for our evolution.



“This proves beyond any question that not only one, but two different hominins were walking on the same surface, literally within hours of each other,” Feibel said. 



“The idea that they lived contemporaneously may not be a surprise. But this is the first time demonstrating it. I think that's really huge.”



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado5275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



Image Credit: Kevin Hatala/Chatham University



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Two species of human ancestors literally crossed paths 1.5 million years ago

Once upon a time, more than a million years ago,...

The great evolutionary leap from unicellular organisms to the animal kingdom took place roughly 700 million years ago. A new breakthrough offers a glimpse into the molecular tools that may have enabled this colossal shift. 



Scientists have just made a breakthrough achievement by successfully creating mouse stem cells from the genes of a single-celled life form.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-converting-stem-cells-into-a-live-mouse">Converting stem cells into a live mouse</h2>



The feat is remarkable because stem cells have the unique ability to both self-replicate and transform into other cells with different functions. 



The study reveals how scientists used lab-produced stem cells to form a living, breathing mouse from a developing embryo.



Perhaps what is even more surprising is that the genes facilitating this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/blood-stem-cells-grown-in-the-lab-for-first-time-ever-leukemia-treatment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stem cell</a> division and specialization were previously believed to be confined only within animals and not present in single-celled protists from a billion years ago.



"The molecular tool kit of stem cells is much older than we thought previously. These molecular tools are older than animal stem cells themselves," noted Ralf Jauch, a study author and a renowned stem cell biologist at the <a href="https://www.hku.hk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Hong Kong</a>. 



This newfound understanding of natural evolution could pave the way for improved stem cell models and potentially combat diseases and aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animals-and-protists-what-s-the-difference">Animals and protists: What's the difference?</h2>



The difference between animals and protists goes beyond the number of cells. Protists, usually unicellular microscopic organisms that are not classified as animals, fungi, or plants, perform all functions within a single cell. 



Meanwhile, animals are like master delegators, assigning cells to specific tasks, while other cells take care of different actions.



"We know that animals, most of them have stem cells because it’s something that you need. You need cells that can divide but at the same time give rise to other cells," explained Alex de Mendoza, a study author from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-yamanaka-factors">The Yamanaka factors</h2>



A fascinating discovery in 2012 by stem cell researcher Shinya Yamanaka revolutionized our understanding of stem cells. He found that adult cells could be transformed into stem cells by introducing four specific genes (Sox2, Pou5F1, Klf4, and Myc), coined as the Yamanaka factors.



This capability was initially considered exclusive to the animal kingdom since it seemed unnecessary in a unicellular organism. 



However, de Mendoza and his colleagues recently discovered a few Yamanaka factors in the genomes of protists, challenging this belief.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-mouse-cells-from-ancient-genes">Creating mouse cells from ancient genes</h2>



The team located these genes in a protist about the size of a dust particle named a choanoflagellate. They replaced a Sox2 gene from a mouse with the similar gene found in the choanoflagellates, successfully reprogramming the cells to a stem cell state. 



The mouse developed with characteristics from both its original embryo and the lab-induced stem cells.



However, not all the experiments succeeded. The introduction of the Pou gene, found in the choanoflagellate, to mouse cells, didn't induce stem cells. 



This suggested that the Pou gene might have required more evolutionary modifications before it achieved its function in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-grow-models-of-human-embryos-in-the-lab-for-the-first-time/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern animals</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reprogramming-of-mouse-cells">Reprogramming of mouse cells</h2>



The successful reprogramming of mouse cells to a stem cell state through the introduction of a similar gene found in the choanoflagellates raises intriguing questions about the underlying mechanisms at play. 



The researchers will not explore deeper to understand how these genetic factors interact with cellular processes to reprogram and transform cell identity.



By unraveling these intricate mechanisms, scientists aim to gain further insights into the potential applications of gene reprogramming in various fields, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lab-grown-babies-revolutionary-science-or-ethical-disaster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regenerative medicine</a> and developmental biology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-evolutionary-biology">Implications for evolutionary biology</h2>



The discoveries made through this study on mouse stem cells have broad implications for both evolutionary biology and medical research.



By examining the shared genetic features between choanoflagellates and multicellular organisms, scientists can gain valuable knowledge about the evolutionary origins of complex traits and functions.



Understanding the ancient genetic toolkit employed by our ancestors can shed light on the development and diversification of life on Earth. 



Furthermore, these findings have the potential to inform advancements in medical research, offering new avenues for studying cellular reprogramming and potentially unlocking novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases and conditions. 



The synergistic combination of evolutionary insights and biomedical applications holds great promise for scientific innovation and improving human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-coding-for-a-modern-world">Ancient coding for a modern world</h2>



De Mendoza suggests that choanoflagellates and our ancient ancestors may have used these gene capabilities to regulate basic functions, like cell proliferation. However, multicellular animals could have repurposed them to build complex bodies.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-development-has-a-pause-button/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Evolution</a> doesn’t always need to invent. Usually, you use whatever you have, and then you build something new from mostly recycled parts," noted de Mendoza.



This research on mouse stem cells highlights the marvels of evolution and the intricate characteristics of our ancestors. It also demonstrates the power of human ingenuity, transforming genetic relics from the past into tools for scientific advancements today.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-54152-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



Image Credit: Gao Ya and Alvin Kin Shing Lee, with thanks to the Centre for Comparative Medicine Research (CCMR) for their support



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Living mouse created with stem cells that predate animals

The great evolutionary leap from unicellular organisms to the animal...

A group of stellar scientists from Caltech's science center, IPAC, are sharing the last data drop captured by NASA's celebrated NEOWISE telescope, marking the end of a remarkable journey in space exploration.



Launched in 2009 as WISE (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) and later reincarnated as NEOWISE in 2013, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/the-launch-of-the-james-webb-space-telescope-in-french-guiana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space telescope</a> has spent over a decade tracing the night sky. 



Its mission: Seek and study the smallest objects in our solar system -- asteroids, and comets.



These <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-comets-hidden-near-earth-ice-giants-can-be-both-friend-and-foe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">near-Earth objects</a> (NEOs), while small, have a world of information to offer in the ongoing quest for cosmic understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-keeping-its-eye-to-the-sky">Keeping its eye to the sky</h2>



Over its 15 years of operation, NEOWISE has had the rare opportunity to probe views of the same sky regions repeatedly.



In many cases, a region was studied over 220 times. This repetitious exploration enabled astronomers to track down and analyze objects that changed their brightness or location.



Joe Masiero, research scientist at IPAC and the Deputy Principal Investigator of the mission, expressed his gratitude.



"Being able to watch the changing sky for nearly 15 years has opened a new avenue for time-domain science, for everything from the closest asteroids to the most distant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-quasars-defied-the-laws-of-physics-with-rapid-growth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quasars</a>," said Masiero.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-incredible-discoveries-by-neowise">Incredible discoveries by NEOWISE </h2>



NEOWISE's consistent sky scans have shed light on intriguing celestial objects like brown dwarfs and have revealed patterns in large comet populations.



One of its significant achievements was the characterization of over 3,000 near-Earth objects - equivalent to around 10% of the known population.



The final NEO observed by NEOWISE, an individual named 2007 LV8, benefitted from over 100 glimpses in the closing days of the survey -- courtesy of its alignment with the telescope's scan pattern.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Gecko-Nebula_neowise-telescope_caltech_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Gecko-Nebula_neowise-telescope_caltech_1s.webp" alt="Baby Stars of the Gecko. Skygazers have dubbed this region the “Gecko Nebula” for its resemblance to a downturned head with a pointed snout, though astronomers refer to the area as LBN 437. This cloud of dust and gas is a region of star formation, which is revealed clearly in infrared light by NASA’s WISE mission. Credit: Caltech/NEOWISE" class="wp-image-1952119"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Baby Stars of the Gecko. Skygazers have dubbed this region the “Gecko Nebula” for its resemblance to a downturned head with a pointed snout, though astronomers refer to the area as LBN 437. This cloud of dust and gas is a region of star formation, which is revealed clearly in infrared light by NASA’s WISE mission. Credit: Caltech/NEOWISE</figcaption></figure>



Roc Cutri, NEOWISE Task Lead and Project Scientist at IPAC, explained the significance of this achievement.



"Because of NEOWISE’s extensive view of the sky, we get a more complete picture of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-a-fifth-force-of-nature-asteroids-provide-new-clues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">asteroids</a> and comets in Earth’s orbital neighborhood. The data provide a unique way of understanding factors like the size and rotation period of these NEOs," said Cutri.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unseen-images-from-the-depths-of-space">Unseen images from the depths of space</h2>



The WISE and NEOWISE data releases may be primarily for researchers, but they contain some of the most stunning images of our infrared sky, according to Robert Hurt, IPAC Visualization Scientist.



Over the course of the original WISE mission, more than 100 areas of the sky were highlighted in public image releases, but these are just a sliver of the full-sky survey.



In the quest for unseen sky areas, the team overlaid the positions of previous images onto sky maps using data from WISE and other missions. 



This revealed areas that had never been highlighted before but contained mesmerizing regions, filled with cosmic dust, where stars are born.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-california-nebula">The California Nebula</h2>



One of the images that stands out is the NEOWISE’s view of the California Nebula, named after its resemblance to the Californian coastline.



This image is special to the NEOWISE data processing team at <a href="https://www.ipac.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IPAC</a>, situated in Pasadena, California. It symbolically commemorates the team's years of dedication and hard work.



The California Nebula is located in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milky Way</a>, about 1,000 light-years away, in the Perseus constellation.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/california-nebula_neowise-image_caltech_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/california-nebula_neowise-image_caltech_1s.webp" alt="The California Nebula is seen in its entirety in this image, covering over 25 square degrees of sky. In this infrared view, the dust clouds underlying the nebula glimmer in greens and reds. Credit: Caltech/NEOWISE" class="wp-image-1952117"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The California Nebula is seen in its entirety in this image, covering over 25 square degrees of sky. In this infrared view, the dust clouds underlying the nebula glimmer in greens and reds. Credit: Caltech/NEOWISE</figcaption></figure>



It is a dusty region that spans an impressive 100 light-years and is illuminated by the nearby massive star Menkib, born just a few million years ago.



“We know there are more things to discover in the NEOWISE data that we just haven’t noticed yet,” said Masiero. 



“As astronomers develop new tools and techniques and as new surveys are conducted, we can be sure the NEOWISE archive will be one of the first places we look for the data needed to better understand our universe.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-legacy-of-neowise">The legacy of NEOWISE</h2>



The journey of NEOWISE may have ended, but its legacy is just taking off. 



The wealth of data waiting to be analyzed by astronomers such as Yuna Kwon, a solar system astronomer and IPAC archive scientist, is nothing short of a treasure.



Kwon's work on the Cometary Object Study Investigating their Nature and Evolution (COSINE) project is just beginning. This project is focused on cataloging and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-comets-hidden-near-earth-ice-giants-can-be-both-friend-and-foe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">analyzing comets</a> observed by NEOWISE.



Kwon studies comets because they are some of the oldest and most rudimentary objects in our solar system. Their physical properties can give us clues about the conditions during the solar system’s formation.



"Comets are like cats -- they have tails and do precisely what they want,” said Kwon. “Thankfully, NEOWISE has a treasure trove of data to study these idiosyncratic objects.”



“My experience with NEOWISE data has broadened my perspective and deepened my understanding of the comet population itself, putting the observations in the broader context of the formation and evolution of the solar system."



Looking forward, Kwon hopes to combine the knowledge gleaned from NEOWISE with new data from future observatories like <a href="https://www.ipac.caltech.edu/project/neo-surveyor" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NEO Surveyor</a> and <a href="https://www.ipac.caltech.edu/project/spherex" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SPHEREx</a>.



The voyage of NEOWISE might have concluded, but the wealth of discoveries it has provided, and those yet to be made, signify that the telescope's legacy is far from over.



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Click here to access <a href="https://www.astropix.org/link/3b2x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">high-resolution versions of NEOWISE's final photos</a>.



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/IPAC



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Final stunning photos from the NEOWISE telescope do not disappoint

A group of stellar scientists from Caltech's science center, IPAC,...

A fascinating study reveals that chimpanzees, like humans, are gradually improving their tool-using skills through the exchange of ideas and information across different populations.



The research was led by Cassandra Gunasekaram, a doctoral student at the University of Zurich.



The study highlights parallels between the knowledge-sharing behaviors of chimps and early humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tool-use-by-chimpanzees">Tool use by chimpanzees</h2>



Scientific evidence has shown us that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzee-cultures-are-more-complex-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimps</a> are quite skilled at passing down behaviors like tool use from one generation to another.



However, their "culture," defined as socially learned behaviors, appeared to have remained more or less constant. Gunasekaram and her team sought to unravel this mystery.



The team from the <a href="https://www.uzh.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Zurich</a> meticulously combined genetic data tracking ancient chimp migrations across Africa with observations of 15 distinct foraging behaviors across multiple populations and subspecies.



The behaviors fell into three categories: those requiring no tools, those using simple tools, and the most complex ones involving toolsets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-behaviors-and-group-interactions">Complex behaviors and group interactions </h2>



The pivotal outcome of the chimpanzee study was the finding that the use of advanced tools correlated strongly with populations connected by genetic exchanges in the past 5,000 to 15,000 years. This is an indication that complex behaviors had spread when groups interacted.



Interestingly, the regions where three subspecies overlapped demonstrated the most complex tool use. 



On the other hand, simpler behaviors such as foraging without tools seemed less tied to migration and likely evolved independently in different areas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-chimp-connection">Human-chimp connection</h2>



"They've become so complex that one person alone could not reinvent them from scratch," noted Gunasekaram.



The advanced tool use seen in chimps mirrors the human progress from early abacuses to modern smartphones – a result of sharing ideas and incremental innovation.



However, unlike humans, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-feel-the-pressure-to-perform-with-an-audience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chimps</a> have far fewer opportunities to encounter new individuals and ideas. This is primarily due to gradual migrations driven by sexually mature females that move to avoid inbreeding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-tool-use-in-chimpanzee-culture">Evolution of tool-use in chimpanzee culture</h2>



One of the biggest challenges in studying the evolution of chimpanzee culture is the limited window of observation since the species has only been scientifically researched for about a century. 



Moreover, chimpanzee tools made of sticks and stems are perishable, making it nearly impossible to trace how their artifacts have evolved over time. The team overcame these hurdles by analyzing ancient genetic flows.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influence-of-social-learning">Influence of social learning</h2>



Social learning plays a crucial role in the development and transmission of chimpanzee culture. Through observation and imitation, young chimpanzees acquire valuable skills and knowledge from experienced individuals within their social groups. 



This process allows for the transfer of learned behaviors, such as tool use and foraging techniques, across generations. 



The ability to learn from one another and adapt to changing environments has contributed to the richness and diversity of chimpanzee cultural practices, including their use of tools.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-variations-among-chimpanzees">Cultural variations among chimpanzees</h2>



Similar to human cultures, chimpanzee cultures also exhibit variations and regional differences. 



Different chimpanzee populations have been found to possess unique cultural practices and behaviors that are specific to their social groups and environments. 



These variations can be observed in different tool-use techniques, communication patterns, and even forms of social interaction. 



By studying these cultural variations, researchers gain valuable insights into the adaptive nature of chimpanzee culture and the influence of local environments on their behavioral repertoire.



By exploring the influence of social learning and highlighting cultural variations among chimpanzee populations, we gain a deeper understanding of the complexity and significance of chimpanzee culture and the use of tools in their evolutionary journey.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-will-chimpanzee-tools-surpass-humans">Will chimpanzee tools surpass humans?</h2>



While it's unlikely that chimps will match human ingenuity, given enough time, they could become more efficient foragers. 



For instance, some populations are already more advanced in cracking nuts with stone-made hammers and anvils. A particularly innovative group has even invented a stabilizer for the anvil.



Ultimately, this study serves as a reminder of the significant role of interaction and collaboration in driving innovation and technological progress – a lesson we share with our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chimpanzees-are-constantly-mastering-new-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">closest living relatives</a>, the chimpanzees.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk3381" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Chimpanzees pass tool-use skills across generations

A fascinating study reveals that chimpanzees, like humans, are gradually...

Avocados have become a staple in many kitchens, showing up on toast, in smoothies, and as the star ingredient in guacamole at every gathering. In fact, many experts claim that eating one avocado each day can actually add years to your life by improving the overall quality of your diet.



Beyond their delicious taste and texture, avocados pack a punch when it comes to nutrition. They’re loaded with healthy fats, especially monounsaturated fat, which is great for your heart. 



You’ll also find plenty of vitamins like Vitamin K, Vitamin E, and several B vitamins, along with minerals such as potassium and magnesium. 



Avocados are also rich in fiber, which helps with digestion and keeps you feeling full longer.



So, what is the controversy, and how exactly can eating avocados improve your health and extend lifespan?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-investigating-the-avocado-diet">Investigating the avocado diet</h2>



Kristina Petersen, an associate professor of nutritional sciences, and Penny Kris-Etherton, a retired professor from Penn State University <a href="https://hhd.psu.edu/nutrition" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Nutritional Sciences</a>, set out to explore this question. 



They led a team to investigate the potential health benefits of daily avocado consumption. Their research was recently published in the journal Current Developments in Nutrition. 



The study aimed to see if adding one avocado to a person's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/high-fat-diets-linked-to-unexpected-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daily diet</a> could make a significant difference in their overall diet quality.



"Avocados are a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-foods-with-these-key-nutrients-will-dramatically-slow-brain-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrient-dense food</a>, containing a lot of fiber and other important nutrients. We wanted to see if regular intake of this food would lead to an increase in diet quality," Petersen explained. 



She noted that previous observational studies suggested that people who eat avocados tend to have higher diet quality, but they wanted to find out if there was a direct cause-and-effect relationship.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



Because only about 2% of American adults regularly eat avocados, the researchers were curious whether incorporating this fruit daily could boost diet quality across a broader population. 



They conducted phone interviews with participants before the study began and at various points throughout to assess their dietary intake over the previous 24 hours. 



They used the Healthy Eating Index to evaluate how well participants adhered to the <a href="https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dietary Guidelines for Americans</a>.



The study involved 1,008 participants divided into two groups. 



One group continued their usual diet and limited their avocado intake during the 26-week study. The other group added one avocado per day to their meals.



"We found that the participants who had an avocado per day significantly increased their adherence to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-meat-less-protein-lacks-certain-nutrients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary guidelines</a>," Petersen said. 



"This suggests that strategies, like eating one avocado per day, can help people follow dietary guidelines and improve the quality of their diets."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avocado-diet-surprises">Avocado diet surprises</h2>



What surprised the researchers was how participants managed to improve their diet quality. 



"We determined that participants were using avocados as a substitute for some foods higher in refined grains and sodium," Petersen noted. 



While avocados counted toward increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetable consumption</a>, people were also swapping out less healthy options in favor of this nutrient-rich fruit.



Poor diet quality is a significant risk factor for conditions like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and kidney disease. 



"By improving people’s adherence to dietary guidelines, we can help to reduce their risk of developing these chronic conditions and prolong healthy life expectancy," Petersen said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-next">What happens next?</h2>



Petersen has explored other food-based interventions, such as the relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-pistachios-daily-proven-to-boost-eyes-vision-and-overall-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pistachios and diet quality</a>. 



She believes more research is needed to discover additional food strategies that can help people stick to dietary guidelines. 



"In studies like this one, we are able to determine food-based ways to improve diet quality, but behavioral strategies are also needed to help people adhere to dietary guidelines and reduce their risk of chronic disease," she emphasized.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-diet-avocado-s-global-impact">Beyond diet: Avocado's global impact</h2>



But there's more to the avocado story than just personal health benefits, and it's not what you might expect. 



Enter Honor May Eldridge, a food policy expert who works to promote sustainable agriculture around the world. 



In her book, The Avocado Debate, Eldridge delves into the complexities of our modern food system through the lens of the avocado.



"The avocado has come to represent so much more than just a fruit. It’s wrapped up with ideas of generational conflict, environmental chaos, and social injustice," Eldridge explained.



"Over the last century, through careful marketing, it has evolved into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-adopt-regenerative-agriculture-better-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">commodity crop</a> with a huge social media following."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dark-side-of-avocado-diets">The dark side of avocado diets</h2>



However, the book doesn't aim to vilify the avocado or its fans. Instead, it seeks to educate consumers about the often-unseen ramifications of their choices. 



"Everything we eat has an impact -- good and bad. We all just need to be more knowledgeable about those consequences so we can make more informed choices. We shouldn’t demonize the avocado," she stated.



Particularly in the last three decades, avocados have gone from being a regional crop to a global phenomenon embraced by cafes, restaurants, homes, and social media platforms everywhere. 



Eldridge traces the avocado's journey from a staple in indigenous communities to its current status, examining how colonialism and modern marketing have turned this humble fruit into a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-avocado-debate-understanding-the-impacts-of-our-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sought-after commodity</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-and-social-challenges">Environmental and social challenges</h2>



She explores the environmental and social challenges tied to avocado production today. Issues like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trillions-of-cubic-meters-of-water-is-used-to-grow-crops-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">excessive water use</a>, fertilizers, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pesticide-exposure-increases-the-risk-of-parkinsons-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pesticides</a> have significant impacts on ecosystems and local communities. 



One pressing concern is the expanding need for land, leading to widespread clearances that endanger crucial habitats and biodiversity.



Eldridge also tackles questions of equity and sustainability, highlighting connections between avocado production, land grabs, structural inequalities, and the influence of the Global North on the Global South. 



She raises important points about how large-scale export agriculture affects local communities, especially in regions grappling with climate change.



"My goal is to encourage readers to recognize the complexity of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food system</a> and understand that no food is inherently 'good' or 'bad'," Eldridge said. "The debate needs to move beyond simplistic portrayals and embrace the intricate reality of our choices."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-avocado-diet-and-environmental-balance">Avocado, diet, and environmental balance</h2>



So, where does that leave us with our beloved avocados? 



On one hand, they can boost our diet quality and help us meet nutritional guidelines. 



On the other, their production can have significant environmental and social impacts. 



Perhaps the key is balance and awareness. By knowing more about where our food comes from and how it's produced, we can make choices that are good for us while being mindful of the bigger picture.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2475299124000052" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Developments in Nutrition</a> and <a href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781003371915/avocado-debate-honor-may-eldridge" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Avocado Debate</a>.



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Eating avocado every day can add years to your life, but this fruit has enemies

Avocados have become a staple in many kitchens, showing up...

Have you ever felt your skin tingle during a horror movie, or experienced the warmth of a tender family scene? According to researchers from Tokyo Metropolitan University, these skin reactions might tell more about your emotions than you think.



The team, led by Professor Shogo Okamoto, has been exploring a fascinating question: Can our skin conductance shed light on our emotions? 



When we feel different sensations, the electrical properties of our skin change dramatically due to perspiration. Signals of these changes appear within one to three seconds after the original emotional trigger. 



This might sound complex, but let's make it simple: different emotions make our skin behave differently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-s-response-to-different-emotions">Skin's response to different emotions</h2>



To investigate this, the researchers from <a href="https://www.tmu.ac.jp/english/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tokyo Metropolitan University</a> conducted an experiment where volunteers watched various types of videos while wearing skin probes.



These videos ranged from heart-pounding horror scenes, feel-good family bonding moments, and hilarious acts by comedians. Each scene offered clear points at which the viewer's emotions were significantly triggered.



Following each video, the team recorded and analyzed the conductance traces, which led to some intriguing findings. 



Turns out, those bone-chilling horror scenes prompted responses that lasted the longest. This could be our body's survival mechanism, keeping us alert and ready in potentially dangerous situations.



When comparing the heartwarming family scenes and humor-filled clips, the former elicited a slower <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/facial-expressions-arent-enough-to-understand-human-emotions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reaction</a>. This could reflect the complex mix of happiness and sadness that often accompanies poignant family moments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revealing-the-emotional-mystique">Revealing the emotional mystique</h2>



The most exciting part of their study, however, was the team's discovery that different numbers extracted from the skin conductance traces could help distinguish the viewer's emotions.



While they can't pinpoint emotions with perfect accuracy just yet, the data can predict whether a person was experiencing fear or the warmth of family ties with a significant degree of certainty.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-skin-react-to-emotions">Why does skin react to emotions?</h2>



The findings of extended responses during bone-chilling horror scenes and slower reactions in heartwarming family moments warrant further exploration. 



Several factors may contribute to these distinctive patterns of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emotions-sensory-perception-brain-fascinating-interplay/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional response</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-survival-instincts">Survival instincts</h3>



Our physiological responses to fear-inducing stimuli, such as horror scenes, may be rooted in our evolutionary history. 



The prolonged responses could be attributed to our body's survival mechanism, designed to keep us vigilant and prepared in potentially dangerous situations.



These scenes may activate the release of stress hormones, heightening our senses and readiness to react.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexity-of-emotions">Complexity of emotions</h3>



Heartwarming family scenes often evoke a mix of happiness and sadness, resulting in more nuanced and complex emotional experiences. These conflicting emotions may require additional cognitive processing, leading to a slower physiological response. 



The interplay of joy and nostalgia in these moments may contribute to a unique pattern of emotional engagement.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-and-personal-context">Individual differences and personal context</h3>



Emotional responses can vary widely among individuals due to personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and individual sensitivities. 



Factors such as past trauma, personal values, and individual preferences can influence the intensity and duration of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional responses</a>.



It is important to consider the diverse range of subjective experiences when interpreting these findings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-emotional-response-analysis">Future of emotional response analysis</h2>



The research on skin conductance traces unlocks new possibilities for understanding and interpreting emotions.



As technology continues to advance, it is not far-fetched to imagine a future where devices can accurately detect our emotions in real-time. 



This could revolutionize various fields, including entertainment, healthcare, and communication. 



Personalized movies could be created to adapt their storyline based on emotional engagement. Healthcare devices could be designed to provide immediate support based on specific emotions. The potential applications are vast and exciting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skin-devices-detecting-emotions">Skin devices detecting emotions</h2>



Imagine a world where skin devices can sense your emotions and adapt their services accordingly. 



While such technology would rely heavily on facial expressions, skin conductance could be a rich, alternative source of information, particularly when facial data isn't available.



The world of emotionally aware technologies might still be a few steps away, but this work brings us one significant step closer. It supports a better understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomscrolling-is-silently-ruining-our-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human emotions</a>, while opening up exciting new doors in the world of technology.



In conclusion, the fascinating research on skin conductance and its potential to decipher human emotions opens up a world of possibilities for emotionally aware technologies. 



This research was backed by an Institutional Research Grant from Tokyo Metropolitan University.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10718281" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IEEE Access</a>.



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Future tech will track emotions through changes in our skin

Have you ever felt your skin tingle during a horror...

Imagine tripping over a piece of old metal while exploring the ruins of a long-forgotten town, only to find that the obstacle was something exceptional. That's precisely what happened to a group of archaeologists, who recently unearthed the oldest known firearm, in the United States, known as "The Bronze Cannon." 



The cannon, often referred to as a wall gun, was a significant part of the Coronado expedition led by Spanish conquistador Francisco Vázquez de Coronado. This expedition comprised brave explorers who sailed far from home in search of the "Seven Cities of Gold" almost half a millennium ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bronze-cannon-was-a-formidable-weapon">"The Bronze Cannon" was a formidable weapon </h2>



Built to dispense projectiles in a manner that resembled a swarm of angry hornets, the 40-pound cannon was a force to be reckoned with.



But, unlike modern-day firearms, it had a unique firing mechanism that used round projectiles or buckshot. The coroner's report described the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-masters-woodworking-crafting-wooden-hunting-weapons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weapon</a>'s effect on the enemy soldiers as akin to a hornets' assault.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spanish-connection-of-the-cannon-firearm">Spanish connection of the cannon firearm</h2>



The team conducted a scientifically rigorous radiocarbon analysis on the artifact to trace the cannon's origin. 



The result? The weapon was fashioned between 1500 and 1520 using metal and decoration indicative of Mexican craftsmanship rather than the ornate Spanish designs.



This discovery points towards the firearm's being cast in Mexico - an unexpected find that challenges the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-used-interesting-technique-hunt-big-animals-clovis-points/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional narrative</a> of Spanish involvement.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannon-and-firearm-history-in-the-u-s">Cannon and firearm history in the U.S.</h2>



The scientist championing this discovery is Deni Seymour, an independent archaeologist and the lead author of the study that describes this significant find.



The cannon, uncovered in the town of San Geronimo III, is described by Seymour as an important artifact.



"Until this particular cannon was found, no firearms from the Coronado Expedition had been discovered. No firearms from this early period are known from the U.S. or on the continental land mass as a whole," noted Seymour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cannon-s-final-resting-place">Cannon's final resting place</h2>



Seymour and her team unearthed the cannon from the ruins of San Geronimo III, a town established by the members of the Coronado expedition. This was not a peaceful settlement by any means.



The Sobaipuri O’odham people rose against the Spanish settlers in what Seymour describes as "the earliest, most consequential Native American uprising in the continental U.S."



The battle left the Spanish with no choice but to flee, leaving behind their prized possession that, ironically, was never fired.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-firearm-history-cannon-from-arizona">Rewriting firearm history: Cannon from Arizona</h2>



The discovery of the bronze cannon is not just a fascinating find; it's a revelation that pushes the historical timeline of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-hunter-gatherers-were-nearly-wiped-out-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">firearm</a> introduction in the U.S. back by 300 years.



It was previously believed that the first cannons came ashore in colonial Boston amidst the upheaval of the Revolutionary War. 



However, this recent finding takes the timeline far back to a Spanish adobe house used by settlers who were a part of the Coronado expedition, nearly 500 years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-journey-through-uncharted-lands">Journey through uncharted lands</h2>



The Coronado expedition, led by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, was not just a journey to unknown lands; it was a test of endurance that brought together over 2,500 Europeans and Mexican-Indian allies. 



The two-year-long journey saw the allies navigate through current-day Mexico and the American Southwest in search of riches, which brought them into direct contact, and inevitable conflict, with indigenous cultures along the way.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-legacy-of-the-cannon">Legacy of the cannon</h2>



The study, published in the <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10761-024-00761-7#Abs1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Journal of Historical Archaeology</a>, speculates on why the cannon was abandoned.



The experts suggest that the Spanish settlers ran out of time to load it when the Sobaipuri O'odham tribe launched a successful attack against them in late 1541.



Under normal circumstances, the weapon would have been too valuable to leave behind.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-discovery">Implications of the discovery </h2>



In conclusion, the discovery of this ancient firearm has implications far beyond archaeological interest. 



"From the standpoint of interpretation, this cannon and the battle that occurred around it represent the earliest successful Native American uprising in the Continental US since the Spaniards did not come back for 150 years," noted Seymour.



The Bronze Cannon will, undoubtedly, serve as an important cornerstone in narrating the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-homo-sapiens-stone-tools-preserved-volcanic-ash-grotta-di-castelcivita/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">history</a> of firearms within the complex tapestry of modern human existence in the Americas.



Image Credit: International Journal of Historical Archeology



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The Bronze Cannon: Oldest known firearm discovered in Arizona

Imagine tripping over a piece of old metal while exploring...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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