For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-think-they-found-two-key-bacteria-that-cause-multiple-sclerosis/">bacteria</a>, make up around 90% of the gut virome.



Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health.



A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IBD</a>), <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colonoscopy-vs-stool-tests-doctors-found-out-which-is-better-at-detecting-cancer/">colorectal cancer</a>, and Clostridium difficile infection (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15548-c-diff-infection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDI</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-s-virome-changes-across-life-stages">Gut's virome changes across life stages</h2>



The gut virome changes constantly throughout life. Infants show high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-that-eat-forever-chemicals-discovered-in-contaminated-soil/">diversity</a> in gut bacteriophages (also called phages), which is shaped by birth method, diet, and antibiotic exposure.



As individuals grow, diet and hormones refine the virome. In adults, phages and bacteria form a stable, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00536-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">balanced community</a>.



However, aging shifts this balance. Older adults show more lysogenic phages, which integrate into bacterial genomes and potentially alter metabolism and immune interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-environment-shape-the-virome">Diet and environment shape the virome</h2>



Diet greatly <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9455721/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influences</a> the virome. High-fiber diets support beneficial phages by encouraging helpful bacteria. Western diets, rich in fat and sugar, promote harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-bacteria-breathe-by-creating-electricity/">phages</a>.



Urbanization reduces exposure to natural viruses. Studies show that rural diets which are rich in fiber boost gut virome diversity.



Host genetics and immunity also play roles. Genetic variants can affect viral detection and clearance. Immune defenses, like <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/interferons" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interferons</a> and <a href="https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/receptors-molecules/immunoglobulin-iga" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IgA</a>, keep the virome balanced.



However, immune dysfunction can trigger viral imbalances, worsening conditions like HIV and gut inflammation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viruses-and-bacteria-interacting">Viruses and bacteria interacting</h2>



Viruses, including phages, along with bacteria and fungi form a complex and dynamic ecosystem in the gut. The components interact in positive and negative ways, thus affecting host metabolism, immune regulation and resistance to disease. 



The gut virome plays a crucial regulatory role in these intricate interactions. Phages interact with bacteria through lytic, lysogenic, and budding cycles, which regulate bacterial populations and gene flow. 



In a form of microbial arms race, the bacteria defend against phages using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-used-to-remove-extra-chromosomes-in-down-syndrome-and-restore-cell-function/">CRISPR systems</a> and the phages evolve escape mechanisms.



Some phages even boost bacterial metabolism and biofilm formation, affecting disease risk. For instance, phages can transfer genes that enhance bacterial survival in acidic conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-influence-on-immunity">Virome’s influence on immunity</h2>



The virome affects gut immunity deeply. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-bacteria-get-hungry-they-turn-on-each-other/">Phages</a> can anchor to gut mucus and form a protective barrier. They also shape our own <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459471/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T and B cell</a> activity and regulate macrophages. In addition, viruses that infect eukaryotic cells affect immune pathways and maintain gut balance.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1s.webp" alt="This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine" class="wp-image-1976450"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine</figcaption></figure>



However, infections and antibiotics can disrupt this harmony and lead to inflammation. Phages can trigger TLR9 pathways, causing excessive immune responses such as those linked to IBD.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-role-in-disease">Virome’s role in disease</h2>



Imbalances in the gut virome have been linked to several gut diseases. In IBD, specific phages become abundant and worsen inflammation.



Certain groups of phages (such as Caudovirales) amplify immune responses, while norovirus and rotavirus can damage the gut lining. Viral imbalances are also common in IBS and CDI.



In colorectal cancer, phages and eukaryotic viruses like HPV and JC virus (polyomavirus) appear more often. They may promote tumor growth by altering bacterial communities and gene expression.



Studies suggest that some phages directly influence cancer risk by promoting biofilms and transferring harmful genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-based-treatments">Virus-based treatments</h2>



Several therapies now explore the virome’s potential to treat certain diseases or conditions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restores gut balance and reduces inflammation in IBD and CDI.



FMT works not only by shifting bacteria but also by transferring beneficial phages. Studies show that donor phages often align quickly with recipients and promote recovery.



Phage therapy, which uses viruses to kill specific bacteria, is another approach that is gaining traction. It can reduce harmful microbes while preserving beneficial ones.



Researchers have created phage cocktails that target specific gut pathogens like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and this approach has had promising results in animal models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-as-a-tool-to-reshape-the-virome">Diet as a tool to reshape the virome</h2>



Dietary strategies also reshape the virome. High-fiber diets boost beneficial phages and support bacterial diversity.



Whey protein has shown potential in managing Crohn’s disease by improving phage-bacteria interactions.



Other interventions, such as exclusive enteral nutrition and low-FODMAP diets, also show benefits in gut diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probiotics-prebiotics-and-phages">Probiotics, prebiotics, and phages</h2>



Probiotics introduce beneficial bacteria, while prebiotics feed them. Combining them, known as symbiotics, shows promise for restoring and maintaining gut health.



Recent research suggests that adding phages can enhance these effects. Phage-based products, such as PreforPro, have already shown benefits in clinical trials.



These products can reduce populations of harmful bacteria and improve probiotic performance, thereby creating a more stable gut environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-gut-viruses-to-detect-diseases-early">Using gut viruses to detect diseases early</h2>



The gut virome is now being studied as a diagnostic tool. Viral patterns are more stable than bacterial ones, making them reliable biomarkers.



Distinct virome signatures can predict IBD and colorectal cancer. Machine learning models already use virome data to detect these diseases early.



Virome profiling may also track treatment responses, such as FMT success in IBD and CDI.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-prospects">Challenges and future prospects</h2>



Despite the excitement over potential new treatments, many hurdles remain. Current methods struggle to capture the full virome due to technical limits.



Many phages are still unculturable, and their roles remain unclear. Researchers are working to improve viral databases and develop targeted therapies. Once these gaps close, virome-based therapies could change how we treat gut diseases.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcm/article/8/2/pbaf010/8152264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Precision Clinical Medicine</a>.



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Move over microbiome, it's time for the human gut's 'virome' to shine

For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria, make up around 90% of the gut virome. Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health. A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)....

Have you ever considered how much value your passion brings to your work? Well, you might want to start. Recent study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/market-based-strategies-fall-short-on-forest-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buyers</a> are more likely to pay extra for products created by sellers who create them with passion.



The fascinating study comes from a collaborative effort of researchers Anna Paley, Robert W. Smith, Jacob D. Teeny, and Daniel M. Zane from <a href="https://www.tilburguniversity.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tilburg University</a>, <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>, and <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lehigh University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-passion-products-on-marketplaces">Passion products on marketplaces</h2>



Moving with the times, peer-to-peer marketplaces like Etsy, Fiverr, and UpWork are flourishing, with projections indicating their value could reach an astonishing $355 billion by 2025, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers.



Here, traditional quality indicators like brand names take a backseat. Instead, we find ourselves in an intimate space where sellers directly communicate the nuances of their goods and services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joy-of-creation">Joy of creation</h2>



It appears that the key to attracting customers might just be one's love for their work.



“We suspect that many people who choose to sell things through peer-to-peer marketplaces enjoy making them. Yet, sellers rarely mention it. For example, in the profiles of 30,000 sellers across various peer-to-peer marketplaces, only about 1% of sellers mentioned production enjoyment,” noted Paley. 



Smith said that over 15 experiments, the team found consistent evidence that buyers are more interested in, are more likely to choose, and are willing to pay more for products or services that the seller enjoys producing.



But, here’s a strange paradox - the price that sellers who truly indulge in and enjoy their work are often willing to charge is actually less than those who view their products solely as a means to make money. 



When sellers are passionate about what they do, their intrinsic motivation and genuine connection to their craft can lead them to offer more reasonable prices. 



This approach not only reflects their love for their work but also fosters a loyal customer base that appreciates the value of authenticity and quality over mere profit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychology-of-price-and-perception">Psychology of price and perception</h2>



The study interestingly investigates this anomaly between how a seller's passion influences both buyers' readiness to pay and sellers' pricing decisions. 



The results suggest that when sellers exhibit enjoyment in their work, it strikes a chord with buyers, leading to them perceiving the product or service as higher quality.



An important note to remember is that signaling enjoyment is most effective when the job demands significant skill. However, as more processes become automated, the impact of showcasing enjoyment may lessen. 



Zane provides insight, explaining that a producer's joy in crafting an item inevitably implies more dedication, leading to a presumed high quality of the product or service.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buyers-on-products-created-with-passion">Buyers on products created with passion</h2>



Despite the buyers' affirmed readiness to pay more for products crafted with passion and care, sellers generally accept and charge less for the enjoyable work they produce. 



This phenomenon often stems from a deep-rooted belief among artisans and creators that the joy and satisfaction they derive from the production process itself serve as adequate compensation for their efforts. 



Many sellers prioritize the intrinsic rewards of their craft over monetary gain, which in turn influences their pricing decisions. 



As a result, they may undervalue their work, opting to keep prices lower to make their creations more accessible to a wider audience, even when there is a clear demand for higher-priced, quality products. 



This dynamic reflects a broader tension between passion-driven work and the realities of market pricing in creative industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-sellers">Tips for sellers</h2>



Echoing throughout the findings of the study is a <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valuable lesson</a> for sellers: showcasing your genuine love and passion for your work can pique buyer interest and draw them to your products and services. 



When sellers express enthusiasm and commitment, it resonates with potential customers, making them feel more connected to the brand. 



Moreover, understanding when and how to signal this enjoyment - whether through engaging storytelling, personal anecdotes, or authentic interactions - can significantly impact your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-shocking-reality-of-website-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">business</a>.



By creating an emotional connection and demonstrating a true investment in what you do, you not only foster trust but also enhance customer loyalty, ultimately leading to increased sales and long-term success.



In essence, the study's findings present the power of passion. So next time you dive into a project you enjoy, remember to share your enthusiasm.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00222429241257913" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing</a>. 



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Buyers are willing to pay more for products made with passion

Have you ever considered how much value your passion brings...

How often have you rushed out of the door in the morning, skipping the first meal of the day? Recent research reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-timing-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regularity of breakfast</a> may be more significant to our overall happiness than we thought.



The research is the collective brainchild of Anglia Ruskin University (<a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARU</a>) and <a href="https://www.udla.cl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad de las Americas</a>. 



Study senior author Lee Smith, a renowned professor of public health at ARU, meticulously guided his team through data obtained from nearly 150,000 children across 42 countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skipping-breakfast-vs-life-satisfaction">Skipping breakfast vs. life satisfaction</h2>



According to the study, children who frequently skip breakfast are found to have lower life satisfaction compared to their contemporaries who regularly partake in their morning meal. It's certainly food for thought!



The experts discovered a near-linear relationship between higher frequency of breakfast consumption and greater life satisfaction among children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years across these nations, including Britain.



The healthiest dollop of life satisfaction was observed in participants who ate breakfast daily. On the flip side, those who never partook in breakfast had the lowest life satisfaction scores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-habits-around-the-world">Food habits around the world</h2>



The cultural diversity of food habits around the globe was evident in this study as well. Notably, Portuguese children who ate breakfast every day reported the highest levels of life satisfaction. 



In stark contrast, the lowest life satisfaction was found among children from Romania who never ate breakfast.



Even among the breakfast-eating population, not all countries fare the same. The study noted that children in England who had breakfast daily, did not score as high, coming in fifth in life satisfaction scores just ahead of Romania, Hungary, Germany, and Austria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-breakfast-and-happiness">Science behind breakfast and happiness</h2>



So, what's prompting this apparent correlation between breakfast and happiness? Professor Smith sheds light on some likely factors. Prior studies have indicated a link between low mood among adolescents who skip breakfast and higher instances of anxiety, stress, and depression.



Adding to this, breakfast sets the tone by providing the necessary energy and nutrients for optimal cognitive functioning. It's like oiling the gears for the day ahead, enhancing crucial functions such as concentration, memory, and learning.



Our daily breakfast also serves a cocktail of essential vitamins and minerals. Skipping these nutrients could potentially lead to lower life satisfaction over time. Plus, the regular routine of having breakfast can bring structure and a positive tone to the rest of your day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-choices-and-their-impact">Breakfast choices and their impact</h2>



The type of breakfast consumed also plays a pivotal role in shaping life satisfaction levels. The study highlighted that the nutritional quality of breakfast can significantly affect both physical and mental health. 



Nutrient-rich foods, such as whole grains, fruits, and dairy, are linked to improved mood and cognitive function. In contrast, sugary cereals and processed foods may lead to energy crashes and negatively impact emotional stability. 



As children are increasingly exposed to the lure of convenience foods, prioritizing wholesome breakfast options could serve as a simple yet effective strategy to enhance overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-avoid-skipping-breakfast">How to avoid skipping breakfast</h2>



Understanding the profound effects of breakfast on happiness underscores the importance of fostering healthy eating habits from a young age. 



Parents, educators, and policymakers must collaborate to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">promote the knowledge</a> of the benefits of a nutritious breakfast. 



Schools could play an essential role by incorporating breakfast programs that not only provide healthy options but also educate students about the significance of nutrition in their daily lives. 



By instilling these habits early, we cultivate an environment where children savor the benefits of breakfast, ultimately paving the way for a healthier, happier generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-is-more-than-just-food">Breakfast is more than just food</h2>



However, there is a caveat. The study found that cultural diversity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyles</a>, and socio-economic factors also had a significant influence, hence the inconsistencies between countries. 



Despite this, the conclusion was unanimous: Regardless of the country, life satisfaction is higher in those who eat breakfast.



So, taking the time to enjoy a morning meal could be a recipe for not just a healthy day, but a happier life too. It's more than just food on the plate; it's nourishment for your body, mind, and perhaps even your happiness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-024-00979-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Nutrition</a>.



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Children who eat breakfast are happier in life

How often have you rushed out of the door in...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/western-diet-identified-as-major-cause-of-colon-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer</a> is a highly complex, multifaceted disease that places a substantial health burden all over the world. Since treatment is many times unsuccessful, especially if cancer is detected late, recent years have witnessed a significant surge in devising prevention strategies.



Many cancer prevention strategies are focused on dietary changes and the consumption of certain dietary supplements. However, the precise role of nutrition in cancer prevention is not yet fully understood.&nbsp;



Now, a review study published in the journal <a href="https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer Screening and Prevention</a> has attempted to provide more comprehensive dietary guidelines to prevent this frequently lethal disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-cancer-prevention-nbsp">Diet and cancer prevention&nbsp;</h2>



“Diet and supplements have a significant impact on the causes and prevention of cancer. It is generally accepted that nutrition plays an important part in cancer incidence,” wrote the study authors.



“However, even after decades of epidemiological research, several inconsistencies arise as to how exactly specific dietary factors are linked to cancer prevention, limiting the establishment of firm conclusions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-increasing-cancer-risk">Factors increasing cancer risk</h2>



It is generally agreed in the scientific world that factors such as obesity, or intake of high-calorie foods, sugary beverages, and processed products increase cancer risk.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity">Obesity</h3>



Studies have found that obesity is linked to 14 percent of cancer deaths in men and 20 percent in women, with specific products such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-red-meat-risk-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red meat</a>, alcohol, or aflatoxins being related to the development of a variety of cancer types.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruits-and-vegetables-nbsp">Fruits and vegetables&nbsp;</h3>



On the other hand, consuming a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains appears to play a major role in cancer prevention.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamins-and-micronutrients">Vitamins and micronutrients</h3>



Moreover, various micronutrients and antioxidants found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-dietary-supplement-proven-to-combat-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary supplements</a>, such as vitamin B12, C, D, selenium, folic acid, and carotenoids have also been shown to prevent the development of carcinogenic tumors and increase overall health. Yet, their indiscriminate use can be dangerous, as many studies attest. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-extracts-and-cancer-prevention-nbsp">Plant extracts and cancer prevention&nbsp;</h2>



Another promising direction of research in cancer prevention has focused on plant extracts such as polyphenols, which were found to prevent cancer emergence and development.&nbsp;



Polyphenols are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts and can be classified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-onions-antioxidants-flavonoids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavonoids</a>, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and other compounds.



“The main polyphenols found in plants are flavonoids and phenolic acids, which make up about 30% and 60% of all naturally occurring polyphenols, respectively,” noted the researchers.&nbsp;



“Some forms of cancer are well-protected against polyphenols: They have toxic effects on cells that can limit the growth of tumors and that cause apoptosis.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protective-effects-of-polyphenols-nbsp">Protective effects of polyphenols&nbsp;</h2>



According to the study authors, polyphenols appear to be effective chemopreventive drugs due to a number of protective actions they exhibit, including cell cycle signaling modification, activation of antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.



“The antioxidants (present in fruits, vegetables, and nuts) help to repair cells, have anti-inflammatory properties, and reduce excessive free radical formation in the body, which is the main mechanism of action of cancer cells.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-diet-and-cancer-prevention">Connecting diet and cancer prevention </h2>



The researchers also noted that data from epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research have made a significant contribution to the knowledge connecting diet and cancer prevention.



However, up to date, there is only a limited understanding of the fundamental relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-improves-health-in-women-with-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> and cancer prevention. 



In addition, as the researchers argued, dietary supplements should not be administered indiscriminately since they may also have negative effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-conclusive-evidence">Lack of conclusive evidence </h2>



“Cancer research is challenging, and it is never easy to determine the true impact of just one of these factors because several lifestyle factors also have an impact on the risk of cancer. This is an important point regarding the efficacy of diet and supplements in the prevention of cancer,” noted the study authors.



“There is currently no conclusive evidence in favor of any one dietary regimen for lowering the risk of cancer.”



Yet, as they repeatedly stress, the findings of various studies indicate that general dietary modification has a positive impact on the prevention of cancer.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The experts concluded that while diet and dietary supplements enable cancer patients to actively participate in their care, it is important to make sure that the patient is aware of the risks associated with forgoing proven conventional treatments.



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Which dietary changes are best for cancer prevention?

Cancer is a highly complex, multifaceted disease that places a...

The humble pot, pan, or vacuum cleaner may pop into our minds when we talk about household work. While the physical aspect of these chores, especially done by mothers, does indeed carry weight, there's an often-overlooked factor. It's something less tangible yet just as taxing – the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-report-excess-burnout-due-to-unrealistic-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive load</a> of household management. Now, what if this mental load of household chores could affect their health?



The research was carried out at the <a href="https://www.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern California</a>, led by Darby Saxbe, a Professor of Psychology, and Lizzie Aviv, a Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology. They have unraveled the 'invisible' aspect of household labour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-load-of-household-chores">Mental load of household chores</h2>



Physical tasks are a big part of housework. But it turns out there's another <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-often-feel-lonely-burnt-out-parenting-demands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sphere of work</a> entailing anticipation, planning, organizing, and delegation.



Ever wondered who's responsible for remembering when to get more dish soap? Or who decides which vegetables need to be chopped for that stew? That is cognitive housework.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unequal-burden-of-chores-for-mothers">Unequal burden of chores for mothers</h2>



In their study, Saxbe and Aviv reveal how this cognitive part of housework is split even more unequally between partners than the physical part.



And the impact? Women, especially, mothers, who bear the brunt of this cognitive load tend to experience higher levels of depression, stress, relationship dissatisfaction, and burnout.



In their research, the researchers asked 322 mothers of young children about who handled 30 common household tasks. Intriguingly, on average, mothers reported performing about 73% of all cognitive household work and 64% of physical work in contrast to their partners' 27% and 36% respectively.



"Our study is one of the first to investigate the cognitive dimension of household labor and its effects on maternal mental health. Cognitive labor may be particularly taxing for women because it often runs behind the scenes and goes&nbsp;unacknowledged or unappreciated by others. It also pulls mental energy away from other priorities," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chores-and-mothers-health">Chores and mothers' health</h2>



Such disparities in the division of household work are not just about who does the dishes or laundry. They play an important role in global gender equality, affecting women's participation in paid work, as well as their health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-top-concerns-of-parents-as-kids-return-to-school/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.



While this research is certainly eye-opening, it does rely heavily on self-reported data from mothers in heterosexual relationships. Future studies could include both partners and explore diverse relationship configurations. 



Plus, the long-term effects of this unequal cognitive labor division on women's mental health and cognitive functioning are still largely unknown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-mental-load-of-chores">Addressing the mental load of chores</h2>



To address the cognitive labor imbalance, both individuals and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maternal-mortality-the-overlooked-needs-of-mothers-after-childbirth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">families</a> can adopt practical strategies that foster equality in household responsibilities. 



Open communication between partners is essential; discussing expectations and dividing tasks based on personal strengths and preferences can alleviate the mental load shouldered by one individual. 



Additionally, implementing shared planning tools, such as family calendars or task management apps, can serve as a visual cue that encourages collaboration and accountability. 



By actively engaging both partners in housework planning, the invisible burden of cognitive labor can be more evenly distributed, leading to better mental health outcomes and relationship satisfaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As we strive for a more equitable division of household responsibilities, raising awareness about the nuances of cognitive labor is crucial. Educational initiatives that highlight the unseen aspects of household management can empower individuals to recognise and discuss their experiences. 



Moreover, societal changes - such as advocating for policies that support work-life balance and promote shared parental responsibilities - are essential to foster an environment where both partners can contribute to household tasks equally.



Raising this collective consciousness can ultimately shift cultural perceptions around gender roles in domestic settings, paving the way for a healthier, more balanced future for families everywhere.



Next time you see a mom, remember there's likely a whole load of unseen work she's responsible for - and this "mental load" can be a major stress factor. 



As Saxbe and Aviv suggest, it's high time we acknowledged this issue. From couples therapists to premarital relationship educators, everyone needs to pay attention to this under-recognized aspect of domestic work.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-024-01490-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Archives of Women s Mental Health</a>.



-----



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Moms are more worried about chores, and it's a heavy mental load

The humble pot, pan, or vacuum cleaner may pop into...

Our life story might have begun with a bolt from the blue, quite literally. This is not mere illusion or flight of fancy, but a revelation from a diligent group of chemists from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>. 



In a scientific endeavor, remarkable for its ingenuity, the team attempted to reenact the drama of early Earth in their laboratory. Among the results, a surprising protagonist emerged - cloud-to-ground lightning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-our-beginnings">Rethinking our beginnings</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origin of life on Earth</a> is a real head-scratcher. For years, scientists have been piecing together this grand jigsaw. Comets or asteroids depositing vital materials on Earth's surface and lightning strikes between clouds were once strong contenders in this cosmic lottery.



However, as these theories were inspected and dissected, they seemed less and less likely. For instance, collisions from space objects became rare soon after our planet formed. 



Not to mention, lightning zapping between clouds turned out to be an inefficient method to produce the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgotten-chemical-reactions-offer-clues-to-lifes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">necessary materials</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-s-impact-on-life-s-origins">Lightning's impact on life's origins</h2>



That's where the team from Harvard brings a new narrative to the table. The experts suggest that cloud-to-ground lightning strikes may be the unsung heroes in the genesis of life.



To validate their hypothesis, they turned their lab into a mini early Earth. With great precision, they simulated lightning strikes across air, water, and land replicas in this controlled environment. 



They then meticulously studied the products formed after these electric performances - in particular, the aftermath in the water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-and-the-molecules-for-life">Lightning and the molecules for life</h2>



The findings were enlightening. The experts observed that both carbon and nitrogen underwent a transformation into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-oxygen-discovery-deep-ocean-no-photosynthesis-baffles-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecules</a> that could have been early building blocks of life.



For instance, carbon morphed into carbon monoxide and formic acid, while nitrogen transformed into nitrite, nitrate and ammonium.



The researchers brought in some rocky recruits – minerals similar to those that would have adorned early Earth's landscape. After repeating the simulated lightning strikes and analyses, they discovered sulfide minerals, akin to those found near volcanic eruptions, were produced.



A noticeable spike in ammonia production was also observed, a molecule crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on our planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-investigations">Future investigations</h2>



As we stand at the intersection of chemistry and astrophysics, the prospects for future investigations are tantalizing. The Harvard team's work opens avenues for exploring how lightning could play a role in the nascent stages of life on exoplanets with aqueous environments. 



Could similar electrical phenomena catalyze life-sustaining chemical reactions elsewhere in the universe? 



These questions shift our gaze from a singular focus on Earth to a more expansive view of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biggest-known-space-cloud-of-life-building-complex-chemicals-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life potential</a> across the cosmos. 



By integrating experimental laboratory work with astronomical observations, we move closer to unraveling one of the most profound mysteries: Are we alone in the universe, or does life flourish in hidden corners of our galaxy?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond theoretical musings about life's origins. Understanding the mechanisms by which lightning interacts with different elemental compositions offers profound insights into planetary chemistry as a whole. 



Moreover, the conditions replicated in Harvard's laboratory can serve as a model to guide astrobiologists in identifying exoplanets that might harbor similar life-sustaining processes. 



By examining the chemical signatures in the atmospheres of distant worlds, scientists can look for indicators of such energetic interactions, hinting at the potential for life. 



In a universe teeming with possibilities, each revelation from our own planet enhances our understanding of life's resilience and adaptability, pushing the boundaries of what we consider habitable environments. As these inquiries continue, they ignite an ever-growing curiosity about our role in the cosmic narrative.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-study-matters">Why the study matters</h2>



The intriguing findings from Harvard add a new, electrifying chapter to the narrative of life's origin on Earth. 



The team posits that cloud-to-ground lightning strikes appear to be more adept at creating the building blocks for life than comets, asteroids or cloud-to-cloud lightning strikes.



"Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally," concluded the researchers.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400819121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Lightning may have delivered the building blocks of life to Earth

Our life story might have begun with a bolt from...

Chrononutrition is rapidly gaining attention among established and budding health enthusiasts who have long been concerned with the age-old question: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/its-not-overeating-but-what-we-eat-that-causes-weight-problems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">What should we eat</a>?



However, recent advancements in nutrition science suggest that we may need to broaden our perspective beyond "what" to include "when."



Emerging research supports the idea that the timing of our meals, in relation to our circadian rhythm and metabolism, can substantially influence our general health and well-being.



In a special publication dedicated to the field of chrononutrition, the complex interplay between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolism is dissected to ascertain the optimal dietary practices for health. 



The reports, published in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jandonline.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics</a>, delve into the impact of various fasting regimes, safety guidelines, and practical advice for the everyday individual.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chrononutrition-a-growing-area-of-interest">Chrononutrition: A growing area of interest</h2>



Chrononutrition is undoubtedly a growing area of interest, and the <a href="https://www.uic.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Chicago</a> is at the helm of exploring this pioneering field. 



Dr. Krista Varady is an influential scholar in the Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition with over 15 years of research experience.



"Intermittent fasting has emerged as one of the most popular diets for weight loss in recent years. The diet can be defined, in basic terms, as periods of eating, alternated with periods of not eating," said Dr. Varady.



This honorable guest editor is known for her expertise in intermittent fasting for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-protein-with-intermittent-fasting-better-weight-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">weight loss</a> and lowering the risk of metabolic diseases in obese adults. 



Dr. Varady simplifies complex dietary regimes including time-restricted eating, alternate day fasting, and the 5:2 diet. She has meticulously explored the effects of these dietary patterns on body weight, disease risk, and sleep and exercise performance in human subjects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-implications-of-chrononutrition">Clinical implications of chrononutrition</h2>



Linda G. Snetselaar, a distinguished professor in the Department of Epidemiology at the <a href="https://uiowa.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Iowa</a>, serves as editor-in-chief of the journal. 



"The findings presented in this special issue have important clinical implications. I believe the timing of eating will become increasingly important as we address dietary interventions related to chronic disease risk factors," noted Professor Snetselaar.



The journal issue includes a pioneering study that scrutinized the feasibility of eating within an 8-hour window as a strategy for weight loss and glucose management among adolescents with obesity and new-onset type 2 diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-dietary-interventions">The future of dietary interventions</h2>



In addition to its impressive array of scientific studies, the special publication also features valuable insights from early-career investigators. A standout example is an enlightening paper exploring correlations between meal <a href="https://www.jandonline.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">timings</a> and sleep health among young adults.



Another compelling read in the <a href="https://www.jandonline.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">issue</a> investigates the diverse factors that can influence adherence to time-restricted eating practices. This particular study was led by Sydney G. O’Connor from the Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research at the National Institutes of Health.



"Dietary adherence is the strongest predictor of successful weight loss and maintenance; therefore, identifying dietary strategies that facilitate adherence is a priority in the field of behavioral weight management," said O’Connor.



As more people grow weary of traditional calorie-restrictive diets, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/intermittent-fasting-could-be-the-key-to-better-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intermittent fasting</a> regimes provide a refreshing alternative that allows participants to "watch the clock."



"Many people stop adhering to standard diets that restrict calories because they become frustrated with having to regularly monitor food intake day in and day out," said Dr. Varady.



She noted that although fasting regimens are no more effective than other diet interventions for weight management, these protocols offer individuals an alternative, straightforward approach to addressing obesity by omitting the need for calorie counting. 



"While weight loss is important, having a diet with a wide variety of nutrient-dense foods such as fruits, vegetables, and legumes is paramount in maintaining a replete nutritional status. These foods can be both inexpensive and culturally appropriate."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-technology-in-chrononutrition">The role of technology in chrononutrition</h2>



As the field of chrononutrition continues to evolve, technology is playing an increasingly vital role in helping individuals track their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-eating-patterns-reduce-the-risk-of-premature-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eating patterns</a> and optimize their dietary habits. 



Mobile apps designed for meal timing and intermittent fasting are gaining popularity, enabling users to monitor their food intake with ease and precision. These tools not only remind users when to eat but also provide insights into how meal timing affects their energy levels and overall well-being.



Emerging research suggests that wearable devices can also contribute to our understanding of chrononutrition by tracking biological markers related to circadian rhythms, such as sleep patterns and activity levels. 



By combining data from these technologies, individuals can gain a comprehensive view of how their eating habits align with their body's natural rhythms, ultimately leading to more personalized and effective dietary strategies.



The future of chrononutrition may well be intertwined with advancements in technology, paving the way for improved dietary interventions. As we gain access to these tools, we can empower individuals to make informed choices about when to eat, enhancing their journey toward optimal health and wellness.



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Meal timing has a major influence on our health

Chrononutrition is rapidly gaining attention among established and budding health...

A recent study reveals that losing close family members, such as a parent, partner, sibling, or child, can accelerate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological aging</a>. The results suggest that losing multiple loved ones has an even more profound influence on health and aging.



The research was conducted by experts at the <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/centers/robert-n-butler-columbia-aging-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Butler Columbia Aging Center</a>. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-losing-loved-ones-and-the-aging-process">Losing loved ones and the aging process</h2>



The study indicates that individuals experiencing such losses exhibit signs of older biological age compared to those who have not.&nbsp;



Biological aging refers to the gradual decline in cellular and organ function, increasing the risk of chronic diseases. This aging process is measured using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epigenetic-dna-clocks-predict-biological-age-more-accurately/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epigenetic clocks</a>, which are DNA markers.



“Few studies have looked at how losing a loved one at different stages of life affects these DNA markers, especially in study samples that represent the U.S. population,” said Allison Aiello, PhD, the James S. Jackson professor of health longevity in epidemiology and the study's lead author.&nbsp;



“Our study shows strong links between losing loved ones across the life course from childhood to adulthood and faster biological aging in the U.S.”



The research, which was conducted in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.cpc.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carolina Population Center</a> at UNC Chapel Hill, suggests that the effects of loss on aging manifest well before middle age and may contribute to health disparities among different racial and ethnic groups. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The researchers analyzed data from the <a href="https://addhealth.cpc.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health</a>, which began in 1994-95. This study has tracked participants from adolescence into adulthood.



To assess familial loss during childhood or adolescence, Aiello and her colleagues followed participants through several data collection waves. The initial wave surveyed 20,745 adolescents aged 12-19, with follow-ups continuing through Wave V, which took place from 2016 to 2018.&nbsp;



In the latest wave, around 4,500 participants provided blood samples for DNA testing to measure biological aging markers.



The researchers examined losses experienced up to age 18 (childhood or adolescence) and from ages 19 to 43 (adulthood). They also considered the cumulative number of losses.&nbsp;



Biological aging was evaluated using epigenetic clocks, including the DunedinPACE clock, developed by Aiello’s Aging Center colleague Dan Belsky and collaborators at <a href="https://duke.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Duke University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effects-of-losing-loved-ones">Effects of losing loved ones</h2>



The study revealed that nearly 40 percent of participants experienced at least one significant loss in adulthood between the ages of 33 and 43. Loss of a parent was more common during adulthood (27 percent) compared to childhood and adolescence (6 percent).&nbsp;



Notably, a higher proportion of Black (57 percent) and Hispanic (41 percent) participants reported experiencing at least one loss compared to White participants (34 percent).



Those who experienced two or more losses showed signs of accelerated biological aging according to multiple epigenetic clocks. The study highlighted that experiencing multiple losses in adulthood was more closely associated with accelerated biological aging than experiencing just one or no losses.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-some-stages-of-life-are-more-vulnerable-nbsp">Some stages of life are more vulnerable&nbsp;</h2>



“The connection between losing loved ones and health problems throughout life is well-established,” Aiello said. “But some stages of life might be more vulnerable to the health risks associated with loss, and the accumulation of loss appears to be a significant factor.”



The study emphasizes that loss during any life stage can have profound health implications. However, losses during critical developmental periods, such as childhood or early adulthood, may have more severe consequences.&nbsp;



The trauma from losing a close family member can lead to mental health issues, cognitive problems, increased risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>, and a higher likelihood of premature death.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-losing-loved-ones-during-formative-years">Losing loved ones during formative years </h2>



Aiello and her co-authors stress that while loss at any age can have enduring health impacts, the consequences may be more pronounced during formative years.&nbsp;



“We still don’t fully understand how loss leads to poor health and higher mortality, but biological aging may be one mechanism as suggested in our study," said Aiello.



"Future research should focus on finding ways to reduce disproportionate losses among vulnerable groups. For those who experience loss, providing resources for coping and addressing the trauma is essential."



The findings underscore the need for comprehensive support systems to help individuals cope with significant losses, aiming to mitigate the adverse health effects associated with accelerated biological aging. This study provides critical insights into the intersection of psychological <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-trauma-can-cause-muscle-decline-adult-life/">trauma</a>, aging, and public health.



The research is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.21869">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Losing loved ones can speed up biological aging

A recent study reveals that losing close family members, such...

Shellfish waste is emerging as a revolutionary solution to the persistent problem of short shelf life for produce and fruits - a challenge that has cost consumers and the agricultural industry millions of dollars each year. 



This unexpected ally in the fight against food waste has come to light through research conducted by the <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>.



The innovative use of shellfish waste promises to extend the freshness and safety of agricultural harvests, potentially transforming produce preservation across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-the-power-of-shellfish">Discovering the power of shellfish</h2>



The researchers have unlocked an extraordinary use for what was once simply regarded as disposal material - shellfish waste.



By tapping into the potential of crab and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-improve-cement-with-shrimp-shell-nanoparticles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrimp shells</a>, the experts have ingeniously engineered a versatile material that extends the shelf life of agricultural harvests.



This remarkable innovation could dramatically transform the preservation of produce across the globe, offering a sustainable and effective solution to a longstanding problem.



The derived material forms a microscopic nanocrystal layer on treated produce, effectively removing harmful chemical residues. This not only safeguards the taste and appearance of the produce but also significantly extends its shelf life. 



The result is fresher, safer fruits and vegetables that last longer, benefiting both consumers and the agricultural industry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bigger-than-freshness">Bigger than freshness</h2>



"This work offers a viable solution to improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/food-waste-could-be-greatly-reduced-with-better-labels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food safety</a> associated with our daily life," said Qin Wang, one of the study's collaborators.



Food safety is a crucial consideration given that pesticide residues on fruits and vegetables have been associated with severe health issues, such as increased cancer risks, Alzheimer's disease, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovative-shellfish-solutions-for-produce">Innovative shellfish solutions for produce </h2>



Most households use various cleaning solutions, such as vinegar, baking soda, hydrogen peroxide, and ozone, to get rid of pesticides and herbicides from their produce. 



However, these methods have proven to be either ineffective or detrimental to the produce's aesthetics and flavor. 



Moreover, the vigorous washing process often required can result in "micro-wounds" on the fruits' surface, which not only diminishes their visual appeal but also shortens their shelf life.



To combat this pervasive problem, the research team developed a novel porous material comprising chitosan, abundantly found in shellfish waste, and copper, recognized for its potent antimicrobial properties.



The material was sprayed on strawberries and proved successful in absorbing and neutralizing chemical residues. This advanced coating not only significantly increased the fruit's shelf life but can also be easily rinsed off, ensuring a safe and user-friendly consumer experience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safe-and-effective-technology">Safe and effective technology </h2>



By leveraging natural waste materials, this solution offers a sustainable, effective, and consumer-friendly approach to produce preservation.



This technology is not just effective but remarkably safe too. Its components are listed in the Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) category by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, ensuring that it poses no risk to consumers. 



Beyond its safety profile, the shellfish waste solution is also easy to implement, cost-effective, and highly scalable. These attributes make it a practical option for widespread adoption, from small-scale farms to large agricultural operations.



By revolutionizing the way we store and consume our produce, the technology represents a major breakthrough in food safety and preservation.



It has the potential to drastically reduce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/transforming-food-waste-compost-into-biodegradable-bioplastics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food waste</a>, enhance the nutritional quality of our diets, and contribute to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sustainability-and-environmental-impact">Sustainability and environmental impact</h2>



In addition to its benefits for food safety and shelf life, this innovative preservation technique also promotes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sustainable-food-systems-are-gaining-momentum/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainability</a> by addressing the issue of shellfish waste.



Each year, millions of tons of shellfish are discarded, contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-deadly-and-widespread-environmental-pollutants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental pollution</a> and waste. 



By repurposing this material, researchers are not only reducing landfill contributions but also creating a valuable product that can benefit consumers and farmers alike.



This sustainable approach aligns with global efforts to minimize waste and foster circular economies. As producers and consumers become increasingly conscious of their environmental footprint, adopting such eco-friendly practices can contribute to a healthier planet while enhancing the quality of our food supply.



The synergy between food preservation and environmental responsibility signifies a promising future for our health and the health of our planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/matter/abstract/S2590-2385(24)00323-0?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2590238524003230%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Matter</a>.



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Shellfish waste can be used for fresher, safer produce

Shellfish waste is emerging as a revolutionary solution to the...

Stone,Age,Hut,Of,Reeds,In,The,Woods

Imagine what life might have been like thousands of years ago, when hunter-gatherers roamed the earth. We have an image in our minds of how the days of early humans were crafted around their survival tasks - hunting, gathering, moving, and surviving.



But, have you ever stopped to wonder what their homes might have looked like or how they organized them? 



Recent archaeological discoveries from the famous Mesolithic site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire have given us a whole new perspective, shedding light on the domestic lives of our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-lush-green-sahara-desert-helped-early-humans-migrate-out-of-africa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient ancestors</a>.



Distinct behavioral patterns inside their dwellings imply that they meticulously created 'zones' for specific household chores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hunter-gatherers-stone-age-houses">Hunter-gatherers' Stone Age houses</h2>



Unfolding the secrets of Star Carr, researchers from two esteemed institutions, the <a href="https://www.york.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of York</a> and the <a href="https://www.ncl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Newcastle</a>, undertook an exciting exploration. 



The microscopic study of stone tools, found within what are believed to be cone-like or dome-shaped structures, reveals intriguing details about how people lived more than 11,000 years ago.



The investigation reveals that a variety of activities such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-ancestors-woodworking-sophisticated-techniques/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">woodwork</a>, bone and antler craftsmanship, plant processing, hide tanning, meat and fish preparation likely took place inside these prehistoric dwellings. 



The spatial patterns of these activities were then meticulously plotted to understand where these activities might have occurred within the dwellings.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-organized-living">Organized living</h2>



Dr Jess Bates, from the University of York, shared some surprising findings. 



“We found that there were distinct areas for different types of activity, so the messy activity involving butchery, was done in what appears to be a designated space, separate to the ‘cleaner’ tasks such as crafting bone and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-masters-woodworking-crafting-wooden-hunting-weapons/">wooden objects</a>, tools or jewelry," Dr Bates revealed.



This level of organization is unexpected. It’s well known that hunter-gatherers led a highly mobile lifestyle, necessitated by the constant need to find food and adapt to changing environments.



Yet, despite their transient existence, it seems they took a rather organized and thoughtful approach to their homes, creating designated areas for various activities, reminiscent of how we meticulously arrange our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-homo-sapiens-living-spaces-organized-similarly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">living spaces</a> today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-than-just-shelter-for-hunter-gatherers">More than just shelter for hunter-gatherers</h2>



Our homes serve more than just a functional purpose - they are imprinted with social norms, emotional attachments, and provide a sense of identity and belonging.



It seems this was as true for our distant ancestors as it is for us, reflecting a universal human desire for order and comfort.



Furthermore, there is compelling evidence suggesting that these ancient homes were kept clean and tidy, with the insides being regularly swept and maintained, indicating a surprising level of care and attention to their living environments.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-architecture-of-ancient-dwellings">Architecture of ancient dwellings</h2>



These early human abodes were not just functional but also showed signs of architectural thought. 



The construction of these dwellings used wood from felled trees, coverings perhaps made from plants like reeds, or animal hides. 



The reasons behind why these hunter-gatherers built such structures and continued to throughout the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hazelnut-shells-offer-clues-ancient-landscapes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mesolithic period</a> remain a mystery.



"In modern society we are very attached to our homes both physically and emotionally, but in the deep past communities were highly mobile so it is fascinating to see that despite this there is still this concept of keeping an orderly home space,” according to Dr Bates.



This study shows a completely new facet of the hunter-gatherer’s life, one that values the sense of home as more than just a physical space, but a realm of organization, cleanliness and social order.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-community-in-domestic-life">Role of community in domestic life</h2>



The social dynamics within hunter-gatherer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-humans-used-conch-shell-sounds-to-organize-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communities</a> significantly shaped their domestic lives. These groups were tightly-knit communities that relied on cooperation and shared responsibilities. 



Archaeological evidence shows communal activities like food preparation and tool-making, fostering a sense of belonging and mutual support.



Social interactions likely influenced the organization of living areas, with communal spaces for group activities like storytelling or shared meals, strengthening social bonds. 



Artifacts such as decorated pottery and shared tools indicate a culture rich in collaboration and collective identity.



Emotional connections were vital, much like in modern societies. Burial practices at sites like Star Carr, where individuals were interred together, suggest a belief in interconnectedness beyond life.



Understanding these social dynamics offers a deeper appreciation of our ancestors' sophisticated social structures, balancing individual needs with communal responsibilities, making their lives meaningful beyond mere survival.



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Stone Age hunter-gatherers had a very organized domestic life

Imagine what life might have been like thousands of years...

Selection,Of,Food,High,In,Sugar,,Written,Sugar

Do the foods we eat affect how young or old we feel or look? Researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucsf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Francisco</a>, have had a riveting revelation. They found a critical link between a nutrient-rich, low-sugar diet and a younger biological age at the cellular level.&nbsp;



The research was led by Dr. Dorothy Chiu, a postdoctoral scholar at the <a href="https://osher.ucsf.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCSF Osher Center for Integrative Health</a>.&nbsp;



"The diets we examined align with existing recommendations for preventing disease and promoting health and highlight the potency of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutrients in particular. From a lifestyle medicine standpoint, it is empowering to see how heeding these recommendations may promote a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/true-biological-age-hidden-blood-markers-newly-identified/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">younger cellular age</a> relative to chronological age," said Dr. Chiu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sugary-diet-and-biological-age">Sugary diet and biological age</h2>



The crux of this research aimed to see how different measures of healthy eating affected the "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epigenetic-dna-clocks-predict-biological-age-more-accurately/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epigenetic clock</a>." This biochemical test can estimate both health and lifespan. The exciting discovery was, the healthier the diet, the younger the cells appeared.



However, there was also a correlation between added sugar and cellular aging. Even with a health-conscious diet, every gram of added sugar consumed was associated with an increase in the epigenetic age. The study deepens our understanding of why sugar is detrimental to health.



"We knew that high levels of added sugars are linked to worsened metabolic health and early disease, possibly more than any other dietary factor," said Professor Elissa Epel, a co-senior author of the study.



"Now we know that accelerated epigenetic aging is underlying this relationship, and this is likely one of many ways that excessive sugar intake limits healthy longevity."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-added-sugar-consumption">Added sugar consumption</h2>



The women in the study reported consuming an average of 61.5 grams of added sugar per day.&nbsp;



To put this in perspective, a bar of milk chocolate has about 25 grams of added sugar, while a 12-ounce can of cola packs about 39 grams.&nbsp;



The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that adults consume no more than 50 grams of added sugar per day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-diet-on-age">Impact of diet on age</h2>



The researchers thoroughly analyzed the food records of 342 women with an average age of 39. The individual diets were compared with epigenetic clock measures, which were derived from saliva samples.



The results of the analysis showed a strong correlation between adherence to a Mediterranean-style diet, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory components, and a lower epigenetic age. In essence, consuming lesser added sugar led to a slow-down in biological aging.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionizing-health-through-diet">Revolutionizing health through diet</h2>



Barbara Laraia, a co-senior author of the study, provided an interesting proposition.&nbsp;"Given that epigenetic patterns appear to be reversible, eliminating 10 grams of added sugar per day is akin to turning back the biological clock by 2.4 months, if sustained over time," noted Laraia.



"Focusing on foods that are high in key nutrients and low in added sugars may be a new way to motivate people to eat well for longevity."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-nutritional-education">Role of nutritional education</h2>



Understanding the complex link between diet and cellular aging requires solid nutritional education. When people are knowledgeable, they can make informed choices such as prioritizing nutrient-dense foods and avoiding processed options that are high in added sugars.



This educational approach could be crucial in changing dietary habits. It fosters a culture that values healthy eating. Ultimately, this contributes to a broader societal shift towards longevity and well-being.



Initiatives to integrate nutritional lessons into schools and community programs are essential, as they lay a foundation for lifelong healthy eating practices.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-age-and-the-way-forward">Food, age, and the way forward</h2>



The findings from this unique research provide valuable insights into the role of diet in influencing our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-tea-delays-biological-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biological age</a>. Eliminating sugars from our diets can potentially roll back the years and allow us to maintain our vitality and vigor.



So, next time you reach for that sugary treat, remember, you might be stealing a little youth from your future self. Can we sustain a diet rich in necessary nutrients and low in added sugars?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/article-abstract/2821611" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JAMA Network Open</a>.



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Want to reverse your age? Take sugar out of your diet 

Do the foods we eat affect how young or old...

A recent study has uncovered a unique breeding behavior in the Andamanese Charles Darwin's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-frog-day-addressing-environmental-threats-to-frogs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">frog</a> (Minervarya charlesdarwini), endemic to the Andaman Islands. 



The research was led by a team of biologists from the <a href="https://www.du.ac.in/%C3%B9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Delhi</a>, the Zoological Survey of India, <a href="https://www.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>, and the University of Minnesota.



Published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3099/0006-9698-577.1.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Breviora</a> of the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology, the research describes how this frog species exhibits a combination of unusual reproductive traits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-reproductive-strategy-of-darwin-s-frog-nbsp">Unique reproductive strategy of Darwin's frog&nbsp;</h2>



The Andamanese Charles Darwin's frog, part of the Dicroglossidae family, displays a distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-frogs-live-in-trees-but-lay-eggs-on-the-ground/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive strategy</a>. 



Unlike many frogs, these frogs lay terrestrial eggs inside tree cavities or root buttresses above the water surface. The eggs hatch into tadpoles, which then drop into the water below to continue their development.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upside-down-spawning-a-highly-specialized-trait-nbsp">Upside-down spawning: A highly specialized trait&nbsp;</h2>



During egg-laying, the mating pair adopts an unusual upside-down posture, clinging to the vertical walls of the tree cavity, completely out of the water. This behavior is unprecedented among frogs.



“Upside-down spawning is the most remarkable behavior in this frog,” said study lead author Professor S. D. Biju. “No other frog is known to lay terrestrial eggs inside tree holes in an upside-down position.”



Professor Biju noted that this discovery is fundamental for understanding how the species interacts with its environments and which habitats are essential for its survival.&nbsp;



“Such specialized traits also yield insights into the evolution of reproductive modes and behaviors among anuran amphibians.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-vocalizations-used-to-find-mates-nbsp">Complex vocalizations used to find mates&nbsp;</h2>



Additionally, the male frogs exhibit complex vocal behaviors, producing three different types of advertisement calls to attract females, along with an aggressive call used during male-male competition.&nbsp;



When vocal displays fail to deter rival males, physical combat ensues, involving kicking, boxing, and biting. During these altercations, the defending male and the female often move higher up the tree cavity walls to avoid interference from rival males.



Professor James Hanken is curator of herpetology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology and a professor of biology in the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard.



“This finding is an example of the remarkable diversity of amphibians and reproductive behaviors that are still unknown to science, especially from unexplored regions in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-dictates-biodiversity-hotspots/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity hotspots</a> of tropical Asia,” said Professor Hanken.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unusual-breeding-sites-of-darwin-s-frog-nbsp">Unusual breeding sites of Darwin's frog&nbsp;</h2>



Despite their specialized breeding behavior, these frogs have adapted to breed in a variety of unusual and unnatural sites, especially in disturbed forest areas.&nbsp;



The researchers observed them breeding in places like artificially watered plastic sapling bags and discarded containers, such as plastic and metal vessels, left at the forest's edge.&nbsp;



The adaptation to these suboptimal breeding sites is likely a response to habitat loss and competition for limited resources, posing a threat to the species' survival.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-efforts-to-protect-darwin-s-frog-nbsp">Conservation efforts to protect Darwin's frog&nbsp;</h2>



The study emphasizes the urgent need for conservation efforts to protect the natural breeding habitats of Minervarya charlesdarwini. The species is currently listed as “Vulnerable” on the <a href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>, and the degradation of its natural habitat could severely impact its population.



“The frogs’ use of trash for breeding is both surprising and worrying. We now need to know its causes and long-term consequences, and devise ways to protect the natural breeding sites that are critical for the survival of the species,” said co-lead author Sonali Garg.



The research was conducted over three years on the remote islands of the Andaman archipelago, requiring over 55 nights of fieldwork during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sonoran-monsoon-blaming-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monsoon season</a>. 



The findings are detailed in a paper titled “Tree holes to trash: unique upside-down terrestrial spawning, agonistic interactions, complex mating calls, and unnatural breeding alteration in Minervarya charlesdarwini (Anura, Dicroglossidae),” published in the July 2024 issue of Breviora.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The research underscores the unique ecological adaptations of Darwin's frog and the pressing conservation needs of this endemic species.&nbsp;



The study also highlights the critical role of natural microhabitats and the potential threats posed by human-induced environmental changes.



“Our findings call for conservation attention to this habitat specialist, which, although locally abundant, is an endemic and threatened species of the Andaman Islands,” concluded the study authors.



Image Credit: S.D. Biju



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Darwin’s frogs are breeding in highly unusual places

A recent study has uncovered a unique breeding behavior in...

Have you ever wondered how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on Earth</a> evolved with changing atmospheric conditions? The question is as vast as time itself. But a group of scientists have made it their mission to shed light on this intricate link between life and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-2024-a-call-for-land-restoration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a> that has been playing out for over 500 million years.



Enter Dr. Zunli Lu, a renowned geochemistry professor at <a href="https://www.syracuse.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Syracuse University</a> and lead author of an intriguing new study. Dr. Lu partnered with experts from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford</a> and <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oxford</a> Universities.



Together, they've taken a deep dive into Earth's past, examining the link between ancient life forms and their chemical environment during the Phanerozoic Eon, which started about 540 million years ago.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-life-and-environment">Evolution of life and environment </h2>



"One of our tasks was to summarize the most important discoveries about carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere and ocean over the past 500 million years," said Lu.



The team delved deep into how atmospheric changes affected marine life evolution. Still, they were quick to point out that it's a two-way highway; the evolution of life also affected the chemical environment.



"It's not a trivial task to understand how to build a habitable Earth over long time scales," noted Lu.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-and-environment-connection">Life and environment connection</h2>



Interestingly, the Phanerozoic Eon started with high levels of carbon dioxide and low oxygen levels. But life still found a way to thrive, thanks to some unsung heroes - ocean algae.



These tiny life forms embarked on a carbon dioxide munching spree. They locked-up this gas in organic matter and gave out oxygen through photosynthesis. In essence, ocean algae were the first maestros of the atmospheric symphony.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-the-beat">Adapting to the beat</h2>



The process of life adapting to its environment and vice versa is incessant. Jonathan Payne, professor of Earth and planetary sciences at Stanford University, emphasized the role of oxygen levels in animal survival.



Algae's actions didn't go unchallenged. As they chomped down carbon dioxide and pumped up oxygen levels, their own carbon-fixation efficiency took a hit. 



But the algae weren't about to bow down just yet. They simply <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-lampreys-help-scientists-decode-stem-cell-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolved</a> complex photosynthesis methods, creating internal compartments with controlled chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-drive-for-efficiency">The drive for efficiency</h2>



"For algae, it's changes in the environmental ratio of O2/CO2 that seems to be key to driving improved photosynthetic efficiency," noted Rosalind Rickaby, a professor in Oxford's Earth Sciences Department. This adaptability potentially broadened the habitability range for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">many life forms</a>.



Dr. Lu noted that the story of Phanerozoic Eon reads like a two-part novel. The first part sees life enhancing Earth's habitability. The second? Adaptation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ripple-effect-on-life-and-environment">Ripple effect on life and environment</h2>



As oxygen levels rose, the impact on Earth's ecosystems became profoundly evident. The increasing availability of oxygen facilitated the evolution of more complex life forms, culminating in the emergence of multicellular organisms. 



This transformation allowed for a greater diversity of species and interactions, establishing intricate food webs within marine and terrestrial environments. 



The interplay between life and its chemical surroundings prompted a cascade of evolutionary innovations, making ecosystems richer and far more diversified. The message is clear: the story of life on Earth is not just a narrative of survival but a tale of collaboration, adaptation, and interdependence.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-life-on-earth">Future of life on Earth </h2>



Today, the lessons learned from the Phanerozoic Eon bear significant implications for our current and future understanding of habitability. 



As climate change and other anthropogenic factors influence our planet's atmosphere and ecosystems, scientists hark back to the past to inform our pathway forward. Understanding the dynamics of life's evolution amid varying environmental conditions may arm us with solutions to modern ecological challenges.



If we can comprehend how life helped shape the Earth over millions of years, we may also find ways to sustain its habitability for generations to come. 



This continued exploration invites us to reflect on our role as stewards of the Earth and the responsibility we carry in preserving the delicate balance of our ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-co-evolution-of-life-and-environment">Co-evolution of life and environment</h2>



This study gives us a fascinating glimpse into our planet's co-evolutionary history. Yet, there's so much more to explore.



According to the authors, the future of this research lies in mapping the spatial patterns of ocean oxygen, biomarkers for photosynthesis, and understanding metabolic tolerance shown in fossil records.



Isn't it astonishing how life and our environment have been dancing this intricate ballet for over 500 million years? And the dance continues, as we humans learn to adapt to our ever-changing world. After all, life, it seems, always finds a way!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/11/6/nwae099/7630191" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Review</a>.



-----



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How life and environment co-evolved over 500 million years

Have you ever wondered how life on Earth evolved with...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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