<p>A new study reports microbial DNA preserved inside woolly and steppe mammoth remains that are older than one million years. The team shows that some bacteria were living with these animals while they were alive, not just invading after death.</p>



<p>Researchers analyzed DNA from 483 specimens and sequenced 440 of them for the first time. From a steppe mammoth that lived about 1.1 million years ago, they even pieced together parts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-buried-for-millions-of-years-may-guide-search-for-alien-life/">bacterial</a> genomes that once infected or inhabited the animal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-microbes-in-mammoths">Ancient microbes in mammoths</h2>



<p>The work was led by Benjamin Guinet, a postdoctoral fellow at the Centre for Palaeogenetics in Stockholm (<a href="https://palaeogenetics.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CPG</a>). The Centre is a collaboration between Stockholm University and the Swedish Museum of Natural History (<a href="https://www.nrm.se/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NRM</a>).</p>



<p>"Our results push the study of microbial DNA back beyond a million years, opening up new possibilities to explore how host-associated microbes evolved in parallel with their hosts," said Guinet. </p>



<p>The project involved an international team of experts working across multiple collections and labs.</p>



<p>The researchers used strict lab protocols, computational filters, and DNA damage checks to separate life stage <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-found-alive-sealed-inside-rock-after-2-billion-years/">microbes</a> from postmortem contaminants. That approach helped them focus on organisms that were likely part of the mammoth’s own internal community.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inside-mammoth-dna">Inside mammoth DNA</h2>



<p>The scientists kept finding the same six types of bacteria in mammoth remains from different times and places, including close relatives of <em>Actinobacillus</em>, <em>Pasteurella</em>, <em>Streptococcus</em>, and <em>Erysipelothrix</em>. </p>



<p>This pattern suggests that these microbes had a long history with mammoths, sticking with them through environmental changes and population shifts.</p>



<p>The scientists distinguished host-associated microbes, meaning those living in or on a host while it was alive, from environmental bacteria that entered after burial. </p>



<p>They used metagenomics, a method that reads all DNA in a sample at once, then identified ancient damage patterns to authenticate the oldest material.</p>



<p>From the 1.1 million year steppe mammoth, the team reconstructed partial genomes of <em>Erysipelothrix</em> that likely came from an infection during life. This is the oldest authenticated host-associated microbial DNA ever reported, and it extends the range for studying ancient host <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-aquificales-discovered-in-hot-springs-breathe-oxygen-and-sulfur-at-same-time/">microbe</a> interactions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-ancient-microbes-matter">Why ancient microbes matter</h2>



<p>This result builds on earlier work that recovered genome scale data from mammoth teeth more than one million years old, demonstrating that DNA can survive when conditions are right. </p>



<p>The previous <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03224-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> established methods and expectations for data quality at this extreme age.</p>



<p>Ancient DNA is fragile and breaks into tiny pieces, and chemical changes accumulate over time. By tracking these signatures, scientists can tell ancient sequences from modern contamination and avoid false signals.</p>



<p>"As microbes evolve fast, obtaining reliable DNA data across more than a million years was like following a trail that kept rewriting itself," said study senior author Tom van der Valk.</p>



<p>"Our findings show that ancient remains can preserve biological insights far beyond the host genome, offering us perspectives on how microbes influenced adaptation, disease, and extinction in Pleistocene ecosystems."</p>



<p>The Pleistocene was a period from about 2.6 million years ago to 11,700 years ago that included repeated ice ages.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-microbes-linked-to-mammoth-health">Microbes linked to mammoth health</h2>



<p>One bacterium in the dataset is closely related to a <em>Pasteurella</em> species implicated in lethal outbreaks among African elephants. That connection is supported by a 2023 <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37880229/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paper</a> that identified a Pasteurella relative as the likely cause of fatal septicemia in elephants in Zimbabwe.</p>



<p>The new study reports several putative <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2646308/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">virulence factors</a>, which are gene features tied to disease-causing ability, in some clades. The authors are careful about cause and effect because ancient DNA is incomplete and infections leave mixed traces.</p>



<p><em>Erysipelothrix</em> is also known to sicken Arctic wildlife today, including muskoxen during unusual mortality events. That pattern has been documented in a Canadian Veterinary <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4431149/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal</a> that found <em>Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</em> associated with widespread deaths in the Canadian Arctic.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mammoth-survival-and-microbes">Mammoth survival and microbes</h2>



<p>Microbes that stayed with mammoths for hundreds of thousands of years hint at stable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breathing-without-oxygen-how-ancient-microbes-powered-early-life/">relationships</a> shaped by diet, climate, and social behavior. The persistence of these lineages across far flung regions points to deep coevolution.</p>



<p>The last woolly mammoths survived on Wrangel Island until about 4,000 years ago, long after mainland populations vanished. Genetic work on that relict group links their late survival to small population size and accumulating harmful mutations.</p>



<p>"This work opens a new chapter in understanding the biology of extinct species. Not only can we study the genomes of mammoths themselves, but we can now begin to explore the microbial communities that lived inside them," said Love Dalén, professor of evolutionary genomics at the CPG. </p>



<p>Ultimately, the data help connect health, ecology, and extinction risks in a single picture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-this-research-can-go-next">Where this research can go next</h2>



<p>Reconstructing ancient microbiomes can help set baselines for living elephant microbiomes. That matters because health, diet, and stress are all reflected in the microbiome, the community of microbes that live in and on an organism.</p>



<p>Ancient pathogen signals can also clarify whether outbreaks played a role in population declines. Learning which bacteria carried disease associated genes in the past could inform surveillance and treatment strategies for modern elephants.</p>



<p>Finally, the same tools can be applied to other Ice Age species to test whether long-lived microbial partners were the rule rather than the exception. Careful sampling, clean labs, and independent checks will keep new claims on firm ground.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/abstract/S0092-8674(25)00917-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Cell</em></a>.</p>



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Million year-old mammoth microbes reveal new clues about disease

A new study reports microbial DNA preserved inside woolly and steppe mammoth remains that are older than one million years. The team shows that some bacteria were living with these animals while they were alive, not just invading after death. Researchers analyzed DNA from 483 specimens and sequenced 440 of them for the first time. From a steppe mammoth that lived about 1.1 million years ago, they even pieced together parts of bacterial genomes that once infected or inhabited the animal. Ancient microbes in mammoths The work...

<p>Astronomers have stumbled upon a celestial anomaly: a neutron star spinning slower than any previously known. </p>



<p>An international team of researchers discovered a neutron star that completes a rotation every 54 minutes - a pace that's remarkably leisurely compared to the typical frenetic spinning of these stellar remnants.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slow-spinner-surprises-scientists">Slow spinner surprises scientists</h2>



<p>Neutron stars are the incredibly dense leftovers of supernovae, the explosive deaths of massive stars. </p>



<p>Typically, these stars spin rapidly, completing rotations in mere seconds. However, the newly found star breaks this mold with its unusually slow spin rate, sending out <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radio-signal-from-nearby-planet-could-mean-alien-life-is-present/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio signals</a> every 54 minutes.</p>



<p>This discovery was made possible by observations from Australia's CSIRO’s ASKAP radio telescope, located on Wajarri Yamaji Country in Western Australia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-neutron-stars-spin">Why do neutron stars spin?</h2>



<p>Neutron stars spin because of the conservation of angular momentum. When a massive star exhausts its nuclear fuel, it undergoes a supernova explosion. The star's core collapses into a highly dense neutron star. </p>



<p>As the core contracts, its rotation rate increases dramatically, much like how a figure skater spins faster when pulling in their arms. This principle is due to the conservation of angular momentum, which states that as the radius of an object decreases, its rotational speed must increase if no external torque acts on it.</p>



<p>Neutron stars are incredibly dense and have strong gravitational and magnetic fields, which further influence their spin. </p>



<p>Initially, neutron stars can rotate dozens of times per second. Over time, interactions with their surroundings - such as accreting material from a companion star or emitting radiation - slow their rotation.</p>



<p>However, finding a neutron star that spins as slowly as 54 minutes is rare, making the recent discovery particularly significant for astronomers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-discovery">Significance of the discovery</h2>



<p>The research was led by Dr. Manisha Caleb of the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/">University of Sydney</a> and Dr. Emil Lenc at <a href="https://www.csiro.au/en/">CSIRO</a>, and included contributions from experts at <a href="https://www.manchester.ac.uk/">The University of Manchester</a> and the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/">University of Oxford</a>. </p>



<p>“In the study of radio-emitting neutron stars, we are used to extremes, but this discovery of a compact <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glitching-star-explains-cosmic-radio-bursts/">star</a> spinning so slowly and still emitting radio waves was unexpected," noted study co-author Professor Ben Stappers.</p>



<p>"It is demonstrating that pushing the boundaries of our search space with this new generation of radio telescopes will reveal surprises that challenge our understanding.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-challenging-puzzle">A challenging puzzle</h2>



<p>This intriguing radio signal journeyed about 16,000 light years to reach Earth, and while it's believed to originate from a neutron star, the possibility of it being an isolated white dwarf with a strong magnetic field has not been ruled out. </p>



<p>The absence of other similar magnetic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-white-dwarf-stars-eat-heavy-metals/">white dwarfs</a> nearby, however, makes the neutron star explanation more plausible.</p>



<p>“This discovery relied on the combination of the complementary capabilities of ASKAP and MeerKAT telescopes as well as the ability to search for these objects on timescales of minutes while studying how their emission changes from second to second! Such synergies are allowing us to shed new light on how these compact objects evolve,” said study co-author Dr. Kaustubh Rajwade.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-slow-spinning-neutron-stars">Mysteries of slow-spinning neutron stars</h2>



<p>The unexpected nature of this discovery prompts a reevaluation of what scientists understand about the behavior and characteristics of neutron stars and white dwarfs, particularly in terms of how they emit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-radio-waves-are-coming-from-the-center-of-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio waves</a>.</p>



<p>The research team continues to monitor the object, hoping to unravel the mysteries of its long-period signal.</p>



<p>“What is intriguing is how this object displays three distinct emission states, each with properties entirely dissimilar from the others. The MeerKAT radio telescope in South Africa played a crucial role in distinguishing between these states," noted Dr. Caleb, the study's lead author. </p>



<p>"If the signals didn’t arise from the same point in the sky, we would not have believed it to be the same object producing these different signals."</p>



<p>This research not only deepens our understanding of the most mysterious objects in the universe but also highlights the unpredictability and complexity of space.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41550-024-02277-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Astronomy</a></em>.</p>



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Slow-spinning neutron star completely defies our expectations

Astronomers have stumbled upon a celestial anomaly: a neutron star...

<p>A comprehensive study encompassing over 24,000 individuals has demonstrated the significant contributions of diversity in friendships to both personal well-being and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-humanity-can-work-together-to-solve-global-challenges/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social cohesion</a>.</p>



<p>This research challenges the common inclination to form connections with those who share similar characteristics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversity-in-friendships">Diversity in friendships</h2>



<p>Diversity in friendships means <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reconnecting-with-old-friends-is-as-scary-as-making-new-ones/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">having friends</a> from various backgrounds, including different races, ethnicities, ages, genders, socioeconomic statuses, and cultural traditions. </p>



<p>This variety brings unique perspectives and experiences into one's social circle, enriching personal interactions and broadening understanding.</p>



<p>Such friendships expose individuals to different ways of thinking and living, fostering open-mindedness and adaptability. They can enhance language skills by providing opportunities to learn and practice new languages or dialects. Diverse friendships also increase tolerance and reduce prejudices, promoting a more inclusive society.</p>



<p>Engaging with friends from varied backgrounds can lead to a more fulfilling social life, as it encourages participation in diverse cultural activities and celebrations. This can deepen appreciation for different traditions and customs.</p>



<p>Without initially naming the institutions involved, the recent study draws on data from more than 10,000 neighborhoods across England.</p>



<p>It specifically explored how variations in the age, ethnicity, income, and educational background within <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strong-social-bonds-promote-healthy-behaviors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social circles</a> correlate with individuals' sense of community and personal satisfaction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-diversity">Embracing diversity</h2>



<p>Dr. Miguel Ramos, the study’s lead author and associate professor at the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>, elaborated on the global increase in diversity and the opportunities it presents for interaction across different societal lines.</p>



<p>"Despite a general tendency to associate with similar individuals, our findings reveal that those with mixed social networks experience greater social cohesion in their neighborhoods, which correlates with enhanced personal well-being," noted Dr. Ramos.</p>



<p>The research team assessed the diversity within friend groups across four dimensions - race, age, income, and education.</p>



<p>They discovered that life satisfaction and feelings of connectedness peaked in groups where approximately 50% of the members differed in one or more of these aspects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-societal-implications">Broader societal implications</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings extend to larger societal frameworks. Embracing diversity within communities not only fosters greater social harmony but also enhances collective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-gut-brain-communication-affect-emotional-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.</p>



<p>This could influence policies and initiatives in education, workplaces, and community settings aimed at promoting inclusivity and harmony.</p>



<p>"Having heterogeneous rather than homogeneous social networks is linked with the highest levels of social cohesion. This is a crucial source of well-being and supports the notion that diverse groups can thrive together," said Dr. Ramos.</p>



<p>Professor Matt Bennett, a co-author of the study, reflected on the broader impacts of diversity. He suggested that while homogeneity might offer comfort and familiarity, diversity is key to fostering resilience and adaptability in our dynamic world.</p>



<p>The research underscores the critical role that diversity plays in building stronger social bonds and enhancing societal cohesion.</p>



<p>As communities worldwide become increasingly diverse, the findings advocate for more inclusive social practices that can lead to a more harmonious and satisfying communal life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-embracing-diversity-in-friendships">Embracing diversity in friendships</h2>



<p>Diversity in friendships offers numerous benefits beyond enhancing personal well-being and social cohesion. Interacting with people from different backgrounds broadens perspectives and fosters empathy. </p>



<p>When friends have varied life experiences, they introduce new ideas and viewpoints, enriching conversations and broadening horizons. This can lead to increased creativity and problem-solving abilities, as diverse perspectives help generate innovative solutions.</p>



<p>Moreover, diverse friendships can enhance cultural competence. Exposure to different cultures, traditions, and viewpoints helps individuals become more open-minded and adaptable. This can improve social skills and reduce prejudice, fostering a more inclusive and tolerant society.</p>



<p>Diverse friendships also provide emotional support in unique ways. Friends from different backgrounds can offer distinct types of advice and support, making it easier to navigate complex life challenges. This varied support network can contribute to better mental health and resilience.</p>



<p>Additionally, having friends from different socioeconomic backgrounds can provide valuable insights into various economic realities, fostering a deeper understanding of societal issues. This can motivate individuals to engage in social and civic activities, contributing to positive community development.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09567976241243370" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Psychological Science</a></em>.</p>



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The power of diversity in friendships

A comprehensive study encompassing over 24,000 individuals has demonstrated the...

<p>In a remarkable study of Earth and space, researchers have uncovered that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/even-microscopic-noises-could-trigger-spontaneous-turbulence/">turbulence</a> experienced in Earth's upper atmosphere, known as the thermosphere, mirrors the turbulent behaviors observed in the lower atmosphere.</p>



<p>This intriguing discovery highlights a unified principle underlying the Earth's diverse environmental systems, potentially revolutionizing our approach to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-data-could-revolutionize-weather-forecasts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasting weather</a> in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-turbulence">Significance of turbulence  </h2>



<p>Turbulence is a common phenomenon in both Earth's atmosphere and outer space. In Earth's atmosphere, turbulence affects weather patterns and aviation, causing air pockets and unpredictable wind currents. This turbulence arises from various factors, including temperature differences and geographic features.</p>



<p>In space, turbulence is equally significant. It influences the behavior of interstellar gases, the formation of stars, and the dynamics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/weird-exoplanet-has-puffy-atmosphere-despite-intense-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary atmospheres</a>. </p>



<p>For instance, solar wind turbulence affects space weather, impacting satellite communications and navigation systems. The study of turbulence extends to other celestial bodies, like the turbulent atmosphere of Jupiter, which shows complex and dynamic weather patterns.</p>



<p>Understanding turbulence in both contexts helps improve weather forecasting and the safety of space missions. Ongoing research aims to uncover the universal laws governing turbulence, providing insights that can be applied across different environments. </p>



<p>This knowledge is crucial for advancing our capabilities in predicting and mitigating the effects of turbulent phenomena in both Earth’s atmosphere and space.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-surface-to-the-edge-of-space">Earth's surface to the edge of space</h2>



<p>The thermosphere, extending from approximately 80 to 550 kilometers above sea level, serves as a critical juncture in the atmosphere, playing host to the International Space Station, numerous satellites, and the mesmerizing auroras. </p>



<p>It is here that researchers, led by Professor Huixin Liu from the <a href="https://www.sci.kyushu-u.ac.jp/e/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Faculty of Science at Kyushu University</a>, have focused their investigative efforts, exploring the dynamics and energy flow that define this region.</p>



<p>Collaborating with Dr. Facundo L. Poblet from the <a href="https://www.iap-kborn.de/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leibniz Institute of Atmospheric Physics</a> at the University of Rostock, the team aimed to apply meteorological techniques used in studying lower atmospheric turbulence to the thermosphere.</p>



<p>The insights from this collaboration have led to surprising revelations about the similarities in turbulence between these vastly different atmospheric layers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-data-from-satellites">Data from satellites</h2>



<p>Utilizing data from two satellites, the Challenging Minisatellite Payload (<a href="https://eospso.nasa.gov/missions/challenging-mini-satellite-payload" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CHAMP</a>) and the Gravity Field and Steady State Ocean Circulation Explorer (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/GOCE" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GOCE</a>), the researchers conducted a meticulous analysis.</p>



<p>They calculated the third-order structure function of the wind, a complex statistical tool that sheds light on the underlying turbulence patterns.</p>



<p>What emerged from their data was a consistent scaling law, similar to that observed in the troposphere - the lowest layer of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-universal-laws-in-earth-and-space-turbulence">Universal laws in Earth and space turbulence</h2>



<p>"This means that despite the drastic differences in atmospheric composition and dynamics between the thermosphere and the troposphere, both regions adhere to the same physical laws. The way turbulence forms, moves, and dissipates is strikingly similar in these two areas," explained Professor Liu.</p>



<p>These insights not only deepen our understanding of atmospheric science but also pave the way for more accurate predictions of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a>.</p>



<p>Such advancements are crucial for the continued functionality and safety of satellite-based technologies that play an integral role in our daily lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-earth-and-space-predictions">The future of Earth and space predictions</h2>



<p>The study's conclusions open up new avenues for enhancing both Earth and space weather forecasting.</p>



<p>As the researchers continue to explore these similarities, the hope is that this newfound knowledge will contribute significantly to our understanding of space dynamics and potentially improve operational strategies for space missions.</p>



<p>The research promises to significantly enhance our predictive capabilities for both Earth and space weather. The findings will help us to better prepare for the challenges posed by the dynamic environment of space. This includes improved forecasting of solar storms and other space weather phenomena that affect satellite operations and communications.</p>



<p>As we continue to rely on daily weather forecasts, the study suggests we may soon be equally informed about conditions far above the clouds. Accurate predictions of space weather will become increasingly important as our dependence on satellite technology grows.</p>



<p>From GPS navigation to satellite-based internet, many aspects of modern life depend on understanding and predicting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-jupiters-magnetosphere-will-help-us-predict-space-weather/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space weather</a>.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024GL108367" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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Earth and space share some common physical laws

In a remarkable study of Earth and space, researchers have...

<p>A team of scientists led by the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a> and the <a href="https://www.uwa.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Western Australia</a> has found that juvenile social play can predict adult reproductive success in male bottlenose <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-have-accents-that-vary-by-region/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dolphins</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The experts discovered that juvenile male dolphins with strong social bonds engage in adult-like reproductive behaviors during play, and those who spend more time practicing these behaviors tend to father more offspring as adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study offers rare evidence of a link between juvenile play and reproductive success in wild animals.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-play-and-dolphin-reproduction">Social play and dolphin reproduction </h2>



<p>The research team, which included international collaborators, spent years observing juvenile male Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia. They utilized long-term behavioral and genetic data to explore how juvenile social play influences the development of adult male reproductive behavior.</p>



<p>“We found that juvenile play involves immature versions of adult reproductive behaviors that are crucial for males to access and mate with estrous females, and the time spent doing these play behaviors predicts how many offspring males eventually sire as adults,” said lead author Katy Holmes, who conducted the research as part of her doctoral studies at the University of Western Australia.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-male-dolphins-form-long-term-alliances-nbsp">Male dolphins form long-term alliances&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In Shark Bay, adult male dolphins form long-term alliances to secure access to females, and these alliances are typically formed between males who were closely bonded during their juvenile years. As adults, pairs or trios of allied males coordinate their behavior to consort individual females.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study demonstrates that young males practice this coordination with their likely future allies years before reaching sexual maturity.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dolphins-practicing-to-become-adults">Dolphins practicing to become adults</h2>



<p>“Our work is exciting because historically it has been notoriously difficult to link play behavior to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-dolphins-popular-boys-have-more-babies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproductive success</a>, in this case the number of sired offspring, in wild animals,” Holmes said.</p>



<p>“Play behavior is widespread in humans and other animals, but the reasons that animals play together have long remained a mystery. This study provides compelling support for the idea that animals in the wild play together to practice behaviors that will be important for them as adults, and that if they practice enough, they will be more successful as adults,” concluded senior author Stephanie King, an associate professor of biology at Bristol.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-social-play-nbsp">Significance of social play&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Social play is a fascinating aspect of dolphin <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-change-their-behavior-to-adapt-to-coastal-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behavior</a>, reflecting their complex social structures and high intelligence. Dolphins engage in playful activities with each other, which can include chasing, mock fighting, and manipulating objects they find in their environment, like seaweed or sticks.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-life-skills">Building life skills</h3>



<p>This play helps younger dolphins develop necessary skills such as hunting and navigating their social environment. It also seems to play a role in strengthening social bonds within groups, known as pods, and in maintaining affiliative relationships among individuals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-playful-interactions-nbsp">Playful interactions&nbsp;</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bottlenose-dolphins-have-a-newly-discovered-super-sense/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dolphins</a> often use body contact during play, such as nudging or rubbing against each other. They may also display aerial acrobatics like leaping or somersaulting, which is not only a playful activity but also a form of communication and a way to dislodge parasites.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Vocalizations often accompany these playful interactions, with dolphins producing clicks, whistles, and other sounds that may serve as an important component in their social lives.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adult-dolphins-play">Adult dolphins play</h3>



<p>This play is not limited to young dolphins; adults engage in play throughout their lives, suggesting its continued importance in their social and possibly emotional lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These interactions are more than mere entertainment; they're crucial for the social fabric of dolphin communities, affecting their communication, hierarchy, and even their cooperative hunting strategies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reproductive-behaviors-of-dolphins">Reproductive behaviors of dolphins</h2>



<p>Dolphin reproduction involves complex <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dolphins-use-baby-talk-to-communicate-with-their-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behaviors</a> and is a significant part of their social lives. They are generally polygamous, with both males and females having multiple partners throughout their lives.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Mating usually occurs belly to belly, and while it can happen any time of year, there are peaks in mating activity that vary depending on the species and their environment.</p>



<p>Female dolphins have a gestation period of about 12 months, after which they give birth to a single calf. Births usually happen in the water, with the tail appearing first to prevent drowning. The mother and sometimes other pod members help the newborn to the surface for its first breath.</p>



<p>Social bonds play a crucial role in the survival of calves, with stronger social networks often leading to higher survival rates. This cooperative behavior may include protection from predators and assistance in raising young, illustrating the deep social connections that define dolphin communities.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Young dolphins who play with others become successful adults

A team of scientists led by the University of Bristol...

<p>A seemingly unassuming fern from the remote island of New Caledonia has made a big splash in the world of science. </p>



<p>Researchers have discovered that ferns of the species Tmesipteris oblanceolata possess a genome that dwarfs all others known to date.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genome-and-its-measurement">Genome and its measurement</h2>



<p>A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-genome-adapted-to-climate-changes-over-millennia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">genome</a> is the entire collection of an organism's genetic material,&nbsp;its DNA.&nbsp;This DNA houses all the necessary instructions for the organism's growth, development, functioning, and reproduction.&nbsp;</p>



<p>DNA itself is a long,&nbsp;complex molecule composed of four chemical building blocks called bases:&nbsp;adenine (A),&nbsp;cytosine (C),&nbsp;guanine (G),&nbsp;and thymine (T).</p>



<p>Specific sequences of these bases form genes,&nbsp;which act as blueprints for creating proteins.&nbsp;Proteins are essential molecules that carry out a vast array of tasks within cells,&nbsp;from providing structural support to catalyzing chemical reactions.</p>



<p>Beyond genes,&nbsp;the genome also contains stretches of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tree-of-life-created-for-flowering-plants-using-400-million-specimens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> that do not code for proteins.&nbsp;These non-coding regions play crucial roles in regulating gene activity,&nbsp;determining when and where genes are turned on or off.&nbsp;They also contribute to maintaining the structural integrity of chromosomes,&nbsp;the thread-like structures that package and organize DNA within cells.</p>



<p>The size of a genome,&nbsp;measured in base pairs (bp),&nbsp;varies greatly across different species.&nbsp;For instance,&nbsp;the human genome comprises roughly 3.1 billion base pairs,&nbsp;whereas some plants and animals have significantly larger genomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tiny-fern-with-a-huge-amount-of-dna">Tiny fern with a huge amount of DNA</h2>



<p>The genome of the Tmesipteris oblanceolata fern contains a massive 160.45 gigabase pairs (Gbp) of DNA.&nbsp;This quantity is over 50 times larger than the human genome,&nbsp;which is approximately 3.2 Gbp.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To visualize the immense size of this fern's DNA,&nbsp;consider that if the DNA from a single Tmesipteris cell were stretched out end-to-end,&nbsp;it would exceed 100 meters in length.&nbsp;This surpasses the height of London's Elizabeth Tower,&nbsp;famously home to Big Ben.</p>



<p>The extraordinary size of the Tmesipteris oblanceolata genome has garnered it recognition from the Guinness World Records.&nbsp;It currently holds the following titles:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Largest plant genome:</strong>&nbsp;This signifies that Tmesipteris oblanceolata has the most extensive amount of DNA compared to any other known plant species.</li>



<li><strong>Largest genome:</strong>&nbsp;This title confirms that Tmesipteris oblanceolata possesses the largest genome of any organism on Earth,&nbsp;encompassing all life forms.</li>



<li><strong>Largest fern genome:</strong>&nbsp;This indicates that within the fern family,&nbsp;Tmesipteris oblanceolata boasts the most extensive amount of DNA compared to any other fern species.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-genome-size">Importance of genome size</h2>



<p>The size of an organism's genome,&nbsp;or the total amount of DNA it possesses,&nbsp;is a significant factor influencing various aspects of its biology and survival.</p>



<p>Larger genomes often correlate with slower growth rates due to the increased time and resources required for DNA replication and cell division.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally,&nbsp;organisms with larger genomes may exhibit reduced efficiency in photosynthesis,&nbsp;the process by which they convert light energy into chemical energy.&nbsp;This is because the maintenance and functioning of a larger genome demand more energy,&nbsp;potentially diverting resources away from photosynthetic processes.</p>



<p>Furthermore,&nbsp;organisms with larger genomes typically have higher nutrient requirements,&nbsp;particularly for nitrogen and phosphorus,&nbsp;which are essential for DNA synthesis and other cellular functions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These increased demands can pose challenges in nutrient-limited environments,&nbsp;making it more difficult for these organisms to compete with those possessing smaller genomes.</p>



<p>The cumulative effects of slower growth,&nbsp;reduced photosynthetic efficiency,&nbsp;and increased nutrient requirements can significantly impact an organism's ability to adapt to changing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-volcanoes-chaos-poisoned-ferns-for-millions-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environmental conditions</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the face of environmental fluctuations,&nbsp;organisms with larger genomes may be less able to adjust their physiological processes or compete for resources,&nbsp;potentially increasing their vulnerability to extinction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fern-surpasses-predictions">Fern surpasses predictions</h2>



<p>"For a long time, we thought that breaking the previous size record of Paris japonica was going to be an impossible mission, but once again, the limits of biology have surpassed our most optimistic predictions," said lead researcher Dr. Jaume Pellicer.</p>



<p>"Who would have thought this tiny, unassuming plant that most people would likely walk past without notice, could bear a world-beating record in genome size," added Dr. Ilia Leitch, a senior research leader at the <a href="https://www.kew.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>.</p>



<p>The discovery of this DNA giant serves as a powerful reminder of the vast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-had-complex-leaf-vein-networks-200-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> that exists within the plant kingdom.</p>



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
<p>"Compared to other organisms, plants are incredibly diverse when viewed at the DNA level, and that should make us pause to think about their intrinsic value in the wider picture of global biodiversity," said Dr. Leitch.</p>
</blockquote>



<p>The exploration of the Tmesipteris genome is far from over.&nbsp;Scientists are eager to delve deeper into the secrets this remarkable fern holds,&nbsp;unlocking further insights into the boundaries of biological possibility.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As we continue to explore the world of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-genetics-research-just-got-a-lot-easier-with-a-simple-trick/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant genetics</a>,&nbsp;we are reminded that even the most unassuming organisms can harbor extraordinary surprises.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(24)01111-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004224011118%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a></em>.</p>



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Tiny fern contains 50 times more DNA than humans

A seemingly unassuming fern from the remote island of New...

<p>A remarkable new study has revealed that the timing of your workout could be as crucial as the workout itself. If you're carrying a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-reduces-aging-related-fat-buildup-in-tissues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">few extra pounds</a> and leading a mostly sedentary lifestyle, an evening workout may be the key to unlocking better blood sugar control.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-timing-is-everything">Why timing is everything</h2>



<p>It's no secret that regular physical activity is a cornerstone of good health, particularly for those struggling with overweight or obesity. The benefits are widespread, from improved <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-significantly-lowers-heart-disease-risk-by-reducing-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a> to enhanced mood and energy levels.</p>



<p>But what about <em class="">when</em> you exercise? Does it matter whether you hit the gym in the morning, afternoon, or evening?</p>



<p>It turns out, it might. This study, conducted by a team of researchers led by Dr. Jonatan R. Ruiz, professor of physical activity and health at the <a href="http://www.ugr.es/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Granada</a>, delved into the impact of workout timing on blood sugar levels.</p>



<p>"Our results highlight the importance of the field of precision exercise prescription," said Dr. Ruiz. "In clinical practice, certified sports and medical personnel should consider the optimal timing of the day to enhance the effectiveness of the exercise and physical activity programs they prescribe."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evening-workouts-and-blood-sugar">Evening workouts and blood sugar</h2>



<p>The research team analyzed data from 186 adults with overweight or obesity, using accelerometers and continuous glucose-monitoring devices to track their physical activity and blood sugar levels over 14 days. </p>



<p>They categorized the participants into groups based on when they accumulated most of their moderate to vigorous physical activity: morning, afternoon, evening, or mixed.</p>



<p>The findings were eye-opening. Those who got more than half of their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resistance-exercise-may-be-the-secret-to-relieving-depression/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">daily workout</a> in the evening saw significant improvements in their blood sugar levels throughout the day and night, compared to those who were inactive. This effect was even more pronounced in individuals with impaired glucose regulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evening-workouts-implications-for-health">Evening workouts: Implications for health</h2>



<p>If you're among the millions of adults struggling with overweight, obesity, or blood sugar issues, this research could be a game-changer. An evening workout might be a simple yet effective way to enhance your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/metamorphosis-exercise-triggers-molecular-changes-in-major-organs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health and well-being</a>.</p>



<p>"As the field moves towards individualized exercise prescriptions for different chronic conditions, this study now provides additional insights beyond just telling patients to 'move more,' but instead to move as often as possible and to prioritize afternoon-to-evening movement when feasible for glucose regulation," explained Dr. Renee J. Rogers, senior scientist at the <a href="https://www.kumc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Kansas Medical Center</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-exercise-precision-is-key">Future of exercise: Precision is key</h2>



<p>This study isn't just about evening workouts. It's about the emerging field of precision exercise prescription, which aims to tailor exercise recommendations to individual needs and goals. </p>



<p>By considering factors like age, health status, and lifestyle, healthcare professionals can develop personalized exercise plans that maximize benefits and minimize risks.</p>



<p>So, if you're looking to optimize your health and fitness, it's time to start thinking beyond the "one size fits all" approach. Consult with a qualified healthcare professional or certified trainer to develop an exercise plan that's tailored to your unique needs.</p>



<p>Remember, the best workout plan is the one you'll stick with. If an evening workout fits your schedule and helps you achieve your health goals, then lace up your sneakers and get moving. Your body will thank you.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-to-follow-evening-workout-plan">Tips to follow evening workout plan</h2>



<p>Incorporating an evening workout into your routine can be a simple and rewarding change. Here’s how to get started:</p>



<p><strong>Set a consistent schedule:</strong>&nbsp;Choose a time in the evening that works best for you, ideally between 6 p.m. and 9 p.m. Consistency is key, so try to stick to this time every day.</p>



<p><strong>Plan your workouts:</strong>&nbsp;Decide on the type of exercises you want to do. Options include brisk walking, jogging, cycling, or a home workout routine. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous activity.</p>



<p><strong>Prepare in advance:</strong>&nbsp;Lay out your workout clothes and any necessary equipment ahead of time. This reduces the chance of skipping your workout due to lack of preparation.</p>



<p><strong>Eat smart</strong>: Have a light snack about an hour before your workout to fuel your body. Avoid heavy meals right before exercising.</p>



<p><strong>Warm up and cool down:</strong>&nbsp;Start with a gentle warm-up to prepare your muscles and reduce the risk of injury. After your workout, spend a few minutes cooling down and stretching.</p>



<p><strong>Stay hydrated:</strong>&nbsp;Drink water before, during, and after your workout to stay hydrated.</p>



<p><strong>Find a workout buddy:</strong>&nbsp;Exercising with a friend can keep you motivated and make the experience more enjoyable.</p>



<p>By incorporating these tips, you can seamlessly add an evening workout to your routine and enjoy the benefits of improved blood sugar control and overall health.</p>



<p>The study is published in the Obesity Society's flagship journal, <em class=""><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.24063" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Obesity</a></em>.</p>



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Evening workouts are best for blood sugar control

A remarkable new study has revealed that the timing of...

Juice,Spacecraft,Orbiting,Jupiter's,Moons.,Showing,Europa,,One,Of,The

<p>Ever since the discovery of icy ocean worlds like Europa and Enceladus within our solar system, the scientific community has been captivated by the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-identified-85-new-exoplanets-that-could-harbor-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential for life</a> beneath their frozen surfaces. </p>



<p>These subsurface oceans have intrigued astrobiologists for decades, as they ponder whether the conditions necessary for life exist in these hidden waters.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-jupiter-s-moon-europa">Jupiter's moon Europa</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-evidence-jupiter-moon-europa-deep-ocean-shifting-icy-shell/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa</a>, one of Jupiter's largest moons, captivates scientists with its potential for harboring life. Discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610, Europa is slightly smaller than Earth's moon.</p>



<p>Its surface is a shell of ice, believed to cover a vast subsurface ocean. This ocean, possibly containing twice the water volume of Earth's oceans, lies beneath a layer of ice estimated to be 10 to 15 miles thick.</p>



<p>Europa's surface is relatively smooth, with few craters, suggesting a young and active icy crust. The surface features extensive cracks and streaks, caused by the tidal forces from Jupiter's gravity.</p>



<p>These tidal forces also likely generate heat, maintaining the subsurface ocean in a liquid state. This heating could create conditions suitable for life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-present-and-future-space-missions">Past, present and future space missions</h2>



<p>The Galileo spacecraft, which orbited Jupiter from 1995 to 2003, provided most of our current knowledge about Europa. It revealed a magnetic field indicative of a salty, conductive ocean beneath the ice.</p>



<p>Scheduled for launch in late 2024, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/send-your-name-to-jupiters-ocean-moon-as-europa-clipper-mission-searches-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa Clipper</a> mission will conduct detailed reconnaissance of Europa's ice shell and subsurface ocean, searching for signs of habitability and providing critical data for future missions that may seek to land on Europa and probe its hidden ocean.</p>



<p>Finally ESA’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (Juice)</a> launched in April 2023 to study Jupiter and its three largest icy moons: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-moon-ganymede-has-huge-internal-ocean-and-salty-surface/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ganymede</a>, Callisto, and Europa. </p>



<p>This mission aims to unravel the mysteries surrounding these celestial bodies and shed light on their potential habitability. </p>



<p>Juice's journey is expected to last approximately 7.6 years, with the spacecraft using gravity assist maneuvers around Earth and Venus to reach Jupiter. </p>



<p>Upon arrival, Juice will conduct multiple flybys of the moons before entering orbit around Ganymede in 2034. This extended mission phase will allow for detailed studies of the largest moon in the solar system.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iron-and-metabolic-processes-on-europa">Iron and metabolic processes on Europa</h2>



<p>A recent study offers compelling insights into this enigma, delving deep into the bioenergetics of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alien-life-on-europa-co2-discovery-by-webb-increases-the-odds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Europa's ocean</a>.</p>



<p>Dr. Sahai, professor and Ohio Research Scholar in the School of Engineering and Polymer Science at the <a href="https://www.uakron.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Akron</a>, collaborated with Dr. John Senko, professor of geomicrobiology at UA, and Dr. Doug LaRowe, associate professor of Earth science at the <a href="https://www.usc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern California</a>.</p>



<p>The team explored the potential for various forms of bacterial metabolisms to thrive in Europa's ocean, including iron reduction, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis. They investigated whether these metabolic processes could sustain life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iron-snow-model-for-life-on-europa">Iron snow model for life on Europa</h2>



<p>Using sophisticated model simulations, the researchers examined the feasibility of these bacterial processes occurring under the specific environmental conditions <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-solves-an-intriguing-mystery-about-jupiters-icy-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">present on Europa</a>. </p>



<p>They considered factors such as temperature, pressure, and the chemical composition of the ocean.</p>



<p>Their simulations aimed to determine how iron reduction, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis could take place within Europa's unique and extreme environment, assessing the energy yields and viability of these metabolisms in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbial-life-may-exist-on-one-of-jupiters-moons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supporting microbial life</a>.</p>



<p>What sets this research apart is the innovative "iron snow" model proposed by Dr. Sahai and her team. </p>



<p>Drawing parallels with acid mine drainage systems on Earth, this model suggests a plausible mechanism for enhanced bacterial productivity in Europa's ocean. </p>



<p>The iron snow model eliminates the need for highly reactive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-moon-europa-creates-enormous-amount-of-oxygen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oxygen</a> species (ROS) to be transported from the surface to the ocean floor. </p>



<p>This not only increases the likelihood of detecting life but also mitigates the harmful effects of ROS on biological molecules.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iron-europa-and-life-beyond-earth">Iron, Europa, and life beyond Earth</h2>



<p>The implications of this research are profound. The study not only sheds light on the potential habitability of Europa's ocean but also expands our understanding of the conditions necessary for life to thrive in extreme environments.</p>



<p>The greater diversity of microbial metabolisms identified by Dr. Sahai and her team suggests a wealth of potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extraterrestrial-life-moons-planets-detected-single-grain-ice-floating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biosignature molecules</a> that could be targeted for detection.</p>



<p>"The iron snow model overcomes critical conceptual roadblocks to life in the oceans of Europa and other icy worlds," Dr. Sahai concluded.</p>



<p>Significantly, our model increases the diversity of habitable ecological niches in icy ocean worlds, their habitable space, and total productivity driven primarily by iron reduction, which is usually neglected in models of metabolism in icy ocean world oceans.</p>



<p>The research brings us one step closer to unraveling the mystery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-compound-suggests-that-life-beyond-earth-could-be-common/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life beyond Earth</a>. By enhancing our understanding of the bioenergetics of Europa's ocean and proposing the innovative iron snow model, scientists are paving the way for future explorations and discoveries in the quest for extraterrestrial life.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2316452121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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"Iron snow" brings hope for finding life on Jupiter's moon Europa

Ever since the discovery of icy ocean worlds like Europa...

<p>Climate change poses significant challenges and opportunities within the agricultural sector. The transformation of abandoned farmland into areas that contribute positively to the environment is an emerging solution that strikes a balance between ecological needs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-wheat-market-has-been-remarkably-resilient-amid-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agricultural demands</a>.</p>



<p>Recent research demonstrates how these forgotten fields could be pivotal in the broader climate change strategy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abandoned-farmlands">Abandoned farmlands</h2>



<p>Abandoned farmland refers to agricultural land that is no longer actively used for farming. </p>



<p>Over time, these fields have been left untended, often due to economic challenges, urbanization, changes in farming practices, or environmental factors. </p>



<p>As a result, the land may revert to natural states like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grasslands-crucial-role-global-agriculture-environment-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grasslands</a>, shrublands, or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-play-an-overlooked-role-in-the-climate-system/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forests</a>.</p>



<p>Farmers might abandon land if it's no longer profitable due to poor soil quality, low crop yields, or market changes. Urban expansion can also lead to farmland being deserted, as cities grow and encroach on rural areas. </p>



<p>Sometimes, government policies or incentives might encourage farmers to leave certain areas fallow to conserve resources or protect the environment.</p>



<p>Abandoned farmland represents a significant, underutilized resource. With proper management, it can be repurposed to support ecological projects, such as growing bioenergy crops that sequester carbon or restoring natural habitats to increase biodiversity. </p>



<p>By identifying and utilizing these lands, we can address climate change challenges and promote sustainable land use practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-abandoned-farmland-for-climate-change-mitigation">Mapping abandoned farmland for climate change mitigation</h2>



<p>Led by Yanhua Xie and Tyler Lark at the <a href="https://www.glbrc.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center</a>, a team of scientists has developed a cutting-edge tool using machine learning.</p>



<p>This tool has mapped nearly 30 million acres of U.S. abandoned farmland since the 1980s, illustrating substantial opportunities for sustainable practices that could aid in climate change mitigation.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/abandoned-farmland-crops_us-map_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/abandoned-farmland-crops_us-map_1s.jpg" alt="Map showing abandoned farmland and crops in the U.S." class="wp-image-1936186"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Map showing abandoned farmland and crops in the U.S.</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>The findings, published in the journal <em>Environmental Research Letters</em>, highlight potential uses for these lands, including the cultivation of bioenergy crops like switchgrass or sorghum that sequester carbon in the soil.</p>



<p>“If we can understand where these lands are and what the characteristics are, we can really understand their true potential for things like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/success-story-reforestation-has-helped-keep-the-eastern-us-relatively-cool/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate mitigation</a>,” explains Tyler Lark, associated with the University of Wisconsin–Madison’s <a href="https://sage.nelson.wisc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment</a>.</p>



<p>He emphasizes the importance of deploying clean energy solutions in these areas to minimize competition with food production and other land uses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-resolution-approach">High-resolution approach</h2>



<p>Previously, data on abandoned farmland were vague and generalized at best. The recent study changes this by providing detailed, field-level insights. </p>



<p>"This is really the highest resolution analysis available, looking right on the landscape—field by field, acre by acre -- of where these crop lands are," Lark says.</p>



<p>Utilizing satellite imagery data from 1986 to 2018, the algorithm developed by the researchers can accurately identify and categorize these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-land-abandonment-affect-biodiversity/">abandoned fields</a>, pinpointing their locations and the approximate times of abandonment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-findings-on-land-use">Surprising findings on land use</h2>



<p>The analysis shows that much of the abandoned farmland has naturally transitioned to different types of vegetation. </p>



<p>These include pastures, grasslands, shrublands, and wetlands. These areas have developed naturally over time without active human intervention.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, less than 20% of this abandoned land is part of formal conservation programs. This indicates that a significant portion of this land remains underutilized in terms of structured environmental management. </p>



<p>This presents a considerable opportunity to transform these areas for purposes that can help <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-potential-of-tidal-wetlands-as-blue-carbon-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mitigate climate change</a>. </p>



<p>By converting these underutilized lands, we can implement sustainable practices that contribute positively to the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abandoned-farmland-and-climate-change">Abandoned farmland and climate change</h2>



<p>The researchers plan to delve deeper into the reasons behind the abandonment of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-forests-regrow-naturally-on-abandoned-farmlands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lands</a> and to explore potential optimal uses.</p>



<p>Integrating additional data, such as socioeconomic factors and tax records, will provide further clarity on how best to utilize these lands in the context of climate change. </p>



<p>Whether for bioenergy production, solar installations, or restoring natural ecosystems, the possibilities are vast.</p>



<p>This remarkable study, supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and in collaboration with <a href="https://msu.edu/">Michigan State University</a>, has provided an essential tool available in the GLBRC’s interactive atlas.</p>



<p>This atlas not only charts abandoned farmland but also tracks trends in farmland use and irrigation, serving as a critical resource for those aiming to align agricultural practices with climate change mitigation goals.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ad2d12">Environmental Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Abandoned farmland can be used for climate change mitigation

Climate change poses significant challenges and opportunities within the agricultural...

<p>In a recent study, researchers have unearthed the earliest known use of specialized stone tools, marking a significant shift in prehistoric technology and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-hunter-gatherer-ancestors-did-much-more-gathering-than-hunting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyle</a>.</p>



<p>These findings shed light on how our ancestors adapted to environmental changes and the disappearance of large game, specifically elephants, by developing tools designed for processing smaller and quicker prey like fallow deer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prehistoric-stone-tools-evolution">Prehistoric stone tools evolution</h2>



<p>The stone tools, identified as Quina scrapers, were discovered at the Jaljulia site and Qesem Cave. </p>



<p>Characterized by their scalloped working edges, these scrapers were not only instrumental in butchering fallow deer but also in processing their hides. </p>



<p>This technological shift was driven by necessity, as the decline of elephant populations pushed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ancient-humans-hunted-elephants-with-stone-tools/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ancient hunters</a> to target smaller animals, necessitating more precise and effective tools.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-shift-driven-by-ecological-change">Cultural shift driven by ecological change</h2>



<p>For about a million years, humans relied on simple stone tools to process the hides and meat of large game, predominantly elephants. </p>



<p>These animals were a crucial source of sustenance. However, around 400,000 years ago, a significant change occurred. </p>



<p>"The large game, particularly elephants, had disappeared, prompting humans to hunt smaller animals, especially fallow deer. Butchering a large elephant is vastly different from processing a much smaller and more delicate fallow deer," explains Vlad Litov from <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a>.</p>



<p>This shift not only changed the stone tools but also required a more systematic approach to hunting and processing to make up for the smaller size of fallow deer compared to elephants. </p>



<p>The new Quina scrapers, which first appeared on a small scale at Jaljulia around 500,000 years ago and later more extensively at Qesem Cave, offered a sharper, more uniform edge that greatly improved efficiency.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sacred-landscapes-and-resource-management">Sacred landscapes and resource management</h2>



<p>The study also highlights a fascinating aspect of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-humans-masters-woodworking-crafting-wooden-hunting-weapons/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">early human</a> perception and resource management.</p>



<p>"We identified a double connection, both practical and perceptual, between the technological developments and changes in the fauna hunted and consumed by early humans," Prof. Ran Barkai points out.</p>



<p>Notably, the Quina scrapers were stone tools made using non-local flint procured from the Mountains of Samaria, located about 20km east of the archaeological sites.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/400k-year-old-stone-tools_Quina-like-scraper_Tel-Aviv-University_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/400k-year-old-stone-tools_Quina-like-scraper_Tel-Aviv-University_1s.jpg" alt="Quina-like scraper from Jaljulia. Credit: Tel Aviv University" class="wp-image-1936180"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Quina-like scraper from Jaljulia. Credit: Tel Aviv University</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>This area was not only a rich source of flint but also the calving area for fallow deer, suggesting a deep-seated connection between the resources used by ancient hunters and the geography of their environment.</p>



<p>The perceived abundance and utility of the Samarian highlands likely elevated their status to something sacred among the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-humans-used-ancient-plant-fiber-technology-to-make-tools-39000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric</a> peoples of Qesem Cave and Jaljulia.</p>



<p>"We believe that the Mountains of Samaria were sacred to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/prehistoric-women-were-not-just-gatherers-they-were-hunters-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">prehistoric people</a> of Qesem Cave and Jaljulia because that's where the fallow deer came from," Litov concludes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prehistoric-stone-tools-show-adaptation">Prehistoric stone tools show adaptation</h2>



<p>The findings from Jaljulia and Qesem Cave provide a vivid snapshot of how early humans adapted their tool-making techniques to meet the challenges posed by new hunting targets and ecological realities. </p>



<p>The development of Quina scrapers is not just a technological advancement; it represents a profound adaptation to a changing world, showcasing the ingenuity and resilience of our ancient ancestors. </p>



<p>This study serves as a reminder of the complex interplay between human innovation, cultural perceptions, and environmental conditions that has shaped <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stone-tool-discovery-challenges-entire-theory-of-human-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human history</a> from its earliest days.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-this-discovery">Significance of this discovery</h2>



<p>Prehistoric stone tools are some of the earliest evidence of human technology. These tools, dating back millions of years, demonstrate the ingenuity and adaptability of our ancestors. </p>



<p>Early stone tools, such as those from the Oldowan industry, were simple and used for basic tasks like cutting and scraping. </p>



<p>As time progressed, more complex tools emerged during the Acheulean period, characterized by hand axes and cleavers.</p>



<p>The Middle Paleolithic saw the development of the Levallois technique, where stone flakes were carefully shaped before being removed from a core, leading to more efficient and specialized tools. </p>



<p>The Upper Paleolithic era brought further innovation with the creation of finely crafted blades, burins, and microliths. These tools enabled our ancestors to perform more complex tasks, such as hunting, crafting clothing, and constructing shelters.</p>



<p>Overall, prehistoric stone tools provide crucial insights into the technological advancements, survival strategies, and cognitive evolution of early humans.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11759-024-09493-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Archaeologies</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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400,000-year-old stone tools show technological adaptations of prehistoric humans

In a recent study, researchers have unearthed the earliest known...

<p>You may have heard the age-old adage "you are what you <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/binge-eating-linked-to-a-specific-set-of-brain-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eat</a>," but what if your cells believe you're overindulging, even when you're not? A recent study&nbsp;reveals a fascinating connection between how our cells perceive nutrient levels and the acceleration of aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tricking-the-cellular-messenger">Tricking the cellular messenger</h2>



<p>Led by Alejo Efeyan, head of the Metabolism and Cell Signalling Group at the National Cancer Research Centre (<a href="https://www.cnio.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CNIO</a>), the research team embarked on an ambitious endeavor to understand the intricate relationship between nutrient intake and aging. </p>



<p>Their focus was on a protein complex called mTOR, a key player in cellular metabolism and energy utilization.</p>



<p>The researchers cleverly devised a way to manipulate mTOR's activity by tricking the protein responsible for signaling nutrient availability. </p>



<p>This genetic modification led the cells to believe they were receiving an excess of nutrients, even when the animals were on a normal diet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-inflammation-and-accelerated-cell-aging">Inflammation and accelerated cell aging</h2>



<p>The consequences of this cellular deception were dramatic. As the animals reached maturity, their cells began to malfunction, leading to a cascade of events that accelerated aging. The skin thinned, and vital organs like the pancreas, liver, and kidneys showed signs of damage.</p>



<p>"The immune system cells come to repair them but are overwhelmed by the amount of damage. They accumulate and, instead of repairing, trigger inflammation that further increases problems in those organs," explains Ana Ortega-Molina, the first author of the study and head of the Metabolism in Cancer and Ageing Laboratory at the Severo Ochoa Molecular Biology Centre (<a href="https://www.cbm.uam.es/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBM</a>).</p>



<p>This vicious cycle of damage and inflammation shortened the lifespan of the genetically modified animals by a staggering 20%, the equivalent of about 16 years in humans. </p>



<p>The study also found that blocking the inflammatory response could partially reverse the damage, offering a potential therapeutic avenue for mitigating age-related decline.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glimpse-into-our-aging-cells">Glimpse into our aging cells</h2>



<p>The researchers drew parallels between the cellular changes observed in the genetically modified animals and those seen in natural aging. </p>



<p>They compared their model to naturally aging mice colonies and found striking similarities, such as reduced activity of lysosomes, the cellular "recycling centers" responsible for removing waste.</p>



<p>"When there is an excess of nutrients, it makes sense that the cell shuts down the recycling activity of lysosomes, because this recycling operates especially when there are no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ditch-the-diet-trends-for-a-healthier-relationship-with-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nutrients</a>," Efeyan notes. </p>



<p>This decrease in lysosomal activity also occurs in human aging, as confirmed by analyzing blood samples from young people and septuagenarians.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysteries-of-cell-aging">Mysteries of cell aging</h2>



<p>Efeyan is optimistic about the potential of this new animal model to unlock the secrets of aging. "It’s a tool that many more people can use," he says, envisioning future studies that could delve into how nutrient signaling affects specific organs and contributes to neurodegenerative diseases.</p>



<p>This research provides valuable insights into the connection between obesity,&nbsp;aging,&nbsp;and potential interventions for promoting longevity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings suggest that individuals with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/being-overweight-makes-it-harder-for-brain-to-resist-unhealthy-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">higher body mass index</a> (BMI),&nbsp;often associated with excess nutrient intake,&nbsp;may experience accelerated aging due to similar mechanisms observed in the genetically modified animals.</p>



<p>Furthermore,&nbsp;the study sheds light on the positive effects of calorie restriction,&nbsp;a dietary approach known to extend lifespan in various organisms.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dietary-restriction-slows-brain-aging-and-increases-lifespan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">limiting nutrient intake</a> could activate genes that interact with the mTOR pathway,&nbsp;potentially mitigating the negative impact of excess nutrients on cellular function and aging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>The study sheds light on the complex relationship between nutrient perception and aging. By manipulating the mTOR protein complex, researchers have demonstrated how overeating signals can accelerate aging in animal models. </p>



<p>This remarkable research opens up new avenues for exploring therapeutic interventions and understanding the intricate mechanisms behind aging in humans. </p>



<p>It is a testament to the power of scientific inquiry and the potential for future discoveries to improve our health and well-being as we age.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-benefits-of-eating-less">Other benefits of eating less</h2>



<p>Limited nutrient intake, commonly known as calorie restriction, offers several benefits beyond promoting longevity. One significant advantage is improved metabolic health. </p>



<p>Calorie restriction enhances insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes. It also lowers blood pressure and cholesterol levels, contributing to cardiovascular health.</p>



<p>Another benefit is the reduction in oxidative stress. Calorie restriction decreases the production of reactive oxygen species, which can damage cells and contribute to aging and various diseases. </p>



<p>This reduction in oxidative stress helps protect against age-related conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-autophagy-and-calorie-restriction-for-aging-cells">Autophagy and calorie restriction for aging cells</h2>



<p>Moreover, limited nutrient intake boosts autophagy, a cellular process that removes damaged components and recycles them. </p>



<p>Enhanced autophagy helps maintain cellular health and function, preventing the accumulation of cellular debris that can lead to diseases.</p>



<p>Calorie restriction also strengthens the immune system. Studies have shown that it can increase the production of infection-fighting cells, improving the body's ability to fend off illnesses.</p>



<p>Additionally, limited nutrient intake can improve mental health. Research indicates that it enhances mood and cognitive function, possibly by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a protein that supports neuron growth and survival.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-024-00635-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Aging</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Tricking cells into thinking they ate less food can slow the aging process

You may have heard the age-old adage "you are what...

<p>As the Sun reaches the peak of its activity cycle, known as the solar maximum, Mars scientists have been eagerly awaiting the arrival of epic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-rare-g5-level-geomagnetic-storm-highest-level-hits-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar storms</a>.</p>



<p>Over the past month, their patience has been rewarded as NASA's Mars rovers and orbiters have provided them with an unparalleled opportunity to witness a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-missions-prepare-intense-solar-storms-coming-red-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">series of solar flares</a> and coronal mass ejections reaching the Red Planet. </p>



<p>In some cases, these events have even triggered breathtaking Martian auroras.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-front-row-seat-on-mars-for-the-solar-maximum">Front row seat on Mars for the solar maximum</h2>



<p>Don Hassler of Southwest Research Institute's Solar System Science and Exploration Division in Boulder, Colorado is the principal investigator of Curiosity's Radiation Assessment Detector (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/resource/radiation-assessment-detector-for-mars-science-laboratory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RAD</a>). </p>



<p>He remarked, "I wouldn't be surprised if this active region on the Sun continues to erupt, meaning even more solar storms at both Earth and Mars over the coming weeks."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-x12-solar-flare-is-troubling-for-astronauts">X12 solar flare is troubling for astronauts</h2>



<p>On May 20, an extreme solar event took center stage. Based on data from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solar Orbiter spacecraft</a>, a joint mission between ESA (European Space Agency) and NASA, the solar flare was later estimated to be an X12 -- the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-may-soon-disrupt-earths-power-grids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">strongest of several types</a>. </p>



<p>The flare unleashed a torrent of X-rays and gamma rays towards Mars, closely followed by a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-solar-outburst-detected-simultaneously-at-earth-the-moon-and-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coronal mass ejection</a> carrying charged particles. </p>



<p>While the X-rays and gamma rays arrived first at the speed of light, the charged particles trailed slightly behind, reaching the Red Planet in just tens of minutes.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_surface_nasa_1m.gif" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_surface_nasa_1s.gif" alt="Extreme solar storm smashes surface of Mars. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1936174"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Extreme solar storm smashes surface of Mars. Credit: NASA</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>Had astronauts been standing next to NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasas-curiosity-rover-records-a-martian-day-from-dawn-to-dusk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Curiosity Mars rover</a> during this event, they would have been exposed to a radiation dose of 8,100 micrograys -- equivalent to 30 chest X-rays. </p>



<p>Although not deadly, this surge was the most significant measured by RAD since the rover's landing 12 years ago. </p>



<p>The data collected by RAD will be invaluable in helping scientists plan for the highest level of radiation exposure that future astronauts might encounter on Mars. </p>



<p>As Hassler points out, "Cliffsides or lava tubes would provide additional shielding for an astronaut from such an event. In Mars orbit or deep space, the dose rate would be significantly more."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dancing-snow-and-disoriented-orbiters">Dancing snow and disoriented orbiters</h2>



<p>The intensity of the May 20 solar storm was evident in its impact on the Martian surface and orbiting spacecraft. </p>



<p>Curiosity's black-and-white navigation camera images appeared to <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasa-watches-mars-light-up-during-epic-solar-storm#carousel-05ee4c72-6ace-43ab-b0cb-79f14b38cc9d-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dance with "snow"</a> -- white streaks and specks caused by charged particles striking the cameras. </p>



<p>High above, NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/odyssey/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">2001 Mars Odyssey</a> orbiter experienced a momentary disorientation as its star camera, used for orientation, was overwhelmed by the influx of solar particles. </p>



<p>Despite this brief lapse, the orbiter managed to collect crucial data on X-rays, gamma rays, and charged particles using its High-Energy Neutron Detector.</p>



<p>This wasn't Odyssey's first encounter with a powerful solar flare. In 2003, an estimated X45 solar flare fried the orbiter's radiation detector, which was designed to measure such events.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-auroras-engulfing-the-red-planet">Auroras engulfing the Red Planet</h2>



<p>While Curiosity and Odyssey faced the storm head-on, NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/maven/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MAVEN</a> (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN) orbiter captured a stunning display of auroras engulfing the entire planet. </p>



<p>Unlike Earth, which is protected by a strong magnetic field that limits auroras to the polar regions, Mars lost its internally generated magnetic field long ago. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_auroras_MAVEN_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/mars_solar-storm_auroras_MAVEN_NASA_1s.jpg" alt="Auroras seen on Mars’ nightside by MAVEN. Credit: NASA" class="wp-image-1936172"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Auroras seen on Mars’ nightside by MAVEN. Credit: NASA</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>As a result, when charged particles bombard the Martian atmosphere, they create a global aurora that illuminates the entire planet.</p>



<p>Christina Lee of the University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory (<a href="https://www.ssl.berkeley.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SSL</a>), who serves as MAVEN's Space Weather Lead, emphasized the magnitude of this event.</p>



<p>"This was the largest solar energetic particle event that MAVEN has ever seen. There have been several solar events in past weeks, so we were seeing wave after wave of particles hitting Mars," Lee emphasized.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-solar-storms-on-mars-for-future-astronauts">Tracking solar storms on Mars for future astronauts</h2>



<p>In summary, as the Sun's fury continues to unleash itself upon our cosmic neighborhood, scientists remain vigilant in their quest to unravel the mysteries of solar storms and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-martian-sky-often-has-an-eerie-green-glow-at-night-called-nightglow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">impact on the Red Planet</a>. </p>



<p>Through the tireless efforts of NASA's Mars rovers and orbiters, we have gained an unprecedented glimpse into the awe-inspiring power of our star and the challenges that future astronauts may face on their journey to Mars. </p>



<p>As we eagerly await the next wave of solar activity, one thing remains certain: the Sun's wrath will continue to captivate our imagination and drive us to push the boundaries of our understanding, propelling us ever closer to unlocking the secrets of our universe.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Massive solar storm strikes Mars, spacecraft capture surface storm and auroras

As the Sun reaches the peak of its activity cycle,...

<p>On February 22, a significant milestone in space exploration was achieved when the lunar lander Odysseus, developed by <a href="https://www.intuitivemachines.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Intuitive Machines</a>, successfully touched down near the Moon’s South Pole. </p>



<p>This event is hailed as the “dawn of radio astronomy from the Moon” by Jack Burns, an astrophysicist at the University of Colorado Boulder.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-major-achievement-in-radio-astronomy-nbsp">Major achievement In radio astronomy&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The lander, which had to overcome various technical difficulties, deployed four antennas to record <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-radio-waves-disrupt-the-magnetic-compass-of-migratory-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">radio waves</a> around the lunar surface, marking a major achievement in the field.</p>



<p>Burns, a co-investigator on the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/today/2024/02/06/radio-telescope-cu-boulder-ties-lands-moons-south-pole" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radio wave Observations at the Lunar Surface of the photo Electron Sheath</a> (ROLSES) experiment aboard Odysseus, will provide updates on the data collected and discuss future plans for radio astronomy from the Moon at the <a href="https://aas.org/meetings/aas244" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">244th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society</a> in Madison, Wisconsin. </p>



<p>“It was heroic for Intuitive Machines to land under these conditions, and to deploy our antennas, take some data and get that data back to Earth,” said Burns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-radio-waves-from-earth-nbsp">Capturing radio waves from Earth&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The ROLSES experiment, led by Natchimuthuk Gopalswamy at NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Goddard Space Flight Center</a>, aimed to record a wide range of radio emissions near the Moon and in deep space. Despite the mission's challenges, ROLSES managed to capture unique data, including radio waves from Earth, which provided a perspective of Earth as an exoplanet. </p>



<p>“We viewed Earth as an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a>, or a planet orbiting another star,” Burns explained. “That enables us to ask: What would our radio emissions from Earth look like if they came from an extraterrestrial civilization on a nearby exoplanet?”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-challenging-journey-of-odysseus-nbsp">The challenging journey of Odysseus&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Odysseus’ journey was part of NASA’s <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/commercial-lunar-payload-services/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a> (CLPS) program, which aims to deploy spacecraft built by private companies on the Moon. This mission was the first to achieve a “soft landing,” despite the lander tipping onto its side during the process. </p>



<p>Among other challenges, Odysseus had to rely entirely on its optical camera system for navigation due to the failure of its laser-guided system.</p>



<p>One of the ROLSES antennas overheated and popped out during the journey, allowing the team to capture radio waves from Earth for nearly 90 minutes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This data, more comprehensive than a similar experiment led by Carl Sagan from NASA’s Galileo spacecraft in the 1990s, could help identify similar signals from distant planets, potentially indicating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-signals-are-aliens-trying-to-contact-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intelligent life</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radio-emissions-from-the-early-universe-nbsp">Radio emissions from the early universe&nbsp;</h2>



<p>NASA has approved a second ROLSES experiment for another CLPS mission, likely in 2026. Burns is also involved in the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/ness/projects/lunar-surface-electromagnetics-experiment-night-lusee-night" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lunar Surface Electromagnetics Experiment-Night</a> (LuSEE-Night), scheduled to land on the Moon's far side in 2026. </p>



<p>This location will provide an ideal environment to study radio emissions from the universe's early “Dark Ages,” offering insights into cosmic evolution.</p>



<p>“Because NASA is going to send two or three landers to the Moon every year, we have a way to upgrade our instruments and learn from what goes wrong in a way we haven’t been able to do since the early days of the space program,” said Burns.</p>



<p>The continuous improvements and frequent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-new-lunar-fss-mission-will-explore-moon-far-side-moonquakes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar missions</a> hold great potential for advancing space exploration, allowing rapid learning and innovation reminiscent of the early days of the space program.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-radio-waves">Earth's radio waves</h2>



<p>Earth's radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than infrared light. These waves are used for a variety of applications, from communication to navigation.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sources">Sources</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strange-radio-waves-are-coming-from-the-center-of-our-galaxy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Radio waves</a> are generated both naturally and by human activities. Natural sources include lightning and astronomical objects, while human-generated radio waves are used in broadcasting, mobile phones, and wireless networking.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-propagation-nbsp">Propagation&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The atmosphere of Earth plays a critical role in how radio waves propagate, affecting their range and clarity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, different layers of the Earth’s atmosphere, like the ionosphere, can reflect or refract radio waves, enabling them to travel long distances around the globe. This property is crucial for long-range communication without satellites.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-low-frequency-radio-waves-nbsp">Low-frequency radio waves&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Additionally, the Earth itself emits low-frequency radio waves, which can be studied to understand geological and atmospheric conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the broader context of the universe, Earth's radio emissions are just a tiny part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which includes all forms of light and radiation, each with its own unique properties and applications.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Earth’s radio waves recorded from the Moon for the first time

On February 22, a significant milestone in space exploration was...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

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