The International Space Station (ISS) is not just a place to live in space - it’s an experimental laboratory. With astronauts onboard and Earth positioned below, the ISS offers a unique opportunity: long-duration research in microgravity. 



The space station also provides low Earth orbit views of our planet, along with a human crew who support experiments, swap samples, and troubleshoot in real time.



Since its launch, researchers have used the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/">space station</a> to conduct hundreds of studies. These range from characterizing fluid behavior in zero gravity to tracking changes in the human body. Their work advances science by answering questions that can’t be studied on Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-without-gravity">Science without gravity</h2>



Without Earth's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/matter-spacetime-gravitational-waves-fabric-of-the-universe/">gravity</a> pulling things down, scientists can run experiments that simply aren’t possible on the ground. For example, hot air doesn't rise. Flames take on a spherical shape. Fluids stop behaving the way they do in a glass of water.



This gives researchers a rare opportunity to examine physical, chemical, and biological processes in new ways. 



By eliminating variables like surface tension or capillary movement, they can get a much clearer picture of how things actually work.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-orbiting-lab-sees-it-all">Orbiting lab sees it all</h2>



The space station orbits Earth in about 90 minutes, traveling at 17,500 miles per hour from about 250 miles above the surface. 



This low vantage point means the ISS is able to make observations of the planet both in daylight and darkness, and from various angles and lighting conditions.



By being outside&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-shrinking-earths-atmosphere-and-thats-bad-for-satellites/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Earth's atmosphere</a>&nbsp;and magnetic field, the ISS carries instruments that could not be used on Earth. 



That makes it possible to study space radiation, neutron stars, and other phenomena - along with how materials and living organisms behave in space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iss-crew-makes-science-possible">ISS crew makes science possible</h2>



Other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-debris-issue-growing-exponentially-worse-now-threatens-working-satellites/">satellites</a> can carry instruments, but only the ISS has a living, breathing crew to run the science. Human operators are key. They adjust setups, monitor changes, fix problems, and pack samples for return to Earth.



This flexibility is critical for complex research on the ISS. It also means scientists can get a second chance if something doesn’t go as planned. 



Since experiments can stay on the station for months or even years, there's plenty of time to refine ideas and gather more data.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-body-changes-in-space">Body changes in space</h2>



Because the space station has been operating for over two decades, scientists have been able to track long-term changes - including how space affects the human body. One example: vision changes that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astronauts-can-survive-mars-space-journey-but-their-kidneys-will-be-permanently-damaged/">astronauts</a> began noticing after spending months in orbit.



Scientists launched the Fluid Shifts investigation in 2015 to understand what was happening. They suspected that in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microgravity-causes-big-problems-with-human-gene-expression/">microgravity</a>, fluids move from the lower to the upper body, increasing pressure in the head and possibly changing eye shape.



The study asked whether increased fluid pressure was the cause of these vision changes.



It ran through 2020 and tracked multiple astronauts over time. It marked a major step toward understanding the effects of spaceflight on human health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-on-the-space-station">Research on the space station</h2>



Research on the space station takes time. First, scientists have to identify a question and come up with a possible answer. Then, they design an experiment to test it, decide what data to collect, and figure out how.



Getting that experiment into space is its own process. NASA reviews proposals based on scientific value and relevance. 



Once approved, studies are scheduled for future missions - often many months away. Training, hardware development, flight procedures, and data collection plans all need to be worked out.



Once the experiment is on board, astronauts begin collecting data. After that, the real work begins: analyzing results and writing them up. That alone can take a year or more.



Before a study is published, it goes through peer review. One analysis found that peer review alone takes an average of 100 days. Editors may also ask for revisions or more analysis before giving the green light.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-small-crew-big-science">Small crew, big science</h2>



One challenge with human research on the International Space Station is the limited number of subjects. With only about six people on board at any given time, gathering enough data takes longer.



Consider the Lighting Effects study, which tested whether adjusting the station’s lighting could improve <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-prepares-the-brain-for-the-future-while-protecting-memories-of-the-past/">sleep</a>, mood, and performance by syncing with astronauts’ circadian rhythms.



Because researchers needed data from several astronauts, the study ran from 2016 to 2020. Other long-term human studies have looked at heart muscle loss and nutrition, including how to grow fresh food in space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-space-station-research-takes-time">Space station research takes time</h2>



Research in physical science can often move more quickly. Scientists can send up batches of materials and collect results faster. But even then, one round of experiments often leads to more questions.



<a href="https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/iss-research/msg/bass/">The Burning and Suppression of Solids </a>(BASS) series ran from 2011 to 2017, studying how different fuels behave in space. That work led to the Saffire series, which began in 2016 and ended in 2024.



These fire safety demonstrations helped answer critical questions about how to prevent and put out fires in space.



Scientific breakthroughs don’t happen overnight, especially not in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shifts-in-earths-orbit-triggered-ancient-megadroughts/">orbit</a>. But the space station gives researchers something priceless: time, access, and the ability to keep going.



The payoff? New insights into how our bodies work, how materials behave, and how we can prepare for longer missions. That’s not just useful for life in space - it helps improve life back on Earth, too.



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What 20 years of space station research means for life on Earth

The International Space Station (ISS) is not just a place to live in space - it’s an experimental laboratory. With astronauts onboard and Earth positioned below, the ISS offers a unique opportunity: long-duration research in microgravity. The space station also provides low Earth orbit views of our planet, along with a human crew who support experiments, swap samples, and troubleshoot in real time. Since its launch, researchers have used the space station to conduct hundreds of studies. These range from characterizing fluid behavior in zero gravity to...

In an innovative study, researchers have successfully used an instrument designed to find exoplanets for exploring <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jupiters-turbulent-atmosphere-includes-a-high-speed-jet-stream/">Jupiter’s winds</a>, marking the first time such a tool has been applied within our Solar System.&nbsp;



The research was led by a team from the <a href="http://iastro.pt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences</a> (IA) at the University of Lisbon, Portugal, in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Southern Observatory</a> (ESO).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doppler-velocimetry-nbsp">Doppler velocimetry&nbsp;</h2>



The study utilized the <a href="https://planetas.iastro.pt/en/projeto/espresso/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESPRESSO</a> spectrograph, mounted on the <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/unitedkingdom/teles-instr/paranal-observatory/vlt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">VLT</a> telescope at ESO, to measure wind speeds on Jupiter. This method, known as Doppler velocimetry, analyzes the reflection of sunlight by clouds in a planet’s atmosphere. 



Changes in the wavelength of this reflected light correspond to the clouds’ movement relative to the Earth-based telescope, revealing the wind speed at the observed location.



Originally developed by the Planetary Systems research group of IA to study Venus’s atmosphere, this method’s application with ESPRESSO on Jupiter has been highly successful.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



During five hours of observation in July 2019, the team focused on Jupiter’s equatorial zone and its north and south equatorial belts.&nbsp;



“Jupiter’s atmosphere, at the level of the clouds visible from Earth, contains ammonia, ammonium hydrosulfide, and water, forming distinct red and white bands,” explained lead author Pedro Machado, an astrophysicist at IA.



Using ESPRESSO, the researchers measured Jupiter’s wind speeds ranging from 60 to 428 km/h, with an accuracy of less than 36 km/h.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-challenges">Study challenges</h2>



The study faced challenges, including navigation over Jupiter’s disk due to the VLT telescope’s high resolution.



“One of the difficulties centered on ‘navigation’ over Jupiter’s disk, that is, knowing exactly which point on the planet’s disk we were pointing to,” Machado added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-continuous-monitoring-nbsp">Continuous monitoring&nbsp;</h2>



To confirm the effectiveness of this method, the team compared their findings with historical wind measurements, primarily obtained by space-based instruments. The consistency between the two sets of data confirms the viability of using Doppler velocimetry for monitoring Jupiter’s winds from Earth.



This continuous monitoring will be crucial in developing a reliable global circulation model of Jupiter’s atmosphere, accounting for wind differences by latitude and understanding atmospheric phenomena like Jupiter’s storms.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research">Future research</h2>



The team plans to extend their observations with ESPRESSO to cover more of Jupiter’s disk and its entire rotation period of almost 10 hours. They also aim to measure winds at different altitudes to study vertical air layer transport.



Looking ahead, the researchers hope to apply this technique to other gaseous planets, with Saturn as the next target.&nbsp;



The success of these observations with ESPRESSO is particularly significant as ESO designs <a href="https://planetas.iastro.pt/en/projeto/hireselt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ANDES</a> for the upcoming <a href="https://elt.eso.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extremely Large Telescope</a> (ELT) and in anticipation of the European Space Agency’s <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Juice" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">JUICE</a> mission dedicated to Jupiter.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/universe9120491" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universe</a>,



Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI/MSSS. Image processing by Thomas Thomopoulos CC BY



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Experts use exoplanet hunter to study Jupiter’s winds

In an innovative study, researchers have successfully used an instrument...

Collage,Of,Flu,Covid-19,Virus,Cells,In,Blood,Under,The

The emergence of a new COVID-19 strain, JN.1, is significantly impacting the United States, swiftly becoming the most dominant variant in the country.&nbsp;



The rapid rise in the prevalence of JN.1 highlights the ever-evolving nature of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-clues-about-the-household-spread-of-covid-19/">SARS-CoV-2</a> virus and poses new challenges for public health authorities and the medical community.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-jn-1">Understanding JN.1</h2>



JN.1, identified as a "variant of interest" by the <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), is a recent addition to the list of COVID-19 subvariants. 



According to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC), JN.1 has seen a swift rise in cases, with projections indicating further increases through the winter months. 



Notably, JN.1 has surpassed other subvariants, including HV.1 and EG.5, in prevalence. By December, JN.1 accounted for over 44% of COVID-19 cases in the United States.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sars-cov-2-is-still-evolving-nbsp">SARS-CoV-2 is still evolving&nbsp;</h2>



Dr. Heidi Zapata, an infectious diseases specialist at <a href="https://www.yalemedicine.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yale Medicine</a>, said that there is still much to learn about JN.1. "We don’t know much about this new subvariant just yet," she said, emphasizing the ongoing efforts to understand its characteristics.



“I would say the most important thing for people to know is that the virus is out there, as are respiratory syncytial virus [RSV] and the flu,” said Dr. Zapata. “Any new subvariant is a sign that the SARS-CoV-2 virus is still evolving; it’s still here with us, and we can’t ignore it.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-and-concerns">Characteristics and concerns</h2>



One of the distinguishing features of JN.1 is its relation to BA.2.86 (Pirola), a lineage of the Omicron variant. While it shares similarities with its predecessors, JN.1 possesses a unique mutation in its spike protein, which could potentially affect its behavior, such as immune evasion capabilities.



Despite its rapid spread, there is no evidence yet that JN.1 causes more severe COVID cases or poses a greater risk to public health than other circulating variants.&nbsp;



Symptoms and severity seem consistent with previous strains, largely dependent on individual immunity rather than the variant itself. However, its quick evolution and increased prevalence are points of concern, suggesting a possible higher transmissibility or better immune system evasion.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protection-measures">Protection measures</h2>



The CDC's current recommendations remain unchanged in the face of JN.1's emergence. These include getting updated vaccines, testing for COVID if respiratory symptoms arise, and following general protective measures like strategic masking and hand-washing.



New vaccines and antiviral treatments are expected to maintain efficacy against JN.1. The availability of updated COVID vaccines this fall is a significant step in enhancing protection against this and other variants.&nbsp;



“I would advise getting your updated vaccine, consider masking in certain situations, and if you get sick, please test for COVID because you can get medicine to treat it,” said Dr. Zapata.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-the-global-picture">Implications and the global picture</h2>



The rapid spread of JN.1 has implications both domestically and internationally. As of late December, it was most prevalent in the Northeast U.S., particularly in the Department of Health and Human Services' Region 2, which includes New York and New Jersey.



Despite JN.1's prominence, the WHO assesses the additional public health risks posed by this variant as low. However, the potential burden on health systems, especially when combined with other respiratory viruses like influenza and RSV, remains a significant concern.



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JN.1 is now the dominant Covid variant in the United States

The emergence of a new COVID-19 strain, JN.1, is significantly...

Side,View,Of,Beautiful,Asian,Woman,Using,Mobile,Phone,While

In an age where smartphones are nearly ubiquitous, particularly among college-aged individuals, a pressing question arises: does texting while walking, or 'twalking,' increase the likelihood of accidents? 



This topic has sparked debate among experts, with some research indicating heightened risk and others suggesting that young adults are adept multitaskers.



However, few studies have examined how texters respond to unpredictable hazards. Recent research indicates that texting increases the risk of falling in response to walkway hazards, highlighting the potential dangers of this seemingly innocuous behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-study-twalking">How to study 'twalking'</h2>



Senior author Matthew A. Brodie, a neuroscientist and engineer at the University of New South Wales (<a href="https://www.unsw.edu.au/engineering/our-schools/biomedical-engineering" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNSW</a>) Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, recognized the prevalence of 'twalking' and embarked on a study to investigate its inherent risks. 



“On any day it seems as many as 80% of people, both younger and older, may be head down and texting. I wondered: is this safe?” says Brodie. 



“This has made me want to investigate the dangers of texting while walking. I wanted to know if these dangers are real or imagined and to measure the risk in a repeatable way.”



The team recruited 50 undergraduate students from Brodie's “Mechanics of the Human Body” UNSW course to participate in the experiment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-special-twalking-runway-created">Special 'twalking' runway created</h2>



Brodie and co-author Yoshiro Okubo designed a <a href="https://www.cell.com/cms/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18366/attachment/01d69b98-2ec4-4484-bd60-b5669ce6d960/mmc1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">special walkway</a> at Neuroscience Research Australia's gait laboratory, which featured a tile that could be intentionally displaced, causing participants to slip.



To ensure safety, the students wore harnesses that prevented actual falls, while motion sensors collected data on their movements. 



They traversed a simulated walkway equipped with a movable tile mimicking a slipping hazard, akin to stepping on a banana peel. 



Equipped with a safety harness and motion sensors, participants navigated this walkway both with and without texting the phrase, "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-team-discovered">What the team discovered</h2>



The study revealed that individuals responded differently to the threat of slipping. "What surprised me is how differently people responded," Brodie remarks. 



"Some were more cautious, while others sped up. This diversity in behavior underscores that no two individuals are alike, suggesting the need for multiple strategies to prevent accidents related to texting and walking."



Despite these varied responses, motion data showed that texting participants remained at an increased risk of falling. 



When participants transitioned from leaning forward (such as when using a phone) to slipping backward, their motion sensors indicated a significant increase in the range of their "trunk angle."



Additionally, the accuracy of texters decreased during walking, even when caution was exercised against a potential slip that did not occur. 



The highest texting accuracy was observed when participants were seated, highlighting the challenges posed by multitasking while in motion. The lowest accuracy, unsurprisingly, occurred when participants did slip.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-recommendations">Implications and recommendations</h2>



The study emphasizes that young people may be more prone to taking risks, like 'twalking," even when they are aware of the potential dangers associated with texting and walking. 



As a result, the effectiveness of traditional educational initiatives, such as signs, may be limited in addressing this population.



In light of these findings, the researchers propose the implementation of locking technology on phones, similar to the measures used for preventing distracted driving. 



This technology could detect walking activity and activate a screen lock to prevent texting during that time. While this intervention shows promise, further research is needed to evaluate its effectiveness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conclusions-about-twalking">Conclusions about 'twalking'</h2>



The study provides compelling evidence that texting while walking increases the risk of falling in response to hazardous conditions.



While some individuals may adopt cautious approaches, it doesn't fully mitigate the danger posed by distractions. Furthermore, the decrease in texting accuracy during walking underscores the limitations of multitasking in this context.



In summary, as society becomes increasingly dependent on smartphones and the prevalence of texting while walking rises, it is crucial to acknowledge and address the risks associated with this behavior. 



By raising awareness and implementing technological interventions, we can better protect people from harm and promote responsible mobile phone use.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2405844023055743" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Heliyon</a>.



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'Twalking' is the most common cause of tech-related injuries

In an age where smartphones are nearly ubiquitous, particularly among...

A recent study from <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a> has revealed that interactive screen time such as texting and gaming are more detrimental to adolescents' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exercise-counteracts-negative-effects-of-sleep-deprivation/">sleep</a> than passive screen engagement like watching television. 



The research sheds light on how different types of screen usage can variably impact sleep patterns in teens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interactive-screen-time">Interactive screen time</h2>



The study was focused on the sleep habits of 15-year-olds. The experts found that those engaging in interactive screen time before bed took approximately 30 minutes longer to fall asleep compared to those who avoided such activities.&nbsp;



And it was not just interactive screen time before bed that affected kids’ sleep, said the researchers. For each hour that kids spent playing video games beyond their usual routine during the day, their sleep was delayed by about 10 minutes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-sleep-loss">Significant sleep loss</h2>



“If teens typically play video games for an hour each day, but one day a new game comes out and they play for four hours, that's three additional hours more than they typically play,” said study lead author and postdoctoral scholar David Reichenberger.



“So, that means they could have 15 minutes of delayed sleep timing that night. For a child, losing 15 minutes of sleep at night is significant. It’s especially difficult when they have to get up in the morning for school; if they're delaying their sleep, they can't make up for it in the morning."&nbsp;



"Without adequate sleep, kids are at increased risk of obesity, as well as impaired cognition, emotion regulation and mental health.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-research-was-conducted">How the research was conducted</h2>



For the analysis, the team conducted daily surveys with 475 adolescents, inquiring about their screen-based activities, including communication methods and entertainment preferences.&nbsp;



In addition, the researchers employed accelerometers to accurately track the teens’ sleep duration over a week. These devices, typically worn on the wrist, provided insights into the participants' activity levels to infer sleep patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-nbsp">Key findings&nbsp;</h2>



The study revealed that teens spent an average of two hours per day communicating digitally and around 1.3 hours playing video games.&nbsp;



Despite these figures, the most substantial sleep delays were noted in those who engaged in interactive screen time during the hour before bed, leading to about 30 minutes of delayed sleep onset.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-passive-screen-time">Passive screen time</h2>



Interestingly, said Reichenberger, the team found no significant associations between passive screen-based activities and subsequent sleep, like browsing the internet and watching television, videos and movies.



“It could be that these more passive activities are less mentally stimulating than interactive activities, like texting and video game playing.” said study co-author Professor Anne-Marie Chang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-limiting-interactive-activities-nbsp">Limiting interactive activities&nbsp;</h2>



Addressing the question of what parents can do to help protect their teens’ sleep, Professor Chang said it's a tricky situation.



"These tools are really important to everyone nowadays, so it's hard to put a limit on them, but if you're really looking out for an adolescent’s health and well-being, then you might consider limiting the more interactive activities, especially in the hour before bed," said Chang.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jahonline.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Adolescent Health</a>.



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Interactive screen time has a big impact on sleep among teens

A recent study from Penn State has revealed that interactive...

HUBBLE WATCHES ‘SPOKE SEASON’ ON SATURN

For the past three decades, the Hubble Space Telescope has continued this exploration of Saturn and its ring spokes. With its ultra-sharp vision, <a href="https://www.hubblesite.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hubble</a> has become an invaluable tool in monitoring these phenomena. 



Since Galileo first observed the peculiar "cup handle" features of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturns-rings-will-vanish-from-sight-in-2025/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn</a> in 1610, our understanding of this giant planet has evolved remarkably. It took until 1655 for Christiaan Huygens to accurately describe these features as a disk surrounding Saturn. 



This initial observation sparked centuries of curiosity and exploration, leading to the identification of Saturn's four unique concentric rings, named A, B, C, and D, through ground-based telescopes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-voyager-breakthrough">The Voyager breakthrough</h2>



A significant leap in our knowledge came in the 1980s with NASA's <a href="https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Voyager missions</a>. These probes revealed thousands of concentric ringlets around Saturn, a discovery far beyond the capabilities of earlier telescopes. 



More intriguingly, the Voyager scientists observed dark, radial, spoke-like patterns within the ring plane. 



These patterns seemed to appear and disappear mysteriously as they revolved around <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturns-rings-may-have-formed-after-two-icy-moons-collided/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn</a>, adding a new layer of complexity to our understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hubble-and-saturn-s-ring-spokes">Hubble and Saturn's ring spokes</h2>



Each year, Hubble follows the “merry-go-round” of the ring spokes, providing insights into their behavior. It is believed that these dark spokes are composed of dust particles, electrostatically levitated above the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturns-rings-are-heating-the-planets-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ring plane</a>. 



Intriguingly, their abundance appears to fluctuate with Saturn's seven-year-long seasons, possibly linked to changes in Saturn's magnetic field as it interacts with the solar wind.



On October 22, 2023, Hubble captured a <a href="https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/videos/2023/023/01HGXEG9APP1NAM45S5QZ51RGV?news=true" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stunning photo of Saturn</a>, approximately 850 million miles from Earth, showcasing the enigmatic ring spokes. 



These transient features, first photographed by Voyager 2 in 1981, have a ghostly appearance and persist only briefly, for two or three rotations around Saturn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-and-opal-contributions">Cassini and OPAL contributions</h2>



Following Voyager, NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/cassini/spacecraft/cassini-orbiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cassini</a> orbiter also contributed to our understanding during its 13-year mission, which concluded in 2017. 



Hubble's ongoing observations are part of the Outer Planets Atmospheres Legacy (<a href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/13783#:~:text=What%20is%20OPAL%3F,and%20evolution%20as%20gas%20giants." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OPAL</a>) program, which began nearly a decade ago. OPAL annually monitors weather changes on the four gas-giant outer planets, providing valuable long-term data.



Hubble's images suggest that the frequency of spoke appearances is seasonally driven, with variations in both number and contrast of the spokes over <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/mysterious-spoke-season-captured-on-saturn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's seasons</a>. 



This year, these ephemeral structures are observable on both sides of the planet, sometimes stretching longer than Earth's diameter!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-insights-on-saturn-s-ring-spokes">Scientific insights on Saturn's ring spokes</h2>



Amy Simon, the OPAL program lead scientist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, emphasizes the significance of the current phase. 



"We are heading towards <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-now-leads-the-solar-system-moon-race-with-145/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn</a> equinox, expecting maximum spoke activity, with higher frequency and darker spokes appearing over the next few years," she explains.



The leading theory, as Simon describes, ties the spokes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-has-megastorms-that-affect-its-weather-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's</a> powerful magnetic field and its interaction with solar forces. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electrostatic-levitation">Electrostatic levitation</h2>



Particularly near the equinox, when Saturn and its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/we-now-know-the-age-of-saturns-rings-and-the-number-might-surprise-you/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rings</a> are less tilted away from the Sun, the solar wind might significantly enhance spoke formation. Planetary scientists hypothesize that electrostatic forces from this interaction levitate dust or ice above the ring to form the spokes.



Despite decades of observation and theory, no single explanation perfectly predicts the formation of these spokes. However, continued observations by Hubble may eventually help solve this enduring mystery of our solar system. 



As we progress, each discovery brings us closer to understanding the complexities of Saturn, a planet that continues to captivate and intrigue scientists and stargazers alike.



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Mysterious shadows spotted on Saturn's rings by Hubble

For the past three decades, the Hubble Space Telescope has...

Researchers are describing a new iguana species in southern China which was previously mistaken for a closely related species, Calotes versicolor.&nbsp;



The experts confirmed that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/excess-sugar-is-toxic-to-rock-iguanas-on-remote-islands/">iguana</a> is genetically distinct from other members of the genus Calotes, and have named the new species Calotes wangi, or Wang’s garden lizard.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinguishing-features-nbsp">Distinguishing features&nbsp;</h2>



The experts found that Calotes wangi has many distinguishing characteristics, including a length of less than 9 centimeters and an orange tongue.



The species name wangi is a tribute to Professor Yuezhao Wang, a former director of the Amphibian and Reptile Research Laboratory and Museum of Herpetology.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-discovery-nbsp">Unexpected discovery&nbsp;</h2>



The research team, led by Yong Huang from the Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, published their findings in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1187.110704" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ZooKeys</a>.



“From 2009 to 2022, we conducted a series of field surveys in South China and collected a number of specimens of the Calotes versicolor species complex, and found that the population of what we thought was Calotes versicolor in South China and Northern Vietnam was a new undescribed species and two subspecies,” said Huang.



The study authors noted that the new species is similar to Calotes irawadi, "but differs in having scales between the nasal shield and the orbit and a fourth toe with a claw that can reach between the eyes and tympanum (even to the snout when hind the limbs are adpressed forward)."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-habitat-and-lifestyle-nbsp">Habitat and lifestyle&nbsp;</h2>



According to Huang, Calotes wangi is found in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests and tropical monsoon forests in southern China and northern Vietnam, mostly in mountainous areas, hills and plains on forest edges, arable land, shrub lands, and even urban green belts.



"It is active at the edge of the forest, and when it is in danger, it rushes into bushes or climbs tree trunks to hide. Investigations found that the lizards lie on sloping shrub branches at night, sleeping close to the branches," said Huang.



The small iguana eats a variety of insects, spiders, and other arthropods. "It is active from April to October every year, while in the tropics it is active from March to November or even longer," wrote the study authors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-status">Conservation status</h2>



The researchers noted that the new species is not considered threatened, but may be impacted by habitat fragmentation. “In addition, their bodies are used medicinally and the lizards are also eaten,” they wrote.



The experts suggest that the local government strengthen the protection of their ecological environment and pay close attention to the population dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cryptic-lineages-nbsp">Cryptic lineages&nbsp;</h2>



"Based on extensive spatial sampling across China and comprehensive data on morphology and genetics for species delimitation, we add a new species and more stability to the systematics of Calotes," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"Another interesting finding from this study is the presence of subspecies, which highlights the need for more thorough geographic sampling to uncover cryptic lineages."



image Credit: Huang et al.



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Calotes wangi: New iguana species identified in China

Researchers are describing a new iguana species in southern China...

Spacetime,Scifi,Digital,Arts,Concept,,Twist,Clock,Time,Distortion,Warp

Uniting gravity, spacetime, and the quantum realm

Physicists have presented a radical theory that unifies the realms...

New research from the <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/uk-health-security-agency" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UK Health Security Agency</a> (UKHSA) has presented significant findings regarding the efficacy of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-associated-with-lower-covid-19-vaccine-responses/">COVID-19</a> vaccination.&nbsp;



The experts found that there is a substantial decrease in the risk of death from COVID-19 following vaccination. However, they also found evidence that this protective effect diminishes after six months.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



"Risk of death after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has fallen during the pandemic, largely due to immunity from vaccination. In England, the timing and extent of this reduction varied due to staggered eligibility during the primary vaccination campaign, based on age and clinical risk group," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Duration of protection is less well understood. Our objective was to estimate the case fatality risk (CFR) by vaccination status and time since last dose during a period of widespread community testing, to better understand the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination and duration of protection."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-case-fatality-risk-nbsp">Case fatality risk&nbsp;</h2>



The researchers analyzed over 10 million COVID-19 cases in adults from May 2020 to February 2022. The team focused on case fatality risk (CFR), which is the proportion of COVID-19 cases that result in death.&nbsp;



This metric was cross-referenced with the vaccination status of individuals, uncovering a strong correlation between vaccination and lowered mortality rates.



"Case fatality risk (CFR) has been a useful metric for observing changes in mortality during the pandemic. When testing patterns are stable, this measure can show changes in risk of death over time, highlighting groups at higher risk of severe disease or death," wrote the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings">Key findings</h2>



A critical observation from the study is the time-sensitive nature of vaccine efficacy. The data indicates that within six months of receiving the last vaccine dose, CFR was consistently lowest across all age groups.&nbsp;



Beyond this six-month period, the experts observed an increase in case fatality risk, suggesting a waning protective benefit from the vaccine.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-mortality-rates">Impact on mortality rates</h2>



The study highlights the success of the COVID-19 vaccination program in reducing mortality rates, particularly among adults over 50. In this group, there was a sharp contrast in CFR between vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals. 



The CFR was 10 times higher in unvaccinated adults (6.3%) compared to those vaccinated within six months of testing positive for COVID-19 (0.6%). Furthermore, the study revealed a significant decline in CFR in early 2021, coinciding with the initial vaccine rollout.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance-nbsp">Study significance&nbsp;</h2>



Study lead author Florence Halford from the UKHSA’s COVID-19 Vaccines and Epidemiology Division emphasized the importance of these findings.



"COVID-19 Case Fatality Risk reduced after vaccination, with the lowest seen across all age bands when vaccinated up to six months prior to the specimen date. This provides some evidence for continued booster doses in older age groups," said Halford.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-booster-doses">Booster doses</h2>



The research offers strong evidence supporting the need for booster doses, especially in older populations.&nbsp;



As the protective effects of the vaccine diminish over time, regular booster doses could be crucial in maintaining low mortality rates amidst the ongoing pandemic.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/01410768231216332" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine</a>.



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COVID-19 vaccination reduces mortality risk, but only for 6 months

New research from the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has...

Insect larvae were already using sophisticated defense tactics during the Cretaceous period about 100 million years ago, according to a new study.&nbsp;



This discovery, stemming from detailed analyses of Burmese amber fossils, highlights the early emergence of various survival strategies among the tiny creatures, crucial to our ecosystems even today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-role-of-insect-larvae-nbsp">The crucial role of insect larvae&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/">Insect</a> larvae play a wide range of ecological roles, including predator and prey. They are critical for maintaining ecosystem health and biodiversity.



Insect larvae are instrumental in decomposing dead matter and wood, contributing significantly to soil formation and the recycling of essential elements. Furthermore, they serve as a primary food source for birds, fish, mammals, and other insects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insect-defense-mechanisms">Insect defense mechanisms</h2>



Faced with the constant threat of predation, many insect larvae have evolved an array of defense mechanisms.&nbsp;



These include physical features such as spines and hairs and behavioral strategies like camouflage and concealment. Over millions of years, this has led to a diverse range of adaptations aimed at survival.



A collaborative study by <a href="https://www.lmu.de/de/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LMU</a>, the <a href="https://www.uni-greifswald.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Greifswald</a>, and the <a href="https://www.uni-rostock.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Rostock</a> sheds new light on early defense strategies used by Holometabolan larvae. 



This group includes insects that experience a complete metamorphosis through egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages.



"Holometabolan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-larvae-contribute-to-microplastic-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larvae</a> are a major part of the animal biomass and an important food source for many animals. Many larvae evolved anti-predator strategies and some of these can even be recognized in fossils," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



The research was focused on well-preserved holometabolan larvae in 100-million-year-old Kachin amber from Myanmar. The team analyzed these fossils to identify defensive specializations, and also to gain insights into the behavior of ancient predators and prey.&nbsp;



"From the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/incredible-discovery-some-mammals-attacked-dinosaurs-and-they-often-won-the-battle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous</a> onward, ambers start to provide a window to the larval forms of Holometabola in the past in an almost life-like manner. While there are older ambers, these have so far not included holometabolan larvae," wrote the study authors. 



"Among the different Cretaceous ambers, Kachin amber, found in Myanmar and being around 100 million years old, has been especially productive in providing examples of holometabolan <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unusual-jumping-behavior-recorded-in-beetle-larvae/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">larvae</a> that possess different types of anti-predator structures or allow to infer anti-predator types of behavior."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-findings-about-insect-defense">Key findings about insect defense </h2>



By examining the exceptionally preserved fossils, the researchers determined that anti-predator mechanisms were already highly varied during the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-fossils-cretaceous-period/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cretaceous</a> period.



"A particularly spectacular example is by far the oldest larva of a scorpionfly to have been discovered, which is the second fossil ever found to have special hairs on its back for attaching camouflage material," said study lead author Professor Carolin Haug.



"Also, I could mention sawfly larvae that lived in leaves and created tunnels in them as they ate their way through the thin layer of the leaf interior." 



This research marks a significant advancement in our understanding of ancient insect larvae and their survival strategies, offering insights into the evolutionary pressures that shaped the insects we see today.&nbsp;



"The repetitive independent evolution of similar strategies in distantly related lineages indicates that several strategies evolved convergently as a result of similar selective pressures," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-understanding-biodiversity">Implications for understanding biodiversity</h2>



"Observing the diversity of the past and the emergence and disappearance of various morphologies helps us better understand these processes, which is particularly important in view of the ongoing biodiversity crisis," said Professor Haug.



The study not only reveals the ancient diversity of defensive strategies among insect larvae but also contributes to a broader understanding of evolutionary processes.



"A point to be emphasized is that although we see many anti-predator strategies we know from modern faunal components, they are not necessarily performed by directly related forms. Instead, it appears that many strategies have evolved repetitively independently due to convergent evolution," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;



"Such a pattern indicates that there are especially successful strategies that have been employed by many lineages, also many modern lineages, and that evolved repetitively. In contrast to that, there are also strategies that are rarer, especially among holometabolans."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(23)02698-6?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2589004223026986%3Fshowall%3Dtrue" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iScience</a>.



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Insects had sophisticated defense strategies 100 million years ago

Insect larvae were already using sophisticated defense tactics during the...

Researchers have made significant strides in understanding brain activity during daydreaming. The study, conducted on mice, offers insights that could illuminate similar processes in humans.



The research was led by Nghia Nguyen, a PhD student in Neurobiology at the Blavatnik Institute at <a href="https://hms.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Medical School</a>. The team tracked the activity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pregnancy-brain-how-neurons-get-rewired-to-prepare-for-motherhood/">neurons</a> in the visual cortex of mice while they were in a relaxed waking state.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moments-of-quiet-reflection-nbsp">Moments of quiet reflection&nbsp;</h2>



The experts discovered that these neurons occasionally fired in patterns resembling those observed when the mice viewed actual images.&nbsp;



“We wanted to know how this daydreaming process occurred on a neurobiological level, and whether these moments of quiet reflection could be important for learning and memory,” Nguyen explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-the-visual-cortex-nbsp">The role of the visual cortex&nbsp;</h2>



This study ventured beyond the hippocampus, a region extensively studied for memory and spatial navigation, to focus on the visual cortex’s role in forming visual memories.



”My lab became interested in whether we could record from enough neurons in the visual cortex to understand what exactly the mouse is remembering - and then connect that information to brain plasticity,” said senior author Mark Andermann, a professor of Medicine at <a href="https://www.bidmc.org/">Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center</a> and of Neurobiology at HMS.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distinct-neural-patterns-nbsp">Distinct neural patterns&nbsp;</h2>



In their experiments, the researchers showed mice two different checkerboard images and recorded neural activity from around 7,000 neurons in the visual cortex.&nbsp;



The experts found distinct neural patterns for each image and similar but not identical patterns when the mice viewed a gray screen, suggesting the mice were daydreaming about the images. The daydreams correlated with a state of relaxation, indicated by calm behavior and small pupils.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-representational-drift-nbsp">Representational drift&nbsp;</h2>



Surprisingly, the study revealed that the daydreams could predict future changes in the brain’s response to images, a phenomenon known as “representational drift.”&nbsp;



“There’s drift in how the brain responds to the same image over time, and these early daydreams can predict where the drift is going,” Andermann said.



The team also observed that these daydreams in the visual cortex coincided with replay activity in the hippocampus, hinting at communication between these two brain regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications">Broader implications</h2>



The findings suggest that daydreaming may play a role in brain plasticity, aiding in distinguishing between different experiences. “Our findings suggest that daydreaming may guide this process by steering the neural patterns associated with the two images away from each other,” Nguyen explained.



The researchers plan to further explore the connections between individual neurons in the visual cortex and how these connections evolve. Andermann reflects on the broader implications of their work: “We were chasing this 99 percent of unexplored brain activity and discovered that there’s so much richness in the visual cortex that nobody knew anything about.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-daydreaming">Human daydreaming</h2>



While it remains to be confirmed if similar patterns occur in human daydreaming, preliminary evidence suggests an analogous process. Studies have shown increased brain activity in the visual cortex when people recall images, aligning with these recent findings in mice.



The study underscores the potential importance of quiet wakefulness and daydreaming in both humans and animals for learning and memory. “If you never give yourself any awake downtime, you’re not going to have as many of these daydream events, which may be important for brain plasticity,” Andermann concluded.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06810-1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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What happens in the brain while we are daydreaming?

Researchers have made significant strides in understanding brain activity during...

Get ready for a celestial treat this Christmas! As the year winds down, the final full moon of the year, aptly named the Christmas Cold Moon, is set to light up the night sky, promising a beautiful addition to your holiday festivities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-the-christmas-cold-moon">What is the Christmas Cold Moon?</h2>



The Christmas Cold Moon, the full moon closest to the winter solstice, graces our skies during the last week of December. 



This year, it will peak at 7:33 pm EDT on Tuesday, following its rise near sunset from Monday through Wednesday. 



Not only does it enhance the holiday spirit by illuminating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-christmas-trees-produce-that-fresh-festive-scent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Christmas</a> night, but it also carries deep astronomical and cultural significance.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-astronomical-and-cultural-significance">Astronomical and cultural significance</h2>



Astronomically, the Christmas Cold Moon is remarkable for its high trajectory across the sky, resulting in extended visibility. 



This phenomenon occurs due to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_tilt" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's axis tilting</a> away from the sun during this time of year, allowing the moon to follow a higher path.



Culturally, this full moon has been revered for centuries across various traditions. It symbolizes the return of the sun and longer days post the winter solstice. 



Many cultures view it as a beacon of hope and a sign of renewal, adding to its mystique and allure.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-christmas-cold-moon-is-a-visual-spectacle">The Christmas Cold Moon is a visual spectacle</h2>



For skywatchers, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cosmic-christmas-tree-captured-by-nasas-chandra-observatory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Christmas</a> Cold Moon is a sheer delight. Its bright and crisp light, particularly striking against snowy landscapes, creates a magical winter scene. To fully enjoy this spectacle, find a location far from city lights and allow your eyes time to adjust to the dark.



Photographers will find this moon to be a fantastic subject. Using a tripod and a long lens can help capture intricate lunar details. Experiment with various exposures to reveal the lunar surface's features in all their glory.



In summary, the Christmas Cold Moon embodies the festive season's spirit, intertwining astronomical wonders with rich cultural heritage. Its annual appearance is a reminder of the night sky's enduring magic during the holidays.



Mark your calendars for the next full moon, the Wolf Moon, set to appear on January 25.



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The "Christmas Cold Moon" -- Last full moon of 2023 peaks tonight

Get ready for a celestial treat this Christmas! As the...

California has taken a monumental step in water conservation and management by approving new regulations that allow the conversion and recycling of wastewater into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cheap-and-drinkable-water-from-desalination-is-finally-a-reality/">drinking water</a>. 



The measure is a critical response to the severe drought conditions that have plagued the state in recent years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-in-water-management">New era in water management</h2>



This decision by the <a href="https://www.waterboards.ca.gov/">California State Water Resources Control Board</a> marks a significant shift in water resource management, setting a precedent for other states facing similar challenges.&nbsp;



The new rules permit water agencies to treat wastewater and reintroduce it into the drinking water supply. This process, known as direct potable reuse, positions California as a leader in advanced water recycling standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decades-in-the-making">Decades in the making</h2>



The journey to this decision has spanned over a decade, involving rigorous scientific reviews and the development of stringent safety standards. The approval of these regulations arrives just before the state-mandated deadline of December 31.



"This is an exciting development in the state's ongoing efforts to find innovative solutions to the challenges of extreme weather driven by climate change," said E. Joaquin Esquivel, chair of the Water Resources Control Board.



"On top of helping us build drought-resilient water supplies, direct potable reuse offers energy savings and environmental benefits. And most importantly, these regulations ensure that the water produced is not only safe, but purer than many drinking water sources we now rely on."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-climate-change-nbsp">Addressing climate change&nbsp;</h2>



California is now the second state, following Colorado, to permit this form of water recycling. The process aims to add millions of gallons of drinking water to the state's supply, offering a sustainable solution to the pressing issue of water scarcity exacerbated by climate change.&nbsp;



The state has experienced its driest period in recent history, with occasional heavy rainfall providing only temporary relief. 



These new regulations are part of California's broader strategy to build drought-resilient water supplies and address the ongoing climate crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-toilet-to-tap-recycling-wastewater">Toilet to tap -- recycling wastewater</h2>



Other states have already begun exploring similar measures. Texas initiated wastewater conversion in 2013, and a brewery in California's Half Moon Bay recently adopted recycled wastewater. Colorado's water board approved the process last year.



California's water board reported that water systems can start submitting plans to begin purifying wastewater once the new regulations are finalized by the Office of Administrative Law next year.



Esquivel pointed out that many Californians are already consuming recycled water, as most wastewater treatment plants discharge treated water back into rivers and streams.&nbsp;



“Anyone out there taking drinking water downstream from a wastewater treatment plant discharge - which, I promise you, you’re all doing - is already drinking toilet to tap,” said Esquivel. 



“All water is recycled. What we have here are standards, science and - importantly - monitoring that allow us to have the faith that it is pure water.”



In summary, California's move to recycle wastewater into drinking water reflects a growing recognition of the need for innovative, sustainable solutions to water scarcity. 



These regulations not only address immediate drought concerns but also set a benchmark for future water management strategies in the face of climate change.



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Toilet to tap: California approves wastewater recycling amid drought crisis

California has taken a monumental step in water conservation and...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How the immune system responds to injury

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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