<p>In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears.</p>



<p>Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species, habitats, and ecological roles remain thinly studied.</p>



<p>The Biodiversity Unit at the <a href="https://www.utu.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Turku</a> has made a specialty of unveiling this hidden diversity, describing new species each year, and building tools to slow global biodiversity loss.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-living-lab-for-biodiversity">A living lab for biodiversity</h2>



<p>Kibale National Park offers a mosaic of habitats. These include tracts of largely undisturbed forest, areas recovering from past logging, and nearby farmland. That patchwork allowed researchers to ask a simple but powerful question: where, exactly, is the unknown diversity concentrated?</p>



<p>The team focused on ichneumonid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/invasive-parasitic-wasps-quietly-crossed-oceans-now-thriving-in-u-s-oak-trees/">wasps</a> - one of the most diverse animal groups on the planet - and, within it, the subfamily Pimplinae.</p>



<p>These wasps don’t just buzz around flowers. They regulate other species by parasitizing the immature stages of insects and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossil-with-spiders-brain-suggests-arachnids-originated-in-the-sea/">spiders</a>, linking them tightly to the health of entire food webs.</p>



<p>“Ichneumonids are a very poorly known taxon in Africa - we estimate that over half of the species we found are new to science,” said doctoral researcher Emil Österman. </p>



<p>With so little baseline knowledge for tropical ichneumonids, the team used long-term, standardized sampling to see how Pimplinae diversity is distributed across Kibale’s different habitats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wasps-link-species-and-ecosystems">Wasps link species and ecosystems</h2>



<p>Because parasitoid wasps sit high in food webs, they are sensitive to disruptions below them. If the insects and spiders they rely on decline, parasitoids tend to follow. </p>



<p>That sensitivity makes Pimplinae useful indicators: shifts in their richness and abundance often mirror broader changes in biodiversity. The new work confirms what many ecologists have suspected but struggled to quantify in tropical Africa. </p>



<p>“Many of our finds weren't unexpected, but we didn't have data based on long-term collecting in the field," said Tapani Hopkins, a researcher with the Biodiversity Unit. </p>



<p>"Now we can tell in greater detail how many more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-owl-species-discovered-in-africa/">species</a> there are in natural forest, and to what extent disturbed or logged tropical forest can harbor species.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-farmland-cannot-match-forest-life">Farmland cannot match forest life</h2>



<p>The headline result is encouraging for conservation: intact forest in Kibale harbors especially rich Pimplinae communities. Secondary forest that is regrowing after logging also supports far more species than adjacent farmland.</p>



<p>In other words, protecting remaining forest is essential, and letting disturbed forest recover pays real biodiversity dividends.</p>



<p>“Our results clearly show that African forest, including forest that is recovering from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainforests-replanted-seedlings-after-logging-do-not-recover-well/">logging</a>, maintains a species-rich Pimplinae fauna compared to, say, nearby farmland," Österman said. "Species-rich habitats can be considered especially valuable in conserving unknown dark biodiversity.” </p>



<p>That matters for policy and on-the-ground management. If you want to safeguard the most unknown species, prioritize forests - and don’t write off recovering stands. They’re already doing important work.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-forests-store-hidden-diversity">Global forests store hidden diversity</h2>



<p>The team also asked a bigger biogeographic question: how does African tropical diversity stack up against the New World? </p>



<p>Drawing on their parallel long-term collections in western Amazonia and Brazil’s coastal forests, the researchers found hints that South American rainforests may host even higher Pimplinae richness than Africa. However, African forests still harbor a rich fauna.</p>



<p>“Conserving dark taxa effectively requires a detailed knowledge of how biodiversity is distributed, both locally and at a global scale,” said Professor Ilari E. Sääksjärvi, who leads the Biodiversity Unit.</p>



<p>The comparison underscores a simple lesson: tropical forests on multiple continents are irreplaceable reservoirs of poorly known life.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forest-biodiversity-loss-accelerates">Forest biodiversity loss accelerates</h2>



<p>Parasitoid wasps are only one window into dark biodiversity. But they tell a familiar story: clearing or simplifying forests causes losses to ripple upward. Protecting or allowing forests to recover lets complex communities rebound - including species we haven’t named yet.</p>



<p>The Kibale study shows <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-leaks-conservation-efforts-may-shift-harm-elsewhere/">conservation</a> can succeed despite limited taxonomy: protect habitats that concentrate hidden diversity. It also highlights the value of patient, long-term fieldwork in places where biodiversity is vanishing fastest.</p>



<p>“We will continue our field studies at different tropical forest sites, because that is where biodiversity is disappearing especially quickly. It is a fight against time. When a rainforest is destroyed, we lose countless species which we know nothing about,” Sääksjärvi concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://resjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/icad.70017" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Insect Conservation and Diversity</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Wasps shine a light on 'dark biodiversity' in rainforests

In Uganda’s Kibale National Park, scientists have spent years doing the slow, unglamorous work of catching tiny wasps. The payoff is big: a clearer map of “dark biodiversity” - the vast share of species that are poorly known or not yet described - and practical clues for how to protect it before it disappears. Most of Earth’s species have never been formally documented, making them easy to overlook in conservation plans. Biologists call these overlooked lineages “dark taxa.” They are especially abundant in tropical forests, where species,...

<p>For those struggling with the aftermath of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/early-life-stress-alters-brain-genes-more-than-a-head-injury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">trauma</a>, fear lingers as a constant companion, even in stress-free situations. But why does our brain, meant to keep us safe, sometimes turn against us? </p>



<p>New research from the <a href="https://ucsd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, San Diego</a> sheds light on how our brains can sometimes rewire themselves to feel fear without real threats, leading to mental conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brains-response-to-stress">Brains response to stress</h2>



<p>"Our results provide important insights into the mechanisms involved in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fear-and-anxiety-share-a-common-network-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fear</a> generalization," said Professor Nick Spitzer from UC San Diego's Department of Neurobiology.</p>



<p>To understand how stress leads to fear, the scientists conducted experiments on mice. They focused on a specific part of the brain that is involved in fear.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fear-in-stressed-mice-and-humans">Fear in stressed mice and humans</h2>



<p>When we experience intense stress, something unexpected happens inside our brains. In a specific area known as the dorsal raphe, the way our brain cells (neurons) talk to each other changes dramatically.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/embracing-stress-mindset-is-actually-a-good-thing-for-athletes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Normally</a>, these cells use certain chemicals, called neurotransmitters, to send messages. One of these neurotransmitters, glutamate, typically tells other brain cells to become more active. However, after intense stress, the brain starts using a different neurotransmitter called GABA instead.</p>



<p>GABA has the opposite effect; it tells brain cells to become less active. The shift from excitatory signals to inhibitory signals causes our brain to overreact, leading to feelings of fear or anxiety that persist long after the stressful event has passed.</p>



<p>The discovery isn't just about mice. Examining the brains of individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drug-mdma-shows-promise-for-reducing-post-traumatic-stress/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PTSD</a>), the researchers found the same glutamate-to-GABA switch. This means the change in brain chemistry that creates pervasive fear in animals is likely the same in humans.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stopping-the-cycle-of-fear-and-stress">Stopping the cycle of fear and stress</h2>



<p>The scientists didn't just find where the fear switch occurs – they also traced the connections of these cells to other brain areas known as the central amygdala and lateral hypothalamus. These regions are already linked to the creation of fearful reactions, adding further pieces to the puzzle.</p>



<p>So, can we stop this switch and prevent generalized fear? The scientists took an innovative approach using mice. They injected a special virus into the dorsal raphe region to suppress the gene responsible for making GABA. </p>



<p>Surprisingly, this simple procedure prevented the mice from developing generalized fear after a stressful event. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-antidepressants">Role of antidepressants</h2>



<p>Furthermore, the researchers tested the common antidepressant fluoxetine (Prozac) as a way to stop the transmitter switch. Remarkably, when given to mice right after they experienced stress, it prevented the onset of widespread fear. </p>



<p>"Now that we have a handle on the core of the mechanism by which stress-induced fear happens and the circuitry that implements this fear, interventions can be targeted and specific," said Spitzer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>This study offers new hope for those suffering from the debilitating effects of stress-induced fear. By understanding the specific changes within the brain, scientists can begin to design treatments that target the root of the problem rather than just the symptoms. The potential for real, lasting relief from conditions like PTSD is a tremendously exciting prospect.</p>



<p>This research marks a significant step forward, reminding us that even the most complex and frightening mental experiences have a biological basis. By continuing to unravel the mysteries of the brain, we move closer to a future where the lingering shadows of fear can finally be lifted.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj5996" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>. </p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>

Our brains turn intense stress into constant fear

For those struggling with the aftermath of trauma, fear lingers...

<p>The pervasive nature of anthropogenic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/unprecedented-increase-in-global-ocean-plastic-pollution-since-2005/">plastic pollution</a> extends beyond the often-visualized scenes of marine wildlife entangled in debris, reaching the remote and pristine polar regions of the Arctic and Antarctica.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Here, not only macroplastics but also microplastics (0.1 µm—5 mm) and nanoplastics (&lt;0.1 µm) find their way onto floating ice and terrestrial landscapes, transported vast distances or ingested by migratory species from more populous areas.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabirds-and-microplastics-nbsp">Seabirds and microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In a comprehensive review led by <a href="https://www.uniroma3.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Roma Tre University</a> in Italy, scientists have synthesized four decades of studies, from 1983 to the present, on the ingestion of microplastics by seabirds residing in these regions.</p>



<p>“The Arctic and Antarctica represent two of the most inhospitable and poorly investigated biomes in the world. Although polar regions are still perceived as some of the most pristine places still in existence, these remote places are no longer immune to anthropogenic pollution, in particular, micro- and nanoplastics," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Seabirds, avian species feeding mainly at sea, are indicators of change in the environment and represent an early study group of ecological indicators for plastic pollution."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study-nbsp">Focus of the study&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Analyzing over 1,100 samples, the team investigated the presence of microplastics in various components including stomach contents, crop pouches (used for temporary food storage during foraging trips), guano (a mixture of food and metabolic waste), and regurgitated pellets containing undigested food and other particles. </p>



<p>Predominantly, the study focused on pellets, with stomach contents and guano following in frequency, and minimal data on pouch contents.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-seabird-species-from-polar-regions">Seabird species from polar regions</h2>



<p>In their review, the researchers identified 13 seabird species from polar regions reported to have ingested microplastics.</p>



<p>These species encompass little auks, northern fulmars, glaucous gulls, thick-billed murres, white-chinned petrels, great shearwaters, sooty shearwaters, king penguins, Adélie penguins, chinstrap penguins, gentoo penguins, brown skuas, and south polar skuas. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-staggering-presence-of-microplastics-nbsp">Staggering presence of microplastics&nbsp;</h2>



<p>From these birds, a total of 3,526 microplastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-linked-to-risk-of-stroke-and-heart-attack/">particles</a> were extracted, revealing a staggering prevalence of at least one microplastic particle in 90% of Arctic samples and 97% of Antarctic samples.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study noted a median of 31.5 and 35 microplastic particles per sample in the Arctic and Antarctica, respectively, with a single bird harboring up to 36 particles.</p>



<p>The composition of these ingested plastics spanned 14 polymer types, with polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene being the most common, often manifesting as fragments from the breakdown of larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-plastic-items-found-in-deceased-sea-turtles/">plastic items</a> such as bags, food containers, and foam packaging.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-ecological-implications-nbsp">Broader ecological implications&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The ingestion of these microplastics poses significant risks to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seabirds-need-ocean-wide-protection-to-survive-human-impacts/">seabirds</a>, including gastrointestinal blockage, toxicity, oxidative stress, and immune reactions. </p>



<p>Moreover, the presence of microplastics in krill, a primary food source for certain penguin species, underscores the broader ecological implications and the potential disruption of trophic webs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-need-for-conservation-efforts-nbsp">Urgent need for conservation efforts&nbsp;</h2>



<p>With 64 seabird species in the Arctic and 43 in Antarctica, witnessing declining populations, there's an urgent call for enhanced conservation efforts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Arctic, covering about 6% of Earth's surface, faces additional anthropogenic pressures from tourism, commercial fishing, increased maritime activity, and the consequences of global warming on ice melt and subsequent environmental changes.</p>



<p>This review underscores the global reach of human activity, impacting even the most remote and untouched parts of our planet. It emphasizes the need for continuous dialogue and action to mitigate environmental stressors and protect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/">biodiversity</a> in the Arctic and Antarctica from the encroaching threats of plastic pollution and beyond.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1343617" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Frontiers in Marine Science</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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Nearly all seabirds have ingested microplastics

The pervasive nature of anthropogenic plastic pollution extends beyond the...

<p>With the demands of daily life increasingly encroaching on our peace and quiet, the significance of sleep cannot be <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-reset-sleep-restores-the-balance-between-order-and-chaos/">overstated</a>. This is the central message of World Sleep Day, an annual event dedicated to raising public awareness about the critical importance of sleep.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-journey-of-world-sleep-day">The journey of World Sleep Day</h2>



<p>Since its inception in 2008, World Sleep Day not only celebrates rest but also aims to provide education to individuals with sleep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-changes-are-directly-linked-to-sleep-disorders/">disorders</a>. </p>



<p>Marked on the Friday before the Spring Equinox, World Sleep Day has grown in both scope and reach. Last year, there were 155 events held across more than 70 countries.</p>



<p>This day is more than just a call to action; it is a global congregation that brings together individuals from varied backgrounds to share, learn, and support each other in the quest for better sleep.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-reality-of-sleep-disorders">The reality of sleep disorders</h2>



<p>The <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-sleep-association-asa" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Sleep Association</a> reports that 50 to 70 million people suffer from a sleep disorder, over 25 million have sleep apnea, and countless more struggle with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insomnia-increases-heart-attack-risk-by-69-percent/">insomnia</a>. These numbers emphasize the widespread nature of sleep disorders and the effect they have on so many lives.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-world-sleep-day-nbsp">Origins of World Sleep Day&nbsp;</h2>



<p>World Sleep Day was set into motion by founders of the <a href="https://worldsleepsociety.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Sleep Society</a>, including Dr. Liborio Parrino and Dr. Antonio Culebras. Their vision was to unify individuals and healthcare providers in the battle against sleep disorders, offering solutions, prevention, and hope.</p>



<p>In partnership with news organizations across the globe, the World Sleep Society strives to keep the conversation about sleep vibrant and informative, ensuring that everyone, everywhere, knows where to find help.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2024-a-call-for-sleep-equity">2024: A call for sleep equity</h2>



<p>The theme for World Sleep Day 2024, "Sleep Equity for Global Health," highlights a critical aspect of sleep that often goes unnoticed – its inequality. Just as health disparities persist globally, so do disparities in sleep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-quality-is-determined-by-daily-activities/">quality</a> and duration.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By focusing on sleep equity, the World Sleep Society aims to bridge these gaps, promoting sleep health as a cornerstone of overall well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-is-sleep-so-important">Why is sleep so important?</h2>



<p>Sleep is crucial for various reasons, impacting nearly every type of tissue and system in the body. Given its wide-ranging benefits for both mental and physical health, prioritizing adequate sleep is a key component of a healthy lifestyle.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-function-nbsp">Brain function&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Sleep helps your brain work properly. While you're sleeping, your brain is preparing for the next day by forming new pathways to help you learn and remember information.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Adequate sleep improves learning, decision-making, and problem-solving skills. It also helps regulate mood, making you better equipped to cope with stress and emotional challenges.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p>Sleep plays a significant role in physical health, involved in the healing and repair of your heart and blood vessels. It affects processes that maintain your heart health, blood sugar levels, and blood pressure.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Sleep also supports growth and stress hormones, boosts muscle mass, and helps repair cells and tissues in people of all ages.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-immune-function">Immune function</h3>



<p>Adequate sleep is crucial for the proper functioning of the immune system. It enhances the body's ability to fend off infections and illnesses, making you less susceptible to common viruses and more able to recover when you do get sick.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-weight-management">Weight management</h3>



<p>Sleep affects the levels of hormones that control appetite. Lack of sleep is related to an increase in hunger and appetite and possibly to obesity.&nbsp;</p>



<p>People who don't get enough sleep may have a bigger appetite and tend to eat more calories, partly because sleep affects the levels of leptin and ghrelin, hormones that control feelings of hunger and fullness.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety">Safety</h3>



<p>Sleep deficiency increases the risk of accidents. Being sleepy can slow down reaction times as much as driving drunk. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates that fatigue is a cause in 100,000 auto crashes and 1,500 crash-related deaths a year in the U.S.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-health">Long-term health</h3>



<p>Chronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-increases-the-risk-of-stroke-by-70-percent/">sleep deprivation</a> can contribute to health problems, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even early mortality.</p>



<p>Sleep also impacts mental health. Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to mood swings, anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-united-front-for-sleep-health">A united front for sleep health</h2>



<p>World Sleep Day is not just a day; it's a movement. By banding together, sleep health professionals and advocates amplify their message, ensuring that it reaches every corner of the globe. Together, we can elevate the conversation around sleep, making it a priority for all.</p>



<p>As we commemorate World Sleep Day, let's remember that sleep is not a luxury but a necessity. It is time to prioritize our sleep health, advocate for sleep equity, and support the global quest for a well-rested world.</p>



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World Sleep Day 2024: The quest for a well-rested society 

With the demands of daily life increasingly encroaching on our...

<p>More than 60 years ago, a fascinating observation about the natural world led to the establishment of a unique celebration known as Buzzards Day. This annual event, held on March 15, honors the return of buzzards (known as turkey vultures in the United States) from their winter migration to the south.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Particularly beloved in Ohio, Buzzards Day has woven itself into the local culture, drawing thousands of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lead-poisoning-from-hunting-is-killing-europes-most-charismatic-birds/">bird</a> lovers each year to witness this remarkable avian ritual.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-origins-of-buzzards-day">The origins of Buzzards Day</h2>



<p>The story of Buzzards Day began in 1957 when Walter Nawalaniec, a patrolman for Cleveland Metroparks, shared an intriguing observation.</p>



<p>Nawalaniec had noticed that the buzzards returned from their migration on the same calendar date every year. This precise timing was not only fascinating but also predictable, allowing for the community to gather in anticipation of the birds' return.</p>



<p>That same year, the event attracted nearly 9,000 visitors, marking the start of an annual tradition that would continue to grow in popularity. The consistent return of these birds on March 15 provided a perfect occasion for celebration, and thus, Buzzards Day was born.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tradition-of-welcome-and-wonder">A tradition of welcome and wonder</h2>



<p>In honor of the buzzards' return, the Chamber of Commerce initiated a tradition that has become synonymous with Buzzards Day: a hearty American breakfast of sausages and pancakes. This welcoming meal is not just about feeding the community but also symbolizes the arrival of spring and the renewal it brings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The choice of pancakes and sausages represents a communal breaking of bread, a gesture of hospitality towards both the birds and the people who come to celebrate them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-buzzards">Understanding "buzzards"</h2>



<p>Buzzards, depending on the geographical context, can refer to different birds of prey within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-raptors-adapt-well-to-growing-cities-but-others-are-struggling/">raptor</a> family. These birds play diverse roles in ecosystems across the globe, acting as nature's cleanup crew by scavenging dead animals.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The term "buzzard" is used differently in the United States compared to other parts of the world, leading to some confusion about which birds are being referred to. Here's a breakdown:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-turkey-vultures">Turkey vultures</h3>



<p>In the United States, "buzzard" commonly refers to the Turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), a bird that is part of the New World vulture family. Despite the name, they are not true vultures but share many similarities, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/believe-it-or-not-scavengers-are-picky-eaters/">scavenging habits</a>.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics">Characteristics</h4>



<p>Turkey vultures are large birds with a wingspan of about 6 feet. They have dark brown bodies and featherless red heads, which are thought to be an adaptation for hygiene, allowing the scavenged remains not to stick to their heads.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They are excellent gliders and can often be seen circling in the sky, searching for carcasses with their keen sense of smell - a relatively rare trait among birds.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior">Behavior</h4>



<p>Turkey <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vultures-consume-enormous-amount-of-plastic-waste/">vultures</a> are scavengers, feeding almost exclusively on carrion, and play an important role in their ecosystems by disposing of dead animals.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-true-buzzards">True buzzards</h3>



<p>In Europe and much of the rest of the world, "buzzard" refers to birds from the genus Buteo, part of the hawk family. These birds are also known as "buzzard hawks" in North America.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-characteristics-0">Characteristics</h4>



<p>True buzzards, such as the Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo), are medium to large birds of prey with broad wings and tails.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They typically have variable plumage, ranging from very dark to light brown, with a rounded appearance in flight and a more soaring flight pattern compared to turkey vultures.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behavior-0">Behavior</h4>



<p>Unlike the scavenging turkey vultures, true buzzards are predators that hunt live prey, including small mammals, birds, and reptiles. They utilize a combination of soaring and perch hunting to locate their food.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-role">Ecological role</h4>



<p>Both types of "buzzards" play crucial roles in their respective ecosystems. Turkey vultures help prevent the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fewer-vultures-more-wild-dogs-linked-to-greater-disease-risks/">disease</a> by consuming dead animals, while true buzzards control populations of small mammals and other prey, maintaining ecological balance.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation">Conservation</h4>



<p>The conservation status of buzzards varies by species and region. Many buzzard species have adapted well to human-altered landscapes, but habitat destruction, poisoning from rodenticides, and collision with vehicles and wind turbines can pose threats to certain populations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts aim to mitigate these threats through legal protection, habitat conservation, and public education.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-observation-nbsp">The power of observation&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Buzzards Day is a testament to the power of observation and the joy of discovery. Each year, as the buzzards circle the skies of Ohio, they bring together communities in celebration of nature's cycles and the wonders of wildlife.</p>



<p>As we mark over six decades of this unique tradition, Buzzards Day stands as a reminder of the marvels that surround us and the importance of preserving our natural heritage. Their annual migration and return are not just a sign of changing seasons but also a reminder of the interconnectedness of Earth's living systems.</p>



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Buzzards Day: Celebrating the return of these important birds from their winter migration

More than 60 years ago, a fascinating observation about the...

<p>In today's information-rich society, identifying effective memory strategies, such as the "spacing effect," for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memorizing and retaining</a> knowledge is increasingly vital.</p>



<p>In a fascinating new study conducted by psychologists from <a href="https://www.temple.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Temple University</a> and the <a href="https://www.pitt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Pittsburgh</a>, new insights have been unveiled about the mechanisms of learning and memory in real-world contexts. </p>



<p>Published in the <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em>, this research illuminates how diversifying study materials and spacing out learning sessions can significantly impact our ability to remember information, albeit in different ways depending on the nature of what's being memorized.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enduring-impact-of-spaced-learning">Enduring impact of spaced learning</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.psychology.pitt.edu/people/benjamin-m-rottman-phd" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Benjamin Rottman</a>, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Pittsburgh and director of the Causal Learning and Decision-Making Lab, emphasizes the longstanding recognition of the benefits of spacing study sessions. </p>



<p>"Lots of prior research has shown that learning and memory benefit from spacing study sessions out. For example, if you cram the night before a test, you might remember the information the next day for the test, but you will probably forget it fairly soon,” Rottman explains. </p>



<p>“In contrast, if you study the material on different days leading up to the test, you will be more likely to recall it for a longer period of time," he added.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-spacing-effect-and-learning-variability">Studying the spacing effect and learning variability</h2>



<p>However, the new research challenges the traditional assumption underlying the "spacing effect" -- that the material learned is identical across sessions. Real-life <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgetting-may-actually-be-a-form-of-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> often involves variations. </p>



<p>For instance, repeated visits to a coffeeshop may involve interactions with different baristas. The study explores how memory responds to this variability.</p>



<p>Conducted through two large-scale experiments, the research team investigated the impact of spacing and variability on memory. </p>



<p>The first experiment took advantage of smartphones to test memory over 24 hours, mirroring the sporadic nature of real-world <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cultural-learning-begins-in-infancy-during-parent-child-imitation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a>. The second gathered data online in a single session, allowing for a comparison of short and long intervals between learning sessions.</p>



<p>This approach enabled the researchers to simulate real-world repetition, where some aspects remain constant while others change. <a href="https://sites.temple.edu/adaptivememorylab/people/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Emily Cowan</a>, lead author and a postdoctoral fellow in Temple’s Adaptive Memory Lab, sheds light on the methodological innovations of the study. </p>



<p>“In other words, using these two designs, we could examine how having material that more closely resembles our experiences of repetition in the real world -- where some aspects stay the same but others differ -- impacts memory if you are exposed to that information in quick succession versus over longer intervals… from seconds to minutes, or hours to days," Cowan expounded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-variation-and-stability-in-the-learning-process">Role of variation and stability in the learning process</h2>



<p>The findings confirm that spaced learning enhances memory for isolated items, particularly when those items are associated with varying contexts. For instance, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/random-noise-may-provide-a-new-path-to-faster-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> a new person’s name is more effective when the name is linked with different pieces of information about the person across sessions.</p>



<p>Conversely, associative memory -- remembering an item and its context -- benefits from stability and exact repetition, especially when study sessions are spaced over longer periods. </p>



<p>"If you are trying to remember the new person’s name and something about them, like their favorite food, it is more helpful to repeat that same exact name-food pairing multiple times with spacing between each," Rottman elaborates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-taking-a-personalized-approach-to-learning-strategies">Taking a personalized approach to learning strategies</h2>



<p>These discoveries underscore the complexity of memory and the challenge of offering one-size-fits-all advice for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/handwriting-increases-brain-connectivity-and-promotes-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning strategies</a>. Rottman cautions against oversimplification, noting the diversity of learning tasks, from memorizing names to studying for exams or learning a new language.</p>



<p>“Because of how nuanced memory is, it is hard to provide clear advice for things like studying for a test because the sort of material can be so different,” Rottman said. “But in theory our findings should be broadly relevant to different sorts of tasks, like remembering someone’s name and things about them, studying for a test, and learning new vocabulary in a foreign language."</p>



<p>As Cowan sees it, their work reveals that the benefits of spaced learning on memory are not fixed but rather rely on the variability in content across repetitions. In addition, the timing between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electrical-noise-stimulation-enhances-math-learning-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> opportunities. It extends our understanding of how our learning methods affect memory retention.</p>



<p>"Our work suggests that both variability and spacing may present methods to improve our memory for isolated features and associative information, respectively, raising important applications for future research, education, and our everyday lives," Cowan concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-memory-learning-and-the-spacing-effect-in-everyday-life">Memory, learning, and the spacing effect in everyday life</h2>



<p>In summary, this collaborative research brings to light the nuanced intricacies of memory, highlighting how both the variability of study material and the timing of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/remote-learning-causes-sleep-and-behavior-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> sessions can significantly affect memory retention. </p>



<p>By demonstrating that spaced learning, or the "spacing effect," enhances memory for items associated with varying contexts, while associative memory benefits from stability and exact repetition, this study challenges conventional learning strategies and opens the door to more effective, personalized approaches. </p>



<p>Through its innovative methodology and insightful findings, this study advances our understanding of memory processes and has profound implications for educational practices and daily learning routines, encouraging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-brains-sync-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learners</a> to embrace both variation and spacing as powerful tools for memory improvement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-spaced-learning-and-the-spacing-effect">More about spaced learning and the "spacing effect"</h2>



<p>Spaced learning, an evidence-based study technique, has revolutionized our understanding of memory retention. By integrating intervals between study sessions, learners can significantly improve their ability to recall information over longer periods. </p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-the-spacing-effect">Science behind the spacing effect</h3>



<p>At its core, spaced learning leverages the psychological spacing effect to enhance memory retention. Research shows that introducing gaps between study sessions -- contrasting with massed learning, where content is crammed in a short period -- promotes stronger neural connections related to the learned material. This method not only aids in better recall but also facilitates a deeper understanding of the content.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefits-of-spaced-learning">Benefits of spaced learning</h3>



<p>The advantages of spaced learning are manifold. It significantly reduces the likelihood of forgetting, making it an ideal strategy for long-term retention. </p>



<p>Moreover, spaced learning has been shown to improve comprehension and application of knowledge, enabling <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dopamine-regulates-both-learning-and-motivation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learners</a> to perform better in assessments and real-world applications alike.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-harness-the-spacing-effect">How to harness the spacing effect</h3>



<p>To harness the power of spaced learning, consider the following strategies:</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plan-your-study-schedule">Plan Your Study Schedule</h4>



<p>Divide your study material over several days or weeks, depending on your timeline. Ensure that each session revisits previous topics, gradually increasing the interval between reviews.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-use-active-recall-techniques">Use Active Recall Techniques</h4>



<p>Combine spaced learning with active recall practices, such as flashcards or self-testing, to reinforce memory retention. Active engagement with the material helps solidify knowledge.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leverage-technology">Leverage Technology</h4>



<p>Take advantage of spaced repetition software (SRS) and apps designed to optimize your study schedule. These tools automatically adjust the timing of review sessions based on your performance, ensuring that you revisit material at optimal intervals.</p>



<h4 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapt-to-your-learning-needs">Adapt to Your Learning Needs</h4>



<p>Customize the length and frequency of your study sessions according to the complexity of the material and your personal learning pace. Remember, the goal is to find a balance that maximizes retention without leading to burnout.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-spacing-effect-a-stepping-stone-to-lifelong-learning">The spacing effect: A stepping stone to lifelong learning</h3>



<p>In summary, spaced learning offers a robust framework for enhancing memory retention, empowering learners to achieve their academic and personal development goals. </p>



<p>By incorporating the spacing effect into your study habits, you embrace a scientifically backed approach that not only improves recall but also fosters a deeper, more meaningful engagement with the material. </p>



<p>As we continue to unravel the mysteries of the human brain, spaced learning stands out as a testament to our capacity for growth and learning, one interval at a time.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2311077121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></em>.</p>



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Learning new things with the ‘spacing effect’ and its long-term impact on memory

In today's information-rich society, identifying effective memory strategies, such as...

<p>Moths fluttering around streetlamps are a familiar, if eerie, urban sight. But the bright lights of our cities may be doing more than attracting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/luna-moth-tails-have-only-one-purpose-evading-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these insects</a> -- they might be changing them. Scientists from Belgium and Switzerland have discovered something peculiar about city-dwelling moths: they seem to have smaller wings than their rural cousins. </p>



<p>What's more, they're not as easily lured into the blinding glare of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-pollution-disrupts-entire-ecological-networks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial lights</a>. Researchers believe it could be an adaptation to survive the challenges of brightly lit cities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-light-pollution-on-city-moths">Impact of light pollution on city moths</h2>



<p>Light pollution, a constant companion of cities, has a devastating impact on moths and the ecosystem they support. Moths use the moon and stars to navigate. However, bright city lights confuse them, causing problems with feeding and mating, which puts their entire population at risk.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-is-luring-birds-to-their-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artificial light</a> also makes moths easy targets for predators since they are no longer hidden by the darkness of night. This increased hunting further damages moth populations and throws off the balance of the entire ecosystem. </p>



<p>Light pollution also disrupts moths' internal clocks, which impacts their hormones and how they behave. This can affect their feeding, mating, and migration patterns. These problems further reduce moth populations and serve as a reminder of how light pollution hurts the environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-vs-rural-moth">Urban vs rural moth </h2>



<p>If a moth lives in the countryside, the night sky is their map. But in the city, it's a confusing mess of streetlights, billboards, and porch lamps. This is where the shrinking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moth-wings-have-structures-that-help-them-avoid-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wings</a> come in. </p>



<p>Urban moths, with their smaller wings, were less likely to be drawn towards artificial lights. This change may be an evolutionary response to the challenges of city life. </p>



<p>Scientists believe smaller wings might make urban moths more agile. This increased agility could help them avoid the distracting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-light-exposure-is-extremely-harmful-to-our-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial lights</a> and better evade predators. Smaller wings might also help them more efficiently find food in the fragmented city environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-challenges-faced-by-city-moths">Other challenges faced by city moths</h2>



<p>City moths face a maze of challenges beyond the problem of light pollution. The city is a harsh landscape of concrete, metal, and limited plant life – a far cry from the natural world they evolved to survive in. This presents them with unique difficulties that affect their ability to survive.</p>



<p>Roads, buildings, and other parts of cities break up natural areas, leaving moths with smaller, disconnected patches of green space. This makes it harder for them to find mates, food, and places to lay eggs, which drastically disrupts their life cycle and lowers their population.</p>



<p>Moreover, the "heat island" effect, where cities are much warmer than rural areas, is another challenge. Moths, like many insects, depend on their surroundings to control their body temperature. Hot city temperatures can disrupt their body functions, which affects how well they grow, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-moths-use-an-aphrodisiac-during-mating-to-feel-macho/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">reproduce</a>, and survive.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-conserving-moths">Importance of conserving moths</h2>



<p>Saving moths is much more than just protecting another kind of insect. It's essential to keep our ecosystems healthy and balanced. Moths may not be as well-known as butterflies, but they play a vital role in the natural world that benefits both wild areas and places humans live.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-moth-wings-absorb-big-sounds-to-evade-predators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moths</a> pollinate plants, especially ones that bloom at night. They help fertilize a wide variety of plants, including some we use for food, medicine, and clothing. Fewer moths mean these plants wouldn't reproduce as well, leading to less food for people and animals and, ultimately, a loss of diverse species.</p>



<p>Protecting moths means protecting the services they provide to the environment. Reducing light pollution, saving natural habitats, and promoting a variety of species are some ways we can help ensure moths thrive, along with everything else they support. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-insights">Study insights</h2>



<p>The mystery of city moths highlights the incredible persistence of evolution, even within our concrete and brightly lit modern world. Could their smaller wings be a survival strategy against <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mountain-lions-actively-avoid-artificial-light-in-southern-california/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial light</a>? Only time and further research will reveal the answers. </p>



<p>Perhaps the next time you see a moth fluttering by, you'll pause to consider the incredible adaptations it might be developing to survive in our human-shaped environment.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2023.0486#d1e1593" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biology Letters</a>. </p>



<p>-----</p>



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City moths develop smaller wings to survive light pollution

Moths fluttering around streetlamps are a familiar, if eerie, urban...

<p>Scientists from <a href="https://english.tau.ac.il" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tel Aviv University</a> have revealed that some viruses known as bacteriophages (ones that target bacteria) make sophisticated life-or-death decisions. These viruses can infect a bacteria's immune system and either live peacefully within it or become a microscopic killing machine. </p>



<p>What makes them switch tactics? Surprisingly, the viruses tap into the very immune system their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-method-for-classification-of-bacteria-includes-all-strains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacterial</a> host uses to fight them off. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-relationship-of-virus-and-bacteria">Relationship of virus and bacteria</h2>



<p>Bacteriophages, or phages for short, have a surprising amount of flexibility when they encounter a new bacterium. Instead of always going on a rampage, they can integrate their own genetic code into the bacterium's DNA. </p>



<p>Sometimes, this turns into a surprisingly beneficial partnership. The phage gets a cozy home, and the bacterium may even pick up some advantages from the viral genes. </p>



<p>But it's not always a happy ending – phages can turn destructive in the blink of an eye.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viruses-control-the-immune-system">Viruses control the immune system</h2>



<p>Bacteria use their own immune system during phage attacks. Now, the scientists have discovered that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-create-viruses-to-combat-antibiotic-resistant-bacteria/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> essentially manipulate this immune system and use it to control their own fate. </p>



<p>It's a bit like a burglar disabling the security system before deciding whether to fully rob the house.</p>



<p>"We discovered that in this process the phage actually uses a system that the bacteria developed to kill phages," says Polina Guler, a PhD student involved in the research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-harming-host-s-immune-system">Virus harming host's immune system</h2>



<p>Phages aren't just attackers; they're also surprisingly sneaky spies. They eavesdrop on chemical signals released by other phages in the area. </p>



<p>If there aren't many signals, they realize there might be greener pastures – other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-bacterium-discovered-in-the-caribbean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bacteria</a> to infect where they won't face competition. That's when they pull their most devious trick. </p>



<p>The phage sabotages the bacterium's defenses, essentially launching a hostile takeover that ends in the bacterium's destruction and the virus multiplying to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-loss-could-promote-the-spread-of-viruses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">spread</a> further.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viruses-helping-host-s-immune-system">Viruses helping host's immune system</h2>



<p>If the bacteria is "crowded" with rival phages, the virus plays nice to avoid losing its current home. In this case, instead of disabling the immune system, the virus manipulates it into triggering a dormant mode.</p>



<p>“The phage switches to its violent mode, and with the defense system neutralized, it is able to replicate and kill its host," describes Guler.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



<p>“This finding is important for several reasons... some bacteria... become more violent if they carry dormant phages inside them." explains Professor Avigdor Eldar, who led the research team. </p>



<p>This discovery isn't just about bacteria-infecting viruses. It has far-reaching implications:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fighting-disease">Fighting disease</h3>



<p>Some bacteria, like those that cause cholera, become much more dangerous if they're carrying dormant phages. Understanding how phages turn these bacteria into toxins factories could lead to new disease-fighting strategies.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alternatives-to-antibiotics">Alternatives to antibiotics</h3>



<p>With <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-in-livestock-are-major-drivers-of-antibiotic-resistance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">antibiotic resistance</a> on the rise, scientists are desperate for alternatives. Phages, with their ability to target specific bacteria, could be the solution we need.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-viruses">Understanding viruses</h3>



<p>Many human-infecting viruses can go dormant and reactivate later. This phage research could offer vital clues into how we might manipulate that behavior.</p>



<p>This discovery reveals that viruses, even the tiniest ones, might be far more strategic than we ever suspected. The line between mindless destroyer and calculating survivor is much blurrier than we once thought.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-023-01551-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Microbiology</a>.</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>

Viruses can either help or harm their hosts' immune systems

Scientists from Tel Aviv University have revealed that some viruses known...

<p>In the dynamic realm of coral reefs, the rich tapestry of reef sounds - marked by the croaks of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poo-from-fish-that-eat-coral-is-beneficial-for-coral-reefs/">fish</a> and the crackling of snapping shrimp - plays a pivotal role in maintaining the ecosystem's health and diversity. <br>Yet, when these reefs suffer damage, their once lively <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-ocean-soundscapes-impact-animals-worldwide/">soundscapes</a> fade. This reduction weakens their ability to support marine life.</p>



<p>Pioneering research from the <a href="https://www.whoi.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> (WHOI) has unveiled a promising strategy. Reintroducing the vibrant sounds of healthy reefs can significantly boost the settlement and growth of coral larvae in impaired regions. This approach heralds a new era for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-songs-are-proof-of-coral-restoration-success/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral restoration</a> efforts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-sound-of-recovery-whoi-s-pioneering-research">The sound of recovery: WHOI's pioneering research</h2>



<p>The research demonstrates how sound can actively induce coral settlement. "What we're showing is that you can actively induce coral settlement by playing sounds," explained Nadège Aoki, a doctoral candidate at WHOI and the lead author of the study. </p>



<p>This innovative approach could play a crucial role in the coral life cycle. It is particularly effective in rejuvenating reefs that have suffered from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepest-known-coral-reef-bleaching-discovered-alarming-scientists/">bleaching</a>, disease, or human impact.</p>



<p>Corals, which are immobile as adults, rely on their larval stage to find a suitable habitat. Traditionally, researchers believed that chemical and light cues primarily influenced their settlement decisions. However, this study reveals that the acoustic environment is equally significant. </p>



<p>By broadcasting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-songs-are-proof-of-coral-restoration-success/">sounds</a> of a healthy reef, the researchers observed coral larvae settling at rates up to seven times higher compared to silence.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underwater-experimentation-a-sound-success">Underwater experimentation: a sound success</h2>



<p>The team conducted this experiment in the U.S. Virgin Islands, using larvae from the mustard hill coral, a resilient species recognized by its lumpy shape and distinct yellow color. They tested this method across three different reefs. </p>



<p>The findings revealed that the areas where healthy reef sounds were played experienced the most significant increase in larval settlement.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study also highlights the nuanced challenges of reef restoration. Despite the expectation that healthier reefs would naturally facilitate higher settlement rates, the researchers found little difference between the degraded and healthier reefs in their study. </p>



<p>This suggests a complex interplay of factors affecting coral settlement and underscores the importance of continuous monitoring and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-echoes-of-hope-a-new-tool-for-reef-restoration">Echoes of hope: A new tool for reef restoration</h2>



<p>Aran Mooney, a marine biologist at WHOI and the study's lead researcher, emphasized the importance of this discovery, stating, "This gives us a new tool in the toolbox for potentially rebuilding a reef." </p>



<p>The decline in coral reefs poses a dire threat to marine biodiversity, coastal protection, and human livelihoods. Estimates indicate that half of all coral reefs have been lost in the last three decades. </p>



<p>The WHOI team's work offers a ray of hope, showcasing a scalable solution that could enhance coral restoration efforts worldwide.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-simple-sound-of-restoration-a-scalable-solution">The simple sound of restoration: a scalable solution</h2>



<p>Amy Apprill, a microbial ecologist at WHOI and co-author of the study, further elaborated on the significance of this finding. She noted that replicating an acoustic environment is a relatively simple yet highly effective method compared to other cues influencing coral settlement. </p>



<p>This approach could significantly aid in the restoration and maintenance of coral populations, marking a critical step forward in the battle to preserve these vital <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coral-reef-study-proves-humans-are-major-ecosystem-disruptors/">ecosystems</a>.</p>



<p>As the world grapples with the pressing issue of coral reef degradation, the research by WHOI presents a novel and promising avenue for restoration efforts. By harnessing the power of sound, we can potentially revitalize these underwater sanctuaries, ensuring their survival for future generations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231514" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a></em>.</p>



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Reef sounds: The melodic key to coral restoration

In the dynamic realm of coral reefs, the rich tapestry...

<p>The dream of growing food in space is edging closer to reality. Space farming has always faced multiple challenges. These include cramped quarters, unusual gravity, and the vast distances that separate astronauts from traditional resources. </p>



<p>That's where the ingenuity of scientists at the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a> comes into play. They've developed a a stretchy sensor for plants that could transform how we think about growing food beyond our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developing-a-space-farming-tool">Developing a space farming tool</h2>



<p>"This work is motivated by the needs of astronauts to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-lettuce-and-salads-in-space-is-a-bad-idea-according-to-a-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grow vegetables</a> sustainably while they are on long missions,” explained chemical and biomolecular engineering professor <a href="https://chbe.illinois.edu/people/profile/yingdiao" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ying Diao</a>, who leads the research team.</p>



<p>Developing a sensor that could withstand both the flexibility required for plant growth and the harsh <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-space-radiation-affect-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space environment</a> was challenging. In fact, it took this team three years of dedicated work to get it right. </p>



<p>"Honestly, we began this work thinking that this task would only take a few months to perfect," admits graduate student Siqing Wang, a key member of the team. This is because traditional sensor materials weren't designed with leaves and shoots in mind. </p>



<p>They struggled to stretch as plants grew and were often too rigid. The sensors potentially damaged the very crops they were meant to monitor. </p>



<p>Hence, the team had to completely reimagine their approach to space farming, reformulating components and even developing new printing techniques to get the flexibility and durability they needed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spears2">SPEARS2</h2>



<p>The result of their experiments is the SPEARS2 – the Stretchable-Polymer-Electronics-based Autonomous Remote Strain Sensor. This impressive bit of wearable plant tech is resilient enough to handle the humidity and rapid growth cycles of crops in a space farming environment.</p>



<p>Made from stretchy polymers, the sensor can cling to plants as they grow, even stretching over 400%.  Moreover, SPEARS2 can wirelessly transmit growth data back to scientists, all without needing someone to constantly check it. </p>



<p>"It is an exciting technical advance in our ability to perform precise, noninvasive measurements of plant growth in real-time," says plant biology professor Andrew Leakey. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-space-farming">Beyond space farming</h2>



<p>This research opens up exciting possibilities. While the study focuses on vertical crops like corn, the team aims to expand the technology to monitor a wider <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/watermeal-may-become-an-essential-food-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">variety of plants</a>. </p>



<p>Moreover, the innovation has the potential to sprout benefits right here on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tackling-malnutrition-new-satellite-can-monitor-nutrients-in-crops-from-space/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>. These stretchy sensors could have major applications in precision agriculture. </p>



<p>Interestingly, farmers could use them to track delicate crops. They might detect early signs of disease, stress due to drought, or even help ensure optimal growing conditions for maximum yield.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance </h2>



<p>This work highlights the power of collaboration, bringing together experts in bioengineering, crop sciences, material science, and more. With support from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a> and the <a href="https://beckman.illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beckman Institute</a>, this study represents a major step towards sustainable farming, both in space and on Earth. </p>



<p>Professor Diao sums it up perfectly: "I think the wearable electronics research community has ignored plants for too long. We know that they are experiencing a lot of stress during climate adaptation, and I think soft electronics can play a bigger role in advancing our understanding so we can ensure that plants are healthy, happy and sustainable in the future -- whether that is in space, on other planets or right here on Earth.”</p>



<p>The future may hold a world where high-tech sensors ensure food security for explorers and Earth-dwellers alike.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.device.2024.100322" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Device</em></a>. </p>



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Space farming takes a big leap forward with new stretchy sensors

The dream of growing food in space is edging closer...

<p>Scientists have unveiled a critical mechanism in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/semen-has-its-own-microbiome-and-it-may-be-the-cause-of-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human reproduction</a>, learning exactly how the human body ensures that just a single sperm fertilizes an egg, thus preventing a condition known as polyspermy. This condition, characterized by the fusion of multiple sperm with an egg, can be detrimental to embryo development. </p>



<p>This fascinating study, which also sheds light on the atomic structure of the egg coat and its implications for infertility and contraception, was conducted at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (<a href="https://www.esrf.fr/home.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ESRF</a>) by a team of researchers from the <a href="https://ki.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karolinska Institutet</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-the-root-causes-of-infertility">Understanding the root causes of infertility</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mysterious-sperm-structure-offers-new-insights-on-infertility/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Infertility</a> is a challenge affecting approximately 15% of couples globally, as reported by the World Health Organization (<a href="https://www.who.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">WHO</a>). A notable cause of infertility is linked to genetic mutations affecting the egg coat, formally known as the zona pellucida (ZP). </p>



<p>The ZP is a vital extracellular matrix that nurtures the egg and plays a crucial role in fertilization and embryo protection until implantation into the uterus. It is composed of proteins that assemble into filaments, creating a protective mesh around the egg. </p>



<p>Mutations in the genes responsible for these proteins can result in defects or an absence of this protective mesh, leading to infertility. However, the prevalence of such pathogenic mutations among infertile women remains unclear, primarily due to the lack of comprehensive genomic sequencing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sperm-egg-and-the-zona-pellucida-zp">Sperm, egg, and the zona pellucida (ZP)</h2>



<p>Luca Jovine, a professor at Karolinska Institutet and the study's lead researcher, emphasizes the importance of understanding <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/artificial-testicles-created-in-a-lab-will-eventually-produce-sperm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fertilization processes</a> at the molecular level. The collaborative effort aimed to elucidate how the arrangement of ZP filaments prevents an egg from being fertilized by more than one sperm.</p>



<p>Historically, it was known that after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-sperm-count-directly-linked-to-mobile-phone-use/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> fusion, the egg releases an enzyme that cleaves a major ZP protein called ZP2, subsequently hardening the egg coat to prevent further sperm penetration. </p>



<p>However, the molecular mechanics linking these events remained a mystery. Jovine explains, "We knew these events were associated, but a molecular mechanism linking the puzzle pieces was missing."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viewing-the-egg-coat-with-high-tech-microscopy">Viewing the egg coat with high-tech microscopy</h2>



<p>The research team embarked on an in-depth investigation into the structure of ZP2 before and after this cleavage, utilizing advanced techniques such as X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. </p>



<p>Daniele de Sanctis, a scientist at the ESRF and co-author of the study, marveled at the ability to observe such fundamental life processes at an atomic level, attributing the breakthrough to the cutting-edge capabilities of ESRF beamlines.</p>



<p>"Seeing the atomic details of such a fundamental process of life is simply amazing. Throughout the years, we have been applying the state of the art of what the ESRF beamlines could offer to solve the structure of the molecular bricks that compose ZP," de Santis said.</p>



<p>The findings revealed that the cleavage of ZP2 enables it to form new interactions with other ZP2 molecules, generating a network of cross-links that tighten the egg coat's mesh. This mechanism effectively prevents additional sperm from penetrating the ZP. </p>



<p>Jovine likens this to a zipper being closed, highlighting its logical efficiency from an evolutionary standpoint as it blocks polyspermy without relying on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/novel-gene-editing-tool-analyzes-sperm-health-in-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> attachment, which can vary across species.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-horizons-for-infertility-treatment-and-contraception">New horizons for infertility treatment and contraception</h2>



<p>These discoveries not only advance our understanding of reproductive biology but also hold significant promise for reproductive medicine.</p>



<p>Jovine points out, "For the first time, we have a molecular view of how the egg coat's architecture changes after fertilization and its impact on function. This insight enables us to better understand the growing number of human ZP gene mutations associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/stress-may-be-linked-to-female-fertility-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">female infertility</a>."</p>



<p>Furthermore, detailed knowledge of the egg coat's structure could pave the way for diagnostic applications and the development of non-hormonal contraceptives, offering hope to those affected by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-fertility-rates-are-quickly-declining-and-little-is-being-done-about-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infertility</a> and seeking alternative contraceptive methods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deeper-understanding-of-sperm-and-egg-dynamics">Deeper understanding of sperm and egg dynamics</h2>



<p>In summary, the significant research conducted by the team from Karolinska Institutet and their international collaborators marks a significant milestone in our understanding of human reproduction. The scientists cracked the complex mechanics of the egg coat and its pivotal role as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaping-linked-to-lower-sperm-counts-and-testicular-damage/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sperm</a> gatekeeper, preventing polyspermy. </p>



<p>By unveiling the intricate molecular processes that fortify the egg post-fertilization, this study deepens our comprehension of fertility and its genetic underpinnings and opens new avenues for innovative infertility treatments and the development of non-hormonal contraceptives. </p>



<p>As we move forward, these insights promise to revolutionize reproductive medicine, offering hope and new solutions to millions affected by infertility worldwide, and reaffirming the power of scientific inquiry to unlock the mysteries of life.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009286742400179X" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cell</a></em>.</p>



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How the body prevents multiple sperm from fertilizing an egg

Scientists have unveiled a critical mechanism in human reproduction, learning...

<p>A new study led by <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King’s College London</a> reveals the profound implications climate change is poised to have on global supply chains, potentially stagnating economies worldwide over the next forty years. </p>



<p>This research highlights the vulnerability of manufacturing-dependent giants like China and the US, which stand to bear the brunt of supply chain disruptions triggered by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-related-disasters-will-disrupt-food-supply-chains/">climatic phenomena</a>, regardless of their geographical remoteness from the events themselves.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-indirect-losses-of-global-supply-chains">Indirect losses of global supply chains</h2>



<p>This seminal work marks the first comprehensive effort to map out the "indirect economic losses" global supply chains face due to climate change, particularly affecting regions previously deemed less susceptible to the adverse effects of rising global temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings project an exponential growth in global GDP losses attributable to these indirect impacts, emphasizing the expanding economic toll as climate change intensifies.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-previously-unquantified-disruptions-nbsp">Previously unquantified disruptions&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Such previously unquantified disruptions in supply chains will increasingly exacerbate projected <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-level-rise-will-cost-coastal-cities-over-1-trillion-in-damages/">economic losses</a> due to climate change, leading to a projected net economic loss of between $3.75 trillion and $24.7 trillion by 2060.</p>



<p>"The way heat stress-related costs emerge demonstrates how extensive and diverse impacts from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/at-what-point-does-heat-stress-become-dangerous/">heat stress</a> are propagated through global supply chains, resulting in economic losses to a country or sector that may not be immediately apparent," said co-lead author Daoping Wang from King's College London’s Department of Geography, School of Global Affairs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-effects-throughout-global-supply-chains">Cascading effects throughout global supply chains</h2>



<p>The researchers delved into both direct and indirect economic disruptions attributable to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-warming-economic-inequality/">climate change</a>, including health-related costs stemming from heat exposure and operational interruptions due to excessive heat, alongside the cascading effects these disruptions have throughout supply chains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study estimates a projected net economic loss ranging between $3.75 trillion to $24.7 trillion by 2060, influenced by varying levels of carbon dioxide emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnectivity-of-the-modern-global-economy">Interconnectivity of the modern global economy</h2>



<p>Highlighting the intricate interconnectivity of the modern <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/emissions-cause-major-economic-losses-in-other-countries/">global economy</a>, the study illustrates how disruptions in one locale can have ripple effects across the globe, affecting regions in often unpredictable ways. From crop failures to labor slowdowns, the impact on raw material supplies can disrupt manufacturing and trade across distant regions.</p>



<p>Regions in South-Central Africa and economies reliant on international trade, such as Brunei, face disproportionate risks, with the former grappling with increased mortality from heatwaves and the latter with indirect losses.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This study is a pioneering effort in analyzing and quantifying the widespread disruptions climate change poses to global supply chains and their economic ramifications.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-losses-will-rise-exponentially-with-global-warming">Economic losses will rise exponentially with global warming</h2>



<p>According to Wang, as the planet continues to warm, the worse off economically it will become, with compounding damage and economic losses rising exponentially the hotter it gets, a situation highlighting the need for global collaborative efforts in adapting to extreme heat.</p>



<p>The study's projections, based on three "Shared Socioeconomic Pathways" or SSPs, indicate significant economic losses across all scenarios, with the most severe impacts under the highest emissions path. By 2066, total GDP losses could reach 0.8% under 1.5 degrees of warming, escalating to 3.9% under a 7 degrees warming scenario.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-everywhere-is-at-economic-risk">Everywhere is at economic risk</h2>



<p>"These projected economic impacts are staggering. These losses get worse the more the planet warms, and when you factor in the effects on global supply chains it shows how everywhere is at economic risk," stated project leader Dabo Guan, a professor of climate change economics at <a href="https://www.tsinghua.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tsinghua University</a> in Beijing.</p>



<p>The study not only highlights the stark economic implications but also underscores the dire human costs associated with climate change, from increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heat-waves-increase-mortality-rates/">heatwave mortality</a> to production losses due to labor disruptions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The indirect losses of heat stress highlight the need for countries to strengthen collaboration across global relevant supply-chains. For instance, our results demonstrate that the impact of a heatwave on the agriculture and food manufacturing industry in India will also impact the US food manufacturing industry severely."&nbsp;</p>



<p>"If the USA were to support India’s adaptation efforts through technology transfer, they would indirectly be reducing their own losses," Dr. Wang concluded, advocating for global cooperation in climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07147-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



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Climate crisis: Global supply chains face $25 trillion in losses 

A new study led by King’s College London reveals the...

<p>Researchers have made a compelling discovery: when unaware of the images' origins, consumers show a marked preference for these AI-generated <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/distinguishing-ai-generated-images-of-people-from-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">visuals</a> over real food photos.</p>



<p>Detailed in the journal <em>Food Quality and Preference</em>, this revelation urges us to reassess the influence of visual appeal on our food choices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-secret-ingredients-of-ai-food-imagery">Secret ingredients of AI food imagery</h2>



<p>The study shows AI-generated food images captivate by optimizing visual features like symmetry, shape, glossiness, and light and color interplay. These elements are pivotal in making food imagery more appealing. </p>



<p>Giovanbattista Califano, the lead author and a researcher from the <a href="https://www.en.agraria.unina.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Naples Federico II's Department of Agricultural Sciences</a>, sheds light on an interesting nuance: the positioning of food items. </p>



<p>"As humans, we naturally perceive objects pointing towards us as potential threats, a reaction that extends even to inanimate objects like food," Califano said. </p>



<p>The AI cleverly adjusts the positioning of items, such as a pointing bunch of carrots or a slice of cake. By doing so, it makes them appear less direct and, thus, more inviting.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-taste-test-ai-vs-reality">The taste test: AI vs. reality</h2>



<p>In their study, the researchers engaged 297 participants. They asked them to rate various food images on their appeal, ranging from natural items like apples to ultra-processed foods like chocolate milkshakes.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the twist came when some participants were informed about the origin of these images, while others were not.</p>



<p>Subsequently, the findings were revealing. Without knowing the images were AI-generated, participants found them significantly more appetizing than their real counterparts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-visual-hunger">Consequences of visual hunger</h2>



<p>Professor Charles Spence, a co-author and study supervisor from the University of Oxford's <a href="https://www.psy.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Experimental Psychology</a>, points out a dual-edged sword. </p>



<p>On one hand, AI-generated food visuals present a cost-effective alternative for marketers, potentially reducing the need for expensive photoshoots. </p>



<p>On the other, they risk amplifying "visual hunger" -- the phenomenon where merely viewing food can trigger cravings and appetite. This could, in turn, influence unhealthy eating habits and set unrealistic food expectations among consumers.</p>



<p>Moreover, the research underscores a tendency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/imageomics-ai-and-biology-merge-to-help-us-understand-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI images</a> to depict food as more energy-dense. This often involves exaggerating the quantities of food, such as adding extra fries or more whipped cream to desserts. </p>



<p>Given our natural draw to energy-rich foods, this raises concerns over promoting unhealthy eating habits due to cue-induced cravings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-images-and-the-impact-on-food-perceptions">Ai images and the impact on food perceptions</h2>



<p>The implications extend beyond individual health, touching on broader environmental concerns. As the world gravitates towards more sustainable eating habits, including the acceptance of 'ugly' fruits and vegetables, a new challenge emerges. </p>



<p>The prevalence of idealized, AI-enhanced food images could set unrealistic standards for natural food appearance, potentially undermining sustainability efforts.</p>



<p>This study highlights the influence of visual aesthetics on our food preferences. Additionally, it prompts a critical examination of how technology, specifically AI, shapes our perceptions and behaviors. </p>



<p>As we navigate the intersection of nutrition, technology, and sustainability, these findings provide valuable insights. They are relevant for marketers, policymakers, and consumers, urging a balanced approach to using and consuming AI-generated food imagery.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095032932400051X?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Food Quality and P</a><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095032932400051X?via%3Dihub">reference</a></em>.</p>



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AI-generated food images are more enticing than real images

Researchers have made a compelling discovery: when unaware of the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



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<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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