<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the Bermejo River and the Río Grande de Tarija, which flow through Argentina and Bolivia in South America. The photograph was captured by an astronaut onboard the International Space Station.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meandering-rivers">Meandering rivers</h2>



<p>“The meandering rivers in this image are sourced in the Andes Mountains and generally flow southeast through valleys in the foothills - the region between the high mountains and plains. The Iruya River deposits particles of silt and clay as it flows into the valley centered in this image,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Visible indications of the rivers’ shifting channels include river islands, point bars (on the inside curve of streams), and several meander scars. Such scars form when a river gets cut off from the main flow and fills in with sediment, soil, and vegetation.”</p>



<p>“Sediment from the adjacent highlands filled valleys that were formed by tectonic forces driving uplift of the Andes. These deposits are subsequently carried by rivers, such as the Iruya, along with new sediment to form the light-toned braided channels and the adjacent darker-toned floodplains. Nutrient-rich floodplain soils provide fertile ground for agricultural fields.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bermejo-river">Bermejo River</h2>



<p>The Bermejo River originates in the Bolivian <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biodiversity-hotspots-are-shrinking-in-the-andes-mountains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Andes</a> and flows into Argentina. It plays a crucial role in the geographical and ecological landscape of the region. The river's course is characterized by its meandering path through the Gran Chaco plain, making it a significant river in the region's hydrological system.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance">Economic importance</h3>



<p>The Bermejo River is vital for agriculture, providing essential water resources for irrigation. It also has potential for hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-nbsp">Biodiversity&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The diverse habitats created by the Bermejo River, including its riverbanks, floodplains, and adjacent forests, support rich biodiversity. However, the wildlife in this region faces threats from habitat destruction, pollution, and climate change, making conservation efforts critical for their survival.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/jaguars-in-the-amazon-are-threatened-by-climate-extremes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jaguars</a> are the apex predators of this region, and are occasionally spotted along the riverbanks, where they hunt. Large, herbivorous mammals called tapirs are found in the forests around the Bermejo River. They often visit the river to drink and cool off.</p>



<p>Capibaras, the world’s largest rodents, are commonly found in the wetlands and along the river edges.</p>



<p>The tallest flying bird found in South and Central America, jabirus can often be seen in wetlands along the Bermejo River. Toco toucans, known for their colorful bills, can be found in the forested areas near the river.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rio-grande-de-tarija">Río Grande de Tarija</h2>



<p>The Río Grande de Tarija, also known in its lower stretches as the Guadalquivir, flows primarily within Bolivia. It is a critical watercourse in the Tarija Department, contributing significantly to the region's agriculture and livelihoods.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-importance-0">Economic importance</h3>



<p>This river is essential for irrigation, supporting a variety of crops and contributing to the local economy. The surrounding lands are fertile and productive, thanks to the river's water.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges">Challenges</h3>



<p>Similar to other rivers, the Río Grande de Tarija faces challenges such as water management issues, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predicting-the-effects-of-pollutants-on-river-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollution</a>, and the impacts of climate change on its flow and health.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-in-bolivian-rivers">Wildlife in Bolivian rivers</h3>



<p>River basins in Bolivia are home to a wide range of bird species, including various species of herons, egrets, kingfishers, and perhaps even some rarer species like the wattled jacana or the sunbittern. The diverse birdlife is attracted to the abundance of fish and the relatively untouched natural habitats along the river.</p>



<p>The Characidae family includes many fish species that are commonly found in South American rivers, such as tetras. They are known for their diversity and are a key part of the river's ecosystem, serving as both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-to-extremes-predatory-fish-frequent-the-oceans-twilight-zone/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predator</a> and prey.</p>



<p>Cichlids are another diverse group of fish that can be found in South American rivers. They are appreciated by aquarium enthusiasts worldwide and play significant roles in their ecosystems as both predators and herbivores.</p>



<p>The rivers of Bolivia are also home to various catfish species, which are well adapted to life in muddy and turbulent waters. These include the armored catfish, which are often found clinging to rocks and logs.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/ ISS Crew Earth Observations Facility/ Earth Science and Remote Sensing Unit, Johnson Space Center</p>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nbsp">&nbsp;</h3>

The Río Grande de Tarija and Bermejo River in South America

Today's Image of the Day from NASA Earth Observatory features...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the delta of the Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain, captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-river">Ebro River</h2>



<p>“Stretching across 910 km of northern Spain, the Ebro River is the second-longest river in the Iberian Peninsula. In the image, it can be seen as a green line winding its way through the peninsula before flowing into the Mediterranean, shaping the Ebro Delta,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Ebro River discharges more water into the sea than any other river in Spain. As suspended sediment flows from the river’s mouth, it tints the coastal waters with a turquoise hue.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ebro-delta">Ebro Delta</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is one of the largest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wetland-methane-emissions-have-surged-at-high-latitudes/">wetland areas</a> in the western Mediterranean region. The river's basin is the largest in Spain, covering about 85,000 square kilometers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historical-significance-nbsp">Historical significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Historically, the Ebro River has been significant in numerous battles, including the famous Battle of the Ebro during the Spanish Civil War, which was one of the war's longest and deadliest conflicts.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-significance-nbsp">Economic significance&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Economically, the Ebro plays a crucial role in agriculture, particularly in regions like La Rioja and Navarre, which are known for their vineyards. Additionally, the river supports various industries and hydroelectric power generation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecological-significance">Ecological significance</h2>



<p>The Ebro Delta is ecologically rich, providing habitat for diverse bird species. It is also a vital area for rice cultivation in Spain.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-reserve">Nature reserve</h3>



<p>“Most of the delta comprises the Ebro Delta Nature Reserve. With its protected wetlands, beaches, marshes, salt pans and estuaries, this reserve provides a natural habitat for numerous migratory birds and waterfowl,” said ESA.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-challenges-nbsp">Environmental challenges&nbsp;</h3>



<p>The river and its delta face environmental challenges such as pollution, water extraction for irrigation, and the impacts of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-may-have-altered-river-flow-worldwide/">climate change</a>, which threaten its ecosystem and the sustainability of its water resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-northeast-coast-of-spain">The northeast coast of Spain</h2>



<p>The northeast coast of Spain is a vibrant and diverse region, characterized by its rich history, unique culture, and stunning landscapes. </p>



<p>It includes the autonomous communities of Catalonia, which features the dynamic city of Barcelona, and part of the Valencian Community. This area is also part of what is known as the Costa Brava, which stretches from the town of Blanes up to the French border.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geography">Geography</h3>



<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-activity-impacts-97-percent-of-the-worlds-coastline/">coastline</a> is renowned for its rugged beauty, with rocky cliffs, secluded coves, and small beaches. The interior regions feature mountains such as the Pyrenees, which offer skiing in winter and hiking in the summer.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-heritage">Cultural heritage</h3>



<p>The area has a strong cultural identity, particularly in Catalonia, where there is a significant movement for independence. The Catalan language is widely spoken alongside Spanish. The region is also known for its festivals, architecture (notably the works of Antoni Gaudí in Barcelona), and traditional dances like the Sardana.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cuisine">Cuisine</h3>



<p>The cuisine is a delightful mix of fresh seafood from the Mediterranean, traditional Catalan dishes like "pa amb tomàquet" (bread with tomato), and rice dishes such as paella in the Valencian region. The area is also famous for its wines, including the sparkling wine Cava.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tourism">Tourism</h3>



<p>The northeast coast attracts millions of tourists each year due to its beautiful beaches, historical sites, and vibrant cities. Barcelona, in particular, is a major tourist destination with attractions like the Sagrada Familia, Park Güell, and the bustling La Rambla.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economy">Economy</h3>



<p>The economy of the northeast coast is one of the most dynamic in Spain, with Barcelona serving as a major hub for trade, education, entertainment, and technology.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory</p>



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The Ebro River on the northeast coast of Spain

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features the United Arab Emirates, where a slow-moving storm system dumped more than a year's worth of rainfall in just a few hours. </p>



<p>“The UAE’s National Center for Meteorology reported that eastern parts of the country measured up to 250 millimeters (10 inches) of rain in less than 24 hours. UAE, known for its dry desert climate, receives only about 140 to 200 millimeters (5.5 to 8 inches) of rainfall per year,” said NASA.</p>



<p>“Dubai International Airport recorded 119 millimeters on April 16, which is 1.5 times its typical annual rainfall. The deluge temporarily halted flights at the airport, which is among the world’s busiest for international travel.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heaviest-rainfall-on-record-in-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">Heaviest rainfall on record in the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Authorities noted that this was the heaviest <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-heat-fueled-unexpected-and-deadly-storms-in-2023/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainfall</a> on record in the United Arab Emirates. The news agency WAM called it a historic weather event that surpassed “anything documented since the start of data collection in 1949.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Heavy rain triggered flash flooding across eastern parts of the country, inundating roads and disrupting transportation,” said NASA. “The system first hit Oman on April 14 and continued to batter the UAE through most of the day on April 16.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>At least 18 people were killed in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-events-in-the-northeast-are-set-to-increase-by-over-50-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy rains</a> in Oman, including ten children that were swept away in a vehicle with one adult, according to a statement from the country’s National Committee for Emergency Management.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strong-low-pressure-system">Strong low-pressure system</h2>



<p>Michael Mann, a climate scientist at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that three low-pressure systems formed a train of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thunderstorms-are-becoming-more-intense-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">storms</a> slowly moving along the jet stream - the river of air that moves weather systems - toward the Persian Gulf.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“The strong low-pressure system delivered multiple rounds of high winds and heavy rain to the northern and eastern parts of the country,” said NASA. “Some areas remained flooded on April 19, when Landsat 9 passed over the region for the first time since the storms.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>Climate experts attribute such extreme weather events to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/limiting-global-warming-to-1-5-degrees-celsius-would-save-billions-of-lives/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global warming</a>. According to a report from Reuters, researchers anticipate that climate change will lead to hotter temperatures, increased humidity, and a greater risk of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seeking-ways-to-prevent-flooding-caused-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flooding</a> in parts of the Gulf region. “Countries like the UAE where there is a lack of drainage infrastructure to cope with heavy rains can suffer the most,” the report stated.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-united-arab-emirates-nbsp">More about the United Arab Emirates&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a federation of seven emirates located on the eastern side of the Arabian Peninsula. It borders Oman and Saudi Arabia, and has maritime borders with Iran and Qatar in the Persian Gulf. Established as a federation in 1971, the UAE has rapidly developed into one of the most modern and wealthy nations in the world, largely thanks to its vast oil and natural gas reserves.</p>



<p>Abu Dhabi serves as the capital and is the largest emirate, both in terms of land area and economy, largely because it holds the majority of the UAE's oil reserves. Dubai is the most populous city and is renowned globally for its spectacular skyscrapers, including the Burj Khalifa, the tallest building in the world, as well as its bustling ports, and vibrant tourism and shopping sectors.</p>



<p>The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society with a significant expatriate population, drawn by business opportunities and the tax-free living in many sectors. The official language is Arabic, though English is widely spoken, especially in business and educational settings.</p>



<p>Politically, the UAE is a federal absolute monarchy. It is governed by a Supreme Council of Rulers made up of the seven emirs, who appoint the prime minister and the cabinet. The country has made significant strides in terms of infrastructure and healthcare, and it continues to invest heavily in various sectors including renewable energy, education, and technology.</p>



<p>Culturally, the UAE balances its rapid modernization with a strong commitment to traditional Arab culture. The heritage of the desert Bedouin lifestyle is celebrated with falconry, camel racing, and traditional dance remaining integral to its cultural festivities. The nation is also a major hub for international arts and sports events, enhancing its global profile and cultural footprint.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Storms dumped record rainfall in the United Arab Emirates

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency </a>features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3783, which is located about 130 million light-years away in the constellation Centaurus. NGC 3783 is also the most prominent of a galaxy group (by the same name) that contains 47 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/james-webb-captures-galaxies-that-are-too-old-to-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-galaxy-groups">Galaxy groups</h2>



<p>“Like galaxy clusters, galaxy groups are aggregates of gravitationally bound galaxies. Galaxy groups, however, are less massive and contain fewer members than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/titanic-galaxy-cluster-collision-defies-all-current-understanding-of-the-universe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy clusters</a> do: where galaxy clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of constituent galaxies, galaxy groups do not typically include more than 50,” noted ESA.</p>



<p>“The Milky Way is actually part of a galaxy group, known as the Local Group, which contains two other large galaxies (Andromeda and the Triangulum galaxy), as well as several dozen satellite and dwarf galaxies.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hd-101274-a-blue-giant-star">HD 101274: A blue giant star</h2>



<p>The bright object that appears to the right of the galaxy is the star HD 101274. “The perspective in this image makes the star and the galaxy look like close companions, but this is an illusion. HD 101274 lies only about 1,530 light-years from Earth, meaning it is about 85 thousand times closer than NGC 3783,” explained ESA.&nbsp;</p>



<p>HD 101274 is part of the NGC 3766 cluster, which is sometimes referred to as the Pearl Cluster, an open cluster known for its richness in bright stars and its relatively young age.</p>



<p>HD 101274 is categorized as a blue giant star, characterized by its high temperature and luminosity. Blue giants are massive stars that have left the main sequence phase of stellar evolution and are burning helium or heavier elements in their cores. These stars are known for their short lifespans relative to smaller stars due to their rapid consumption of nuclear fuel.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-stars-scientists-discover-a-new-type-of-star-powered-by-dark-matter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stars</a> like HD 101274 are important for astronomers because they help in studying the properties of stellar populations in clusters and the dynamics of stellar evolution in different environments. The spectral and photometric observations of such stars can provide valuable insights into the characteristics of their atmospheres, internal structures, and the processes occurring within and around them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bright-central-region-of-ngc-3783">Bright central region of NGC 3783</h2>



<p>One of the most interesting aspects of NGC 3783 is that it harbors an active galactic nucleus, meaning its central region is exceptionally luminous, likely due to the presence of a supermassive black hole. This black hole is actively accreting material, which emits a substantial amount of radiation as it spirals inward and heats up.</p>



<p>This galaxy is particularly known for its bright central region and has been studied extensively in the ultraviolet and X-ray light spectra to understand better the properties of the accretion disk around the black hole and the complex dynamics of the material surrounding it. These studies are crucial for understanding the physics of active galactic nuclei and the role they play in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxy evolution</a>.</p>



<p>According to ESA, NGC 3783 is a Type I Seyfert galaxy. “In this image it is recorded by Hubble in incredible detail, from its glowing central bar to its narrow, winding arms and the dust threaded through them, thanks to five separate images taken in different wavelengths of light," noted ESA.</p>



<p>“In fact, the galactic center is bright enough to Hubble that it exhibits diffraction spikes, normally only seen on stars such as HD 101274.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-the-ngc-3783-galaxy-group">More about the NGC 3783 galaxy group</h2>



<p>The NGC 3783 group is part of the larger Hydra-Centaurus Supercluster, which itself is a massive collection of galaxies and galaxy clusters located primarily in the constellations of Hydra and Centaurus.</p>



<p>The NGC 3783 group consists of several galaxies that are gravitationally bound and interact with each other. These interactions can influence the galaxies' evolution through mechanisms like tidal forces and merger events, which can trigger star formation, fuel central black holes, and reshape the galaxies' structures.</p>



<p>Studying groups like the NGC 3783 group helps astronomers understand how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ceers-2112-ancient-galaxy-looks-strikingly-similar-to-ours/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a> evolve together in a common gravitational environment, offering insights into the dynamics and evolution of structures on cosmic scales. This is especially relevant in understanding how galaxies influence each other through gravitational interactions and the environmental effects on galaxy evolution.</p>



<p>Image Credit: ESA/Hubble &amp; NASA</p>



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The luminous galaxy NGC 3783 and a blue giant star

Today's Image of the Day from the European Space Agency...

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska on December 29, 2023.</p>



<p>"After an unusually snowy start to winter, southern Alaska’s coastline remained under a blanket of white in late December," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Meanwhile, greens and tans swirled in the dark blue water offshore. The dullness of the hues near shore suggests that the water is mostly colored by sediment. It is likely that phytoplankton - microscopic plant-like organisms - contributed to some of the hues farther from the coast."</p>



<p>According to NASA, much of the sediment in this region comes from “glacial flour” carried into the gulf by the Copper River.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Glacial flour forms as glaciers move over bedrock and grind it into a fine silt. When suspended in water, glacial flour can make the water appear an opaque turquoise color - similar to phytoplankton blooms. The sediment carries iron and other nutrients that can spur the growth of these tiny marine organisms," explained NASA.</p>



<p>Aimee Neeley, a biological oceanographer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, noted that there are always phytoplankton in the water, but usually at lower levels in the wintertime at these latitudes.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is a vast and biologically rich body of water that lies at the northernmost part of the Pacific Ocean, encircled by Alaska.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The gulf extends approximately 1,500 miles from the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east.</p>



<p>Characterized by a subarctic climate, it's known for heavy rain and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sea-ice-loss-increases-snowfall-over-west-antarctica/">snowfall</a>. The region is also prone to frequent storms and is a significant pathway for colder northern weather patterns moving into the United States.</p>



<p>The Gulf of Alaska is home to a diverse marine ecosystem. It supports many species of fish, such as salmon and halibut, and is also a habitat for marine mammals like whales, sea lions, and seals.</p>



<p>The image was captured by the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instrument on NASA’s Aqua satellite.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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Sediment swirling in the Gulf of Alaska

<p>Today's <strong>Image of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA Earth Observatory</a> features an astronaut view of the Aladaghlar Mountains in northwestern Iran. These mountains are known for their strikingly colorful landscapes, which make them stand out among other mountain ranges.</p>



<p>"Ridges cast shadows in the valleys and other low elevation areas, creating a three-dimensional appearance. Human alterations to the landscape are most evident in riverbeds, where the even topography is easier to build on and navigate," said NASA.</p>



<p>"Natural processes over millions of years have folded rock layers of various compositions and colors into the curved patterns seen here. These folds are produced by tectonic forces operating along the convergent plate boundary of the Arabia and Eurasia plates. The convergence of these tectonic plates causes uplift, folding, and deformation of the colorful rock layers, and subsequent erosion exposes them."</p>



<p>One of the most remarkable features of the Aladaghlar Mountains is the vivid coloration of their slopes. The name "Aladaghlar" translates to "Colorful Mountains," which is a testament to their unique appearance. </p>



<p>The Aladaghlar Mountains are part of a larger ecosystem that includes forests, meadows, and rivers, contributing to a rich biodiversity. The region supports a variety of wildlife, including several species that are unique to the area. The diverse wildlife add to the natural beauty and ecological importance of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-and-why-do-mountains-form-new-theories-for-an-age-old-mystery/">mountains</a>.</p>



<p>In addition to their natural appeal, the Aladaghlar Mountains hold cultural significance. The region has a rich history, with evidence of ancient civilizations and historical sites. Local communities have their unique cultures and traditions, which have been influenced by the natural environment of the mountains.</p>



<p>Image Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;</p>



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The Aladaghlar Mountains of northwestern Iran

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The southern Darfur region of Sudan. Today's </span><b>Image of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the </span><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> features an area in the southern Darfur region of Sudan, just south of the city of Nyala.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The Wadi Nyala is the river that flows across the image, and is surrounded by agricultural land. </span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The city of Nyala to the northwest, which is not pictured, experienced a surge in commercial activity with the arrival of the railway in the 1950s. Sudan's history goes back to the <a title="Ancient Egypt" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt">Pharaonic period</a>, witnessing the <a title="Kerma culture" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerma_culture">Kingdom of Kerma</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500–1500 BC), the subsequent rule of the <a title="New Kingdom of Egypt" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt">Egyptian New Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC–1070 BC) and the rise of the <a title="Kingdom of Kush" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush">Kingdom of Kush</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 785 BC–350 AD), which would in turn <a title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt">control Egypt</a> itself for nearly a century. After the fall of Kush, the <a title="Nubians" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nubians">Nubians</a> formed the three Christian kingdoms of <a title="Nobatia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobatia">Nobatia</a>, <a title="Makuria" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuria">Makuria</a> and <a title="Alodia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alodia">Alodia</a>, with the latter two lasting until around 1500. Between the 14th and 15th centuries, much of Sudan was settled by <a title="Bedouin" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedouin">Arab nomads</a>. From the 16th–19th centuries, central and eastern Sudan were dominated by the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Sennar" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sennar">Funj sultanate</a>, while <a title="Sultanate of Darfur" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanate_of_Darfur">Darfur</a> ruled the west and the <a title="Ottoman Empire" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire">Ottomans</a> the far north.The southern Darfur region of Sudan From the 19th century, the entirety of Sudan was conquered by the <a title="Muhammad Ali dynasty" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a>, which was then eventually met with a successful <a title="Mahdist War" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_War">revolt</a> led by the self-proclaimed <a title="Mahdi" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi">Mahdi</a> <a title="Muhammad Ahmad" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a>, resulting in the establishment of the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdist Sudan" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdist_Sudan">Caliphate of Omdurman</a>. This state was eventually toppled in 1898 by the <a title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland">British</a>, who would then <a title="Anglo-Egyptian Sudan" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan">govern Sudan together with Egypt</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"></sup>The 20th century saw the growth of Sudanese nationalism and in 1953 Britain granted Sudan self-government. Independence was proclaimed on 1 January 1956. Since independence,</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The image was captured by Landsat-8 on April 13, 2014.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">---</span>

<i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i>

<i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image Credit: ESA</span></i>

&nbsp;

The southern Darfur region of Sudan

<p>For centuries, desert travelers have relied on oases as life-giving sanctuaries. These pockets of green have sustained communities, fueled trade, and sparked imaginations. Yet, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thriving-reefs-oases-corals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oases</a> are under pressure. New research exposes the delicate balance between human intervention and natural forces such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pastoralists-desertification-sahara/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a> shaping the fate of these vital ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-is-an-oasis">What is an oasis?</h2>



<p>An oasis isn't simply a desert mirage. It's a distinct, well-defined area where vegetation thrives, contrasting sharply with the surrounding arid landscapes. This extraordinary phenomenon is made possible by a dependable water source, which could be:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Groundwater:</strong>&nbsp;Underground water that reaches the surface, creating a natural spring or well.</li>



<li><strong>Mountain runoff:</strong>&nbsp;Water from rain or melting snow that flows down from higher elevations, gathering in low-lying desert areas.</li>
</ul>



<p>Despite covering only a tiny fraction (around 1.5%) of our planet's land area, oases play a disproportionately important role. They provide essential resources and support around 10% of the world's population, offering a lifeline in otherwise harsh, dry environments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-efforts-to-expand-oasis">Human efforts to expand oasis</h2>



<p>Recent research offers a surprising insight into the changing nature of oases. Counterintuitively, between 1995 and 2020, the total area of oases worldwide increased by a staggering 85,000 square miles. While this might seem like a positive development, there's a crucial caveat. </p>



<p>The majority of this expansion is not a natural phenomenon but the result of deliberate human intervention. Here's how it happens:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-large-scale-irrigation-projects">Large-scale irrigation projects</h3>



<p>Governments and private entities embark on ambitious projects to divert water from rivers, lakes, or drill deep wells to tap into underground aquifers. This water is then channeled into desert regions, transforming them into artificially-created oases.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-intensive-agriculture">Water-intensive agriculture</h3>



<p>The primary objective of many artificial <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/heart-shaped-oasis-on-the-nile-river/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oases</a> is to support agriculture in otherwise barren areas. This involves growing crops that may not be naturally suited to arid environments, leading to high water demands.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urbanization-and-development">Urbanization and development</h3>



<p>In some cases, artificial oases are created to support urban growth or industrial development in desert regions. These projects often require substantial and ongoing water resources.</p>



<p>However, the crucial issue with artificial oasis expansion lies in its potential unsustainability. These projects often rely on water sources that are either finite or overexploited. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-desertification-and-oases">Desertification and oases</h2>



<p>On the flip side, a relentless process called <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/desertification/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a> poses a severe threat to oases. Desertification is the gradual transformation of fertile land into barren desert, often caused by factors such as climate change, overgrazing, and unsustainable water use. Desertification has led to the loss of approximately 52,000 square miles of oases during the same 25-year period.</p>



<p>“Although the scientific community has always emphasized the importance of oases, there has not been a clear map of the global distribution of oases,” said Dongwei Gui, a geoscientist at the <a href="https://english.cas.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chinese Academy of Science</a> who led the study.</p>



<p>“Oasis research has both theoretical and practical significance for achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals and promoting sustainable development in arid regions.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-net-result-of-desertification-precarious-oases-growth">Net result of desertification: Precarious oases growth</h2>



<p>At first glance, the expansion of oases might seem like a promising development – a victory against harsh desert conditions. However, a closer examination paints a far more complex and worrying picture. While the total area of oases has increased by approximately 33,400 square miles, this net growth masks a deeper problem. </p>



<p>Much of the recent growth in oasis areas is a direct result of artificial expansion projects. These human-made oases mask simultaneous losses of natural oases due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sand-and-dust-storms-have-become-unpredictable-and-dangerous/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">desertification</a>.</p>



<p>Many artificial oases depend on unsustainable water practices. This includes tapping into rapidly depleting groundwater sources or diverting water from ecosystems that rely on those rivers or lakes for their own survival. It's a trade-off, sacrificing one area for the short-term growth of another.</p>



<p>This reliance on unsustainable water use casts a long shadow on the future of these oases. As water resources dwindle and ecosystems are disrupted, the artificial expansion will become increasingly difficult to maintain. The very existence of these oases becomes precarious.</p>



<p>The net growth figure, while seemingly positive, hides a troubling reality. It underscores the delicate and vulnerable nature of these ecosystems and raises serious questions about whether this artificial expansion is simply a short-term solution with potentially devastating long-term consequences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-we-save-oases-from-desertification">Why do we save oases from desertification?</h2>



<p>Oases serve as irreplaceable havens in the world's drylands. They:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-provide-essential-water">Provide essential water</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Drinking and domestic needs:</strong>&nbsp;Oases serve as primary water sources for communities living within them, fulfilling basic human needs.</li>



<li><strong>Farming:</strong>&nbsp;Irrigation from oases enables agriculture even in arid regions, providing food and supporting local economies.</li>



<li><strong>Livestock:</strong>&nbsp;Oases provide water to animals raised for sustenance or livelihood, crucial for pastoral and nomadic populations.</li>



<li><strong>Industry and development:</strong>&nbsp;Some oases support small-scale industries or other development projects that depend on access to water.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-support-biodiversity">Support biodiversity</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Unique habitats:</strong>&nbsp;Oases create distinct micro-ecosystems within harsh desert environments, allowing specialized plants and animals to flourish.</li>



<li><strong>Endemic species:</strong>&nbsp;Some oases harbor plants and animals found nowhere else on Earth, contributing to global biodiversity.</li>



<li><strong>Migratory stopovers:</strong>&nbsp;Oases act as vital resting and refueling points for migratory birds and other wildlife traveling through arid regions.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-offer-resilience-against-climate-change">Offer resilience against climate change</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Buffers against drought:</strong>&nbsp;Oases can provide water and sustenance during extended periods of drought, offering respite to both people and wildlife.</li>



<li><strong>Microclimates:</strong>&nbsp;The vegetation and water presence in oases can create slightly cooler and more humid conditions locally, mitigating the harshness of the desert climate.</li>



<li><strong>Adaptation strategies:</strong>&nbsp;Traditional oasis management practices may offer valuable lessons for adapting to water scarcity and climate change in wider regions.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oases-are-under-attack-on-multiple-fronts">Oases are under attack on multiple fronts </h2>



<ul>
<li><strong>Overexploitation of groundwater:</strong>&nbsp;As discussed, excessive pumping of groundwater for irrigation or other needs can deplete aquifers faster than they naturally recharge, endangering the long-term survival of the oasis.</li>



<li><strong>Climate change:</strong>&nbsp;Rising temperatures increase evaporation rates, making water scarcity even more severe. Changing rainfall patterns can disrupt the delicate water balance that sustains oases.</li>



<li><strong>Loss of glaciers:</strong>&nbsp;Glacier meltwater is a lifeline for many oases. As glaciers retreat due to climate change, this essential water source diminishes, threatening the oasis's future.</li>
</ul>



<p>“While higher temperatures increase glacier melt, temporarily boosting oases’ water supplies, as glaciers gradually disappear, the yield of meltwater will eventually decrease, leading to the shrinkage of oases once again,” Gui said.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oases-and-desertification">Oases and desertification</h2>



<p>The delicate state of our oases demands a transformative approach. Here's what we can do:</p>



<ul>
<li><strong>Sustainable water management:</strong>&nbsp;Promote water conservation, efficient irrigation techniques, and find ways to replenish groundwater sources.</li>



<li><strong>Ecological land use:</strong>&nbsp;Halt destructive practices like overgrazing and support traditional land management that works in harmony with nature.</li>



<li><strong>International cooperation:</strong>&nbsp;Many rivers cross borders, and oases depend on them. Countries must work together to protect vital water resources.</li>
</ul>



<p>“Due to the unique mechanism of oasis formation, a river basin often nurtures multiple oases across several countries, making transboundary cooperation key to addressing water scarcity and promoting sustainable development,” Gui said.</p>



<p>Oases represent extraordinary resilience. In the face of harsh conditions, they offer life and beauty. Yet, their future hangs in the balance. By understanding the intricate dynamics shaping them and embracing sustainable practices, we have the power to safeguard these fragile wonders for generations to come.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023EF004086" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Earth's Future</em></a>.</p>



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Oases face severe threats from desertification

For centuries, desert travelers have relied on oases as life-giving...

<p>Despite its extreme conditions, featuring surface temperatures that can melt lead, volcanoes that spew lava, and thick clouds of sulfuric acid, Venus provides <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-secret-past-may-have-implications-for-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invaluable insights</a> into the search for life on other planets, according to a new study from <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Riverside</a>.</p>



<p>“We often assume that Earth is the model of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-habitability-of-a-planet-is-affected-by-the-location-of-its-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">habitability</a>, but if you consider this planet in isolation, we don’t know where the boundaries and limitations are,” said lead author Stephen Kane, a professor of planetary astrophysics at UCR. “Venus gives us that.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-venus-as-a-reference-point-for-life">Venus as a reference point for life</h2>



<p>The experts gathered extensive data on both Earth and Venus, and positioned Venus as a crucial reference point for better understanding the conditions that might preclude life on other planets.</p>



<p>Despite having an atmosphere that would crush a human instantly, Venus shares many similarities with Earth, such as comparable mass and radius. Given their closeness, it raises the question of why Earth's fate was so different.</p>



<p>Many scientists believe the significant amount of solar energy Venus receives caused its atmosphere to become a runaway greenhouse - a hypothesis that Kane challenges. </p>



<p>“If you consider the solar energy received by Earth as 100%, Venus collects 191%. A lot of people think that’s why Venus turned out differently,” he said. “But hold on a second. Venus doesn’t have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-now-leads-the-solar-system-moon-race-with-145/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moon</a>, which is what gives Earth things like ocean tides and influenced the amount of water here.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-missions-to-venus-are-needed">More missions to Venus are needed</h2>



<p>The paper also emphasizes the need for more missions to Venus to answer unresolved questions about its core size, rotation rate, magnetic field changes, and atmospheric chemistry.</p>



<p>“Venus doesn’t have a detectable <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-magnetic-field-shifts-ten-times-faster-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">magnetic field</a>. That could be related to the size of its core,” Kane explained. “Core size also gives us information about how a planet cools itself. Earth has a mantle circulating heat from its core. We don’t know what’s happening inside Venus.”</p>



<p>Understanding the inner workings of Venus is vital because a planet’s interior dynamics greatly affect its atmosphere. This is evident on Earth, where the atmosphere is largely influenced by volcanic activity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upcoming-nasa-missions">Upcoming NASA missions</h2>



<p>NASA's upcoming missions, <a href="https://ssed.gsfc.nasa.gov/davinci/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DAVINCI</a> and <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/veritas/">VERITAS</a>, will further explore these aspects. The DAVINCI mission will analyze the planet's thick atmosphere, and VERITAS will focus on the planet's surface without landing.</p>



<p>“DAVINCI will measure the atmosphere all the way from the top to the bottom. That will really help us build new climate models and predict these kinds of atmospheres elsewhere, including on Earth, as we keep increasing the amount of CO2,” Kane said.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, these missions will not only improve our understanding of Venus but also refine our assessments of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaurs-are-helping-astronomers-in-the-search-for-extraterrestrial-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extraterrestrial life</a> possibilities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-venus-to-preserve-life">Studying Venus to preserve life</h2>



<p>“The sobering part of the search for life elsewhere in the universe is that we’re never going to have in situ data for an exoplanet. We aren’t going there, landing, or taking direct measurements of them,” Kane said. “If we think another planet has life on the surface, we might not ever know we’re wrong, and we’d be dreaming about a planet with life that doesn’t have it. We are only going to get that right by properly understanding the Earth-size planets we can visit, and Venus gives us that chance.”</p>



<p>“One of the main reasons to study Venus is because of our sacred duties as caretakers of this planet, to preserve its future. My hope is that through studying the processes that produced present-day Venus, especially if Venus had a more temperate past that’s now devastated, there are lessons there for us. It can happen to us. It’s a question of how and when,” Kane concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intriguing-facts-about-venus">Intriguing facts about Venus</h2>



<p>Venus, often dubbed Earth's "sister planet" due to its similar size and proximity, holds a variety of intriguing characteristics that set it apart in our solar system:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extreme-atmosphere">Extreme atmosphere</h3>



<p>Venus has an incredibly thick atmosphere composed mostly of carbon dioxide, with clouds of sulfuric acid, making it inhospitable. This atmosphere creates a runaway greenhouse effect, leading to surface temperatures hot enough to melt lead - about 900 degrees Fahrenheit (475 degrees Celsius).</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-crushing-pressure">Crushing pressure</h3>



<p>The surface pressure on Venus is about 92 times that of Earth, equivalent to the pressure found at about 3,000 feet (900 meters) underwater on Earth. This extreme pressure would crush most human-made objects.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-retrograde-rotation">Retrograde rotation</h3>



<p>Venus rotates on its axis in the opposite direction to most planets in the solar system, including Earth. This means the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east on Venus. Additionally, a day on Venus (one complete rotation on its axis) is longer than its year (one complete orbit around the Sun). It takes about 243 Earth days to rotate once, but only about 225 Earth days to complete an orbit.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-landscape">Volcanic landscape</h3>



<p>Venus is covered with numerous <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/volcanoes-cover-nearly-the-entire-surface-of-venus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">volcanoes</a> and has a surface dominated by volcanic plains. It has more volcanoes than any other planet in the solar system, with over 1,600 major volcanoes, many of which are believed to still be active.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-water-vapor">Lack of water vapor</h3>



<p>Despite being similar to Earth in size and composition, Venus has almost no water vapor in its atmosphere, and its surface is a dry, desert-like landscape. Any water that might have been present in the past likely evaporated due to the intense heat.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brightest-planet">Brightest planet</h3>



<p>Venus is the brightest planet in our solar system and is often visible from Earth with the naked eye. It can appear as a bright star-like object in the morning or evening sky, which is why it's sometimes called the Morning Star or Evening Star.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-wind-patterns">Mysterious wind patterns</h3>



<p>Despite the slow rotation on its axis, the atmosphere of Venus rotates much faster than the planet itself, a phenomenon known as super-rotation. Winds in the upper atmosphere can reach speeds up to 220 miles per hour (360 kilometers per hour).</p>



<p>These unique and extreme conditions make Venus an interesting subject of study to understand planetary processes and atmospheric dynamics in our solar system.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/link_gateway/2024arXiv240308830K/doi:10.48550/arXiv.2403.08830" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Astronomy</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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How the ‘hellish’ planet Venus can help us find alien life

Despite its extreme conditions, featuring surface temperatures that can melt...

<p>Influenza is viewed by infectious disease specialists as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-traveling-pathogens-from-melting-permafrost-pose-great-risk-to-the-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogen</a> with the highest pandemic potential, according to findings unveiled at a major global congress in Barcelona.</p>



<p>A survey conducted by the VACCELERATE Consortium revealed that 57% of the experts ranked influenza at the top of the list of pandemic threats. This highlights the persistent threat of influenza to global health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-the-top-pandemic-threats">Exploring the top pandemic threats</h2>



<p>The survey reached out to a broad spectrum of experts from 57 countries, garnering 187 responses that provide a snapshot of the global perspective on infectious threats. </p>



<p>Influenza emerged as the primary pandemic concern due to its ability to mutate and spread widely each season. </p>



<p>Disease X - an undefined pathogen representing emerging diseases - and SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the recent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/low-iron-may-be-a-key-driver-of-long-covid/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19</a> pandemic, followed closely.</p>



<p>In their study, the experts evaluated a variety of pathogens, including those listed in the World Health Organization’s R&amp;D Blueprint for Action to Prevent Epidemics. </p>



<p>The blueprint serves as a proactive measure to identify and prioritize research on diseases that pose significant public health risks due to their infectivity, transmissibility, and potential for severe impact.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-pathogens-with-pandemic-potential">Prioritizing pathogens with pandemic potential</h2>



<p>Besides influenza, the survey highlighted other critical threats. Disease X, a placeholder for potential future pathogens, was ranked highest by 21% of respondents, underscoring the constant vigilance needed against unknown viruses.</p>



<p>Respondents also noted the significant impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-cats-play-a-role-in-spreading-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SARS-CoV-2</a> and its predecessor, SARS-CoV, which caused the 2002-03 outbreak.</p>



<p>A smaller fraction of experts recognized lesser-known but equally concerning pathogens like the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus and the Ebola virus, noting their deadly outbreaks.</p>



<p>Conversely, experts ranked viruses such as Hantavirus, Lassa virus, Nipah virus, henipavirus, and Rift Valley fever virus lower in terms of immediate pandemic potential, suggesting they pose a lesser immediate threat, yet emphasizing the ongoing need for monitoring and research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-influenza-s-pandemic-threat">Influenza’s pandemic threat</h2>



<p>Dr. Jon Salmanton-García commented on the findings: “Each winter we have an influenza season. One could say that this means that every winter there are little pandemics. They are more or less controlled because the different strains are not virulent enough.” </p>



<p>“Yet, every season the strains involved change, that is the reason why we can get influenza several times in life and vaccines change year to year. In case a new strain becomes more virulent, this control could be lost.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-from-the-covid-19-pandemic">Insights from the COVID-19 pandemic</h2>



<p>The recent experiences with the COVID-19 pandemic have significantly shifted the landscape of pandemic preparedness.</p>



<p>Dr. Salmanton-García explained that the global response to COVID-19 has enhanced our approach to managing respiratory viruses, improving practices in social distancing, hand hygiene, mask usage, and vaccination strategies.</p>



<p>“In the COVID-19 pandemic, we have learned many things on how to approach a respiratory virus pandemic. This includes social distancing, hand cleaning, face masks, a renewed focus on vaccination, and trust in healthcare institutions. In parallel, institutions have also learned a lot. Preparedness and surveillance are now, vitally, better-funded,” said Dr. Salmanton-García.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-pandemic-threats">Understanding pandemic threats</h2>



<p>The study paints a clear picture of the infectious disease landscape, identifying influenza, Disease X, and coronaviruses among the top concerns for global health security. </p>



<p>The findings emphasize the need for continued vigilance, research, and preparation to mitigate the impact of potential future pandemics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about pandemic threats</h2>



<p>Pandemic threats are often caused by novel <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/viruses-have-eyes-and-ears-on-their-hosts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a> or bacteria to which the general population has little to no immunity. The severity and spread of these diseases can be influenced by various factors, including the pathogen's transmissibility, virulence, and the availability of effective treatments or vaccines.</p>



<p>Modern global connectivity through travel and trade, along with urbanization and environmental changes, can exacerbate the spread of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-infectious-disease-landscape-is-changing-and-we-must-prepare/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">infectious diseases</a>, making pandemics more likely.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The impact of a pandemic can be profound, not only causing widespread health crises but also affecting economies, social structures, and daily life. Governments and international organizations work to monitor and manage these risks through surveillance, preparedness plans, and public health interventions aimed at controlling the spread of diseases and minimizing their impact on society.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Effective response strategies often include measures such as vaccination campaigns, travel restrictions, quarantine, and public education about hygiene practices.</p>



<p>The research will be presented at the <a href="https://www.escmid.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases</a>' (ESCMID) Global Congress in Barcelona later this month.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Influenza is considered the biggest pandemic threat

Influenza is viewed by infectious disease specialists as the pathogen...

<p>Understanding how students learn is becoming crucial, particularly as school attendance decreases and the need for additional student support grows amidst a slew of examinations. </p>



<p>In today's challenging educational environment, the process of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-learn-better-when-their-brain-waves-are-in-sync/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> has become increasingly complex. </p>



<p>Education expert Alex Quigley emphasizes the critical need to shift our focus from merely what students are learning to how they are learning, to effectively overcome these challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reevaluating-educational-techniques">Reevaluating educational techniques</h2>



<p>Quigley points out that while there has been considerable emphasis on refining curricula, perhaps not enough attention has been given to the actual <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">process of learning</a>. He believes that understanding and adapting to the learning needs of students can significantly enhance their educational success.</p>



<p>In his recent book "<a href="https://www.routledge.com/Why-Learning-Fails-And-What-To-Do-About-It/Quigley/p/book/9781032648767#:~:text=%22Why%20Learning%20Fails%20sets%20out,unreliability%20of%20learning%20necessitates%20failure." target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Why Learning Fails</a>," the expert draws from the latest research to provide practical advice for maximizing student engagement and retention. </p>



<p>“In focusing so hard on curriculum – and considering what teachers teach – have we given sufficient attention to how pupils learn? Have we considered pupils’ motivations and emotions as much as their prior knowledge and memory capacity?”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-complexity-of-learning">The complexity of learning</h2>



<p>Quigley explains that a high-quality curriculum is essential, but it needs to be paired with a deep understanding of the diverse learning profiles students bring into the classroom. </p>



<p>“When we focus on creating the conditions for how pupils learn best, we recognize that pupils attend school with different levels of prior knowledge (and misconceptions), different motivations and interests,” he says. “Different beliefs about themselves and what they can learn also play a crucial role."</p>



<p>Moreover, Quigley delves into the myriad ways learning can falter, suggesting that by understanding these pitfalls, teachers can better support their students. </p>



<p>Among the challenges are the constraints of working memory, gaps in foundational knowledge, and the distractions that lead to wandering focus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-working-memory-limitations">Addressing working memory limitations</h2>



<p>Alex Quigley also discusses the critical role of working memory in learning, noting its limitations and the impact on student performance. </p>



<p>“A problem for many teachers is that they don’t have a strong understanding of working memory – its limits, factors that inhibit its functioning, along with practical supports.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategies-for-effective-learning">Strategies for effective learning</h2>



<p>To combat these challenges, Quigley recommends strategies that cater to the inherent limits of working memory. </p>



<p>Engaging students through emotive storytelling, chunking information into manageable segments, and employing worked examples are just a few techniques that can enhance learning. </p>



<p>Reiterating information multiple times also helps in reinforcing and correcting misconceptions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enhancing-focus-and-planning">Enhancing focus and planning</h2>



<p>The expert further suggests methods to improve student concentration and planning skills, which are vital in a world full of digital distractions.</p>



<p>“Pupils can struggle for focus and concentration in a world of mass distraction. Successful teaching becomes a complex matter of making the curriculum ‘clever and vivid’ for pupils,” explains Quigley.</p>



<p>Additionally, he emphasizes the importance of explicit modeling in teaching students how to manage their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/social-robots-can-help-students-stay-focused/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attention</a> effectively.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-teachers-through-adaptive-expertise">Empowering teachers through adaptive expertise</h2>



<p>Ultimately, the effectiveness of these strategies depends on the support systems available to teachers.</p>



<p>Quigley argues that to convert educational challenges into successes, teachers need extensive support, including time, training, and appropriate tools.</p>



<p>“Crucially, teachers need ample support – time, training, and tools – to move from experienced teachers to adaptive experts,” he states.</p>



<p>Furthermore, adapting teaching methods to accommodate the varied and complex needs of students is essential for overcoming the current challenges in education. </p>



<p>By focusing on how students learn and providing teachers with the necessary tools and knowledge, we can foster a more effective and engaging learning environment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methods-used-to-help-students-learn">Methods used to help students learn</h2>



<p>Education systems often use a variety of methods to help students learn. These methods cater to the diverse needs of students, ensuring a more effective and comprehensive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/school-field-trips-linked-to-better-student-performance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning experience</a>.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Visual learning</h3>



<p>Visual learning involves observing pictures, diagrams, videos, and demonstrations. Visual aids can help clarify concepts and provide memorable references.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Auditory learning</h3>



<p>Students learn by listening to explanations, discussions, lectures, and audio recordings. This method is effective for those who process information better when they hear it.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reading/writing</h3>



<p>Students also learn by reading textbooks, articles, and writing notes or essays. This approach benefits those who learn best through written words and structured information.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Kinesthetic learning</h3>



<p>Many children benefit from engaging in physical activities rather than watching or listening. This could include hands-on experiments, building models, or using manipulatives. It's particularly effective for those who need to "do" to understand.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Interactive learning</h3>



<p>Interactive learning includes group activities, class discussions, and collaborative projects, which enhance understanding through social interaction.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Reflective learning</h3>



<p>Reflective <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/students-brains-sync-learning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> involves thinking about and analyzing what has been learned. Reflective practices can deepen understanding and help integrate knowledge with personal experiences.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Technology-enhanced learning</h3>



<p>Digital tools and platforms like educational software, online courses, and virtual simulations help to reinforce and facilitate learning experiences.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Problem-based learning</h3>



<p>This learning method is focused on tackling real-world problems or scenarios, encouraging critical thinking and application of knowledge in practical contexts.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Understanding how students learn is key to helping them succeed

Understanding how students learn is becoming crucial, particularly as school...

<p>Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, complex and toxic compounds produced by various plant species, have historically posed significant risks to cattle due to their lethal nature. Despite their toxicity and the clear signals from plants that contain these alkaloids discouraging consumption, bella <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moths-may-struggle-to-move-in-response-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moths</a> (<em>Utetheisa ornatrix</em>) have uniquely adapted to not only consume these substances but also utilize them as a defense mechanism and a means to attract mates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-adaptations-of-bella-moths-nbsp">Genetic adaptations of bella moths&nbsp;</h2>



<p>In a new study led by the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, scientists have explored the genetic adaptations that allow bella moths to thrive on a diet rich in these dangerous compounds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research, which involved sequencing the bella moth genome and analyzing genetic data from over 150 museum specimens, some over a century old, aimed to discover the evolutionary origins of bella moths and their close relatives, as well as the development of their distinctive <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/butterflies-wing-patterns-colors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wing patterns</a>.</p>



<p>“We’ve managed to show that you can use museum specimens to answer genetic questions that normally require complicated laboratory techniques,” explained study co-author Andrei Sourakov, collections coordinator at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/mcguire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity</a>. Sourakov, who has dedicated 15 years to studying bella moths, emphasized the significance of genome sequencing in advancing our understanding of these resilient insects.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-survival-strategy-of-bella-moths">Unique survival strategy of bella moths</h2>



<p>The findings reveal that bella moths, which inhabit regions across eastern North America, Central America, and the Caribbean, exhibit a unique survival strategy by being conspicuously visible during the day instead of hiding from predators.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deterring-predators-nbsp">Deterring predators&nbsp;</h3>



<p>Their vibrant wing colors serve as a warning about their toxicity, effectively deterring potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predators-help-prevent-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">predators</a> such as spiders and birds.</p>



<p>“Banana spiders will cut them out of their webs,” Sourakov said, adding that wolf spiders and birds will avoid them. “When caught, they produce foaming liquid that tastes bad made almost entirely out of alkaloids.”</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-attracting-mates">Attracting mates</h3>



<p>This defense mechanism is further found during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/male-moths-use-an-aphrodisiac-during-mating-to-feel-macho/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mating</a>, where females emit a plume of alkaloid-rich aerosols to attract males.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The mating process involves the male moth transferring not only sperm but additional alkaloids to the female, which she uses to protect her eggs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-evolutionary-process-nbsp">Complex evolutionary process&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The study not only sheds light on the unique dietary adaptations of bella moths but also underscores the broader implications of their survival tactics. The discovery that bella moths possess multiple copies of the gene responsible for their alkaloid detoxification enzyme suggests a complex evolutionary process that may have involved gene duplication, a phenomenon observed in various other species as well.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, the interaction with pyrrolizidine alkaloids could be a key factor behind the bella moth’s unusually long lifespan, as the stress imposed by these toxins may activate biological mechanisms that contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/certain-stress-boost-longevity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">longevity</a>.</p>



<p>“Certain types of stress on biological systems result in a longer lifespan. It could be that the interaction bella moths have with alkaloids is not only the reason why it makes sense for them to live long lives, but also one of the mechanisms behind it,” Sourakov speculated.</p>



<p>This study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2319726121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a><em>,</em> both deepens our understanding of the complex interplay between bella moths and their toxic environment and opens new avenues for research into how other species adapt to and exploit toxic substances within their ecosystems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-bella-moths">More about bella moths </h2>



<p>Bella moths are strikingly colored moths found primarily in the Americas. Their vibrant wings are a mix of pink, white, and yellow hues with black spots, serving as a warning to predators about their toxicity. This toxicity is derived from their larval diet of plants in the Crotalaria genus, which contain poisonous alkaloids that the larvae retain into adulthood.</p>



<p>The bella moth's life cycle is closely intertwined with its host plants. The female moth lays eggs on the underside of leaves, which hatch into larvae that feed on the toxic leaves, gaining their own chemical defenses against predators. This adaptation showcases a fascinating example of coevolution between the bella moth and the plants it depends on.</p>



<p>In addition to their ecological role, bella moths contribute to their ecosystem by participating in pollination. Their bright coloring not only warns predators but also attracts the attention of researchers and nature enthusiasts, making them a subject of interest in studies of evolutionary biology and ecology.</p>



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Bella moths use toxins to deter predators and attract mates

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, complex and toxic compounds produced by various plant...

<p>While causing significant disruptions across various aspects of life, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasal-cells-protect-children-against-severe-covid-19/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID-19 </a>pandemic led to only "modest" developmental delays among infants and children up to five years old. This is the conclusion of a new study led by the <a href="https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/johns-hopkins-childrens-center" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins Children’s Center</a>.</p>



<p>The experts closely examined the potential correlation between pandemic-induced changes in daily life and children’s developmental outcomes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evaluating-child-development">Evaluating child development </h2>



<p>The researchers utilized data from the <a href="https://www.site.chadis.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Comprehensive Health and Decision Information System</a> (CHADIS) - a web-based platform where caregivers report on child development across over 5,000 pediatric practices in 48 U.S. states.</p>



<p>The study was based on the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3). This caregiver-completed assessment forms a routine part of pediatric care, evaluating child development in areas such as communication, problem-solving, and personal-social skills, along with fine and gross motor skills.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-developmental-delays-in-children-nbsp">Developmental delays in children&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The findings suggested slight decreases in communication, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/encouragement-helps-dogs-improve-at-problem-solving-tasks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">problem-solving</a>, and personal-social skills, yet no notable changes were observed in the motor skills domains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We found, overall, that while there are some changes, the sky is not falling, and that is a really important and reassuring finding,” said corresponding author Sara Johnson, the&nbsp; director of the <a href="https://ralescenter.hopkinschildrens.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rales Center for the Integration of Health and Education</a> at Johns Hopkins Children’s Center.</p>



<p>The backdrop of the research is the extensive disruption wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic and related <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-improved-mental-health-of-children-during-lockdown/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lockdowns</a>, which upended routines for families globally - shuttering schools, moving work to homes, and reducing social and physical activities. This led to increased levels of stress, anxiety, and social isolation, impacting both physical and mental health across all age groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-linked-to-modest-developmental-delays">Pandemic linked to modest developmental delays</h2>



<p>Despite broader concerns, the research team, upon analyzing developmental data from 50,205 children aged between 0 and 5 years, noted only modest developmental delays, primarily in communication and problem-solving skills.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These effects were consistent across age groups, from infants to older children, suggesting that increased caregiver time at home may have mitigated more significant impacts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pandemic-related-stress-over-developmental-delays">Pandemic-related stress over developmental delays </h2>



<p>Additionally, the study explored whether pandemic-related stresses led caregivers to worry more about their children’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/poverty-impacts-brain-development-in-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">development</a>, finding only a slight increase in concerns during the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic times.</p>



<p>While the findings provide some reassurance about children's resilience to profound disruptions, the long-term implications of these modest developmental delays remain uncertain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It is important for us to continue to keep an eye on kids of all ages in terms of development, so we can understand whether these changes have longer-term implications for children or if new challenges emerge as children age,” explained Johnson.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



<p>Looking forward, the insights from this study are pivotal for preparing for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health crises</a>. They underscore the necessity of enhancing the clinical infrastructure to support developmental and behavioral pediatric services, ensuring that children's developmental needs are adequately met both now and in the future.</p>



<p>The study acknowledges certain limitations, such as excluding variables like prenatal substance abuse and the exclusion of preterm infants, which might skew the understanding of the pandemic’s full impact on developmental outcomes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Moreover, the potential for selection bias among participating healthcare providers in the CHADIS database could affect the generalizability of the findings. These factors underscore the need for continued research to fully ascertain the developmental consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on young children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-did-the-pandemic-impact-children-s-lives">How did the pandemic impact children's lives?</h2>



<p>The pandemic highlighted and often exacerbated existing disparities in access to resources, support, and opportunities for children, influencing their developmental trajectories in profound ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-education">Education</h3>



<p>School closures and the shift to remote learning disrupted traditional educational experiences, leading to learning losses for many children. This was especially pronounced in communities with limited access to technology or where students received less support at home.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-development">Social development</h3>



<p>With social distancing measures and lockdowns, many children missed out on crucial aspects of social development. The lack of in-person interactions with peers during critical developmental periods affected their social skills and emotional intelligence.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>The pandemic has been linked to increased rates of anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues in children. The isolation, uncertainty, and changes in routine contributed to stress and emotional distress.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-physical-health">Physical health</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-inactivity-remains-a-problem-after-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical activity</a> levels dropped for many children due to restrictions on outdoor play and sports. This change has implications for physical health, including increased rates of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childhood-obesity-rates-spiked-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">obesity</a> and related health conditions.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-safety-and-abuse">Safety and abuse</h3>



<p>For some children, staying at home meant an increased risk of exposure to domestic violence and abuse. The protective environments provided by schools and community programs were less accessible.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutritional-access">Nutritional access</h3>



<p>Many children rely on schools for nutritious meals. School closures impacted their access to these critical resources, increasing food insecurity among vulnerable populations.</p>



<p>The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jpeds.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Journal of Pediatrics</em></a><em>.</em></p>



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COVID-19 pandemic led to ‘modest’ developmental delays in children

While causing significant disruptions across various aspects of life, the...

<p>The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with conditions ripe for new records in temperature and humidity. This forecast, based on new research from the <a href="https://www.berkeley.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Berkeley</a>, underscores the escalating impact of climate change coupled with an intense <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-humidity-makes-heat-dangerous">Why humidity makes heat dangerous</h2>



<p>Our bodies rely heavily on sweating to stay cool. When sweat evaporates from our skin, it carries heat away with it, lowering our internal temperature. However, in high humidity, the air is already heavily laden with water vapor. </p>



<p>This makes it much harder for our sweat to evaporate, reducing its cooling effect. Essentially, high humidity prevents our natural temperature regulation process from working efficiently, making it much more difficult for our bodies to stay cool in hot conditions. </p>



<p>"If you can't cool your body to below 98.6°F, or 37°C, then you'll die," said study co-author Professor William Boos. "Sweat is the main way we have to cool ourselves when it gets hot. So if sweating will not allow you to cool below your core body temperature, that's the survivability limit," explained William Boos, a UC Berkeley professor of earth and planetary science.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-el-nino-and-global-warming-lead-to-tropical-humidity">El Niño and global warming lead to tropical humidity</h2>



<p>The ongoing rise in Earth's average temperature, known as global warming, is increasing the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This is because warmer air can hold more moisture.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a>, a natural weather pattern that causes warming in the tropical Pacific Ocean, adds even more heat to the system. This further boosts evaporation, sending large amounts of warm, moist air into the upper atmosphere. </p>



<p>Eventually, some of this moisture descends back to the surface, creating those hot, muggy conditions along with intense thunderstorms that don't always bring lasting relief from the heat.</p>



<p>"When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-detects-early-warning-signs-of-an-el-nino-event/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> happens," Boos explains, "the upper atmosphere gets warmer, which means that these downdrafts won't be as cold. So your surface overall will move to a higher heat and humidity content."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Predicting tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Scientists at UC Berkeley developed a powerful tool to predict this summer's heat and humidity patterns. They combined statistical analysis with extensive historical climate data, spanning 45 years, and factored in the effects of both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-events-cost-the-global-economy-trillions-of-dollars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> and ongoing global warming.</p>



<p>The analysis allowed the experts to isolate specific patterns where El Niño's temporary warming amplifies the longer-term warming trend caused by climate change. The result is a chilling prediction related to tropical heat and humidity: the tropics have a 7 in 10 chance of experiencing record-breaking heat and humidity levels.</p>



<p>It's important to note that this method doesn't pinpoint the exact weather on any given day. Instead, it reveals a large-scale trend for the tropical heat and humidity. This type of prediction is incredibly valuable because it gives governments, health organizations, and communities in these regions precious time to prepare and implement strategies to protect people, livestock, and crops from the dangerous effects of extreme heat and humidity.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-location-of-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Location of tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Unfortunately, the tropical heat and humidity won't be evenly distributed. India, large swaths of Africa, Central and South America, Australia, and even Florida and Texas are most at risk. </p>



<p>"I think it provides a pretty good bar for the supercomputer models that are predicting climate on a seasonal time scale," said Boos. Some areas, like northern India, face a 50 percent chance of suffering record levels of extreme heat this summer.</p>



<p>This isn't a forecast to ignore. Organizations, from governments to humanitarian aid groups, can use this prediction to plan for increased medical needs and resources.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparation-for-tropical-heat-and-humidity">Preparation for tropical heat and humidity</h2>



<p>Preparing for tropical heat and humidity can significantly reduce the risk of heat-related illnesses and improve comfort. Here are some tips:</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Stay informed</strong></h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Weather apps and alerts:</strong> Regularly check local weather forecasts and set up alerts for heat advisories on your smartphone or other devices.</li>



<li><strong>Local news:</strong> Follow local news for updates on weather conditions and safety advisories.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Adjust daily routines</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Avoid peak heat:</strong> Limit outdoor activities to early morning or late evening when temperatures are cooler.</li>



<li><strong>Dress appropriately:</strong> Wear lightweight, loose-fitting, and light-colored clothing to reflect sunlight and help maintain body temperature.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Optimize living spaces</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Cooling systems:</strong> Ensure air conditioning systems are well-maintained before the onset od predicted tropical heat and humidity. Consider installing energy-efficient window films or blackout curtains to reduce heat absorption.</li>



<li><strong>Fans and ventilation:</strong> Use fans to circulate air. Open windows during cooler periods if it is safe to do so and secure against insects.</li>



<li><strong>Insulation:</strong> Improve home insulation to keep the heat out and the cool in.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Hydration and diet</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Water intake:</strong> Increase your water intake to stay hydrated. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can lead to dehydration.</li>



<li><strong>Cool foods:</strong> Eat smaller meals more frequently. Include fruits and vegetables that are high in water content, such as cucumbers, oranges, and watermelons.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Health management</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Recognize heat exhaustion signs:</strong> Know the signs of heat exhaustion, which include heavy sweating, weakness, cold, pale, and clammy skin, nausea or vomiting, and fainting.</li>



<li><strong>Emergency kit:</strong> Keep a well-stocked first aid kit that includes items like water, electrolytes, and basic medical supplies.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Community and vulnerable groups</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Check on others:</strong> Regularly check on elderly family members, neighbors, and others who may not have air conditioning or who spend much of their time alone.</li>



<li><strong>Community cooling centers:</strong> Utilize public spaces that are air-conditioned, like libraries or community centers, which may serve as cooling centers during heat waves.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Preparation for power outages</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Emergency plans:</strong> Have a plan in place for potential power outages. This includes having battery-powered fans, extra batteries, and portable chargers for devices.</li>



<li><strong>Backup power:</strong> Consider investing in a generator or solar-powered chargers for essential devices.</li>
</ul>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Pet safety</h3>



<ul>
<li><strong>Pet care:</strong> Ensure pets have adequate shade and water. Never leave pets in a closed vehicle, as tropical heat and humidity can rise to dangerous levels rapidly.</li>



<li><strong>Walking hours:</strong> Walk pets during cooler parts of the day to prevent overheating and burns from hot pavements.</li>
</ul>



<p>Preparation is key, especially in regions where extreme heat is not just uncomfortable but potentially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-drives-millions-of-children-into-hunger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dangerous</a>.</p>



<p>The study is published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2023GL106990" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Record-breaking tropical heat and humidity predicted this summer

The tropical belt braces for unprecedented heat this summer, with...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Arcachon Bay in southwestern France. Today&#8217;s </span><b>Image of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from the </span><a href="https://www.esa.int/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">European Space Agency</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> features Arcachon Bay on the southwest coast of France.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Visible in the center of the photograph, the Dune of Pyla is the tallest sand dune in Europe with a height of about 110 meters.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This enormous dune is constantly being pushed further inland by wind and tides. Arcachon Bay in southwestern France</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">According to the ESA, an estimated 60,000,000 cubic meters of sand spills from the Dune of Pyla into the nearby pine forest each year.</span></p>
<p><b>France</b> , is a country consisting of <a title="Metropolitan France" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_France">metropolitan France</a> in <a title="Western Europe" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe">Western Europe</a> and <a title="Overseas France" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_France">several overseas regions and territories</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-twelve_22-0" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France#cite_note-twelve-22">[XIII]</a></sup> The metropolitan area of France extends from the <a title="Mediterranean Sea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the <a title="English Channel" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Channel">English Channel</a> and the <a title="North Sea" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea">North Sea</a>, and from the <a title="Rhine" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine">Rhine</a> to the Atlantic Ocean. It borders <a title="Belgium" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a title="Luxembourg" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and <a title="Germany" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany">Germany</a> to the northeast, <a title="Switzerland" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a title="Monaco" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco">Monaco</a>, and <a title="Italy" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy">Italy</a> to the east, and <a title="Andorra" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a title="Spain" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain">Spain</a> to the south. The overseas territories include <a title="French Guiana" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Guiana">French Guiana</a> in South America and several islands in the Atlantic, <a title="Pacific Ocean" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean">Pacific</a> and <a title="Indian Ocean" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean">Indian</a> oceans. The country&#8217;s <a title="Regions of France" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France">18 integral regions</a> (five of which are situated overseas) span a combined area of 643,801 square kilometres (248,573 sq mi) and a total population of 67.07 million (as of May 2020).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France#cite_note-23">[10]</a></sup> France is a <a title="Unitary state" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_state">unitary</a> <a title="Semi-presidential system" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-presidential_system">semi-presidential</a> <a title="Republic" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic">republic</a> with its capital in <a title="Paris" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris">Paris</a>, the country&#8217;s largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Other major <a title="Urban area (France)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_area_(France)">urban areas</a> include <a title="Lyon" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a title="Marseille" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a title="Toulouse" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, <a title="Bordeaux" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a title="Lille" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille">Lille</a> and <a title="Nice" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice">Nice</a>. France, including its overseas territories, has the most <a title="Time zone" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone">time zones</a> of any country, with a total of 12.</p>
<p>During the <a title="Iron Age" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age">Iron Age</a>, what is now metropolitan France was inha</p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">&#8212;</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i></p>
<p><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Video Credit: ESA</span></i></p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>


Arcachon Bay in southwestern France

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The foothills of the Andes mountains. Today's </span><b>Image of the Day</b><span style="font-weight: 400;"> from </span><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/"><span style="font-weight: 400;">NASA</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> features the foothills of the Andes mountains near the southern coast of Peru.</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The Andes are spread out over about 7,000 kilometers from Venezuela down South America’s west coast to the top of Argentina. The foothills of the Andes mountains</span>

<span style="font-weight: 400;">The mountain range was formed by a process called subduction when the Nazca and Antarctic tectonic plates shifted underneath the South American plate.</span>

The <b>Andes</b>, <b>Andes Mountains</b> or <b>Andean Mountains</b> (<a title="Spanish language" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Cordillera de los Andes</i>) are the <a title="List of mountain ranges" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#By_length">longest</a> <a title="Continental crust" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_crust">continental</a> <a title="Mountain range" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_range">mountain range</a> in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is 7,000 km (4,300 mi) long, 200 to 700 km (120 to 430 mi) wide (widest between <a title="18th parallel south" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_parallel_south">18° south</a> and <a title="20th parallel south" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_parallel_south">20° south</a> <a title="Latitude" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude">latitude</a>), and has an average height of about 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: <a title="Venezuela" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a title="Colombia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia">Colombia</a>, <a title="Ecuador" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a title="Peru" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru">Peru</a>, <a title="Bolivia" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a title="Chile" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile">Chile</a>, and <a title="Argentina" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina">Argentina</a>.

Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate <a title="Depression (geology)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(geology)">depressions</a>. The Andes are the location of several high <a title="Plateau" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau">plateaus</a> – some of which host major cities such as <a title="Quito" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito">Quito</a>, <a title="Bogotá" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1">Bogotá</a>, <a title="Cali" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cali">Cali</a>, <a title="Arequipa" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arequipa">Arequipa</a>, <a title="Medellín" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn">Medellín</a>, <a title="Bucaramanga" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucaramanga">Bucaramanga</a>, <a title="Sucre" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucre">Sucre</a>, <a title="Mérida, Mérida" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_M%C3%A9rida">Mérida</a> and <a title="La Paz" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Paz">La Paz</a>. The <a title="Altiplano" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano">Altiplano plateau</a> is the world's second-highest after the <a class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan plateau" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_plateau">Tibetan plateau</a>. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the <a title="Tropical Andes" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_Andes">Tropical Andes</a>, the <a title="Dry Andes" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_Andes">Dry Andes</a>, and the <a title="Wet Andes" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Andes">Wet Andes</a>.

&nbsp;

<i><span style="font-weight: 400;">---The Andes Mountains are the highest mountain range outside Asia. The highest mountain outside Asia, Argentina's Mount <a title="Aconcagua" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua">Aconcagua</a>, rises to an elevation of about 6,961 m (22,838 ft) above sea level. The <a class="mw-redirect" title="Summit (topography)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summit_(topography)">peak</a> of <a class="mw-redirect" title="Chimborazo (volcano)" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo_(volcano)">Chimborazo</a> in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the <a title="Equatorial bulge" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_bulge">equatorial bulge</a> resulting from the <a title="Earth's rotation" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation">Earth's rotation</a>. The world's highest <a title="Volcano" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano">volcanoes</a> are in the Andes, including <a title="Ojos del Salado" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojos_del_Salado">Ojos del Salado</a> on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft).</span></i>

<i><span style="font-weight: 400;">By </span></i><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Chrissy Sexton</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">, </span></i><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Earth.com</span></i></a><i><span style="font-weight: 400;"> Staff Writer</span></i>

<i><span style="font-weight: 400;">Image Credit: NASA</span></i>

&nbsp;