Clocking more than 52 hours a week may do more than sap energy - it appears to alter the architecture of the brain itself.



A new imaging study of healthcare staff shows enlarged volumes in regions tied to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brain-cells-communicate-to-support-decision-making/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">decision-making</a> and emotional control among people who consistently work long hours, hinting at structural shifts that could influence mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-brains-work-overtime">When brains work overtime</h2>



Long schedules have long been blamed for higher rates of heart trouble, metabolic disease, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-depression-often-hold-tightly-to-self-doubt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depression</a>. Yet scientists have struggled to identify what relentless work does to the brain's neural tissue.



To probe that question, a team of Korean researchers led by <a href="https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/en_sc/index.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Yonsei University</a> invited volunteers from the <a href="https://www.kci.go.kr/kciportal/ci/sereArticleSearch/ciSereArtiView.kci?sereArticleSearchBean.artiId=ART002827338" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gachon Regional Occupational Cohort Study</a> to undergo high-resolution MRI scans. 



The final sample included 110 hospital workers, of whom 32 routinely surpassed the 52-hour threshold set by South Korea’s labor law, while 78 logged standard weeks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chronic-overtime-and-brain-volume">Chronic overtime and brain volume</h2>



Those in the overwork group were generally younger, held their jobs for fewer years and possessed more advanced degrees - reflecting the junior resident physicians and research fellows who often shoulder extended shifts.



After excluding scans of poor quality, the team used voxel-based morphometry, which compares minute differences in grey-matter density, and atlas-based analysis, which maps brain areas against a reference template. 



The goal was to see whether chronic overtime corresponded to measurable differences in brain volume.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-excessive-work-alters-brain-regions">Excessive work alters brain regions</h2>



Analyses converged on several hotspots in the frontal lobe and deeper cortical folds. The atlas comparison revealed a striking 19 percent increase in the middle frontal gyrus among overworked participants.



This ridge, situated just above the temples, contributes to working memory, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neurons-coordinate-group-activities-for-language-processing/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">language processing</a>, and top-down attention - skills heavily taxed by time-pressured clinical duties.



Voxel mapping then highlighted sixteen additional sectors, among them the superior frontal gyrus, a planner’s hub for deliberation and goal setting, and the insula, the hidden lobe that integrates bodily signals with emotional awareness.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strain-shows-up-in-tissue">Strain shows up in tissue</h2>



Together, the pattern suggests that brains steeped in prolonged stress from work may add circuitry - or at least grow existing circuitry - in areas that juggle competing priorities and regulate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-timing-has-a-powerful-effect-on-our-mood/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mood</a>.



While these changes might sound beneficial, the authors caution against rosy interpretations. “Notably, the increased brain volumes observed in overworked individuals may reflect neuroadaptive responses to chronic occupational stress, although the exact mechanisms remain speculative,” the authors wrote.



In other words, tissue growth could hint at swelling or rewiring driven by persistent strain rather than healthy development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-the-brain-changes">Unraveling the brain changes</h2>



Because the project offers only a snapshot, it cannot show whether large frontal lobes pre-existed and perhaps helped certain workers tolerate marathon schedules, or whether the extra hours sculpted the tissue over time.



“While the results should be interpreted cautiously due to the exploratory nature of this pilot study, they represent a meaningful first step in understanding the relationship between overwork and brain health,” the researchers wrote.



Either way, enlarged control centers do not guarantee sharper performance. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enlarged-brains-impaired-function">Enlarged brains, impaired function</h2>



Earlier behavioral research links excessive duty hours with memory lapses, poor emotional regulation, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mindfulness-protects-against-work-stress-burnout/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">burnout</a>, echoing the executive and limbic roles of the structures that expanded here.



“The observed changes in brain volume may provide a biological basis for the cognitive and emotional challenges often reported in overworked individuals," noted the study authors. 



"Future longitudinal and multi-modal neuroimaging studies are warranted to confirm these findings and elucidate the underlying mechanisms."



Only repeated scans over months or years can reveal whether brain size shrinks back once work hours normalize or whether the alterations become permanent scars.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-global-toll-of-extra-shifts">The global toll of extra shifts</h2>



The <a href="https://www.ilo.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Labor Organization</a> estimates that overwork kills more than 800,000 people every year, often via stroke or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>. 



Yet policymakers rarely consider neurological fallout when drafting hours-of-service rules. The present evidence, although preliminary, hints that overtime may leave an imprint visible on MRI long before bodily organs fail.



To reduce that risk, experts urge both individual pacing and systemic reform. Employers can rotate demanding tasks, enforce true off-duty periods and foster cultures that prize mental restoration as much as productivity. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-overwork-and-brain-health">Overwork and brain health</h2>



Governments, for their part, might revisit thresholds that define a legal workweek, ensuring that statutory limits align with current science.



“The results underscore the importance of addressing overwork as an occupational health concern and highlight the need for workplace policies that mitigate excessive working hours.” the authors said.



In practice, that could mean capping consecutive night shifts, mandating recovery sleep for trainees, or offering mental-health check-ins for employees in unavoidable crunch cycles such as pandemic surges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-the-workweek">Rethinking the workweek</h2>



Confirming the new findings will require broader cohorts - ideally across industries, age ranges, and cultural settings - and techniques that assay brain chemistry as well as anatomy.



Wearable devices that track <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-is-essential-for-memory-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a>, stress hormones, and mood could enrich MRI snapshots with day-to-day context. Combining those streams may reveal thresholds at which adaptive growth tips into harmful swelling or connectivity loss.



For now, the message is plain. The brain is plastic, reshaping itself to meet the demands placed upon it. 



Prolonged weeks of intense problem solving and emotional labor appear to leave a signature in the very regions that power those abilities, raising the stakes for employers and legislators alike to keep workloads within healthy bounds.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://oem.bmj.com/content/early/2025/05/08/oemed-2025-110057" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Occupational and Environmental Medicine</a>.



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Working too many hours can alter your brain

Clocking more than 52 hours a week may do more than sap energy - it appears to alter the architecture of the brain itself. A new imaging study of healthcare staff shows enlarged volumes in regions tied to decision-making and emotional control among people who consistently work long hours, hinting at structural shifts that could influence mental well-being. When brains work overtime Long schedules have long been blamed for higher rates of heart trouble, metabolic disease, and depression. Yet scientists have struggled to identify what relentless work...

A recent study has shown that North Sea <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-near-oil-and-gas-sites-linked-to-hidden-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oil and gas</a> extraction can lead to a dramatic increase in pollution levels, with contaminants like hydrocarbons rising by more than 10,000% within half a kilometer of offshore platforms.&nbsp;



The collaborative research, conducted by the<a href="https://www.essex.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> University of Essex</a>, the <a href="https://www.nhm.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Natural History Museum</a>, and the Center for Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science (<a href="https://www.cefas.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CEFAS</a>), found a significant decline in the number of species around offshore platforms, with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a> dropping nearly 30 percent. 



This new data provides a clearer picture of the environmental impact of fossil fuel extraction, particularly on Britain's seabed life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollution-near-offshore-platforms-nbsp">Pollution near offshore platforms&nbsp;</h2>



The research, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172536" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a>, focused on pollutants such as hydrocarbons and heavy metals, including lead, copper, and nickel.&nbsp;



The findings revealed that hydrocarbon levels were up to 10,613% higher and heavy metal concentrations were 455% higher within 500 meters of the platforms compared to areas further away.&nbsp;



The study highlights how these pollutants accumulate around platforms, significantly affecting marine invertebrates, which are crucial for underwater ecosystems as they serve as prey for larger animals like fish.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biodiversity-loss-from-oil-and-gas-production-nbsp">Biodiversity loss from oil and gas production&nbsp;</h2>



Zelin Chen, a PhD student who led the research, explained the extensive impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-near-oil-and-gas-sites-linked-to-hidden-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hydrocarbon extraction</a> on biodiversity. 



“We’ve known for a while that hydrocarbon extraction can impact biodiversity, but this is the first-time consistent trends have been found across several platforms,” said Chen.&nbsp;



“There were clear changes in community diversity and composition, with a general decrease in the number and type of species near the platforms after oil and gas production began.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-webs-near-offshore-platforms">Food webs near offshore platforms </h2>



The study authors analyzed data for 4,216 species collected from 1981 to 2012 at nine oil and gas platforms off the coasts of Scotland and England.&nbsp;



The results showed a reduction in species richness and a simplification of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-restructures-marine-food-webs-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food webs</a> within 500 meters of the platforms.&nbsp;



These food webs, which describe the feeding interactions among species, became simpler and smaller in the impacted sediments.&nbsp;



Large predators like starfish were notably absent near the platforms, while smaller organisms like worms thrived in the contaminated environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significant-declines-in-species-richness-nbsp">Significant declines in species richness&nbsp;</h2>



The experts used chemical data to define an impact zone within 500m of a platform, a buffer zone within 500-1500m, as&nbsp; well as unimpacted areas beyond that. 



This approach allowed the team to compare biological samples from different zones taken before and after oil and gas production commenced.&nbsp;



The findings showed a significant 28% decline in species richness in the impacted sites and fewer connections within the food webs closer to the platforms.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study-nbsp">Significance of the study&nbsp;</h2>



The implications of these findings are concerning, especially as many of these platforms are approaching the end of their operational life.&nbsp;



“This is important because simpler food webs with shorter food chains are highly indicative of less productive areas under environmental stress,” said Eoin O’Gorman from the University of Essex, emphasizing the environmental significance of the study's findings.



Dr. Natalie Hicks, also from Essex, stressed the need for careful decommissioning of these platforms. She said they are leaving a potentially concerning legacy, particularly as many are reaching the end of life.&nbsp;



“Many of these sites will be decommissioned in the coming decade and we need to collaborate closely with industry and the Government to ensure decommissioning practice is led by science and done safely,” said Dr. Hicks.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-impacts-of-offshore-platforms-nbsp">Long-term impacts of offshore platforms&nbsp;</h2>



The study underscores the critical need for informed decommissioning practices to mitigate the potential long-term environmental impacts of these offshore platforms.&nbsp;



“Our collaborative study between the NHM, University of Essex, and CEFAS, which spans 30 years of field data, demonstrates that oil and gas operations simplify complex ocean ecosystems, favoring small, hardy species and causing the disappearance of more delicate marine life,” said Gareth Thomas, a scientist at the Natural History Museum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



As the world continues to explore and extract <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuels</a>, this study provides essential insights into the environmental costs of such activities.&nbsp;



The researchers call for further investigation and more sustainable practices to protect marine ecosystems, especially as the decommissioning of many North Sea platforms looms on the horizon.&nbsp;



The study's findings serve as a reminder of the urgent need for a comprehensive approach to ocean conservation, balancing resource extraction with the preservation of marine biodiversity.



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10,000% pollution increase from offshore oil and gas platforms decimates ocean life

A recent study has shown that North Sea oil and...

The digital age is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the internet and corresponding technological advancements are a blessing, creating a world more interconnected than ever. But on the other, they've paved the way for a pervasive issue - the misinformation and rumors that spreads like nuclear reactions.



In our modern climate of misinformation, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/more-than-48-million-americans-deny-that-climate-change-is-real/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">falsehoods, and rumors</a>, distinguishing truth from fiction as data zips around the planet often seems like an uphill battle.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-spread-of-misinformation-and-rumors">Spread of misinformation and rumors</h2>



The research was carried out by Wenrong Zheng, a researcher from <a href="https://english.sdnu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Shandong Normal University</a>, and his dedicated team. 



They've been working tirelessly to understand this digital-age phenomenon. And the critical findings of their study were recently published by the American Institute of Physics.



Can we look at rumor propagation in a new light? Yes, indeed! 



Ditching the conventional epidemic models, Zheng's team found inspiration in a somewhat unexpected place: nuclear reactions. 



According to their modified model, rumors act like neutrons, the particles that initiate nuclear fission. When individuals encounter these 'rumor neutrons,' they send them spiraling into other people, sparking a chain reaction. 



“When individuals encounter rumors, they are influenced by their personal interests and decide whether to spread or whether repeated exposure is needed before spreading,” said Zheng. 



“Based on different considerations of uranium fission thresholds, individuals are divided into groups based on the influence of their own interest thresholds, fully considering individual behavior and differences, which is more in line with the reality.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-the-real-world">Implications for the real world</h2>



Did you guess that education plays a crucial role in rumor propagation? 



“The extent of rumor propagation is closely related to the proportion of rational internet users. This reflects the importance of education: the higher the level of education, the easier it is to question rumors when receiving information that is difficult to distinguish between right and wrong,” Zheng corroborates. 



If you're educated, chances are you'll scrutinize the information before accepting it blindly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-avoid-spreading-misinformation">How to avoid spreading misinformation</h2>



So, what can we do about the spread of misinformation? The team's research provides some vital pointers. 



The researchers found that rumors propagate on a smaller scale initially, so monitoring by official platforms is key.



When governmental and official media detect potential rumors, they should verify the content and offer corrections. This would enable rational citizens to prevent further <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gossiping-may-actually-be-beneficial-to-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rumor propagation</a> effectively.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-countering-disinformation">Countering disinformation</h2>



The research done by Zheng and his team is a major step in understanding and mitigating rumor propagation. 



Their nuanced, nuclear fission-inspired model offers fresh insights that could guide future strategies to combat disinformation. 



However, the battle against misinformation online is ongoing, and we, as responsible netizens, have a pivotal role to play.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-social-media-algorithms">Role of social media algorithms</h2>



In an era dominated by social media, the algorithms that dictate what content users see play a pivotal role in the dissemination of information. 



These complex systems curate feeds based on user preferences, often prioritizing engaging, sensational content over factual accuracy.



Algorithms are not inherently good or bad; it depends on how we choose to use them. This presents a unique opportunity -- by refining algorithms to promote accountability and accuracy, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomscrolling-threatens-our-mental-well-being/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social media platforms</a> could significantly reduce the reach of false information.



If users are consistently provided with a diverse range of reliable sources, they may be empowered to challenge misleading narratives and engage in healthy discourse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-empowering-citizens-to-avoid-misinformation">Empowering citizens to avoid misinformation</h2>



As research indicates, empowering individuals with media literacy skills is crucial in the fight against misinformation. 



Educational initiatives aimed at enhancing critical thinking and analytical skills can equip citizens to evaluate information critically.



Workshops, online courses, or community programs can introduce individuals to techniques for fact-checking, recognizing bias, and analyzing sources. 



By fostering these competencies, society cultivates a more informed populace that can navigate the complex landscape of information.



An educated public is less susceptible to the allure of rumors, ultimately cultivating a culture of inquiry and discernment that significantly dampens the spread of disinformation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nuclear-reaction-and-spreading-misinformation">Nuclear reaction and spreading misinformation</h2>



In sum, misinformation, like a neutron starting a nuclear reaction, spreads rapidly in today's digital age. But all's not lost. 



Scientific research like Zheng's is helping us understand the spread dynamics better and providing cues for possible mitigation. 



Remember, staying educated, questioning the information we receive, and relying on only <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/political-views-change-our-perception-of-the-past-and-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">credible sources</a> can go a long way in combating this online avalanche of disinformation. After all, don't we all want a truthful, reliable digital world for ourselves?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/aip/adv/article/14/7/075326/3304858/A-rumor-propagation-model-based-on-nuclear-fission" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AIP Advances</a>.



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Digital misinformation and rumors spread like nuclear reactions

The digital age is a double-edged sword. On the one...

It can be hard to wrap your head around quantum science and the 'out-there' concepts it embodies, like "trapped atoms" mentioned in this article title. But, in essence, it's all about exploring the untapped potentials of our universe... and turning them into reality.



With the power to enhance computer processing to levels currently unimaginable, scientists trapped cesium atoms on an integrated photonic circuit, creating a sophisticated system akin to a transistor but for light.



This breakthrough could potentially birth a quantum network based on cold-atom integrated nanophotonic circuits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-quantum-transistors-and-trapped-atoms">Quantum transistors and trapped atoms</h2>



The brains behind this work is none other than Associate Professor Chen-Lung Hung of <a href="https://www.purdue.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Purdue University</a> College of Science, who also serves at the Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute. With an exceptional team by his side, they've shared their fascinating findings in Physical Review X.



“We developed a technique to use lasers to cool and tightly trap atoms on an integrated nanophotonic circuit,” explains Hung.



Think about light traveling through an incredibly thin photonic 'wire' or waveguide - so thin, it's about 200 times thinner than a strand of human hair.



The atoms are cooled down to temperatures just above absolute zero, making them almost stationary.



These chilled atoms can then be locked onto the waveguide using a 'tractor beam,' positioned merely 300 nanometers away (roughly the size of a virus).



"Using state-of-the-art nanofabrication instruments in the Birck Nanotechnology Center, we pattern the photonic waveguide in a circular shape at a diameter of around 30 microns (three times smaller than a human hair) to form a so-called microring resonator. Light would circulate within the microring resonator and interact with the trapped atoms," Hung enthused.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atomic-transistor-is-a-game-changer">Atomic-transistor is a game changer</h2>



What sets their innovation apart is the ingenious use of confined atoms to manipulate the flow of light through the circuit. This process functions similarly to how a transistor controls electrical currents in traditional electronics.



When the atoms are in the right quantum state, they allow photons to pass through seamlessly, enabling efficient light transmission.



Conversely, when the atoms are in the wrong state, the photons are blocked, effectively halting the flow of light.



This precise control over light flow opens up exciting possibilities for advancements in optical computing and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secure-quantum-communication-one-step-closer-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">communication technologies</a>, potentially leading to faster and more efficient data processing systems.



Xinchao Zhou, a Purdue Physics and Astronomy graduate student and recipient of this year's Bilsand Dissertation Fellowship, explains this first-of-its-kind phenomenon.



“We have trapped up to 70 atoms that could collectively couple to photons and gate their transmission on an integrated photonic chip. This has not been realized before,” says Zhou.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-of-trapped-atoms">Potential of trapped atoms</h2>



The implications of this technology are poised to transform the landscape of science. Could this platform become a crucial link in the future of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a> based on neutral atoms?



It has the potential to advance our understanding of collective light-matter interactions and facilitate the synthesis of quantum degenerate gases or ultracold molecules.



The atom-coupled integrated photonic circuit, unlike conventional electronic transistors, operates on quantum superposition principles.



Chen-Lung Hung expounds, "This allows us to manipulate and store quantum information in trapped atoms, which are quantum bits known as qubits."



The circuit can then transfer this stored <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/molecules-scramble-quantum-information-equally-well-black-holes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum information</a> into photons, establishing a network with other similar circuits through the photonic wire.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-new-quantum-states">Exploring new quantum states</h2>



What lies ahead is equally, if not more, thrilling than our current endeavors. The team is poised to meticulously arrange the trapped atoms in an orderly array along the photonic waveguide, thereby enhancing their collective coupling to this innovative structure.



Additionally, they are contemplating the prospect of cooling the atoms further, approaching absolute zero, to engender a strongly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate gas.



This is just the beginning. Exploring new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-artificial-intelligence-ai-to-make-quantum-computers-reality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum states</a> on an integrated photonic circuit, studying few- and many-body physics through atom-photon interactions, or even creating cold molecules from the trapped atoms; the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">possibilities are boundless</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-quantum-networks-and-trapped-atoms">Future of quantum networks and trapped atoms</h2>



We're on the cusp of a quantum revolution that promises to redefine our understanding of technology and information, literally <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">transforming our world</a>.



Purdue University is at the forefront of this work, led by the brilliant Chen-Lung Hung and his dedicated team of researchers.



Their innovative efforts offer a fascinating glimpse into a future where quantum networks and advanced quantum computing could be seamlessly integrated into the fabric of our everyday reality, changing how we process information and how we connect and communicate.



For those who are just beginning to explore the vast ocean of quantum computing, this research highlights how these qualities can spark paradigm-shifting discoveries that push the boundaries of what's possible.



As we delve deeper into this exciting field, the implications for industries ranging from cybersecurity to drug discovery are immense and potentially life-changing.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.031004" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review X</a>.



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Trapped atoms are forced to serve as transistors for a quantum network

It can be hard to wrap your head around quantum...

In the world of astronomy, the 17th century was marked by significant and groundbreaking discoveries, particularly in the realm of solar activity. 



One intriguing contribution was Johannes Kepler’s sketches of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/giant-sunspot-archipelago-15-times-wider-than-earth-spotted-by-nasa/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sunspots</a> in 1607, a record that laid the foundation for a fresh understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/strongest-solar-flare-in-7-years-prompts-gps-satellite-warnings-and-aurora-alert/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar phenomena</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-observations-in-sunspot-sketches">Observations in sunspot sketches</h2>



Johannes Kepler, celebrated for his monumental contributions to astronomy and mathematics, is known to have made one of the earliest instrumental records of solar activity during the early 17th century. 



He ingeniously employed a "camera obscura," an apparatus that projected the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/see-the-sun-in-exquisite-detail-in-rare-solar-orbiter-video/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sun's image</a> onto paper, to sketch visible features on the Sun's surface.



In May of 1607, Kepler documented what he initially misinterpreted as a transit of Mercury across the Sun, later identified as a collection of sunspots. These are darker areas on the sun's surface that develop due to intense magnetic activity within the sun's interior.



Sunspots play a key role in solar radiation and space weather. Their occurrence, frequency, and latitudinal distributions appear in cycles, paving the gateway to fresh revelations about solar activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revisiting-kepler-s-observations">Revisiting Kepler’s observations</h2>



Led by a collaborative group from <a href="https://en.nagoya-u.ac.jp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nagoya University</a> in Japan, an international team of researchers revisited Kepler’s eclipsed sunspot sketches with the help of modern techniques.



Using Spörer's law, they reconstructed the position of Kepler’s sunspot group, situating it at the end of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suns-next-solar-cycle-26-has-already-begun/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar cycle</a> prior to the one observed by notable early telescopic pioneers like Thomas Harriot and Galileo Galilei.



These observations are extremely significant as they shed light on the solar cycles at the start of the 17th century. The cycles during this time mark the transition from regular solar cycles to the grand solar minimum known as the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715).



The grand solar minimum, characterized by an unusually prolonged period of low sunspot activity, holds great importance for researchers to understand solar activity and its effect on the Earth.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sunspot-sketches-reveal-new-insights">Sunspot sketches reveal new insights</h2>



By examining Kepler’s records and matching them with contemporary data, alongside modern statistics, the researchers made four pivotal discoveries.



After methodically reinterpreting the sunspot sketches, they located Kepler’s sunspot group at a low heliographic latitude. This pointed to an inconsistency between Kepler’s original text and the two camera obscura images, which display the sunspot towards the upper left of the solar disk.



Using Spörer's law and modern sunspot statistics, the researchers determined that the sunspot group was positioned at the end of solar cycle -13 instead of the beginning of solar cycle -14.



This finding contradicted with later telescopic observations that showed sunspots at higher latitudes, indicating a typical progression from the preceding solar cycle to the following one in accordance with Spörer’s law.



The researchers also succeeded in estimating the transition between the previous solar cycle (-14) and the next solar cycle (-13) between 1607 and 1610. Kepler’s records proposed a regular duration for solar cycle-13, contesting alternate reconstructions that proposed an extremely long cycle during this period.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-legacy-of-kepler">The legacy of Kepler</h2>



Kepler’s contribution extends beyond observational expertise. His findings provide valuable context that helps to clarify changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/suns-fury-secrets-of-solar-energy-storms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solar behavior</a> during a critical period when solar cycles transitioned to the grand solar minimum.



Kepler's records, which predate the existing telescopic sunspot records from 1610 by several years, stand as a testament to his scientific prowess. They continue to serve the scientific community today, extending the reach of his legacy into the present.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-solar-research">The future of solar research</h2>



As we continue to advance in solar research, the lessons learned from Kepler’s pioneering work are more relevant than ever. 



Modern technology, including satellite observations and advanced computational models, allow us to analyze solar activity with unprecedented precision.



However, historical data like Kepler’s sunspot sketches provides a critical context for understanding long-term solar cycles and their impact on Earth’s climate.



Kepler’s observations not only enrich our understanding of the sun’s past behavior but also illuminate pathways for future inquiry.



By honoring his legacy and applying modern techniques to historical data, we can unlock new insights into the intricate relationship between solar activity and life on Earth, ensuring that the mysteries of our star continue to inspire and inform generations to come.



Image Credit: NASA’s Solar Dynamic Observatory



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Sunspot sketches from 1607 unlock secrets of solar activity

In the world of astronomy, the 17th century was marked...

Data collection is set to transform dramatically with the "Ocean of Things," a future network where trillions of interconnected devices will transmit vast amounts of data globally. This advanced system promises to revolutionize how we&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/autonomous-vehicles-will-help-monitor-ocean-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitor our world</a>.



We are entering a new era. Everything, from the largest structures to the smallest gadgets, will become a source of data. These data sources will provide real-time insights across various domains.



However, with 71% of Earth's surface covered by water, gathering accurate and comprehensive information from these vast and often inaccessible oceans presents unique challenges that must be overcome.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-innovations-in-ocean-data-collection">Innovations in ocean data collection</h2>



Responding to these challenges, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (<a href="https://www.darpa.mil" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DARPA</a>) developed an ambitious program called the "Ocean of Things." 



The initiative aims to create a vast network of data-collecting devices across the world's oceans to better understand and monitor these critical environments.



Enter the research teams from&nbsp;<a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/watson/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University's Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Science</a>, who have taken on this challenge with enthusiasm and expertise.



Over the last decade, they have been hard at work, pushing the boundaries of technology and creating groundbreaking innovations under the banner of the Center for Research in Advanced Sensing Technologies and Environmental Sustainability (CREATES).



A significant part of their pioneering research has been funded by the Office of Naval Research, with a focus on developing bacteria-powered biobatteries capable of operating in the ocean for up to 100 years, providing a sustainable and long-lasting energy source for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microrobots-tested-as-clean-up-crew-for-polluted-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biohybrid-jellyfish-robotics-ocean-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quatic robots</a>&nbsp;and sensors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-introducing-the-bug-for-ocean-data">Introducing the "bug" for ocean data</h2>



Leading the way are Professor Seokheun “Sean” Choi, PhD student Yang “Lexi” Gao, and Anwar Elhadad, PhD, who have developed a self-powered aquatic "bug." 



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microrobots-tested-as-clean-up-crew-for-polluted-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microscopic robot</a> is a marvel of mechanical engineering, capable of skimming across the water and gathering critical environmental data. This robot’s technology builds upon the bacteria-powered biobatteries. 



Using a Janus interface that allows nutrients into the device and powers bacterial spore production, these skimmers can function in adverse conditions where solar, kinetic, or thermal energy systems might fail.&nbsp;



“When the environment is favorable for the bacteria, they become vegetative cells and generate power, but when the conditions are not favorable, they go back to spores. In that way, we can extend the operational life,” explained Professor Choi.



This innovation has allowed the Binghamton team to develop robots that generate close to 1 milliwatt of power, sufficient to operate mechanical movements and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/polar-bear-conservation-leaps-forward-with-new-tracking-technology/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data-tracking</a>&nbsp;sensors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-upgrade-in-oceanic-surveillance">An upgrade in oceanic surveillance</h2>



The capacity to dispatch these robots wherever they're needed offers a significant improvement over the current "smart floats," which are stationary sensors anchored in one spot. 



The bugs can track a wide variety of environmental data, such as water temperature, pollution levels, commercial vessel and aircraft movements, and even the behaviors of aquatic animals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-optimizing-ocean-data-collection">Optimizing ocean data collection</h2>



The next phase for these aquatic robots involves ascertaining which bacteria are most efficient for energy production in the harsh ocean conditions.&nbsp;



“We used very common bacterial cells, but we need to study further to know what is actually living in those areas of the ocean. Maybe using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/machine-learning-can-more-accurately-predict-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a>, we can find the optimal combination of bacterial species to improve power density and sustainability,” said Professor Choi.



This research holds the potential to revolutionize not just the field of aquatic robotics, but our interactions with the "Ocean of Things" as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-environmental-monitoring">Implications for environmental monitoring</h2>



Self-powered aquatic robots like the "bug" mark important progress in monitoring and protecting the environment.



As these efficient data-gathering devices autonomously traverse vast and often inaccessible marine areas, they can provide real-time insights into the health of our oceans.&nbsp;



This capability is crucial for tracking the impact of climate change and assessing the efficacy of conservation efforts. Additionally, it enhances our understanding of marine ecosystem dynamics.



Such detailed data collection may inform policies aimed at preserving biodiversity while improving our ability to swiftly respond to environmental crises. 



Integrating machine learning to optimize bacterial efficiency demonstrates a forward-thinking approach to sustainable energy. It shows how cutting-edge technology can be used for ecological benefit, paving the way for a future where technology and environmental stewardship can co-exist in harmony.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admt.202400426" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Advanced Materials Technologies</a>.



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'Ocean of Things' robotic technology will transform ocean data collection

Data collection is set to transform dramatically with the "Ocean...

Have you ever considered how much value your passion brings to your work? Well, you might want to start. Recent study suggests that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/market-based-strategies-fall-short-on-forest-conservation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">buyers</a> are more likely to pay extra for products created by sellers who create them with passion.



The fascinating study comes from a collaborative effort of researchers Anna Paley, Robert W. Smith, Jacob D. Teeny, and Daniel M. Zane from <a href="https://www.tilburguniversity.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tilburg University</a>, <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a>, and <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lehigh University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-passion-products-on-marketplaces">Passion products on marketplaces</h2>



Moving with the times, peer-to-peer marketplaces like Etsy, Fiverr, and UpWork are flourishing, with projections indicating their value could reach an astonishing $355 billion by 2025, according to PricewaterhouseCoopers.



Here, traditional quality indicators like brand names take a backseat. Instead, we find ourselves in an intimate space where sellers directly communicate the nuances of their goods and services.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-joy-of-creation">Joy of creation</h2>



It appears that the key to attracting customers might just be one's love for their work.



“We suspect that many people who choose to sell things through peer-to-peer marketplaces enjoy making them. Yet, sellers rarely mention it. For example, in the profiles of 30,000 sellers across various peer-to-peer marketplaces, only about 1% of sellers mentioned production enjoyment,” noted Paley. 



Smith said that over 15 experiments, the team found consistent evidence that buyers are more interested in, are more likely to choose, and are willing to pay more for products or services that the seller enjoys producing.



But, here’s a strange paradox - the price that sellers who truly indulge in and enjoy their work are often willing to charge is actually less than those who view their products solely as a means to make money. 



When sellers are passionate about what they do, their intrinsic motivation and genuine connection to their craft can lead them to offer more reasonable prices. 



This approach not only reflects their love for their work but also fosters a loyal customer base that appreciates the value of authenticity and quality over mere profit.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychology-of-price-and-perception">Psychology of price and perception</h2>



The study interestingly investigates this anomaly between how a seller's passion influences both buyers' readiness to pay and sellers' pricing decisions. 



The results suggest that when sellers exhibit enjoyment in their work, it strikes a chord with buyers, leading to them perceiving the product or service as higher quality.



An important note to remember is that signaling enjoyment is most effective when the job demands significant skill. However, as more processes become automated, the impact of showcasing enjoyment may lessen. 



Zane provides insight, explaining that a producer's joy in crafting an item inevitably implies more dedication, leading to a presumed high quality of the product or service.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-buyers-on-products-created-with-passion">Buyers on products created with passion</h2>



Despite the buyers' affirmed readiness to pay more for products crafted with passion and care, sellers generally accept and charge less for the enjoyable work they produce. 



This phenomenon often stems from a deep-rooted belief among artisans and creators that the joy and satisfaction they derive from the production process itself serve as adequate compensation for their efforts. 



Many sellers prioritize the intrinsic rewards of their craft over monetary gain, which in turn influences their pricing decisions. 



As a result, they may undervalue their work, opting to keep prices lower to make their creations more accessible to a wider audience, even when there is a clear demand for higher-priced, quality products. 



This dynamic reflects a broader tension between passion-driven work and the realities of market pricing in creative industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tips-for-sellers">Tips for sellers</h2>



Echoing throughout the findings of the study is a <a href="https://www2.lehigh.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">valuable lesson</a> for sellers: showcasing your genuine love and passion for your work can pique buyer interest and draw them to your products and services. 



When sellers express enthusiasm and commitment, it resonates with potential customers, making them feel more connected to the brand. 



Moreover, understanding when and how to signal this enjoyment - whether through engaging storytelling, personal anecdotes, or authentic interactions - can significantly impact your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-shocking-reality-of-website-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">business</a>.



By creating an emotional connection and demonstrating a true investment in what you do, you not only foster trust but also enhance customer loyalty, ultimately leading to increased sales and long-term success.



In essence, the study's findings present the power of passion. So next time you dive into a project you enjoy, remember to share your enthusiasm.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00222429241257913" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing</a>. 



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Buyers are willing to pay more for products made with passion

Have you ever considered how much value your passion brings...

How often have you rushed out of the door in the morning, skipping the first meal of the day? Recent research reveals the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meal-timing-has-a-major-influence-on-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regularity of breakfast</a> may be more significant to our overall happiness than we thought.



The research is the collective brainchild of Anglia Ruskin University (<a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ARU</a>) and <a href="https://www.udla.cl" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Universidad de las Americas</a>. 



Study senior author Lee Smith, a renowned professor of public health at ARU, meticulously guided his team through data obtained from nearly 150,000 children across 42 countries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skipping-breakfast-vs-life-satisfaction">Skipping breakfast vs. life satisfaction</h2>



According to the study, children who frequently skip breakfast are found to have lower life satisfaction compared to their contemporaries who regularly partake in their morning meal. It's certainly food for thought!



The experts discovered a near-linear relationship between higher frequency of breakfast consumption and greater life satisfaction among children and adolescents aged 10 to 17 years across these nations, including Britain.



The healthiest dollop of life satisfaction was observed in participants who ate breakfast daily. On the flip side, those who never partook in breakfast had the lowest life satisfaction scores.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-food-habits-around-the-world">Food habits around the world</h2>



The cultural diversity of food habits around the globe was evident in this study as well. Notably, Portuguese children who ate breakfast every day reported the highest levels of life satisfaction. 



In stark contrast, the lowest life satisfaction was found among children from Romania who never ate breakfast.



Even among the breakfast-eating population, not all countries fare the same. The study noted that children in England who had breakfast daily, did not score as high, coming in fifth in life satisfaction scores just ahead of Romania, Hungary, Germany, and Austria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-breakfast-and-happiness">Science behind breakfast and happiness</h2>



So, what's prompting this apparent correlation between breakfast and happiness? Professor Smith sheds light on some likely factors. Prior studies have indicated a link between low mood among adolescents who skip breakfast and higher instances of anxiety, stress, and depression.



Adding to this, breakfast sets the tone by providing the necessary energy and nutrients for optimal cognitive functioning. It's like oiling the gears for the day ahead, enhancing crucial functions such as concentration, memory, and learning.



Our daily breakfast also serves a cocktail of essential vitamins and minerals. Skipping these nutrients could potentially lead to lower life satisfaction over time. Plus, the regular routine of having breakfast can bring structure and a positive tone to the rest of your day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-choices-and-their-impact">Breakfast choices and their impact</h2>



The type of breakfast consumed also plays a pivotal role in shaping life satisfaction levels. The study highlighted that the nutritional quality of breakfast can significantly affect both physical and mental health. 



Nutrient-rich foods, such as whole grains, fruits, and dairy, are linked to improved mood and cognitive function. In contrast, sugary cereals and processed foods may lead to energy crashes and negatively impact emotional stability. 



As children are increasingly exposed to the lure of convenience foods, prioritizing wholesome breakfast options could serve as a simple yet effective strategy to enhance overall well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-to-avoid-skipping-breakfast">How to avoid skipping breakfast</h2>



Understanding the profound effects of breakfast on happiness underscores the importance of fostering healthy eating habits from a young age. 



Parents, educators, and policymakers must collaborate to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/health-risks-of-ultra-processed-foods-revealed-in-30-year-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">promote the knowledge</a> of the benefits of a nutritious breakfast. 



Schools could play an essential role by incorporating breakfast programs that not only provide healthy options but also educate students about the significance of nutrition in their daily lives. 



By instilling these habits early, we cultivate an environment where children savor the benefits of breakfast, ultimately paving the way for a healthier, happier generation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakfast-is-more-than-just-food">Breakfast is more than just food</h2>



However, there is a caveat. The study found that cultural diversity, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-human-diets-pose-many-risks-health-environment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifestyles</a>, and socio-economic factors also had a significant influence, hence the inconsistencies between countries. 



Despite this, the conclusion was unanimous: Regardless of the country, life satisfaction is higher in those who eat breakfast.



So, taking the time to enjoy a morning meal could be a recipe for not just a healthy day, but a happier life too. It's more than just food on the plate; it's nourishment for your body, mind, and perhaps even your happiness.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://nutritionj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12937-024-00979-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Nutrition</a>.



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Children who eat breakfast are happier in life

How often have you rushed out of the door in...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/western-diet-identified-as-major-cause-of-colon-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer</a> is a highly complex, multifaceted disease that places a substantial health burden all over the world. Since treatment is many times unsuccessful, especially if cancer is detected late, recent years have witnessed a significant surge in devising prevention strategies.



Many cancer prevention strategies are focused on dietary changes and the consumption of certain dietary supplements. However, the precise role of nutrition in cancer prevention is not yet fully understood.&nbsp;



Now, a review study published in the journal <a href="https://www.xiahepublishing.com/2835-3315/CSP-2023-00001" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cancer Screening and Prevention</a> has attempted to provide more comprehensive dietary guidelines to prevent this frequently lethal disease.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-cancer-prevention-nbsp">Diet and cancer prevention&nbsp;</h2>



“Diet and supplements have a significant impact on the causes and prevention of cancer. It is generally accepted that nutrition plays an important part in cancer incidence,” wrote the study authors.



“However, even after decades of epidemiological research, several inconsistencies arise as to how exactly specific dietary factors are linked to cancer prevention, limiting the establishment of firm conclusions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-factors-increasing-cancer-risk">Factors increasing cancer risk</h2>



It is generally agreed in the scientific world that factors such as obesity, or intake of high-calorie foods, sugary beverages, and processed products increase cancer risk.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-obesity">Obesity</h3>



Studies have found that obesity is linked to 14 percent of cancer deaths in men and 20 percent in women, with specific products such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-red-meat-risk-death/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">red meat</a>, alcohol, or aflatoxins being related to the development of a variety of cancer types.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruits-and-vegetables-nbsp">Fruits and vegetables&nbsp;</h3>



On the other hand, consuming a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains appears to play a major role in cancer prevention.&nbsp;



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-vitamins-and-micronutrients">Vitamins and micronutrients</h3>



Moreover, various micronutrients and antioxidants found in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-dietary-supplement-proven-to-combat-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary supplements</a>, such as vitamin B12, C, D, selenium, folic acid, and carotenoids have also been shown to prevent the development of carcinogenic tumors and increase overall health. Yet, their indiscriminate use can be dangerous, as many studies attest. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-extracts-and-cancer-prevention-nbsp">Plant extracts and cancer prevention&nbsp;</h2>



Another promising direction of research in cancer prevention has focused on plant extracts such as polyphenols, which were found to prevent cancer emergence and development.&nbsp;



Polyphenols are mostly found in fruits, vegetables, and nuts and can be classified into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-onions-antioxidants-flavonoids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavonoids</a>, phenolic acids, lignans, stilbenes, and other compounds.



“The main polyphenols found in plants are flavonoids and phenolic acids, which make up about 30% and 60% of all naturally occurring polyphenols, respectively,” noted the researchers.&nbsp;



“Some forms of cancer are well-protected against polyphenols: They have toxic effects on cells that can limit the growth of tumors and that cause apoptosis.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protective-effects-of-polyphenols-nbsp">Protective effects of polyphenols&nbsp;</h2>



According to the study authors, polyphenols appear to be effective chemopreventive drugs due to a number of protective actions they exhibit, including cell cycle signaling modification, activation of antioxidant enzymes, apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest.



“The antioxidants (present in fruits, vegetables, and nuts) help to repair cells, have anti-inflammatory properties, and reduce excessive free radical formation in the body, which is the main mechanism of action of cancer cells.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connecting-diet-and-cancer-prevention">Connecting diet and cancer prevention </h2>



The researchers also noted that data from epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research have made a significant contribution to the knowledge connecting diet and cancer prevention.



However, up to date, there is only a limited understanding of the fundamental relationship between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-improves-health-in-women-with-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diet</a> and cancer prevention. 



In addition, as the researchers argued, dietary supplements should not be administered indiscriminately since they may also have negative effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lack-of-conclusive-evidence">Lack of conclusive evidence </h2>



“Cancer research is challenging, and it is never easy to determine the true impact of just one of these factors because several lifestyle factors also have an impact on the risk of cancer. This is an important point regarding the efficacy of diet and supplements in the prevention of cancer,” noted the study authors.



“There is currently no conclusive evidence in favor of any one dietary regimen for lowering the risk of cancer.”



Yet, as they repeatedly stress, the findings of various studies indicate that general dietary modification has a positive impact on the prevention of cancer.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The experts concluded that while diet and dietary supplements enable cancer patients to actively participate in their care, it is important to make sure that the patient is aware of the risks associated with forgoing proven conventional treatments.



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Which dietary changes are best for cancer prevention?

Cancer is a highly complex, multifaceted disease that places a...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-forecast-the-future-of-monarch-butterflies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monarch butterflies</a>, easily identifiable by their vivid orange and black wings, are facing a serious threat due to the disappearance of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/restoring-milkweed-could-save-the-eastern-monarch-butterfly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">milkweed</a>, their sole food source as caterpillars.&nbsp;



The reduction of milkweed has put monarch populations at risk of extinction.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-milkweed-gardens-for-monarchs">Urban milkweed gardens for monarchs</h2>



Recent research published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/ecology-and-evolution/articles/10.3389/fevo.2024.1444460/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution</a> indicates that urban milkweed gardens can play a crucial role in providing habitat for monarchs.&nbsp;



Study lead author Karen Klinger is a geographic information systems analyst in the Keller Science Action Center at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a>.



“In this study, we found that monarchs can find the milkweed, wherever the milkweed is, even if it’s in planters on balconies and rooftops,” said Klinger.&nbsp;



“Milkweed gardens can be in all shapes and sizes, and any milkweed garden can contribute habitat for monarchs.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monarch-migration-relies-on-milkweed">Monarch migration relies on milkweed</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-butterfly-migration-sparked-by-a-surge-in-vegetation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">migration</a> of monarchs is one of the most extraordinary among insects, involving a multi-generational journey from Mexico to Canada and back.&nbsp;



The eastern monarch population starts in Mexico and travels northward, laying eggs on milkweed plants along the way. Each generation moves further north until they reach southern Canada.&nbsp;



At the end of summer, a special “super generation” of butterflies makes the long trip back to Mexico to overwinter.



This migration pattern heavily relies on the availability of milkweed, which has drastically decreased due to the use of pesticides in agriculture, particularly in the Midwest.&nbsp;



As a result, monarch populations have plummeted, leading to their consideration for endangered species status by the <a href="https://www.iucn.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> and the <a href="https://www.fws.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">US Fish and Wildlife Service</a>.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decline-in-urban-milkweed">Decline in urban milkweed </h2>



“If we don’t do anything soon, monarchs are going to be in serious trouble,” warned Aster Hasle, a lead conservation ecologist at the Field Museum’s Keller Science Action Center and co-author of the paper.



Given the decline in rural milkweed, scientists have explored the potential of urban milkweed gardens to fill the gap.&nbsp;



“There was a call for all hands on deck, to plant milkweed across all sectors of the landscape, but people discounted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-does-nature-affect-human-health-in-urban-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban areas</a>, because if you look at some mapping of urban areas, it looks like it’s completely developed, with no availability for milkweed plants,” Klinger explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milkweed-plants-in-urban-settings-nbsp">Milkweed plants in urban settings&nbsp;</h2>



Klinger was involved in a 2019 study by Field Museum scientists, which demonstrated that urban areas could support milkweed in various locations, such as yards, alleyways, and rooftops.&nbsp;



The recent follow-up study engaged over 400 community scientists who monitored milkweed plants in their urban settings for monarch eggs and caterpillars.



The team collected extensive data over four years, totaling 5,905 observations from 810 milkweed patches.&nbsp;



The results showed that monarchs are attracted to gardens with common milkweed and a diversity of blooming plants, which provide necessary nectar. Moreover, mature milkweed plants were more effective in supporting monarch reproduction.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-gardens-and-monarch-conservation-nbsp">Urban gardens and monarch conservation&nbsp;</h2>



“We encouraged participants who had planters on balconies, who had planters on rooftop decks, and we saw some of the most amazing things,” Klinger recalls, noting one instance where a rooftop planter housed five large caterpillars.



These findings underscore the importance of urban gardens in monarch conservation. While larger gardens with a variety of plants are ideal, even small contributions can make a significant difference. “Plant the species that works the best for you and your garden,” Klinger advised.&nbsp;



In support of these efforts, Illinois Governor JB Pritzker signed the MONARCH Act, which restricts homeowners associations from prohibiting native plantings and provides assistance for creating native and pollinator-friendly gardens.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study</h2>



Monarchs serve as indicators of broader <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological health</a>, as their extensive migration covers a vast area.&nbsp;



“Monarchs need a lot of the things that other insects need, like blooming flowers, so what’s good for monarchs is good for other pollinators too. And we’re in the midst of a global insect decline, so it’s important to help,” Hasle said.&nbsp;



Supporting urban milkweed planting not only aids monarchs but also benefits the broader ecosystem, highlighting the critical role of these efforts in conservation.



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Milkweed gardens are needed to save monarch butterflies

Monarch butterflies, easily identifiable by their vivid orange and black...

The humble pot, pan, or vacuum cleaner may pop into our minds when we talk about household work. While the physical aspect of these chores, especially done by mothers, does indeed carry weight, there's an often-overlooked factor. It's something less tangible yet just as taxing – the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-report-excess-burnout-due-to-unrealistic-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive load</a> of household management. Now, what if this mental load of household chores could affect their health?



The research was carried out at the <a href="https://www.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southern California</a>, led by Darby Saxbe, a Professor of Psychology, and Lizzie Aviv, a Ph.D. Candidate in Psychology. They have unraveled the 'invisible' aspect of household labour.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-load-of-household-chores">Mental load of household chores</h2>



Physical tasks are a big part of housework. But it turns out there's another <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/parents-often-feel-lonely-burnt-out-parenting-demands/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sphere of work</a> entailing anticipation, planning, organizing, and delegation.



Ever wondered who's responsible for remembering when to get more dish soap? Or who decides which vegetables need to be chopped for that stew? That is cognitive housework.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unequal-burden-of-chores-for-mothers">Unequal burden of chores for mothers</h2>



In their study, Saxbe and Aviv reveal how this cognitive part of housework is split even more unequally between partners than the physical part.



And the impact? Women, especially, mothers, who bear the brunt of this cognitive load tend to experience higher levels of depression, stress, relationship dissatisfaction, and burnout.



In their research, the researchers asked 322 mothers of young children about who handled 30 common household tasks. Intriguingly, on average, mothers reported performing about 73% of all cognitive household work and 64% of physical work in contrast to their partners' 27% and 36% respectively.



"Our study is one of the first to investigate the cognitive dimension of household labor and its effects on maternal mental health. Cognitive labor may be particularly taxing for women because it often runs behind the scenes and goes&nbsp;unacknowledged or unappreciated by others. It also pulls mental energy away from other priorities," noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chores-and-mothers-health">Chores and mothers' health</h2>



Such disparities in the division of household work are not just about who does the dishes or laundry. They play an important role in global gender equality, affecting women's participation in paid work, as well as their health and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-top-concerns-of-parents-as-kids-return-to-school/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">well-being</a>.



While this research is certainly eye-opening, it does rely heavily on self-reported data from mothers in heterosexual relationships. Future studies could include both partners and explore diverse relationship configurations. 



Plus, the long-term effects of this unequal cognitive labor division on women's mental health and cognitive functioning are still largely unknown.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-mental-load-of-chores">Addressing the mental load of chores</h2>



To address the cognitive labor imbalance, both individuals and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/maternal-mortality-the-overlooked-needs-of-mothers-after-childbirth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">families</a> can adopt practical strategies that foster equality in household responsibilities. 



Open communication between partners is essential; discussing expectations and dividing tasks based on personal strengths and preferences can alleviate the mental load shouldered by one individual. 



Additionally, implementing shared planning tools, such as family calendars or task management apps, can serve as a visual cue that encourages collaboration and accountability. 



By actively engaging both partners in housework planning, the invisible burden of cognitive labor can be more evenly distributed, leading to better mental health outcomes and relationship satisfaction.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As we strive for a more equitable division of household responsibilities, raising awareness about the nuances of cognitive labor is crucial. Educational initiatives that highlight the unseen aspects of household management can empower individuals to recognise and discuss their experiences. 



Moreover, societal changes - such as advocating for policies that support work-life balance and promote shared parental responsibilities - are essential to foster an environment where both partners can contribute to household tasks equally.



Raising this collective consciousness can ultimately shift cultural perceptions around gender roles in domestic settings, paving the way for a healthier, more balanced future for families everywhere.



Next time you see a mom, remember there's likely a whole load of unseen work she's responsible for - and this "mental load" can be a major stress factor. 



As Saxbe and Aviv suggest, it's high time we acknowledged this issue. From couples therapists to premarital relationship educators, everyone needs to pay attention to this under-recognized aspect of domestic work.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00737-024-01490-w" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Archives of Women s Mental Health</a>.



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Moms are more worried about chores, and it's a heavy mental load

The humble pot, pan, or vacuum cleaner may pop into...

Our life story might have begun with a bolt from the blue, quite literally. This is not mere illusion or flight of fancy, but a revelation from a diligent group of chemists from <a href="https://www.harvard.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard University</a>. 



In a scientific endeavor, remarkable for its ingenuity, the team attempted to reenact the drama of early Earth in their laboratory. Among the results, a surprising protagonist emerged - cloud-to-ground lightning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-our-beginnings">Rethinking our beginnings</h2>



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origin of life on Earth</a> is a real head-scratcher. For years, scientists have been piecing together this grand jigsaw. Comets or asteroids depositing vital materials on Earth's surface and lightning strikes between clouds were once strong contenders in this cosmic lottery.



However, as these theories were inspected and dissected, they seemed less and less likely. For instance, collisions from space objects became rare soon after our planet formed. 



Not to mention, lightning zapping between clouds turned out to be an inefficient method to produce the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forgotten-chemical-reactions-offer-clues-to-lifes-origins/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">necessary materials</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-s-impact-on-life-s-origins">Lightning's impact on life's origins</h2>



That's where the team from Harvard brings a new narrative to the table. The experts suggest that cloud-to-ground lightning strikes may be the unsung heroes in the genesis of life.



To validate their hypothesis, they turned their lab into a mini early Earth. With great precision, they simulated lightning strikes across air, water, and land replicas in this controlled environment. 



They then meticulously studied the products formed after these electric performances - in particular, the aftermath in the water.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-and-the-molecules-for-life">Lightning and the molecules for life</h2>



The findings were enlightening. The experts observed that both carbon and nitrogen underwent a transformation into <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-oxygen-discovery-deep-ocean-no-photosynthesis-baffles-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">molecules</a> that could have been early building blocks of life.



For instance, carbon morphed into carbon monoxide and formic acid, while nitrogen transformed into nitrite, nitrate and ammonium.



The researchers brought in some rocky recruits – minerals similar to those that would have adorned early Earth's landscape. After repeating the simulated lightning strikes and analyses, they discovered sulfide minerals, akin to those found near volcanic eruptions, were produced.



A noticeable spike in ammonia production was also observed, a molecule crucial for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life on our planet</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-investigations">Future investigations</h2>



As we stand at the intersection of chemistry and astrophysics, the prospects for future investigations are tantalizing. The Harvard team's work opens avenues for exploring how lightning could play a role in the nascent stages of life on exoplanets with aqueous environments. 



Could similar electrical phenomena catalyze life-sustaining chemical reactions elsewhere in the universe? 



These questions shift our gaze from a singular focus on Earth to a more expansive view of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/biggest-known-space-cloud-of-life-building-complex-chemicals-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">life potential</a> across the cosmos. 



By integrating experimental laboratory work with astronomical observations, we move closer to unraveling one of the most profound mysteries: Are we alone in the universe, or does life flourish in hidden corners of our galaxy?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study">Broader implications of the study </h2>



The implications of this research extend beyond theoretical musings about life's origins. Understanding the mechanisms by which lightning interacts with different elemental compositions offers profound insights into planetary chemistry as a whole. 



Moreover, the conditions replicated in Harvard's laboratory can serve as a model to guide astrobiologists in identifying exoplanets that might harbor similar life-sustaining processes. 



By examining the chemical signatures in the atmospheres of distant worlds, scientists can look for indicators of such energetic interactions, hinting at the potential for life. 



In a universe teeming with possibilities, each revelation from our own planet enhances our understanding of life's resilience and adaptability, pushing the boundaries of what we consider habitable environments. As these inquiries continue, they ignite an ever-growing curiosity about our role in the cosmic narrative.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-study-matters">Why the study matters</h2>



The intriguing findings from Harvard add a new, electrifying chapter to the narrative of life's origin on Earth. 



The team posits that cloud-to-ground lightning strikes appear to be more adept at creating the building blocks for life than comets, asteroids or cloud-to-cloud lightning strikes.



"Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally," concluded the researchers.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2400819121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a>.



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Lightning may have delivered the building blocks of life to Earth

Our life story might have begun with a bolt from...

Cotton is an integral part of everyday life, being used in everything from clothing to bed linens.&nbsp;As climate change intensifies, cotton farmers face the threat of lower yields due to challenges like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought</a> and heat. 



However, new research offers hope for developing drought-resistant cotton varieties.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-cotton-production-nbsp">Global cotton production&nbsp;</h2>



The study authors noted that upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the world's top renewable textile fiber, supporting a multibillion-dollar industry with a global production of 120.2 million bales of cotton.&nbsp;



“It is a major economically important crop for the U.S. and for Arizona, where upland cotton is planted on ∼50 000 ha, mainly in the semi-arid environment of the low desert using surface irrigation to complement limited <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forecast-more-extreme-precipitation-ahead/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">precipitation</a>,” wrote the researchers.



“Cotton productivity in semi-arid areas of the Southwestern U.S. is severely threatened by global climate change.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-drought-risk">Climate change and drought risk</h2>



The experts pointed out that increasing climatic variability is responsible for hotter summers, with day and night temperatures far above the thermal optimum (30/22 °C) for the crop, and lower and erratic rainfall patterns which expose cotton plants to an increasing risk of drought.&nbsp;



“Therefore, revealing the physio-genetics mechanisms that regulate cotton's response to arid conditions is of primary interest,” wrote the researchers.



“Specifically, this information can be leveraged for the development of new elite cotton cultivars with improved adaptation to hotter and drier climatic conditions that are predicted in the near future.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-cotton-responds-to-water-stress">How cotton responds to water stress</h2>



In their recent study, published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pbi.14402" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Biotechnology Journal</a>, the team examined how 22 varieties of upland cotton respond to drought conditions in Arizona's low desert.&nbsp;



The researchers identified two key regulatory genes, GhHSFA6B-D and GhDREB2A-A, that are crucial for helping cotton plants manage water stress while maintaining fiber production.&nbsp;



These genes function like conductors, orchestrating other genes involved in drought response and fiber development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-tolerance-and-fiber-yield">Stress tolerance and fiber yield</h2>



“We were excited to discover this direct link between stress tolerance and fiber yield maintenance,” said study co-author Andrew Nelson, an assistant professor at the <a href="https://btiscience.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boyce Thompson Institute</a>. 



“It appears that over time, cotton plants have evolved this regulatory mechanism to help them cope with dry conditions while still producing the fibers that are so economically important.”



A particularly notable discovery involved the gene GhIPS1-A, which produces an enzyme that helps protect plants from drought stress.&nbsp;



The researchers observed that only one copy of this gene, inherited from the cotton plant's African ancestors, responds to the regulatory gene GhHSFA6B-D. This suggests that the cotton plant's drought resilience has deep evolutionary roots, predating its <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-origin-of-horse-domestication-has-finally-been-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">domestication</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fiber-production-in-drought-stressed-plants-nbsp">Fiber production in drought-stressed plants&nbsp;</h2>



The study also revealed a tiny genetic variation near the GhIPS1-A gene that appears to influence fiber production under water-limited conditions.&nbsp;



“This single DNA letter change was associated with higher fiber production in drought-stressed plants,” noted study co-author Duke Pauli, an associate professor at the <a href="https://www.arizona.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arizona</a>. “Such small genetic differences could be valuable targets for breeders looking to develop more resilient cotton varieties.”



Given the increasing frequency and severity of droughts due to climate change, the development of cotton varieties that can thrive with less water is crucial.&nbsp;



The research provides valuable insights and genetic targets to guide these breeding efforts. It also emphasizes the importance of maintaining genetic diversity among cotton varieties, as the range of drought responses observed underscores the need for adaptability in crops facing changing conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regulatory-mechanism-conserved-across-time">Regulatory mechanism conserved across time</h2>



According to the experts, the specialized regulatory mechanism they identified in this study seems to have emerged in cotton well before domestication, most likely reflecting an evolutionary conserved stress response mechanism, similar to that observed in Arabidopsis.&nbsp;



However, this mechanism appears to have undergone additional selection after speciation in order to provide evolutionary advantages under water-limited conditions.&nbsp;



Further research is needed to clarify these mechanisms and develop breeding methods suited to the ongoing environmental crisis.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-of-the-study-nbsp">Broader implications of the study&nbsp;</h2>



In a world grappling with environmental challenges, understanding how critical crops like cotton respond to stress at the molecular level is vital.&nbsp;



This study not only advances scientific knowledge but also lays the groundwork for more resilient and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bee-diversity-is-key-to-sustainable-agriculture/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable agriculture</a> amidst climate change.&nbsp;



The insights gained from this research are essential for ensuring the continued availability of cotton, a staple of the global textile industry, in the face of an uncertain environmental future.



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Genetic secrets of cotton will make it more climate resilient

Cotton is an integral part of everyday life, being used...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

[sendtonews key="oL4FnPTGCV-2384527-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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