Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today.



Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-intelligence-did-not-evolve-due-to-natural-selection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">natural selection</a> acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two.



Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as beetleweed (Galax urceolata) shows just how powerful - and complicated - this mechanism can be.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dna-mistake-sparks-new-species">DNA mistake sparks new species</h2>



Most organisms, humans included, are diploid: they carry two complete sets of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-animals-balance-their-sex-chromosomes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chromosomes</a>, one from each parent.



In autopolyploidy, something unusual happens during the production of sperm or egg cells. Instead of halving the chromosome count, the cell leaves the full complement intact. When such a gamete meets another, the resulting embryo inherits double - or even triple - the usual DNA.



The newcomer may still manage to reproduce with its diploid relatives, but the hybrid offspring generally fare poorly. That mismatch in fertility often pushes the polyploid lineage to mate among its own kind, launching an instant reproductive barrier and, effectively, a new species.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-three-types-one-plant">Three types, one plant</h2>



For decades botanists assumed these chromosome copycats were evolutionary curiosities - unlikely to survive, let alone thrive, alongside their diploid parents.



Field surveys later overturned that view: autopolyploids are widespread and resilient. 



The lingering mystery was whether several cytotypes - diploids, triploids, tetraploids - could share the same patch of ground without one eventually eliminating the others through sheer competition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mountain-herb-with-three-identities">Mountain herb with three identities</h2>



Beetleweed, a low evergreen that carpets portions of the Appalachian Mountains, provided the perfect natural experiment. Earlier surveys revealed that some stands contain plants with two, three, or four chromosome sets.



“Through my fieldwork, I discovered that a single population could have a mishmash of cytotypes, which fascinated me,” remarked Shelly Gaynor, lead author of the new study that she&nbsp;completed at the <a href="https://www.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Florida</a>.



“With this study, I set out to understand if these populations could persist over time. Would one cytotype eventually outcompete the others, or could all three cytotypes persist?”



Answering that required tools beyond the transect tape and microscope. Gaynor and colleagues designed a mathematical framework that treats population change as inherently noisy - subject to random swings in birth, death, climate, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-is-transforming-pollen-science-and-health-planning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollen</a> flow.



Their model tracks how diploids, triploids, and autotetraploids form, spread, and interact when gene flow keeps tossing new genetic combinations into the mix.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chromosomes-coexist-in-plants">Chromosomes coexist in plants</h2>



Two ingredients emerged as critical for long-term coexistence. First, self-fertilization rates matter. 



The more often a plant can pollinate itself, the easier it becomes for an odd-ploidy seedling to find a genetically compatible mate - sometimes its own flowers - without relying on scarce partners.



Second, partial reproductive isolation improves balance. If crosses between cytotypes rarely succeed, each form can maintain its numbers without being swamped by unfit hybrids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stress-favors-the-strongest">Stress favors the strongest</h2>



Environmental hardship then tilts the playing field. Under harsh conditions and intense competition, the model predicts that autotetraploids gain an edge over their diploid ancestors.



Extra chromosome copies may buffer them against stress, confer broader ecological tolerance or fuel faster adaptation. Triploids, by contrast, often act as a genetic bridge, forming when diploids and tetraploids interbreed but typically suffer lower fertility.



Because Gaynor’s simulations embed both demographic randomness and shifting weather, they reveal outcomes conventional equations might miss.



Sometimes all three cytotypes coexist for centuries; other times one prevails after a long stalemate. The key lesson is that stochasticity - the roll of the “evolutionary dice” - cannot be ignored when forecasting which lineages persist.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-beyond-one-plant">Impacts beyond one plant</h2>



Although the work focuses on a single Appalachia endemic plant, its reach extends far. Crop breeders deliberately create autopolyploids to enlarge fruit, boost resilience, or break <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crop-disease-experts-discover-how-bacteria-hijack-plant-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">disease</a> cycles.



Understanding how mixed-ploidy fields behave over time could help manage gene flow between improved varieties and their wild relatives.



Conservationists, meanwhile, wrestle with how best to protect rare plants that harbor multiple chromosome races within the same reserve; the new model offers a scaffold for predicting viability under climate stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenging-evolutionary-assumptions">Challenging evolutionary assumptions</h2>



The research also nudges evolutionary theory. Instant speciation via autopolyploidy sits at one extreme of the continuum of reproductive isolation. 



By showing that such sudden splits can persist even when parents and offspring rub shoulders, the beetleweed study challenges the tidy notion that new species must always occupy distinct niches or territories to survive.



Gaynor’s findings do not close the book on polyploid dynamics; rather, they open new chapters. 



Field experiments that monitor marked plants through <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/droughts-and-extreme-weather-events-are-escalating/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">droughts</a>, fires, and pathogen outbreaks could test whether tetraploids really weather adversity better.



Genetic analyses might uncover which genes, duplicated in extra copies, underpin that resilience. And satellite imagery paired with ecological modelling may reveal whether mixed-cytotype populations correlate with particular microclimates across the Appalachian ridges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evolutionary-pathways">New evolutionary pathways </h2>



For now, the humble beetleweed stands as living proof that life need not wait for continental drift or glacial cycles to carve new evolutionary pathways.



Sometimes a single cellular hiccup - one missed step in plant chromosome division - is enough to spin off an enduring lineage. 



In the grand narrative that began with rogue molecules self-assembling eons ago, autopolyploidy writes its own rapid-fire chapter, reminding us that the processes that generate biodiversity can be as swift as they are surprising.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/734411" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The American Naturalist</a>.



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Plant chromosome glitch fast-tracks evolution

Around 3.7 billion years ago, early molecules on the young Earth learned to copy themselves. Over time, this simple act of replication - with help from chance and chemistry - blossomed into the plants and animals we see today. Charles Darwin later explained how slow, steady change - natural selection acting on isolated populations - could split one species into two. Yet in the plant kingdom, an alternative route to diversity exists. It is called autopolyploidy, and a new theoretical study of a woodland herb known as...

Who hasn't cursed at their alarm clock when it’s time to "spring forward" and lose an hour of precious sleep? We all do it, but have you ever stopped to wonder what impact daylight saving time change may have on your lifestyle - particularly your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-has-little-influence-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>?



A team of researchers from North Carolina (<a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NC</a>) State University, <a href="https://umanitoba.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Manitoba</a>, <a href="https://www.bfh.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bern University of Applied Sciences</a>, <a href="https://sc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Carolina</a>, and California Baptist University (<a href="https://calbaptist.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBU</a>) decided to take a closer look.



The aim of their study, aptly titled “Spring Forward = Fall Back? The Effect of Daylight Saving Time Change on Consumers’ Unhealthy Behavior,” was to determine whether the onset of daylight saving triggers consumers to engage in unhealthy behaviors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daylight-saving-a-blessing-or-a-curse">Daylight saving - A blessing or a curse?</h2>



Most of us in the United States change our clocks twice a year. That transition "springing forward" certainly gets a fair share of grumbling with the loss of an hour of sleep. It seems the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/irregular-sleep-cycles-linked-to-greater-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loss of sleep</a> could be just the tip of the iceberg.



This study utilized two unique disaggregate level datasets to capture consumer behavior regarding snack consumption and fitness center visits. 



The team compared calorie consumption from packaged snacks and visits to fitness centers across two sets of customers: those affected by the onset of daylight saving time and those unaffected. The results were quite enlightening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bitter-truth-about-sweet-cravings">The bitter truth about sweet cravings</h2>



The research showed that calorie consumption from mainly unhealthy snacks increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-disrupts-diet-and-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">after the time change</a>. On top of that, visits to fitness centers decline.



This effect is amplified during the evening hours and on cloudy days. It appears the lack of sleep caused by that one-hour setback begins to take a toll on our self-control, leading to less healthy consumption behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-falling-back">What about falling back?</h2>



You'd think that gaining an extra hour of sleep when we transition from daylight saving time to standard time (during fall) might have a positive effect on eating habits. 



Interestingly, the study found that the fall transition had no effect on calories consumed from unhealthy snacks.



These findings make a strong case for policymakers to consider ending the biannual time changes. From a consumer well-being perspective, the researchers suggest that public health campaigns promoting healthy eating and exercise might be particularly necessary around the time change.



For consumers, the findings are a call to action. We need to emphasize self-control strategies, like avoiding stocking up on unhealthy snacks before the time change. 



Fitness center members might find it beneficial to plan activities close to the center to reduce the effort required to visit it following the time change. Those of us who are susceptible to self-control failures might benefit from seeking support from peers and platforms incentivizing healthy behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-in-various-industries">Technology in various industries</h2>



“Our study indicates that the onset of daylight saving time is an obstacle to consumers’ health goals, suggesting that policy makers should continue trying to end the time changes. Further, from a consumer well-being perspective, public health campaigns promoting healthy eating and exercise might be especially necessary around the time change,” noted the researchers.



Novel technologies, such as smart circadian lighting systems, might help consumers reset their circadian clocks less disruptively. Apps designed to reduce jet lag for travelers can also be used to minimize the effect of the time change.



For firms in health-related industries, these insights can be utilized to anticipate demand and serve their customers better around the onset of daylight saving time. 



For instance, fitness centers could offer promotions like free coffee or competitions to counter consumers' tendency to skip exercising after the time change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-daylight-saving-time">Adapting to daylight saving time</h2>



As the clock springs forward, why not embrace some smart strategies to adapt smoothly to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-sleep-patterns-reveal-insights-about-your-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new schedule</a>?



Start by gradually adjusting your sleep patterns a few days before the switch to ease the shock to your circadian rhythm. 



Once the change kicks in, stay ahead of cravings by focusing on hydration and nutrient-dense foods. Plus, committing to an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resistance-exercise-in-the-evening-can-improve-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise routine</a>, even a brisk walk, can boost your mood and energy.



While the debate on whether to keep or abolish daylight saving continues, what’s clear is that we need to be mindful of our health around these time changes. So, the next time the clocks spring forward, perhaps think twice before reaching for that bag of chips.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00222429241256570" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing</a>. 



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Daylight saving time causes unhealthy lifestyle choices

Who hasn't cursed at their alarm clock when it’s time...

It's no secret that volcanoes are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-dormant-volcanoes-are-capable-of-explosive-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unpredictable</a>, often hiding their secrets beneath layers of magma and age-old rock formations. However, an innovative solution to detect volcanic tremors is now in sight, thanks to relentless tenacity, and the power of technology.



The researcher at the helm, making sure we're a step ahead in understanding these fascinating natural phenomena, is Darren Tan, a graduate student researcher at the University of Alaska Fairbanks <a href="https://www.gi.alaska.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Institute</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mapping-volcanic-tremors">Mapping volcanic tremors</h2>



Tan’s exciting breakthrough proposal comes down to this – an automated system that can document and classify the ongoing vibrations in active volcanoes. This system promises to entirely overhaul the long hours currently spent on manual documentation. 



The innovative part? It’s built with the might of machine learning - a fascinating domain of artificial intelligence that leans on data to discern patterns and make decisions with the least possible human intervention.



This system will focus on volcanic tremor, a rhythmic seismic signal that escapes from volcanoes and often indicates the underground movement of magma or gas.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanic-tremor-earth-s-undercover-rhythm">Volcanic tremor: Earth’s undercover rhythm</h2>



What’s volcanic tremor? It’s not a volcanic earthquake, even though both might seem similar. The volcanic tremor is a sustained ground rumble that can last anywhere from a few seconds to an entire year or even more. It's so subtle that it’s usually detected in spectrograms because of its ever-changing intensity and frequency.



“Volcanic tremor isn’t typically detected or cataloged because it tends to be quite subtle in the seismic data. It doesn’t have the impulsive onset like an earthquake does," explained Tan.



Currently, the Alaska Volcano Observatory, where Tan is affiliated, has manual processes to detect tremor. The seismologists there spend their days scanning spectrograms at 32 volcano-monitoring networks across Alaska to find even the faintest hint of tremor amidst the clear seismic signals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-monitoring-volcanic-tremors">Monitoring volcanic tremors</h2>



With 54 volcanoes classified as “historically active” in Alaska alone, such manual efforts can be time-consuming and tedious. 



However, with Tan's automatic system, this would be a thing of the past. He used the varied tremor signals from the 2021-2022 eruption of Pavlof Volcano to build a comprehensive dataset of labeled seismic and low-frequency acoustic spectrograms.



The result? Computer models that can detect and classify volcanic tremor in almost real-time. But don't worry, human intervention will still be required to interpret what the automation churns out.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shaking-things-up">Shaking things up</h2>



The research paves the way for a new chapter in volcanic monitoring. “To be able to place our focus on time periods of interest, that is key,” said Tan. “I think that reinvents the way we can monitor long-duration eruptions, because things can get missed when a volcano is active for a year and a half or two years.”



The automated method doesn't only detect tremor; it also contributes to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/icelands-volcanic-eruptions-may-continue-for-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forecasting and detecting eruptions</a>, revolutionizing our approach towards these unpredictable giants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-automation-for-seismic-research">Automation for seismic research</h2>



The implications of Tan's automated system extend far beyond mere efficiency. By significantly reducing the time required for manual detection, researchers can now allocate more resources to analyzing the data and predicting volcanic behaviors. 



This paradigm shift in seismic research could result in enhanced risk assessment methodologies, enabling better preparedness for potential <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/popocatepetl-releases-a-blast-of-volcanic-ash/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eruptions</a>. 



Moreover, the integration of machine learning can open up new avenues for collaborative research, allowing data from various regions to be shared and compared more easily, leading to a global understanding of volcanic activity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-prospects">Future prospects</h2>



Looking ahead, the application of Tan's system could set a precedent for the monitoring of not only volcanic tremor but also other geological phenomena. 



As technology continues to evolve, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-enhances-predictions-on-volcanic-eruptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">similar approaches</a> could be used to study earthquakes, landslides, and other natural events, utilizing machine learning and vast datasets to uncover patterns that were previously elusive. 



By bridging the gap between advanced technology and the often unpredictable forces of nature, researchers can enhance our ability to predict and respond to environmental changes, ultimately safeguarding communities against geological hazards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-wild-west-of-machine-learning">The Wild West of machine learning</h2>



Tan’s enthusiasm for machine learning is contagious. He dubs it the "Wild West of machine learning," where everyone wants to dip their toes in.



But he warns that it's essential to do so carefully. After all, we're making decisions that will impact global safety responses and scientific understandings.



With Tan’s groundbreaking innovation, the future of volcanic monitoring is surely looking brighter. It's not about predicting the unpredictable; instead, it's about understanding, learning, and being prepared. And that is the heart of true scientific discovery.



The study is published in the <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2024JB029194" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth</a>.



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'Volcanic tremors' can now be detected to forecast eruptions

It's no secret that volcanoes are unpredictable, often hiding their...

Ever marvel at the allure of butterflies and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-learn-about-butterflies-day-an-enchanting-world-awaits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enchanting markings</a>? Many of us are guilty of this, and as it turns out, our selective admiration of these fluttery butterflies can throw a curveball at scientists studying biodiversity data.



According to the latest findings by researchers at <a href="https://dornsife.usc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USC Dornsife</a>, butterfly data from citizen scientists is influenced by personal preferences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reporting-data-on-butterflies">Reporting data on butterflies</h2>



The study was carried out by scientists at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences. The team found that on <a href="https://www.inaturalist.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">iNaturalist</a>, a community science platform popular for recording nature sightings, butterflies with charming markings and recognizable features are reported more frequently.



Familiar species are also reported more often on the platform. By contrast, elusive species lacking distinct qualities are less frequently reported.



The person behind these insightful findings is Laura Melissa Guzman, a professor of biological sciences and quantitative and computational biology at USC Dornsife.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-biases-and-butterfly-data">Human biases and butterfly data</h2>



Interestingly, the tendency for humans to regard attractive people as intelligent, healthy, and trustworthy leaders seems to creep into the world of insects too.



This bias can misinform the data on such community science platforms, which many rely on for conservation decisions, generating scientific knowledge, and education.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-online-platforms">Role of online platforms</h2>



Online platforms such as iNaturalist and eButterfly, both exceptionally popular among community scientists, allow nature enthusiasts to contribute data that aids scientists in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-butterfly-migration-sparked-by-a-surge-in-vegetation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tracking insect populations</a>. These platforms employ different methods for data collection. 



On iNaturalist, participants are encouraged to share photos for species verification. However, this method can exclude butterflies that are difficult to photograph. On the contrary, <a href="https://www.e-butterfly.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eButterfly</a> opts for a checklist, leading to a comprehensive account of all species observed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-consequences-of-reporting-biases">Consequences of reporting biases</h2>



The catch here is that biases introduced by the participants could lead to distorted data, which is a significant concern that the study addresses. 



Accurate estimation of species distributions, conservation priorities, and identifying population trends hinge on an understanding and accounting for these biases.



The user influence became evident when the researchers discovered that the method of relying on photos on iNaturalist favored easily photographed or interesting species. 



The platform experienced an over-reporting of species with captivating features - wing tails, checkered patterns, spots, eyespots, and stripes and under-reporting of species that were challenging to identify or those with light-colored markings on their wings. 



What's more, flight styles, height and other factors making butterflies hard to photograph may have also impacted the reporting patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-butterflies-and-biodiversity-data">Butterflies and biodiversity data</h2>



To substantiate their findings, the research team crunched some numbers where the results were quite telling. They found that 34 species were often underreported, and 53 were frequently overreported on iNaturalist compared to eButterfly. 



Overrepresented species were predominantly from the Nymphalidae family, which includes easily identifiable monarchs, and Lycaenidae, commonly known as gossamer-winged butterflies. 



In contrast, butterflies from the Pieridae family were the most underreported, thanks to their commonplace looks, often considered garden pests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-conservation-efforts">Implications for conservation efforts</h2>



Understanding the biases in butterfly reporting has significant implications for conservation efforts. 



Conservationists rely heavily on community-sourced data to make informed decisions regarding habitat protection and species management. 



If certain species are consistently overreported while others are underrepresented, it could skew conservation priorities, leading resources to be allocated inefficiently. 



This misallocation might result in the neglect of less attractive yet ecologically important species, ultimately affecting biodiversity and ecosystem health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recommended-solutions">Recommended solutions</h2>



To mitigate the impact of these biases, researchers and naturalists propose several solutions. First, raising awareness among citizen scientists about the importance of reporting all species, regardless of their appearance, is vital. 



Educational campaigns could emphasise the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterflies-show-that-new-species-can-evolve-from-hybridization/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological value of every species</a>. Additionally, improving the data collection methods on platforms like iNaturalist to include more robust checklists, akin to those used by eButterfly, can lead to a more balanced dataset. 



Encouraging users to submit comprehensive surveys, rather than solely photographic evidence, may provide a clearer picture of local butterfly populations and their conservation needs.



The blend of biases and subjectivity in reporting prompted Guzman and her team to push for an overhaul in the way citizen science is carried out. While we all appreciate a dash of allure and charm, too much of it can steer <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mystery-solved-when-butterflies-evolved-and-what-plants-they-used-for-food/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">data</a> in a skewed direction. 



By improving the training for observers and raising awareness about biases, these platforms can yield more accurate results, bolstering our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eastern-monarch-butterfly-populations-have-plummeted-by-59-percent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">understanding and conservation</a> of these fascinating creatures of the insect world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2783" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



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People love pretty butterflies - and that complicates data for scientists

Ever marvel at the allure of butterflies and their enchanting...

Alcohol has long been associated with social gatherings, celebrations, and moments of relaxation, but its impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-is-riskier-to-the-heart-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a> is often overlooked and underestimated.



If you’ve ever found your heart pounding in your chest after a night of intense partying, you might have just shrugged it off as a typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-more-alcohol-hangovers-thanks-to-new-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hangover</a> symptom, assuming it to be a temporary discomfort.



However, recent animal research studies have unveiled a far more significant and concerning connection between alcohol and heart health.



These insights could fundamentally alter the way we perceive our favorite intoxicant and prompt us to reconsider our drinking habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holiday-heart-syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</h2>



Globally, binge drinking is rampant. This term is defined as consuming five drinks within two hours for men, and four drinks within two hours for women. 



Interestingly, a surge in atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common type of irregular heart rhythm, has also been observed. These episodes of AFib often coincide with periods of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-drinking-increases-the-buildup-of-ectopic-fat-around-the-heart-and-liver/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy drinking</a>. This correlation is so common that it has been aptly named "holiday heart syndrome."



Saugat Khanal is a postdoctoral scholar in the department of physiology &amp; cell biology at <a href="https://medicine.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University College of Medicine</a> in Columbus.



“Around the holidays, opportunities for celebration – often accompanied by heavy drinking – occur during a brief period of time. Unfortunately, this sometimes sends revelers, even those with no previous heart condition, to the hospital with a racing or abnormally beating heart,” said Khanal.



“Our study in mice explored the mechanism of alcohol-induced arrhythmia and a possible way to prevent it in the future.”



Binge drinkers, even without any pre-existing heart conditions, often find themselves admitted to the hospital with irregular heartbeats. Heavy drinking provokes this condition due to the stress-induced protein called JNK2 as studies found out.



Under the influence of alcohol, the heart cells mismanage calcium, causing the heart to beat too fast or irregularly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-beacon-of-hope-for-binge-drinkers">Possible beacon of hope for binge drinkers</h2>



These preliminary studies are now giving us a solution to this worrisome trend. An agent known as Alda-1 has shown promise in preventing the activation of JNK2 that leads to AFib. 



During the study, mice subjected to alcohol mimicking binge drinking were divided into different groups. One of these groups was given Alda-1.



The results were astounding. More than 70% of the mice replicating binge drinking developed AFib, while none of those who received Alda-1 showed any sign of AFib.



The levels of JNK2 activity doubled in the alcohol group, which increased the susceptibility to AFib. Conversely, in the Alda-1 group, both the JNK2 enzyme activity and calcium handling remained normal in the heart cells.



“Abstinence from alcohol can prevent most alcohol-associated AFib risks. Unfortunately, despite nationwide education efforts, binge drinking among all age groups continues to rise. Our findings suggest that developing new drugs, including Alda-1 and other JNK2-specific inhibitors, may be an effective anti-AFib strategy for people with holiday heart syndrome,” said Khanal.



Although promising, these findings are currently limited in scope. The experiment was conducted on mice, which may not fully represent the complexities of human physiology and binge drinking's cardiovascular impacts. 



“Studies using larger animals will be a future direction to translate our exciting findings into clinical applications,” noted Khanal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alcohol-estrogen-and-heart-health-in-women">Alcohol, estrogen, and heart health in women</h2>



On the other spectrum, alcohol seems to unfavorably influence heart function in women taking estrogen replacement.



Syed Anees Ahmed is a postdoctoral researcher in pharmacology and toxicology at the <a href="https://medicine.ecu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University</a> in Greenville, North Carolina.



“It was surprising to see the significant impact estrogen had on alcohol-induced heart dysfunction, despite its known cardioprotective effects. Premenopausal and menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy should be cautious about alcohol consumption because it may be a factor in heart dysfunction,” said Ahmeed.



In a study involving female rats, regular alcohol exposure showed differing effects on rats that received hormones to replenish their estrogen supply and those that did not. 



Intriguingly, alcohol seemed to disrupt clock proteins, known regulators of heart function. This disruption led to increased oxidative stress, which can trigger plaque build-up in arteries, and ferroptosis, a type of cell death resulting from excessive iron accumulated in the heart cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-binge-drinking">Rethinking binge drinking</h2>



These findings are a call to rethink binge drinking practices, especially during holiday periods. 



Additionally, women undergoing hormonal replacement therapy or higher levels of estrogen should exercise caution when consuming alcohol.



However, it's essential to remember that these studies were conducted on animal models. Therefore, they might not fully exhibit the long-term effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-behind-different-levels-alcohol-consumption-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol consumption</a> on the human heart. 



Nonetheless, the American Heart Association advises moderation in alcohol consumption to maintain optimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a>.



The key takeaway from these studies is clear: while moderate consumption might be permissible, binge drinking is a lurking danger for our hearts. 



Awareness and self-restraint might just be the difference between a night of fun and a trip to the hospital.



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Alcohol has a hidden impact on heart health

Alcohol has long been associated with social gatherings, celebrations, and...

Scientists have identified the Western diet as a major contributor to the rise in colon cancer cases. Furthermore, an extensive review of 176 past studies has confirmed a significant correlation between diet and colon cancer.



This comprehensive review is hailed as a significant milestone, providing "tangible data" on the connection between diet, the gut microbiome, and overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-western-diet-and-its-role-in-colon-cancer">Western diet and its role in colon cancer</h2>



Scientists have identified the Western diet as a prime culprit in the rise of colon cancer cases. Rich in sugar, saturated fat, and processed foods, this diet poses the highest risk for developing colon cancer.



Simultaneously, the Western diet leads to decreased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut bacteria</a> diversity, particularly promoting the proliferation of Bacteroides species, which are linked to obesity. Notoriously low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables, this diet also causes difficulty in breaking down fiber.



Moreover, the Western diet results in a deficit of bacteria species that produce short-chain fatty acids, which are essential for reducing gut inflammation. Chronic inflammation can lead to devastating mutations in cells, increasing their likelihood of becoming cancerous.



Additionally, ultra-processed foods like pizza, chips, and donuts trigger high inflammation levels, further escalating health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-green-mediterranean-diet">The green Mediterranean diet</h2>



By contrast, the green <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-can-lead-to-longer-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean diet</a>, abundant in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, green tea, and protein-rich aquatic plants like Mankai, showed the best health outcomes among all diets studied.



This diet not only provided a wide range of essential nutrients but also encouraged a surge in "health-promoting bacteria," significantly reducing the presence of bacteria associated with cellular damage and disease.



By fostering a healthier gut microbiome, the green Mediterranean diet emerged as a powerful ally in preventing colon cancer and promoting overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-high-fiber">The power of high fiber</h2>



High-fiber diets, encouraged for weight loss and addressing chronic constipation, also demonstrated a protective effect against colon cancer, type-2 diabetes, and inflammation. 



By altering the gut microbiome, the high fiber intake led to a significant surge in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria - producers of beneficial compounds like short-chain fatty acids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-diet-a-strong-ally">Plant-based diet: A strong ally</h2>



The benefits of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-improves-health-in-women-with-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> were also spotlighted in the research. This type of diet significantly lowered the risk of colon cancer, as polyphenols found in plants prompted the growth of beneficial bacteria.



Notably, this diet increased the presence of a group of bacteria named Akkermansia, which is known for fighting various bacterial diseases and enhancing overall gut health. 



By promoting a healthier gut microbiome, a plant-based diet serves as a powerful ally in the fight against colon cancer and other related health issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-protein-and-ketogenic-diets">High-protein and ketogenic diets</h2>



However, scientists have raised concerns over high-protein diets rich in red <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beef-and-dairy-contain-a-powerful-cancer-fighting-nutrient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat</a>. Hydrogen sulfide is released from meat breakdown, which causes damaging mutations to nearby cells.



Additionally, the researchers suggest that ketogenic diets need further investigation due to their potential to cause drastic drops in beneficial bacteria populations.



Study lead author Dr. Catherine Stanton, who works for the public-private Irish state organization <a href="https://www.teagasc.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Teagasc</a>, highlighted the critical role of diet in maintaining gut microbiome balance and its metabolic functions.



"Our review highlights the profound impact of different diets on the gut microbiome," said Dr. Stanton. "This understanding is crucial for developing dietary recommendations that promote health and prevent disease."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colon-cancer-in-young-people">Colon cancer in young people</h2>



The urgency for this research comes in the wake of an alarming rise in colon cancer cases among under-50s. An estimated 17,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-cancer-rates-in-young-adults-linked-to-accelerated-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">younger people</a> are developing this disease annually. The rate among those in their late 20s and early 30s has escalated by around 70 percent.



Simultaneously, other cancers are also surging among younger individuals, including bile duct, breast, and appendix cancers. 



While the exact cause remains elusive, obesity rates and processed food consumption are being scrutinized. In parallel, a study cited an additive found in energy drinks like Red Bull as a potential cancer cell growth fuel.



Efforts are underway to comprehend these developments, with a $25 million investigation launched to study the cause of the rise in cancer among young adults. The study's findings could influence changes in colon cancer screening guidelines, with calls to reduce the current age limit of 45 for screening.



As we gain deeper insights into the diet-cancer nexus, these findings underline the importance of dietary choices. A shift towards health-promoting diets may be a crucial step in combating the rise of colon cancer among younger populations.



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Western diet identified as major cause of colon cancer

Scientists have identified the Western diet as a major contributor...

Researchers have discovered a significant connection between supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and dark matter particles, potentially resolving the longstanding “final parsec problem” in astronomy.&nbsp;



This discovery, detailed in an article published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.021401" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Review Letters</a>, suggests that previously overlooked behaviors of dark matter particles facilitate the merging of SMBH pairs into a single larger black hole.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-final-parsec-problem-nbsp">Final parsec problem&nbsp;</h2>



In 2023, astrophysicists detected a pervasive “hum” of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gravitational-waves-dark-matter-big-bang-breakthrough/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gravitational waves</a> throughout the universe. They hypothesized that this background signal emanated from millions of merging SMBH pairs, each billions of times more massive than our Sun.&nbsp;



However, theoretical simulations indicated a stall in the approach of these colossal objects when they were approximately a parsec apart (about three light years), preventing a merger.&nbsp;



This “final parsec problem” conflicted with the theory that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">merging SMBHs</a> were the source of the gravitational wave background and that SMBHs grow from the merger of less massive black holes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interaction-of-dark-matter-particles-nbsp">Interaction of dark matter particles&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Gonzalo Alonso-Álvarez is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Physics at the <a href="https://www.utoronto.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Toronto</a> and the Department of Physics and Trottier Space Institute at <a href="https://www.mcgill.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">McGill University</a>.&nbsp;



“We show that including the previously overlooked effect of dark matter can help supermassive black holes overcome this final parsec of separation and coalesce,” said Alonso-Álvarez. “Our calculations explain how that can occur, in contrast to what was previously thought.”



The research was led by Professor James Cline from McGill University and the <a href="https://home.cern/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Organization for Nuclear Research</a> (CERN) Theoretical Physics Department in Switzerland and Caitlyn Dewar, a master of science student in physics at McGill.&nbsp;&nbsp;



The team developed a new model showing that dark matter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/existence-of-dark-matter-confirmed-by-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">particles</a> interact with each other in such a way that they are not dispersed. 



This interaction maintains the density of the dark matter halo, allowing the SMBHs to continue spiraling inward and eventually merge.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-merger-of-supermassive-black-holes-nbsp">Merger of supermassive black holes&nbsp;</h2>



Supermassive black holes are thought to reside at the centers of most <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/galaxies-like-our-own-milky-way-are-not-unique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">galaxies</a>. When two galaxies collide, the SMBHs fall into orbit around each other. 



As they revolve, the gravitational pull of nearby stars tugs at them, slowing them down and causing them to spiral inward.&nbsp;



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theory-gravity-exists-without-mass-so-dark-matter-does-not-exist/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Previous models showed</a> that when the supermassive black holes approached within a parsec, they began interacting with the dark matter cloud or halo, dispersing the dark matter particles and halting the energy draw from the pair, thereby stalling their mutual orbits.



Contrary to these models, the new findings reveal that dark matter particles' interactions prevent their dispersion, maintaining the halo's density and enabling the SMBHs' orbits to degrade further.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modeling-the-behavior-of-dark-matter-particles-nbsp">Modeling the behavior of dark matter particles&nbsp;</h2>



“The possibility that dark matter particles interact with each other is an assumption that we made, an extra ingredient that not all dark matter models contain,” noted Alonso-Álvarez. “Our argument is that only models with that ingredient can solve the final parsec problem.”



The background hum detected by the Pulsar Timing Array, which measures minute variations in signals from pulsars, provides <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dark-matter-does-not-exist-universe-27-billion-years-old-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">indirect evidence</a> supporting this new model.&nbsp;



“A prediction of our proposal is that the spectrum of gravitational waves observed by pulsar timing arrays should be softened at low frequencies,” explained Cline. 



He noted that the current data already hint at this behavior, and new data may be able to confirm it in the next few years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mysterious-nature-of-dark-matter-nbsp">Mysterious nature of dark matter&nbsp;</h2>



The research not only offers insights into SMBH mergers and the gravitational wave background but also sheds light on dark matter's nature. 



“Our work is a new way to help us understand the particle nature of dark matter,” said Alonso-Álvarez.&nbsp;



The experts found that the evolution of black hole orbits is highly sensitive to dark matter's microphysics, suggesting that observations of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-map-of-supermassive-black-holes-unveiled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">supermassive black hole</a> mergers can enhance our understanding of dark matter particles.



For instance, the interactions modeled between dark matter particles also explain the shapes of galactic dark matter halos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-distribution-of-dark-matter-on-galactic-scales-nbsp">Distribution of dark matter on galactic scales&nbsp;</h2>



According to Alonso-Álvarez, the team found that the final parsec problem can only be solved if dark matter particles interact at a rate that can alter the distribution of dark matter on galactic scales.



The discovery is particularly exciting as it bridges processes occurring on vastly different physical scales, providing a new perspective on the interplay between dark matter and cosmic structures.



This breakthrough offers a profound understanding of the microphysics of dark matter and its role in cosmic phenomena.&nbsp;



“We found that the evolution of black hole orbits is very sensitive to the microphysics of dark matter, and that means we can use observations of supermassive black hole mergers to better understand these particles,” said Alonso-Álvarez.



This research provides a significant step forward in resolving the complexities of dark matter interactions and their impact on the cosmos.



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Dark matter might be the driving force behind black hole mergers

Researchers have discovered a significant connection between supermassive black holes...

Salicornia, commonly known as “sea asparagus,” is at the forefront of an agricultural revolution aimed at addressing the world's&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/potassium-depletion-in-agricultural-soils-threatens-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food security</a>&nbsp;challenges in the face of climate change.



Led by Dr. Vanessa Melino from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.newcastle.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Newcastle</a>, a team of researchers is exploring the remarkable capabilities of Salicornia to develop crops that thrive in salty conditions.



With almost 30% of farmable land worldwide at risk from saltwater intrusion, this research gives hope for keeping agriculture productive.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-power-of-salicornia">Power of Salicornia</h2>



Salicornia is a plant with an extraordinary capacity for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-leaf-diversity-shape-plant-survival/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a>, thriving in saline areas across central Asia, the Americas, Europe, the Middle East, and Northern Africa.



Unlike other plants, Salicornia can accumulate high concentrations of sodium in its active shoots without suffering ion toxicity.&nbsp;



"Our research reveals how salt-tolerant plants function on a molecular level to cope in extreme environments. We can use this information to breed crops that can be cultivated with saline groundwater or even seawater," noted Dr. Melino.



Salicornia’s ability to store sodium within its cells through specialized transporters is a key to its survival in extreme conditions.&nbsp;



This knowledge could pave the way for breeding crops capable of thriving in salt-laden soils. It offers a viable solution to the salinization problem - an issue that affects vast swathes of arable land.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salicornia-s-secret-to-salt-tolerance">Salicornia's secret to salt tolerance</h2>



Dr. Melino has spent years developing pure breeding lines of Salicornia, particularly while working at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (<a href="https://www.kaust.edu.sa/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">KAUST</a>) in Saudi Arabia.



In a recent study, her team revealed new insights into the molecular mechanisms behind Salicornia's high salinity tolerance.&nbsp;



"This suggests that Salicornia has highly efficient processes to store sodium in compartments within cells through the action of specialized transporters," said Dr. Melino.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diversifying-agricultural-horizons">Diversifying agricultural horizons</h2>



Salicornia’s unique traits extend beyond survival.&nbsp;Known for its crisp, juicy, and salty taste, it is already enjoyed as a delicacy in several countries.&nbsp;



Dr. Melino sees potential in developing Salicornia as a source of vegetable oil and high-quality protein.&nbsp;



"By focusing on fats (oil) and protein, we are trying to develop products that can be transported easily and are more sustainable than other sources - using seawater for irrigation instead of relying on limited <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-habitats-help-to-protect-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">f</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/freshwater-habitats-help-to-protect-biodiversity/">reshwater</a> resources," noted Dr. Melino.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-wild-plant-to-profitable-crop">From wild plant to profitable crop</h2>



Despite its impressive qualities, Salicornia remains a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/billions-of-people-depend-on-wild-plant-and-animal-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wild pla</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/billions-of-people-depend-on-wild-plant-and-animal-species/">nt</a>, and transforming it into a profitable crop is a painstaking process.



Dr. Melino and her team are employing modern genomic and genetic tools to speed up this domestication.&nbsp;



"With modern genomic and genetic tools, we can select and introduce traits that are desirable for cropping," said Dr. Melino.&nbsp;



This innovative approach aims to help farmers cultivate food crops in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-salinity-disrupts-the-development-of-wheat-seedlings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">saline soils</a>&nbsp;using seawater or brackish water, offering a sustainable solution to increasing salinization.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australian-cousin-the-samphire">Australian cousin: The Samphire</h2>



The research is already branching out, and while still focused on Salicornia, another species native to Australia called Samphire has also piqued the interest of the researchers.&nbsp;



Samphire thrives under high-salinity conditions and could potentially be another solution to the salinization of farmland.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-opportunities-for-coastal-communities">New opportunities for coastal communities</h2>



Beyond their agricultural potential, salt-tolerant crops like Salicornia and Samphire also present significant socio-economic opportunities for coastal communities.&nbsp;



These plants can be cultivated on coastal lands that are otherwise unsuitable for traditional farming, turning these regions into productive agricultural hubs.&nbsp;



This not only helps in diversifying the local economy but also provides new employment opportunities, fosters sustainable development, and reduces the reliance on freshwater resources.&nbsp;



Coastal farming initiatives could transform the landscape of agricultural production, making it more inclusive and resilient in the face of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-salicornia-cultivating-coastal-prosperity">Salicornia: Cultivating coastal prosperity</h2>



With over 2 million hectares of Australian farmland plagued by salt, there’s a clear need and opportunity for developing salt-tolerant crops.&nbsp;



Domesticating the Samphire plant could offer an alternative solution to this issue, potentially transforming this salty pasture into a potent source of oilseeds and alternative protein.



With the right breeding strategies and ongoing research, we could see a new era in farming. In the near future, it is possible that saltwater will not be the enemy, but the ally, of crops. This research could ultimately pave the way toward a more stable and resilient agricultural future.



The study was published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48595-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Salty plants can teach us how to grow crops with seawater

Salicornia, commonly known as “sea asparagus,” is at the forefront...

There's a powerful tool to combat age-related dementia; it's as simple as putting down your Google-enabled device and taking a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-afternoon-naps-impact-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nap</a>. 



This surprising wisdom is delivered by esteemed Canadian academic, Professor Mohamed I. Elmasry, in his groundbreaking book, "iMind: Artificial and Real Intelligence."



The professor argues that we've become so smitten with artificial intelligence (AI) that we've neglected to nurture our organic (real) intelligence (RI). 



However, the brain, like our handheld devices, contains hardware, software, and apps of its own. 



With proper care, exercise, and mental stimulation, the brain can prove more powerful and enduring than any AI-powered gadget.



By focusing on maintaining our cognitive health through activities such as brain games, mindfulness, and rest, we can enhance the capabilities and longevity of our minds, ensuring that our natural intelligence remains sharp and resilient throughout our lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coping-with-dementia">Coping with dementia</h2>



Professor Elmasry, a renowned figure in the realms of microchip design and AI, has lost loved ones to Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. These personal tragedies ignited his passion to explore the marvels and potential of the human mind.



Dismissing the notion that smart devices are becoming increasingly smarter, he contends that they pale in comparison with our brains.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>, Elmasry asserts, has an unparalleled capacity for storage, longevity, energy efficiency, and self-healing. It outperforms any smartphone, which typically has a lifespan of about 10 years, while a well-kept brain may function optimally for more than a century.



"Your brain-mind is the highest-value asset you have, or will ever have. Increase its potential and longevity by caring for it early in life, keeping it and your body healthy so it can continue to develop," writes Elmasry.



To this end, he advocates for daily brain workouts, such as "brain games," for keeping our minds sharp.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swap-screens-for-cognitive-scenes">Swap screens for cognitive scenes</h2>



Professor Elmasry shares how reliance on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-ai-systems-learn-like-the-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> smartphone apps has replaced the use of real intelligence among younger generations.



In a telling example, he recounts an episode where his grandchildren, after spending a week in Cuba, couldn't recall the capital of the country without resorting to a search engine. 



“A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-multivitamins-slow-cognitive-aging-and-improve-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy memory</a> goes hand-in-hand with real intelligence. Our memory simply can't reach its full potential without RI,” says Elmasry.



His book, published by <a href="https://www.routledge.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Routledge</a>, delves into the evolution of microchip design, machine learning, and AI. He also compares the functionality of the human mind and brain with AI-based systems like smartphones and ChatGPT.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-narrowing-the-ai-divide">Narrowing the AI divide</h2>



Through "iMind: Artificial and Real Intelligence," Elmasry aspires to bridge the understanding gap between real and artificial intelligence, while also addressing ongoing debates and controversies surrounding AI. 



He delves into the nuances of how AI can complement rather than replace our natural cognitive abilities, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to technology.



Moreover, he hopes to inspire researchers to discover new treatments for degenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and cancer. By highlighting the untapped potential of our brains, Elmasry aims to shift focus towards nurturing our mental faculties alongside advancing AI technologies.



By promoting a deeper understanding of how our brains function compared to AI systems, Elmasry aims to encourage innovations that leverage the strengths of both real and artificial intelligence, ultimately leading to breakthroughs in medical research and therapeutic approaches for these debilitating diseases. 



This comprehensive perspective not only seeks to advance scientific knowledge but also to foster a holistic approach to cognitive health and technological development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-napping-and-other-dementia-prevention-techniques">Napping and other dementia prevention techniques</h2>



Elmasry asserts that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-secret-ingredient-to-healthy-aging-your-midlife-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy aging</a> deserves as much attention as climate change, even though it doesn’t receive as much publicity. He proposes a series of reforms to promote active aging, such as transforming bingo halls into vibrant learning centers.



The professor also offers practical advice to strengthen our Real Intelligence. Napping, for instance, can refresh our memory and other brain functions.



Research on the relationship between napping and dementia prevention is ongoing. Some studies suggest that short naps can be beneficial for brain health by improving cognitive function, mood, and memory. 



Professor Elmasry recommends building an "associative" memory by attaching new information to what we already know.



His other techniques include integrating a day of complete rest into the week, evaluating lifestyle habits from as early as your 20s or 30s, adhering to a healthy diet, and moderating or avoiding alcohol to lower dementia risk.



By cultivating these habits and fostering mindfulness, we can ensure that our "brain apps" continue to run smoothly, enriching our lives and empowering us into an age of real intelligence.



-----



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Stop googling, start napping to reduce dementia risk

There's a powerful tool to combat age-related dementia; it's as...

Trees, those silent, stationary beings we often take for granted are actually on the move. Surprising as it may be, this doesn't mean tree trunks are sprouting legs and trekking uphill. 



Instead, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-have-an-amazing-ability-to-adapt-to-new-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">entire species</a> of trees in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are shifting their habitats in response to the ever-looming specter of climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tree-migration-due-to-climate-change">Tree migration due to climate change</h2>



The recent study was led by Dr. Rodrigo Bergamin, a researcher from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a>, in collaboration with an international group of scientists.



The team’s findings reveal something we've never seen before; climate change is affecting not just the trees, but the very mix of tree species in the Atlantic Forest, known for its rich variety of life.



“We found that different species are moving in different directions - in lower forests, trees are moving downhill more often than uphill, probably due to factors besides temperature, like competition between species," said Dr. Bergamin.



“However, in the forest higher up in the mountains, most species are moving uphill as temperatures rise and the undergrowth becomes more suited to those trees favoring warm temperatures. This could mean that species needing colder temperatures are at risk of dying out as the world continues to warm.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-tree-species">Different tree species</h2>



To reach this conclusion, the researchers studied 627 tree species across 96 different locations in the Atlantic Forest. They calculated what they call community temperature scores (CTS) to understand the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest's climate patterns</a>.



Interestingly, younger trees in high-altitude forests seem more agile in their migration. The researchers found that young tree groups had more growth than the older ones, and this growth increased over a decade of observing the forest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-varying-tree-responses-to-climate-change">Varying tree responses to climate change</h2>



Some trees are in a tight spot as the planet heats up. Professor Sandra Müller from the <a href="http://www.ufrgs.br/english/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</a>, a senior author of the study, raises the alarm. 



“Species from higher altitudes are generally more sensitive to temperature and those that need cold are more likely to lose out in competition under warmer temperatures to species that prefer hotter temperatures,” noted Professor Müller.



Consider what this means for the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot also known as Mata Atlântica in Portuguese. 



This massive forest stretches from Rio Grande do Norte in the north-east to Rio Grande do Sul state in the south and extends inland as far as Paraguay and the Misiones province of Argentina. It houses a vast array of unique species and ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-biodiversity">Implications for biodiversity</h2>



The shifts in tree species due to climate change have profound implications for biodiversity. 



As certain species migrate to more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-are-still-fighting-climate-change-against-all-odds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">suitable habitats</a>, the intricate relationships that have developed over generations - between trees, animals, and other flora - could be disrupted.



This relocation may also lead to the emergence of new species compositions that could struggle to adapt to existing ecological dynamics. Understanding how these changes impact not just the trees but the entire ecosystem is critical for conservation efforts moving forward.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-strategies">Conservation strategies</h2>



In light of these findings, there is an urgent need to reassess conservation strategies aimed at protecting ecosystems like the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. 



Efforts must focus on creating adaptive management plans that consider the dynamic nature of species habitats under climate change. Strategies may include protecting critical migration corridors and enhancing the resilience of remaining forests through the restoration of degraded areas. 



We must act now to ensure that both trees and the myriad of species that rely on them for survival can <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-forests-which-tree-species-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continue to thrive in a warming world</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-at-the-bigger-picture">Looking at the bigger picture</h2>



Of course, the story might not be the same throughout this vast forest. “This study showed what is happening in the South of the Atlantic Forest, but different regions might show other trends," said study co-author Dr. Adriane Esquivel Muelbert. 



"We are now bringing together researchers from across the whole biome to create a big picture of how these forests are responding to global change."



Ultimately, trees are responding to a warming climate just like all the other species on this planet. However, we still have a lot to learn before we can fully understand the impact of climate change on trees.



In the meantime, isn't it time we take some serious steps to slow down this relentless march towards a warmer world?



The study is published in the <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvs.13289" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Vegetation Science</a>.



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Trees are 'relocating' in a race against global warming

Trees, those silent, stationary beings we often take for granted...

Blushing, that sudden warmth and redness in your cheeks during embarrassing or shy moments, is a uniquely human expression.&nbsp;Charles Darwin even called it "the most peculiar and most human of all&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expressions</a>."&nbsp;



But what exactly causes us this? What are the underlying mechanisms behind this intriguing phenomenon?&nbsp;



To understand why we blush, we need to look at how our emotions, brain, and social interactions work together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-karaoke-study-reveals-insights">Karaoke study reveals insights</h2>



To unravel these mysteries, researchers from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.unich.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chieti</a>, under the supervision of the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, embarked on an innovative study.&nbsp;



They employed a creative and unconventional approach, using karaoke as a tool to evoke and study responses in a controlled environment.&nbsp;



This inventive method allowed the researchers to observe and measure the physiological and neurological aspects of blushing in real-time, providing new insights into this unique&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-robots-read-your-mind-this-one-can-anticipate-your-smile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human expression</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychology-behind-blushing">Psychology behind blushing</h2>



“There’s this idea in psychology that dates back to Darwin, who said that blushing occurs when we think about what other people think of us, which involves relatively complex cognitive skills,” noted developmental psychologist Milica Nikolic.



To embark on this journey of unraveling the mysteries of blushing, the researchers skilfully used a karaoke setting.&nbsp;



Female adolescents, known for being particularly sensitive to social judgement and therefore more susceptible to blushing, were chosen as the study participants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-approach-to-investigation">Novel approach to investigation</h2>



The participants were invited to the lab for two separate sessions. In the first session, they were asked to sing difficult karaoke songs to evoke a potential blushing response. 



In the second session, they watched their own&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-were-drawn-to-certain-singing-voices-a-scientific-insight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">singing</a>&nbsp;performances while their&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a>&nbsp;and physiological responses, including cheek temperature as an indicator of blushing, were measured.&nbsp;



Adding an extra layer of intrigue, the participants were told they would watch their recordings in the presence of an audience, and were also shown recordings from another participant and a professional singer disguised as a participant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurobiology-of-blushing">Neurobiology of blushing</h2>



Predictably, the researchers discovered that the participants blushed more often while watching their own performances.&nbsp;



Fascinatingly, the brain areas that were activated during these moments were not the ones traditionally known to play a role in understanding oneself or others' mental states.&nbsp;



Blushing was associated with increased activity in the cerebellum, a brain region widely recognized for its role in movement and coordination, and also in the early visual areas.&nbsp;



“Lately, there has been a lot of research suggesting its involvement in emotional processing,” said Nikolic.



“Based on this we concluded that thinking about others’ thoughts may not be necessary for blushing to occur. Blushing may be a part of the automatic arousal you feel when you are exposed and there is something that is relevant to the self.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-the-human-psyche">Insights into the human psyche</h2>



“The next step would be to look at blushing under different conditions, or perhaps, even explore the phenomenon in younger children, before they have developed the cognitive skills to think about other people’s thoughts,” Nikolic noted.



Recognizing blushing as a universal phenomenon, Nikolic points out its relevance in understanding&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-discovery-social-anxiety-can-be-targeted-in-the-gut/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social anxiety</a>disorder and everyday human interaction.&nbsp;



In understanding the nuances of blushing, we gain new insights into the human psyche and its complex emotional machinery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-perspective">Evolutionary perspective</h2>



Blushing may not just be a social cue but could also serve evolutionary purposes. From an evolutionary standpoint, displaying vulnerability through blushing may signal honesty or submission, fostering social bonds and cooperation within groups. 



By revealing one’s emotional state, individuals could elicit empathy and support from others, which could have been critical for survival in early human communities. 



This perspective aligns with the idea that blushing has been naturally selected as an adaptive trait, helping to maintain social harmony among individuals who share group dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-perspectives-on-blushing">Cultural perspectives on blushing</h2>



Blushing is not only a fascinating psychological and physiological phenomenon but also a cultural one.&nbsp;



Different cultures perceive and react to blushing in varied ways. In some Eastern cultures, blushing is seen as a sign of humility and modesty. These traits are highly valued. In contrast, Western cultures often interpret blushing as a sign of guilt or embarrassment.



These cultural differences highlight the complex interplay between biology and societal norms.&nbsp;



Understanding these cultural perspectives can provide us with a richer, more nuanced view of why we blush and how it's interpreted by others around the world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0958" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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What causes people to blush?

Blushing, that sudden warmth and redness in your cheeks during...

A team of biologists from <a href="https://www.brown.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brown University</a> has recently aimed to understand the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-how-plants-adapt-to-changing-climates/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> on plant species in tropical mountain regions.&nbsp;



The researchers discovered that even slight variations in temperature and moisture could have substantial effects, threatening the survival of plants and the ecosystems they support.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-in-tropical-mountains-nbsp">Plants in tropical mountains&nbsp;</h2>



Emily Hollenbeck, who conducted this research while earning her Ph.D. in ecology and evolutionary biology from Brown, conducted extensive experiments in the Monteverde mountain region of Costa Rica.&nbsp;



The research revealed that small changes in climate conditions drastically affect the survival of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/epiphytes-are-increasingly-threatened-by-forest-disturbances/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">epiphyte species</a>, strengthening concerns about widespread extinctions due to climate change in these areas.



Hollenbeck, passionate about the impact of climate change on tropical forests, spent five years documenting occurrences of epiphyte species across three mountains in Costa Rica and Panama.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tropical-plants-struggling-to-survive-nbsp">Tropical plants struggling to survive&nbsp;</h2>



On one mountain, she transplanted plant species to different sites varying in elevation, temperature, and aridity, and observed the effects on the plants.&nbsp;



The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-49181-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>, found that most epiphyte species struggled to survive outside their native climate ranges. This research highlights the heightened extinction risks from climate change in tropical mountain ecosystems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-natural-world-is-shifting-nbsp">The natural world is shifting&nbsp;</h2>



“It's already obvious to people who live here, even those who aren't biologists, that the natural world has been shifting in striking ways over the last 20 or 30 years in response to climate change,” said Hollenbeck, now president of the <a href="https://www.monteverdeinfo.com/community/monteverde-conservation-league" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Monteverde Conservation League</a>, a Costa Rican nonprofit focused on conserving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tropical-ecosystems-at-risk-the-critical-role-of-aquatic-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tropical ecosystems</a>.&nbsp;



“It felt really important to conduct a very specific, well-controlled scientific study to provide context and evidence to support what we’re seeing.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extinction-risks-are-not-well-understood-nbsp">Extinction risks are not well understood&nbsp;</h2>



Study co-author Dov Sax is a Brown professor of ecology, evolution, and organismal biology who served as Hollenbeck’s dissertation advisor.&nbsp;



Professor Sax noted that while it is well-known that climate change poses extinction risks, the specifics of these dynamics are less understood, especially in tropical mountain regions, which host some of the world's most diverse ecosystems.



According to Sax, most extinction risk estimates are based on statistical models that consider current climate conditions and whether these conditions will exist nearby in the future. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-poorly-documented-tropical-plants">Poorly documented tropical plants</h2>



The statistical models work well in regions like the United States and Europe, where species distributions are well-documented, but they are less effective in tropical settings with poorly documented species distributions and unclear tolerance levels to new conditions.



“The field doesn’t have a good handle on just how bad the extinction risk to tropical organisms might be under different levels of climate change,” Sax said. This study directly addresses these limitations for tropical epiphytes in the mountains of Costa Rica and Panama, requiring a significant amount of work.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adaptable-plants-are-still-vulnerable">Adaptable plants are still vulnerable</h2>



Hollenbeck and Brown research assistants surveyed about 70 epiphyte species across three mountain ranges, transplanting around 1,500 individual plants to various elevations and climates. The plants were monitored every three months over three years.



“We found that these species really are as sensitive to small changes in climate conditions as has been widely feared, and which some previous, much smaller-scale experiments had found in the past,” Sax said. Even the most adaptable plants fared worse than expected, emphasizing their vulnerability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-tipping-point-for-tropical-plants-nbsp">A tipping point for tropical plants&nbsp;</h2>



The study also indicates vastly different outcomes based on temperature scenarios predicted by 2100. Under a low-emission scenario (1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels), most plant species studied will survive.&nbsp;



However, under a moderately high-emission scenario (3.2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels), 5% to 36% of species may go extinct in the region, with 10% to 55% disappearing from the specific mountain studied.



“It is a little alarming just how close to a threshold or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-tipping-points-report-shows-humanity-on-a-disastrous-trajectory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tipping point</a> we are for these tropical species,” Sax said, noting that Earth’s surface temperature has already increased by one degree Celsius since the pre-industrial era.&nbsp;



“On the one hand, this gives us hope if we really can dramatically slow climate change, but on the other hand it shows just how little additional warming is needed to lead to the massive extinction events that we have feared might occur.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-effects-of-plant-extinctions">Cascading effects of plant extinctions</h2>



Professor Sax added that with moderate warming, a third of all epiphytes could be lost by the century's end, leading to unpredictable and far-reaching effects on the ecosystem and the local economy.



Hollenbeck, living in Costa Rica and involved in teaching science and running research fellowships, described epiphytes as the canaries in a coal mine for tropical forests.&nbsp;



“Getting this level of concrete data involved a stupefying amount of fieldwork over a long time and applies to about 70 species of plants,” she said. “But this research just scratches the surface in terms of how climate change is affecting different species.”



This extensive research underscores the urgent need to address climate change to protect vulnerable tropical ecosystems and the myriad species they support.



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Small climate changes have drastic effects on tropical plants

A team of biologists from Brown University has recently aimed...

World leaders must seize a crucial opportunity to develop an integrated approach to tackle climate change and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-biodiversity-crisis-is-actually-worse-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity loss</a>, according to scientists from the <a href="https://www.zsl.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zoological Society of London</a> (ZSL) and <a href="https://www.yorku.ca/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">York University</a>. Failure to do so could result in efforts to address one crisis inadvertently hindering progress on the other.



A paper from the international conservation charity ZSL and researchers at York University, titled “The Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the Paris Agreement need a joint work program for climate, nature, and people,” outlines how a unified program between the <a href="https://unfccc.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change</a> (UNFCCC) and the <a href="https://www.un.org/en/observances/biological-diversity-day/convention" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity</a> (CBD) could be established.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-and-climate-crises-are-intrinsically-linked">Nature and climate crises are intrinsically linked</h2>



The paper emphasizes the necessity of this joint program, highlighting the challenges it must address and offering recommendations for successful implementation. Such a political tool is deemed essential to meet international commitments under both the Paris Agreement and the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.



“We urgently need a global approach that addresses the nature and climate crises together - because they are intrinsically connected,” said co-author Nathalie Pettorelli, a researcher at ZSL’s Institute of Zoology.&nbsp;



“The UNFCCC and CBD are incredible platforms for providing the evidence to, and guiding the way through the changes we need, but higher levels of integration between the biodiversity and climate change agendas are needed to plug implementation gaps.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stabilize-the-climate-to-restore-nature">Stabilize the climate to restore nature</h2>



Pettorelli noted that the upcoming Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC and CBD present a clear policy window for the two conventions to introduce a formal governance structure that brings together ideas, people, organizations and processes necessary for joining the dots on how to both stabilize our climate and recover our nature.



Later this year, world leaders will convene for two global conventions to separately address <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forests-are-still-fighting-climate-change-against-all-odds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> and biodiversity loss. In October, the CBD will meet in Columbia for the 16th United Nations Biodiversity conference (COP16). Following this, the UNFCCC will meet in Azerbaijan for the 29th United Nations Climate Change conference (COP29) in November.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bold-and-transformative-action-is-needed">Bold and transformative action is needed</h2>



Nathalie emphasized the importance of this opportunity: “With the closely related policy agendas of the upcoming UNFCCC and CBD's COPs, negotiators have a key opportunity to take coordinated, bold and transformative action to deliver a new, more integrated and coherent approach to addressing the entwined nature and climate crises.”



According to Nathalie, the urgency is such that both conventions need to work together now, and take advantage of the many potential synergies we highlighted between climate change and biodiversity policies to change humanity’s course towards a sustainable future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-harmony-between-humans-and-nature">Harmony between humans and nature</h2>



At COP16, government representatives will review the state of implementation of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted in 2022, which aims for humanity to live in harmony with nature by 2050.&nbsp;



Goals include halting and reversing biodiversity loss by 2030. Discussions at COP29 will be critical for progress towards the Paris Agreement's objective of limiting global temperature increases to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.



“The world is currently at a crossroads,” said co-author Idil Boran, a researcher at York University's Faculty of Liberal Arts and Professional Studies. “World leaders have signed international treaties that commit them to take action to address these two crises - but there is currently a massive gap in the tools available to ensure this action is unified.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-dual-crises-nbsp">Addressing the dual crises&nbsp;</h2>



Boran said a program is needed to fill these gaps - identifying areas where climate actions may harm biodiversity, providing clear recommendations, and developing methods to monitor progress on shared goals.



Without this program, actions to address one crisis might create setbacks for the other, noted Boran. For instance, replacing natural grasslands with forests might help capture <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-capture-technology-faces-uncertainty-despite-heavy-investment/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon </a>dioxide but would harm the ecosystems and wildlife that previously thrived there.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nature-based-solutions-improve-coastal-defenses/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature-based Solutions</a> (NbS) are emphasized as effective strategies that address both climate change and biodiversity loss while benefiting people.&nbsp;



For example, restoring mangroves helps with carbon storage, protects endangered species like the Bengal tiger and the Philippine cockatoo, and provides resources for local communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-funding-imbalance-for-climate-and-nature-nbsp">Funding imbalance for climate and nature&nbsp;</h2>



The paper also calls for reallocating resources to address the funding imbalance between climate change and biodiversity loss efforts.&nbsp;



Pettorelli highlighted the broader need for nature to be central to decision-making, stressing that functioning ecosystems are vital for addressing rapid climate change and essential aspects of human life, such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungal-infections-are-threatening-global-food-security/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">food security</a> and clean water access.&nbsp;



“We need these to be recognized and conservation to receive the resources needed for it to be part of the solution towards tackling climate change and championing human well-being,” she said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-should-guide-our-decisions-nbsp">Science should guide our decisions&nbsp;</h2>



From restoring vast areas of mangrove forests to advocating for urban rewilding to protect against climate change impacts, this call is part of ZSL’s global efforts to push for and implement urgent actions to build a better future for people and the planet. ZSL believes that nature can recover and that conservation driven by science is the most effective approach.&nbsp;



The experts advocate for science to guide all global environmental and biodiversity decisions, aiming to build a healthier future for wildlife, people, and the planet.



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Tackling the dual crises of climate and nature

World leaders must seize a crucial opportunity to develop an...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

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Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

[sendtonews key="vpljfR2VBX-2560867-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

[sendtonews key="MHyhtebibJ-2200368-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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