<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grapevines-could-offer-a-breakthrough-alternative-to-plastic-packaging/">Plastic</a> bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent.



The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-ran-the-study">Who ran the study</h2>



The research was coauthored by <a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/faculty/kimberly-oremus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kimberly L. Oremus</a> of the University of Delaware’s School of Marine Science and Policy (<a href="https://www.udel.edu/academics/colleges/ceoe/departments/smsp/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UDEL</a>). 



Oremus and her collaborator set out to measure litter, not just shopping behavior, so the results speak to what ends up in nature.



The team relied on citizen science, meaning trained volunteers recorded what they collected during beach, river, and lake cleanups. 



They drew on <a href="https://www.coastalcleanupdata.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TIDES</a>, a public database that stores those counts in one place so researchers can analyze patterns across time and place.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-plastic-bag-policies">Studying plastic bag policies</h2>



To isolate the effect of bag policies, the authors used a Difference-in-Differences (<a href="https://www.publichealth.columbia.edu/research/population-health-methods/difference-difference-estimation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DiD</a>) approach that compares places with and without new laws over the same period. 



That design helps rule out unrelated trends that affect everyone, such as national shifts in shopping or packaging.



The headline result is simple. In communities with full bans or fees, the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drinking-from-plastic-bottles-linked-to-high-blood-pressure-and-heart-problems/">plastic</a> bags in the litter mix fell relative to similar places without policies, and the decline grew in the years after a law took effect.



State level rules tended to be more reliable in the data than city or county policies. Effects looked similar along coasts and rivers, with hints of larger gains along lakes where winds and currents spread litter differently.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plastic-policy-fees-vs-bans">Plastic policy: Fees vs. bans</h2>



Fees change the default at every checkout and discourage taking a bag when you do not need one, which reduces both thin and thicker bag use.



Other <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/carrier-bag-charge-summary-of-data-in-england/single-use-plastic-carrier-bags-charge-data-for-england-2024-to-2025" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence</a> points in the same direction outside the United States. England reports an almost 98 percent drop in single use carrier bags at major retailers since its charge began.



Policies that only restrict thin bags often allow thicker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/agricultural-soil-is-now-the-worlds-biggest-plastic-dumping-ground/">plastic</a> labeled as reusable. 



Those partial bans showed the smallest and least precise effects in the analysis, which is consistent with shoppers substituting one kind of plastic for another.



Some states also pass preemption <a href="https://www.ncsl.org/environment-and-natural-resources/state-plastic-bag-legislation" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">laws</a> that block cities and counties from regulating bags at all. When local governments cannot act, the study’s data suggest statewide policies become especially important.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildlife-and-entanglement">Wildlife and entanglement</h2>



The cleanup records include notes on animals found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-found-in-99-percent-sea-turtles-organ-tissue-reproductive-system/">entangled in debris</a>. 



In areas with bag policies, the presence of entangled animals dropped by roughly 30 to 37 percent, although the authors caution that the estimates are imprecise and more data are needed.



That finding aligns with what we know about <a href="https://www.nrdc.org/stories/single-use-plastics-101" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">single-use-plastics</a>. Thin bags linger in water and along shorelines, where they can snag, smother, or be eaten by turtles, birds, and fish.



Many studies track what happens at store checkouts, but fewer track what ends up outdoors. Shoreline cleanups offer a window into that last step in the chain from purchase to pollution.



Across the study period, the share of bags among collected items rose overall, but it rose less where bag laws existed. That pattern is exactly what you want to see if policies are slowing the flow of litter into the environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-plastic-policy-steps">Global plastic policy steps</h2>



A small, universal fee is a simple tool that nudges behavior without banning choices. Full bans can work too, and the analysis shows both approaches reduce the share of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/glass-bottles-contain-more-microplastics-than-plastic-containers/">plastic</a> bags found during cleanups.



The mix of policies should match local conditions. In places with more bag litter to begin with, impacts were largest, so targeting high problem areas with fast action can deliver quick gains.



Plastic bag rules are only one part of the picture. Negotiators from 175 countries are working toward a plastics treaty under <a href="https://www.unep.org/inc-plastic-pollution" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UNEP</a> that could standardize action on a wider set of products and chemicals.



The study notes that bottles, caps, and other items did not decline when bag policies passed. That is a signal that targeted rules for other single use products would be needed to curb overall litter.



Adopt a modest fee or a full ban that applies across retail and restaurant settings, and keep the text simple so it is easy to enforce. Pair the policy with clear signs at checkout and with retailer reporting that tracks compliance.



Measure results in the same way the researchers did. Recruit volunteers, log items in TIDES, and watch how the litter mix changes year over year so the policy can be adjusted as needed.



The study is published in <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adp9274" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Studies confirm that a small tax definitely helps curb plastic pollution

Plastic bags are everywhere, and too many slip into rivers and onto beaches. A new analysis finds that policies that either charge a small fee per bag or prohibit them outright cut the share of bags found during shoreline cleanups by 25 to 47 percent. The study combed through hundreds of city, county, and state rules passed between 2017 and 2023. It matched those policies to more than 45,000 volunteer cleanups across the United States to see what actually changed on the ground. Who ran the study...

The simple act of a tree drawing carbon dioxide from the air serves as an overlooked hero in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/single-degree-temperature-warming-boreal-forests-wreak-havoc/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ongoing battle</a> against climate change. Surrounded by threats like deforestation and wildfires, our guardians, the world's forests, have stood resilient for more than three decades, absorbing harmful carbon dioxide even in the face of adversity.



Our source of this fresh perspective on forests' resilience is a study led by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (<a href="https://iiasa.ac.at" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IIASA</a>), involving researchers from 11 countries, including IIASA Distinguished Emeritus Research Scholar Anatoly Shvidenko.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-forests-vs-climate-change">Forests vs. climate change</h2>



The recent study enhances our understanding of forests' <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/international-day-of-forests-2024-new-solutions-for-a-better-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">indispensable role</a> in mitigating climate change, even as disruptive elements attempt to dismantle their capabilities.



Delving deep into the study reveals a groundbreaking discovery. Researchers, relying on a combination of on-the-ground measurements and remote sensing data, found that forests absorb, on average, 3.5 billion metric tons of carbon annually. 



That's nearly half the carbon dioxide emissions generated from burning fossil fuels over the past three decades.



"While the overall global picture is encouraging, there are large areas with problematic trends and forecasts," noted Shvidenko.



"This primarily concerns the central and eastern parts of northern Eurasia continent, where global warming has already led to an unprecedented spread of wildfires and the death of 33 million hectares of forests in Russia alone between 2010 and 2019."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-on-the-ground-data-collection">On-the-ground data collection </h2>



Yude Pan, senior research scientist at the US Department of Agriculture (<a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>) Forest Service Northern Research Station and co-lead author of the study, provides interesting insights.



"Our research team analyzed data from millions of forest plots around the globe. What sets this study apart is its foundation in extensive ground measurements - essentially, a tree-by-tree assessment of size, species, and biomass," noted Pan.



"While the study also incorporates remote sensing data, a common tool in national forest inventories and land surveys, our unique strength lies in the detailed on-the-ground data collection."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-across-different-forests">Climate change across different forests </h2>



As we zero in on different regions, we find that the Northern Hemisphere's Boreal forests across Alaska, Canada, and Russia have seen their carbon sink capacity fall by 36% due to wildfires, insect outbreaks, and soil warming. 



The scenario is similar for tropical forests, with deforestation leading to a 31% decline in their carbon-absorption capacity.



However, thanks to regrowth in areas previously abandoned for agriculture or logging activities, they maintain a near-neutral net carbon flux. In contrast, Temperate forests have experienced a 30% surge in their carbon sink capacity, largely due to extensive reforestation, especially in China.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-balancing-act">The balancing act</h2>



Richard Birdsey, a senior scientist at <a href="https://www.woodwellclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Woodwell Climate Research Center</a> and co-lead author of the study, sheds light on the surprising nature of the team's discoveries.



"The persistence of the global forest carbon sink was a surprise given global increases in wildfire, drought, logging, and other stressors. But it turns out that increasing emissions in some regions were balanced by increasing accumulations in other regions, mainly re-growing tropical forests and reforestation of temperate forests," said Birdsey.



"These findings support the potential for improving protection and management of forests as effective natural climate solutions."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-land-management-policies">Land management policies</h2>



Emerging from these revelations comes a renewed sense of urgency to rethink our<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-destruction-of-tropical-forests-is-much-worse-than-believed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> land management policies</a> and practices. 



The study underscores the paramount need to reduce deforestation across all forest biomes, promote restoration of lands unsuitable for agriculture, and enhance timber harvesting practices to lower emissions from logging and related activities. 



The researchers also emphasize the need for more ground sampling plots in tropical regions to improve our understanding of the global carbon budget.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-way-forward">The way forward</h2>



"Global forests can continue to efficiently sequester and store carbon, while simultaneously providing numerous other benefits that humans receive from the natural environment and properly functioning ecosystems," noted IIASA senior research scholar Dmitry Schepaschenko, who contributed to the study.



"However, with increasing human pressure and a rapidly changing climate, adaptive and regionalized forest management is needed now more than ever."



To conclude, the study resoundingly endorses forests as crucial allies in our fight against climate change. However, we have a responsibility to adapt our practices to keep these vital ecosystems thriving for the benefit of our planet and generations to come.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07602-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



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Forests are still fighting climate change, against all odds

The simple act of a tree drawing carbon dioxide from...

Ever noticed how, in the face of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-world-will-have-half-as-many-farms-by-the-end-of-the-century/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crisis</a>, we tend to rethink our choices, scrutinize our practices, and reassess the impact of our actions on the world around us? The COVID-19 pandemic has instigated a worldwide introspection. One area that has come under the microscope recently is industrialized or intensive farming.



A team of researchers from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a> has carefully examined the relationship between intensive farming and the risk of future pandemics. The team was led by Professor Steve Hinchliffe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-double-edged-sword-of-intensive-farming">Double-edged sword of intensive farming</h2>



The typical narrative around industrialized farming is that it actually helps curb the risk of zoonotic diseases. These are diseases that jump the species barrier from animals to humans. 



The logic is simple: intensive farming utilizes better control mechanisms, implements stringent biosecurity measures, and separates livestock from the wild, which in theory limits disease transmission. But, is this really the case?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-of-intensive-farming">Risks of intensive farming</h2>



After meticulously scrutinizing a variety of social and economic factors that usually get side-stepped in conventional risk assessments, the findings presented by Professor Hinchliffe's team shed a different light.&nbsp;



Far from alleviating the risk, industrialized farming might be inadvertently cranking up the odds of an emerging infectious disease (EID), possibly unleashing new pandemics upon us.



"The risks of emergence and transmission of diseases depend on multiple factors, including contact between humans and animals, and how we use land. Livestock farming plays a potentially significant role in those risks, shaping landscapes and providing hosts that can act as the source or amplifiers of emerging pathogens," said Professor Hinchliffe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disease-more-than-just-pathogens-nbsp">Disease: More than just pathogens&nbsp;</h2>



Disease is a multifaceted <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sensors-that-detect-plant-stress-could-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">phenomenon</a>. The narrative cannot just revolve around pathogens, transmission vectors, or the microbiological aspects. It's a chain reaction set into motion by a nexus of social, economic, and political factors along with ecological and biological elements.



"The founding myth in intensive farming is that we separate livestock from wildlife and thereby shut off the risk of diseases passing between them," noted Professor Hinchliffe.



"But these farms exist in the real world – so buildings and fences can get damaged, wildlife like rats or wild birds can get in, and workers move around."



"In short, there will always be accidents. Once social, economic, and political factors are taken into account, the pandemic risk posed by intensive farming is concerning."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mixed-bag-of-intensive-farming">Mixed bag of intensive farming</h2>



Intensive farming often leads to the creation of a “mixed landscape” – a hodgepodge of farming practices and types, which inadvertently creates an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-shaped-plant-biodiversity-for-thousands-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">environment</a> conducive to EID risk.&nbsp;



Variations in regional farm structures, cost implications, and subtropical housing conditions can all contribute to a far-from-contained biosecurity environment.



The team also observed closely entwined relationships between large food corporations and national authorities, which, in some cases, resulted in “regulatory capture… and the difficulty of decoupling interests.”



“Increasing on-farm biosecurity, standardization, and efficiency in farm animal production is not the panacea for achieving a disease-free environment," noted co-author Dr. Kin Wing (Ray) Chan.



“Rather we need to reconsider the socio-cultural impacts of intensifying farm animal production on planetary health, environmental sustainability and animal welfare issues.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shift-in-perspective">Shift in perspective</h2>



Reevaluating our farming practices is imperative to reduce the pandemic risks posed by intensive farming.



This means promoting sustainable, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/farmers-adopt-regenerative-agriculture-better-soil-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">eco-friendly methods</a> that consider all factors involved. A multi-faceted approach is needed to ensure a safer, healthier future for both people and the planet.



This research was a collaborative effort with scholars from <a href="https://www.tufts.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tufts</a> University, <a href="https://www.rau.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Agricultural</a> University, University of <a href="https://www.uow.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wollongong</a>, <a href="https://www.clarku.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Clark</a> University, Cambridge Conservation Initiative, and the Institute of <a href="https://www.ids.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Development Studies</a>.&nbsp;



Additionally, funders of the study included the Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health and the Wellcome Trust.



It’s time for us to assess our farming practices. It's not just about producing more efficiently. It's also about understanding the far-reaching implications of our choices. So, are we ready for a change?



The paper titled "“Understanding the roles of economy and society in the relative risks of zoonosis emergence from livestock,” is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.231709" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Royal Society Open Science</a>.



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Intensive farming raises pandemic risks

Ever noticed how, in the face of a crisis, we...

Earth, the lovely blue marble we call home, is changing. The culprit? Climate change. On top of warming weather and rising seas, it's causing the ice masses in Greenland and Antarctica to melt, slowing Earth's rotation and slowly lengthening our days. 



How could climate change possibly alter <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-inner-core-rotation-has-begun-moving-backwards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our planet's rotation</a>, you ask? As the polar ice continues to melt at an ever-increasing pace, water from these typically frosty regions is rushing into the world's oceans. 



And guess where most of it is headed? Right smack into the girth of our planet, the equatorial region.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rotation-and-earth-s-changing-climate">Rotation and Earth's changing climate</h2>



The phenomena unfolding due to climate change's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/this-natural-process-is-making-antarcticas-ice-melt-faster/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice melt</a> at both poles can be better appreciated through the insights of a seasoned expert. 



Enter Benedikt Soja, a distinguished Professor of Space Geodesy at the Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering at <a href="https://baug.ethz.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>. 



According to Soja, this shift in mass affects the Earth’s rotation. How so?



“This means that a shift in mass is taking place, and this is affecting the Earth’s rotation,” explains Soja. “It’s like when a figure skater does a pirouette, first holding her arms close to her body and then stretching them out,” Soja says. 



The spinning pace slows down when the skater’s arms move away from the rotation axis, adding to the physical inertia. 



This same principle -- the law of conservation of angular momentum -- governs the Earth's rotation as well. Days on Earth <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-timekeeping-climate-change-has-slowed-earths-rotation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">are growing longer</a>, albeit minimally, due to climate change slowing our planet's spin.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-each-passing-day-is-a-bit-longer">Each passing day is a bit longer</h2>



With the backing of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, Soja's group from ETH Zurich has put forth two compelling studies, published in Nature Geoscience and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), discussing how climate change tugs at the Earth's polar movement and alters the day’s length.



Contrary to popular belief, the moon's gravitational pull isn't the only force influencing the length of our days. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-temperatures-increase-scientists-plan-slow-down-rising-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is sneaking its hand on the clock as well. 



According to the PNAS study, every passing day is marginally longer than its previous because of the water moving from the poles to lower latitudes, and thus halting the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-ice-caps-changing-earths-rotation-need-negative-leap-second/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pace of rotation</a>. 



Soja warns, "We humans have a greater impact on our planet than we realize, and this naturally places great responsibility on us for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-arctic-ice-changing-global-climate-warm-arctic-cold-eurasia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future of our planet</a>.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-earth-s-rotation">Climate change and Earth's rotation</h2>



As the ice continues melting, it's not just about a slower Earth spin or extended days. The researchers show that the melting ice also alters the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-rotation-is-shifting-toward-a-25-hour-day/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's rotation axis</a>, causing the points where the rotation axis meets the Earth's surface to shuffle around.



This movement, termed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pumping-too-much-groundwater-affects-earths-spin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">polar motion</a>, spans some ten meters per hundred years. The causes are not solely surface changes, but deep-seated movements within the Earth's mantle and the heat flows in the liquid metal of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s outer core</a>.



By using physics-informed neural networks, this team has put together the most extensive model to date, presenting a comprehensive explanation for the causes of long-period polar motion. 



“For the first time, we present a complete explanation for the causes of long-period polar motion,” says Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, one of Soja’s doctoral students and lead author of the study. 



“In other words, we now know why and how the Earth’s axis of rotation moves relative to the Earth’s crust.”



This research uncovers the connected and reciprocal nature of the processes occurring both on and inside Earth. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctica-ice-shelves-melting-faster-due-to-ocean-currents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is affecting the very spin and movement of our home planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humanity-needs-to-wake-up">Humanity needs to wake up</h2>



Climate change's impact on Earth's rotation is also anticipated to alter the actual dynamics and mechanics of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/solid-metal-ball-discovered-within-earths-inner-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth’s internal core</a>. 



Kiani Shahvandi adds, “Ongoing climate change could therefore even be affecting processes deep inside the Earth and have a greater reach than previously assumed.”



But these shifts, while fascinating, are not reason enough for panic. The effects are minor, and it's unlikely that they pose a significant risk. 



What's crucial, however, is the reminder that we, as a species, have a significant impact on the very essence and workings of our planet.



Even a slight deviation of just one centimeter on Earth can grow to a deviation of hundreds of meters over the huge distances involved in the orbital mechanics of space travel.



A tiny nudge off-course here can lead to a giant leap of a miscalculation beyond our world. As Soja warns, it might just be the difference between landing in a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-sediments-found-in-jezero-crater-hint-at-past-life-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">microbe-filled crater on Mars</a> and missing it completely.



“If the Earth’s rotation is changing only slowly, this effect has to be taken into account when navigating in space -- for example, when sending a space probe to land on another planet,” Soja says. 



So, next time you look up at the sky, spare a thought for how our actions are subtly altering Earth's dance in space. This is our world, our responsibility. How will we choose to lead the dance?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2406930121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.</a>



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Our days are getting longer at an 'unprecedented rate' due to Earth's spin

Earth, the lovely blue marble we call home, is changing....

Particle formation in our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosol-formation-earths-lower-atmosphere-soas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a> is an arena of constant interactions, much akin to a colossal chemistry set. Gaseous molecules and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-small-aerosols-influence-cloud-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tiny particles</a> are continually in motion, knocking and reacting with each other in complex, intricate ways.



Despite their minuscule size, often less than 1% of the thickness of a human hair, atmospheric particles exert enormous effects.



They are the foundation for cloud droplets, and their abundance influences the reflectance, quantity of clouds, rainfall, and the overall climate.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-atmospheric-particle-formation">Atmospheric particle formation</h2>



In an exciting development, researchers at <a href="https://wustl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington University in St. Louis</a> have unearthed a mechanism that significantly contributes to the production of particles in Earth's atmosphere.



This study was led by Professor Jian Wang, director of the Center for Aerosol Science and Engineering at Washington University (WashU). 



It was conducted in partnership with scientists from various institutions, including NASA, NOAA, NCA and several European universities.



The conventional wisdom stated that the majority of particle formation occurs in cloud outflow regions, where clouds ascend into the upper <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-deadly-microbes-travel-around-the-world-so-quickly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">troposphere</a> and eventually evaporate. 



In this process, clouds resemble sponges being wrung out, with most particles being removed by the rain. 



The resulting air in the outflow regions ends up clear and clean. This leaves some gaseous molecules with no option but to form new particles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-particle-formation-discoveries">Unexpected particle formation discoveries</h2>



"Contrary to popular belief, using data collected from NASA's global-scale aircraft measurements, we found that most of the new particles are not formed in the outflow regions," revealed Professor Wang.



On digging deeper into this unexpected observation, Wang and his team stumbled upon a contrasting mechanism. 



This mechanism triggers when the mixing of stratospheric and tropospheric air creates conditions conducive to particle formation.



Jiaoshi Zhang is the lead author of the study and a research scientist in Wang's lab.



"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-study-of-earths-stratosphere-has-important-implications-for-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stratosphere</a> air often dips into the troposphere due to a meandering jet stream. As the ozone-rich stratospheric air and moist tropospheric air mix, it leads to a high concentration of hydroxyl radical (OH), an essential oxidant that helps produce the type of molecules that nucleate and form new particles," explained Zhang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-widespread-phenomenon">Global widespread phenomenon</h2>



"We found this phenomenon is widespread around the globe and likely occurs more frequently than the particle formation in the cloud outflows," noted Zhang.



While humans contribute their share of particles in the form of air pollution, this study reveals a natural process occurring even in remote and pristine regions around the globe. 



There is also evidence that stratospheric air will dip into the troposphere more frequently in future climate conditions.



"While we were puzzled by the observation initially, once we pieced everything together, it was not so surprising. It is well known that molecules forming new particles are generated through oxidation in the atmosphere," said Zhang. 



"When the stratosphere and troposphere air mix, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-uncover-new-way-that-earth-cleans-its-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OH concentration</a> is very high, and it's primed for particle formation."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-climate-modeling">Implications for climate modeling </h2>



This newfound understanding of particle formation has significant implications for climate modeling and environmental policies.



Accurate climate models rely on a thorough grasp of particle formation processes to predict future weather patterns, climate change impacts, and the behavior of pollutants. 



The discovery of this widespread natural phenomenon means that models must be adjusted to account for particle formation even in clean, remote regions, and not just polluted or cloud outflow areas.



Moreover, environmental policies that aim to control air quality can benefit from this research.



By recognizing natural sources of particles, policymakers can better differentiate between anthropogenic pollutants and naturally occurring processes. 



This distinction is crucial for crafting regulations that effectively address human impact without overlooking the inherent complexities of Earth's atmosphere.



Ultimately, this breakthrough not only deepens our comprehension of atmospheric chemistry but also equips scientists and policymakers with the insights needed to navigate the challenges posed by a changing climate.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn2961" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science</a>.



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Particles are forming in the atmosphere in an unexpected way

Particle formation in our atmosphere is an arena of constant...

Smoke is usually associated with the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfires-threaten-the-recovery-of-the-ozone-layer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">destructive, relentless power</a> of wildfires. But scientists at Oregon State University have stumbled upon an unexpected boon for forests from this ominous byproduct. It turns out, wildfire smoke has a cooling capacity that gives a leg up to vulnerable seedlings battling harsh climatic conditions.



The study was led by Amanda Brackett, a faculty research assistant at the <a href="https://www.forestry.oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">OSU College of Forestry</a>. The major aim of this investigation was to understand how heat waves and future climate conditions might influence canopy cover’s effect on temperature.



To examine the temperature-induced stress on conifer seedlings under different canopy conditions, the team analyzed data from laboratory studies focused on the heat stress responses of seedlings.



"Tree regeneration is an indicator of forest resilience and an important ecological process, but young seedlings are extra vulnerable to heat stress," said Brackett.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-temperature-stress">Navigating temperature stress</h2>



The research team, including Chris Still and Klaus Puettman, analyzed stress degree hours - a metric that calculates the duration and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/extreme-wildfires-have-doubled-in-the-last-20-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intensity of high temperatures</a> that can impair tree regeneration. 



“This work shows that widespread smoke from wildfires can lead to unanticipated beneficial effects by reducing sunlight at the surface and thus lowering the temperatures experienced by vulnerable tree seedlings, even during extreme summer weather like the 2021 heat dome period,” said Professor Still.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-smoke-and-forest-regeneration">Wildfire smoke and forest regeneration </h2>



In the summer of 2021, the scientists examined 11 different stands of recently thinned, 50-year-old Douglas-fir in the Upper Blue River Watershed in western Oregon’s Willamette National Forest. 



Unfortunately, this area was heavily affected by wildfire smoke due to the Middle Fork Complex and Washington Ponds fires.



What did they find? Every 10% increase in canopy cover resulted in maximum temperatures lowering by 1.3 degrees Celsius (2.34 degrees Fahrenheit) at 2 centimeters (0.79 inches) above ground level.



The odds of temperatures surpassing the stress thresholds for conifer regeneration dropped by a quarter, and total stress degree hours reduced by 40 percent.



"Those reductions are large enough to be worthy of attention when managing for tree regeneration," said Brackett.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-smoke-effect">The smoke effect</h2>



The impact of smoke on maximum and average near-surface temperature equated to a temperature reduction triggered by a 15 percent increase in canopy cover. This was an illuminating discovery, drawing attention to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-creates-conditions-that-favor-more-fires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ecological benefits of natural wildfires</a>, despite their notorious reputation.



"Smoke absorbs and scatters incoming solar radiation, reducing how much reaches the forest floor, but we did not anticipate seeing this level of impact," said Brackett. 



The additional cooling effect could play a crucial role during extreme heat events when the protection offered by canopy cover and topography may not be sufficient to safeguard against lethal temperatures in the understory.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-limitations">Challenges and limitations</h2>



Despite the promising results, the study also acknowledges certain limitations. The variability in smoke density and the duration of its presence can greatly influence the degree of cooling. 



Furthermore, smoke itself poses health risks to wildlife and humans, indicating that while there are benefits, they come with substantial trade-offs. The study also focused on a specific geographic area and forest type, meaning the results may not be universally applicable. 



Future research could aim to explore these dynamics across different ecosystems and smoke conditions to build a broader understanding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



Looking ahead, the research team expresses a keen interest in delving deeper into the multifaceted role of wildfire smoke in forest ecology. 



One of the proposed avenues involves examining the long-term effects of repeated smoke exposure on various plant species. Additionally, expanding the scope to incorporate other regions and forest types will provide a more comprehensive picture of how these phenomena interact under diverse climatic conditions. 



Ultimately, this body of work underscores the necessity of integrating interdisciplinary approaches in forest management and climate resilience planning.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-management-of-forests-and-wildfire-smoke">Future management of forests and wildfire smoke</h2>



The regeneration of trees is crucial for establishing the diverse structure found in healthy, multi-aged forests. This study emphasizes the importance of considering the circumstances endured by young saplings when designing and executing forest treatments.



"Given climate predictions, scientists and managers have to look for opportunities to increase individual tree and forest-level resilience to a hotter and more extreme climate," said Brackett.



"Wildfire smoke will continue to affect ecosystems and while we documented an unanticipated benefit, more work is needed to untangle other potential impacts."



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjfr-2023-0268?casa_token=4rRFCpvn8-wAAAAA%3ALmwBcLg5y7LF60WqUo4dL5ShZyiucj1yjxWuCOtvh4RAXsB64QszkgFO4JdgokaUbRImiRol4L1IJg&amp;journalCode=cjfr" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Journal of Forest Research</a>.



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Wildfire smoke: An unexpected ally in forest regeneration

Smoke is usually associated with the destructive, relentless power of...

As the oil and gas industry expands across North America, new research reveals striking links between sites involving fossil fuel development and various health conditions during and after pregnancy.



Preconception issues, physical and mental health challenges, preterm births, defects at birth, and psychological stress are all part of the conversation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-oil-and-gas-industry-expansion">Oil and gas industry expansion</h2>



The oil and gas <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oil-and-gas-production-linked-to-77-billion-in-annual-health-care-costs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">industry</a> is rapidly expanding across North America due to rising energy demand and economic growth.



The vast network of drilling sites, pipelines, and processing facilities now stretches across numerous states and provinces, bringing with it promises of jobs and development.



However, what is less commonly discussed are the significant physical and mental health implications associated with living near these industrial activities.



Emerging research reveals many health issues linked to the oil and gas sector. These issues are especially concerning for vulnerable groups like pregnant individuals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mental-health-risks-from-oil-and-gas-development">Mental health risks from oil and gas development</h2>



Recent research from the <a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH)</a> has revealed alarming findings.



The study shows that the oil and gas industry's harmful effects also impact people planning to conceive. This sheds light on an underexplored area of reproductive health.



The findings suggest higher mental health risks for those living near oil and gas sites. These individuals are more prone to moderate-to-severe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-adult-depression-linked-to-worse-memory-skills/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">depressive symptoms</a> than their counterparts living further away from such activities.



The study shows high stress levels in people living 1.25 miles from development sites. This highlights the need for strict residential safety measures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prioritizing-preconception-health">Prioritizing preconception health</h2>



While prenatal and postpartum health challenges continue to draw national attention with the alarming rise in US maternal morbidity and mortality rates, this new study calls for an increased focus on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/calcium-zinc-are-keys-to-healthier-pregnancy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preconception health</a> – an area previously understudied.



"Oil and gas development is a multifaceted exposure - it swiftly changes the economy, the social structures, and the environment in the community," explained lead author Dr. Mary Willis, an assistant professor of epidemiology at BUSPH.



"All of the changes may create <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-mothers-stress-shapes-her-firstborn-daughters-development/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stress and depression</a> among local residents, an experience that may be particularly heightened among people trying to conceive."



The researchers emphasize that understanding and addressing the health risks faced by individuals planning to conceive is crucial for improving overall reproductive health outcomes. 



Policymakers should prioritize preconception health. Moreover, healthcare providers can develop comprehensive strategies. These strategies mitigate risks and support healthier pregnancies and ensure better long-term health for parents and children.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unearthing-the-dark-depths">Unearthing the dark depths</h2>



Based on their comprehensive analysis of mental health survey, the researchers discovered that heightened stress and depressive symptoms were not solely confined to people living within close proximity of oil and gas development sites.



Even individuals residing further away reported adverse mental health outcomes, indicating a broader impact than previously understood. 



This highlights the urgent need for a thorough reconsideration of residential safety regulations, particularly in states with major oil and gas production. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-economic-ripple-effect">Economic ripple effect</h2>



Beyond the direct health implications, it's essential to consider the broader economic impact that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-biodiversity-areas-have-greater-mental-health-impact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mental health</a> issues can have on communities.



Increased stress and depressive symptoms among residents reduce workforce productivity. This leads to higher healthcare costs. It also diminishes the quality of life.



Local economies may struggle. Decreased consumer spending and increased demand for mental health services impact them. Businesses might face challenges in retaining employees and struggle to maintain a stable workforce.



Therefore, addressing the mental health consequences of oil and gas development is not only a public health priority but also an economic imperative for communities affected by these industries.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-the-study">Significance of the study</h2>



The burgeoning oil and gas industry's expansion necessitates comprehensive studies and improved regulations on health implications. The researchers at BUSPH hope their findings will shine light on the invisible health impacts of resource extraction and drive protective measures for residential areas.



Isn't it time we pulled the curtains on these hidden health hazards? It just might be the wakeup call we need for a healthier tomorrow.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/abs/10.2105/AJPH.2024.307730" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Journal of Public Health</a>.



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Living near oil and gas sites linked to hidden health issues

As the oil and gas industry expands across North America,...

A recent study has identified significant impacts of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-largest-coral-bleaching-event-is-now-underway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coral bleaching</a> events in the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). 



The Great Barrier Reef, spanning nearly 350,000 square kilometers along Australia's northeast coast, is the largest coral ecosystem globally.&nbsp;



The GBR contributes approximately $6.4 billion annually to the Australian economy, but faces severe threats from rising ocean temperatures due to climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



“Local meteorology over the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) can significantly influence ocean temperatures, which in turn impacts coral ecosystems. While El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) provides insight into the expected synoptic states, it lacks details of anticipated sub-seasonal weather variability at local scales,” wrote the researchers.



“This study explores the influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) on Australian tropical climate, both independently and in combination with ENSO, focusing on GBR impacts.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleaching-on-the-great-barrier-reef">Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef </h2>



Corals in the Great Barrier Reef are particularly sensitive to weather conditions. Sunny, calm weather usually raises <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-temperatures-were-a-driving-force-behind-2023s-record-heat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean temperatures</a>, heightening the risk of coral bleaching, while stormy, rainy weather can cool the ocean, offering some protection to corals. 



Calm, sunny days allow more sunlight to penetrate the water, heating the surface, whereas storms and rain increase cloud cover and wind, promoting the mixing of cooler, deeper waters with warmer surface waters.



“Bleaching is likely when tropical corals are exposed to ocean temperatures above a threshold for a prolonged period,” noted the researchers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recurring-climate-patterns-on-the-great-barrier-reef">Recurring climate patterns on the Great Barrier Reef </h2>



The study found that ENSO, a recurring climate pattern involving temperature changes in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean, influences weather patterns over the Great Barrier Reef on a seasonal scale.&nbsp;



Meanwhile, the MJO, a major fluctuation in tropical weather on weekly to monthly timescales, can alter these patterns on shorter, sub-seasonal timescales. This results in unexpected impacts on ocean temperatures and corals.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-compounding-impacts-of-multiple-drivers-nbsp">Compounding impacts of multiple drivers&nbsp;</h2>



“We find that the MJO can significantly influence the weather variability over the GBR, altering the expected states of El Niño and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/australian-bushfires-triggered-rare-multi-year-la-nina/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">La Niña</a> periods,” said lead author Catherine Gregory, a doctoral candidate at the <a href="https://www.imas.utas.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies</a>.



“While these findings do not tell us all the possible causes of extreme warming and coral bleaching in the GBR, they emphasize the need to consider drivers beyond ENSO, including the compounding impacts of multiple drivers.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-anticipating-coral-bleaching-events-nbsp">Anticipating coral bleaching events&nbsp;</h2>



Understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/forecasters-warn-of-weather-chaos-as-el-nino-arrives-early/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ENSO</a> and MJO influence weather patterns can help anticipate coral bleaching events. 



ENSO phases, such as El Niño and La Niña, impact weather and ocean temperatures, with El Niño often leading to higher ocean temperatures and increased coral bleaching risk, while La Niña can bring cooler conditions.&nbsp;



However, the MJO can disrupt these patterns, leading to unexpected weather variations that also affect ocean temperatures and coral health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bleaching-on-the-great-barrier-reef-nbsp">Bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef&nbsp;</h2>



“I'd often heard in the media that during El Niño periods the GBR is more likely to experience bleaching. Then during 2022, the reef experienced mass bleaching during a La Niña period, and it was reported that La Niña should mean cooling in the GBR,” Gregory said.



“However, in my research, I had examined this relationship and not found a strong connection between the ENSO index and ocean temperatures in this region. This motivated me to understand other drivers that could be influential.”



“The MJO, as the leading driver of sub-seasonal weather variability, seemed like an important one to consider. While ENSO provides insight into the expected synoptic states, it lacks details of anticipated sub-seasonal weather variability at local scales.”



These findings underscore the need for comprehensive forecasting models that include both ENSO and MJO impacts to better predict and manage coral bleaching events.



As <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/massive-study-provides-answers-to-how-coral-reefs-can-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> continues to pose the greatest threat to corals, understanding these climatic drivers and their interactions is crucial. This knowledge could be instrumental in developing adaptive strategies to safeguard the future of the Great Barrier Reef.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2024GL108810" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Climate patterns influence coral bleaching on the Great Barrier Reef

A recent study has identified significant impacts of the Madden-Julian...

In the ever-changing world of climate science, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/doomsday-glacier-relentlessly-melting-due-to-warm-water-underbelly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fascinating discoveries</a> continue to emerge. Every now and then, Mother Nature hands us a surprise, often wrapped up in a mystery. Recently, a group of scientists set out to understand the retreat of high mountain glaciers and the increase in greenhouse gas levels.



Guiding this remarkable research is Du Zhiheng, who hails from the prestigious <a href="http://english.nieer.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources</a> of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.



Alongside collaborators from <a href="https://english.bnu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Beijing Normal University</a> and <a href="https://en.lzu.edu.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lanzhou University</a>, Zhiheng led numerous expeditions to ice caves on a high-mountain glacier in China from 2021 to 2023. The research offers a new perspective, shedding light on the unseen yet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/retreating-glaciers-unleash-a-world-of-ecological-potential/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">far-reaching impacts</a> of glacier melting.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glaciers-release-greenhouse-gases">Glaciers release greenhouse gases</h2>



High mountain glaciers have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-glaciers-unleash-invasive-species-into-unexpected-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">retreating</a> at an accelerated pace since the 1980s, leading to heightened glacier runoff. 



However, it's less clear if this process fuels or releases greenhouse gases, or if areas exposed to such retreat become absorbers or emitters of these gases.



This knowledge gap fueled Zhiheng and his team’s curiosity. They monitored changes in methane and carbon dioxide concentration and their isotope data in ice caves on high-mountain glaciers. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-revelation">Unexpected revelation</h2>



Here's a surprising fact: the methane emission and carbon dioxide absorption levels in ice caves and meltwater are changing. The team found increased methane levels (up to 5.7 ppm) and decreased carbon dioxide levels (down to 168 ppm) in the ice cave.



This shift in gas levels could significantly impact future glacier carbon budgets. Even more so, it was observed that during the strong ablation season (July 13-16, 2023), methane concentrations spiked. 



A key point to note, though, is that these levels remain relatively low compared to data from Greenland glaciers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-production">Methane production</h2>



The plot thickened when the researchers examined in-situ carbon isotope data (δ13C-CH4 and δ13C-CO2). 



The data revealed that methane production appears to be mainly due to acetoclastic methanogenesis. However, the possibility of thermogenic methane production couldn't be completely ruled out.



Adding another layer of complexity, meteorological factors such as wind speed, wind direction, and meltwater runoff appeared to influence methane emissions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-glacier-activity-and-greenhouse-gases">Glacier activity and greenhouse gases</h2>



The research showed a unique flux pattern for methane and carbon dioxide variations between the glacial outlet cavity and the subglacial environment. This leads to their release into the atmosphere, further accelerating glacier melting.



Staggering data reveals that over the past half century, 17.2% (5,956 out of 34,578) of small glaciers covering an area of 1,127.2 km2 have vanished in China. The disappearance of these icy titans is not only reshaping our landscapes but also our atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-climate-policy">Implications for global climate policy</h2>



The findings carry profound implications for global climate policy. The world is grappling with the escalating climate crisis. Understanding the nuanced interactions between glacier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/79-n-glacier-northeast-greenland-melting-rapidly/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">melting</a> and greenhouse gas emissions is becoming ever more critical.



Policy-makers can no longer afford to overlook the potential contributions of high-mountain glaciers to atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide levels.



As nations convene to discuss climate action, the revelations from high-mountain glacier research underscore the urgency of a unified, informed, and robust response to curbing global warming and its cascading effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impacts-of-glacier-melting">Impacts of glacier melting</h2>



As these high mountain glaciers melt, new paths in the form of ice caves or subglacial channels are formed within drainage systems. And within these new channels, significant amounts of methane are being flushed out, along with substantial pools of carbon substrate.



So, a new question emerges: could melted glaciers be an unseen contributor to greenhouse gas emissions? And if so, what does this mean for our future?



The work led by Du Zhiheng is a vital stepping stone in improving our understanding of the environmental impacts of melting high-mountain glaciers - a phenomenon that remains as captivating as it is significant.



Policy changes and increased global cooperation are essential for addressing these concerns. Continued research and monitoring are crucial to developing a comprehensive strategy for managing and mitigating the environmental impacts of glacier melting.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969724042220?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science of The Total Environment</a>.



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Melting glaciers are hidden sources of greenhouse gases

In the ever-changing world of climate science, fascinating discoveries continue...

While the ozone layer has been successfully healing over the past decades - thanks to international environmental policies like the Montreal Protocol - it is now facing a complex and yet unforeseen challenge.



New research has uncovered a paradoxical impact of large <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-massive-amounts-of-methane-gas-spews-from-wildfires/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">wildfires</a> on this protective layer of the atmosphere, throwing a fresh spotlight on the complex interaction between natural events and atmospheric dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-smoke-charged-vortex">The smoke-charged vortex</h2>



In an attempt to understand the impact of wildfires on the ozone layer, the researchers turned their attention to the smoke-charged vortex (SCV). This powerful, smoke-laden whirlpool, formed as a result of wildfires, pulls smoke into the middle <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/space-travel-has-left-a-metal-mark-on-earths-stratosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">stratosphere</a>, reaching altitudes up to 35 kilometers.



This phenomenon was observed during the 2019/20 Australian wildfires, which resulted in a staggering increase in stratospheric <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosols-have-an-underestimated-effect-on-clouds-and-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>.



"By combining satellite observations with numerical model calculations, we investigated the transport process of the 2019-2020 Australian mega-bushfire to the stratosphere and its impact on aerosol burden and chemistry in the middle stratosphere, focusing on the role of SCVs that have been largely overlooked in the past," wrote the researchers.



Study co-author Hang Su, a professor in the <a href="http://www.iap.cas.cn/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute of Atmospheric Physics</a> at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, described the impacts of the smoke-charged vortex.



"This process led to at least a doubling of the aerosol burden in the southern hemisphere’s middle stratosphere. Once reaching such high altitudes, these aerosols initiated a series of chemical reactions at their surface that impacted ozone concentrations," noted Professor Su.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-induced-aerosols-and-the-ozone-layer">Wildfire-induced aerosols and the ozone layer</h2>



These wildfire-induced aerosols seem to be a double-edged sword when it comes to the ozone layer. While they hastened <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ozone-depletion-in-the-arctic-leads-to-weather-anomalies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ozone depletion</a> in the lower stratosphere, they also contributed to an increase in ozone in the middle stratosphere.



Professor Yafang Cheng, a study co-author from the <a href="https://www.mpic.de/2285/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Max Planck Institute for Chemistry</a>, elaborated on the implications of this phenomenon.



"Our study uncovers a mechanism by which absorbing aerosols in wildfire smoke, such as black carbon, can induce and sustain enormous smoke-charged vortices spanning thousands of kilometers, fundamentally changing the stratospheric circulation," said Professor Chang.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interconnectedness-of-earth-s-systems">Interconnectedness of Earth's systems</h2>



Study first author Dr. Chaoqun Ma, a postdoc researcher in Cheng’s team at the MPIC, expressed his fascination with the interconnectedness of the Earth's systems.



“I love this study because it once again demonstrates how closely different parts of the Earth system are connected," said Dr. Ma.



"Smoke from a forest fire can significantly change the wind and circulation tens of kilometers above the ground, which allows the smoke to modify the ozone layer, influencing life on our planet.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-increasingly-intense-wildfires">Increasingly intense wildfires </h2>



The ozone layer's role is critical for shielding all life forms on Earth from harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-ozone-hole-exposes-wildlife-to-harmful-uv-radiation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UV radiation</a>. 



While the Montreal Protocol's success in curbing ozone-depleting substances was a colossal achievement, these new findings pinpoint natural events - intensified by climate change - as additional threats to this crucial atmospheric layer.



With rising temperatures driving an increase in the frequency and intensity of wildfires, the formation of SCVs and their impact on the stratosphere could become more prevalent, posing a potential hazard to the ozone layer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-protecting-the-ozone-layer">Protecting the ozone layer</h2>



The global community has long recognized the importance of protecting the ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, is a testament to international cooperation, successfully phasing out the use of many ozone-depleting substances (ODS).



This landmark agreement has led to significant recovery of the ozone layer, with scientists predicting a full restoration by the middle of the 21st century.



However, as new research reveals, natural phenomena like wildfires pose unforeseen challenges that require adaptive strategies. 



Governments, scientists, and environmental organizations must continue to work together to address both man-made and natural threats to the ozone layer. This includes monitoring ozone concentrations, regulating emissions that contribute to climate change, and developing innovative solutions to mitigate the impact of wildfires.



Public awareness and education on the importance of the ozone layer are also crucial. Individuals can contribute by supporting policies that aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, making environmentally conscious choices, and by staying informed about the latest scientific findings.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn3657" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Wildfires threaten the recovery of the ozone layer

While the ozone layer has been successfully healing over the...

Whale strandings are a common occurrence along the East Australian Coastline. Yet, what's often overlooked is the question of what to do with the whale remains, a topic that's now sparking considerable debate and scientific interest.



Cue the entrance of Griffith University's <a href="https://whalesandclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Whales and Climate Research Program</a>. Led by Dr. Olaf Meynecke, the program is pioneering an innovative new approach to this conundrum.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-respectful-disposal-of-whale-remains">Respectful disposal of whale remains</h2>



Dr. Meynecke is known for his tireless efforts in marine <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humpback-whales-felt-less-stressed-during-the-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a>. He is now on an unusual mission - the sustainable and respectful disposal of whale remains.



"As we’ve seen more and more whales stranding on beaches in past years, the effective, safe and culturally sensitive removal of whale remains near or on public beaches has become a major issue,” he said. 



“Our study shows that forecasting of where whale remains might end up when floating at sea is possible with surprisingly high accuracy.”&nbsp;



He also tells the story of a 14m female humpback whale, found floating lifeless off Queensland's Noosa Heads in July 2023, possibly to due to ship strike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-odyssey-of-a-corpse">Odyssey of a corpse</h2>



The humpback's remains were intercepted before they washed ashore. Then began their journey as the carcass was repositioned 30km offshore. 



Equipped with a satellite tag, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shrinking-north-atlantic-right-whales-have-fewer-offspring/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">whale's voyage</a> was tracked as it drifted in the wind and ocean currents for six days before settling on the seabed.



Death is a natural part of life, and in the words of Dr. Meynecke, this unfortunate event opened the door to a scientific first. 



The humpback's passing allowed researchers to test and establish a prediction method for whale drift trajectory.



Not only did this provide valuable data, but it also meant the whale's nutrients could remain in the marine ecosystem while aiding authorities in their decision-making process.



Here's a startling fact, Australia's go-to method of dealing with washed-up whale remains has been landfill. 



There are seven known methods of whale removal like composting, natural decomposition on the beach, sinking the remains, and even using explosives. Each, however, comes with its own set of challenges, from public health risks to logistical nightmares.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nature-s-way-is-a-win-win-scenario">Nature's way is a win-win scenario</h2>



Enter offshore towing. It's a method that's been used here and internationally, but with mixed success. 



Drawbacks include remains washing back to shores or obstructing shipping lanes. But Dr. Meynecke's research might just change that.



Dr. Meynecke's findings serve as an initial tool to predict where the whale remains would drift. This could retain the decomposition nutrients within the marine ecosystem -- a huge win for marine life. Scavengers like tiger sharks often play a role in breaking down the remains.



“Perished whales provide a substantial nutrient source for marine ecosystems, and strategically placing whale remains offshore can enhance nutrient cycling and foster biodiversity, contribute to carbon removal and marine floor enrichment for up to seven years,” Dr. Meynecke said. 



“Their gradual decomposition sustains scavengers and detritivores, and support microbial communities and deep-sea organisms.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-handling-whale-remains">Handling whale remains</h2>



“The best strategy for handling whale remains depends on multiple factors and should be decided on a case-by-case basis. Offshore disposal can be an ethical, cost-effective, and safe option if managed appropriately," noted Dr. Meynecke.  



“By integrating scientific research and practical management strategies presented in our study, we can enhance our ability to predict and effectively manage the drift of whale remains, ensuring that ecological benefits are maximized while minimizing adverse impacts.” 



While each case should be decided individually, offshore disposal emerges as an ethical, cost-effective, and safe option if managed properly. 



Through scientific research and practical management strategies, we can predict and manage the drift of whale remains, maximizing ecological benefits while minimizing adverse impacts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-community-engagement-and-education">Community engagement and education</h2>



A key but often overlooked aspect of sustainable whale disposal is community engagement.



Educating the public about the ecological benefits of offshore disposal is important. Involving local communities in cleanup and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/young-whales-epic-voyage-exposes-perils-of-the-mediterranean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">monitoring</a> efforts can foster a sense of stewardship. Additionally, shared responsibility can be achieved through these actions.



Workshops, awareness campaigns, and citizen science initiatives can demystify scientific processes and garner public support. 



Empowering communities with knowledge can lead to more informed discussions and cohesive efforts in marine conservation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-of-marine-conservation">Future of marine conservation</h2>



The advancements in the sustainable disposal of whale remains signify a broader trend towards more integrated and ecosystem-based approaches to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-a-warming-climate-will-change-the-humpback-whales-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marine conservation</a>. 



Future research could explore the long-term impacts of various disposal methods on marine biodiversity and ecosystem health.



Integrating technology, such as drones and AI, could enhance monitoring and predictive capabilities, making offshore disposal even more efficient and reliable.



Innovative solutions by Dr. Meynecke provide hope for sustainable coexistence with ocean life as we deepen our understanding and respect for marine ecosystems.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/jmse" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</a>.



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Sustainable benefits of whale remains and their proper disposal

Whale strandings are a common occurrence along the East Australian...

Just as you enjoy a picnic by the calming view of a lake, it's disheartening to know that those serene waters are in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/half-of-the-worlds-largest-lakes-are-losing-their-resilience/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">grave danger</a>. Lakes worldwide are facing an unsettling trend of warming – their temperatures are skyrocketing at an unprecedented rate.



The scientific details behind this concern are meticulously drawn out in a recent study. This research is the work of a collaborative team of limnologists and climate modelers from various backgrounds.



The lead scientist, Dr. Lei Huang, garnered his postdoctoral research experience from the<a href="https://ibsclimate.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> IBS Center for Climate Physics</a> in Busan, South Korea, and now resides at Capital Normal University in Beijing, China.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-behind-the-lake-warming">Behind the lake warming</h2>



The team's findings are indeed sobering. If the current rate of anthropogenic warming - warming caused by human activities - continues until 2100, the surface and subsurface waters of our beloved lakes are set to heat up at a rate they've never encountered before.



Imagine, the conditions that sustained rich biodiversity and important ecological services of lakes could be history soon.



The team made this prediction using a state-of-the-art climate computer model known as the Community Earth System Model (version 2), covering the period from 1850-2100 CE.



This model is a novelty in its field, as it seamlessly integrates the dynamics of lake systems with the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hundred-paths-into-the-future">Hundred paths into the future</h2>



Ever wondered how scientists predict future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lake-tsunamis-are-an-emerging-climate-linked-hazard/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a>? Here's an example - rather than running the computer model into the future only once, the scientists used an ensemble of 100 past-to-future simulations. 



These simulations ran on "Aleph," one of South Korea's fastest computers at the <a href="https://www.ibs.re.kr/eng.do" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institute for Basic Science</a>, producing slightly different versions of natural climate variability while also factoring in the warming effects of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations.



With this manifold approach, the scientists could separate the naturally occurring lake temperature variations from those caused by human actions. The team was able to predict when lake temperatures would permanently cross natural bounds – a situation they refer to as "no-analog" conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-delving-deeper">Delving deeper</h2>



While surface warming affects creatures in the shallower parts, some organisms can relocate vertically to cooler depth layers. Therefore, it's not just the surface, but how the warming seeps into the subsurface layers needs considerable attention as well.



Dr. Iestyn Woolway, a NERC Independent Research Fellow at <a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bangor University</a>, UK, and a corresponding author of the study, highlights this crucial aspect.



According to Dr. Woolway, the subsurface layers of tropical lakes, which house rich biodiversity, will be the first to face these unprecedented conditions when global warming reaches about 2.4°C (36.32°F) above pre-industrial conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-steps-to-reduce-lake-warming">Steps to reduce lake warming</h2>



Tackling lake warming requires both individual and collective action. Here are some steps to mitigate this issue: 



<ul>
<li>Reduce greenhouse gas emissions by using energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Support afforestation and reforestation projects, as trees absorb CO2. Implement green infrastructure like green roofs and urban forests to lower temperatures.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Enhance water conservation efforts by fixing leaks and using water-saving fixtures. Advocate for clean energy policies and international agreements like the Paris Agreement. Increase public awareness through community programs and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/shasta-lake-is-full-for-the-second-consecutive-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">education</a>.</li>
</ul>



<ul>
<li>Support research and monitoring of lake temperatures. Protect wetlands and riparian zones to absorb heat and pollutants. </li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ecosystems-at-stake">Ecosystems at stake</h2>



"Our study reveals synchronous emergence of no-analog conditions in tropical lake subsurface layers, driven by rapid downward transmission of warming signals during frequent lake mixing events," said Dr. Woolway.



"In contrast, high-latitude lakes partly shield subsurface layers from surface&nbsp;warming&nbsp;through stratification, delaying or sometimes even preventing no-analog climates at depths."



These no-analog lake climates won't just stop at warming the lakes; they can trigger severe disruptions in ecosystems, warned Professor Axel Timmermann, a co-author of the study, and Director of the IBS Center for Climate Physics.



Lake organisms, compared to their terrestrial and marine counterparts, often find it hard to migrate to more optimal climates. Hence, understanding the timing of the emergence of no-analog conditions is vital for adaptation, planning, and climate mitigation in lake ecosystems.



As you now gaze at the gentle ripples of the lake, it's clear that our lakes are not simply bodies of water, but an integral part of our ecosystems – an area we can't afford to ignore. So, isn't it time we took some serious steps to prevent such a catastrophic future?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-024-01491-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Geoscience</a>.



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Lakes are warming toward the point of no return

Just as you enjoy a picnic by the calming view...

In our accelerating drive towards creating a sustainable future, an international team of scientists has achieved a breakthrough. Using an innovative blend of lasers and 2D materials, the experts have made significant progress in plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hungry-bacteria-will-devour-plastic-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a>.



The novel method involves breaking down plastic molecules into their smallest parts, paving the way for cost-efficient and ecologically friendly recycling.



Unveiling this pioneering approach, the research team explained its working mechanism. The key to this breakthrough lies in harnessing transition metal dichalcogenides, a type of two-dimensional material, onto which plastic is layered.&nbsp;



The subsequent exposure to a laser triggers a reaction that breaks down the plastics into their most minuscule constituents.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-leap-towards-a-greener-future">Leap towards a greener future</h2>



The potential implications of this discovery extend far beyond mere plastic&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recycling-is-not-enough-to-address-the-plastic-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">recycling</a>, as noted by Yuebing Zheng, a professor in the Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering at the <a href="https://www.cockrell.utexas.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cockrell School of Engineering</a> at the University of Texas at Austin.



"By harnessing these unique reactions, we can explore new pathways for transforming environmental&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microplastics-can-make-other-pollutants-more-toxic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pollutants</a>&nbsp;into valuable, reusable chemicals, contributing to the development of a more sustainable and circular economy," said Professor Zheng.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cross-continental-collaboration">Cross-continental collaboration </h2>



This promising research was the product of collaboration from various universities worldwide, including specialists from institutions such as&nbsp;The University of California,&nbsp;Tohoku University,&nbsp;Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,&nbsp;Baylor University, and Pennsylvania State University.



The findings have the potential to revolutionize our approach to the mounting crisis of plastic waste. 



The urgency of tackling&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-is-making-the-ocean-more-acidic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">p</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-pollution-is-making-the-ocean-more-acidic/">lastic pollution</a>&nbsp;cannot be overstated.&nbsp;It is a pressing crisis threatening our environment, with copious amounts of plastic waste amassing in landfills and oceans each year.&nbsp;



Traditional methods of plastic degradation are proving insufficient, with high energy consumption and potential harm to the environment.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-chemistry-behind-plastic-recycling">Chemistry behind plastic recycling</h2>



At the heart of this research is the production of luminescent carbon dots.&nbsp;A reaction driven by low-power light, called C-H activation, is triggered to break the chemical bonding of the plastics. Consequently, the bonds are remodeled into luminescent carbon dots.&nbsp;



These carbon-based nanomaterials hold numerous applications, potentially serving as memory storage devices in future computing technology.



The C-H activation process is not limited to plastics. It can be applied to a wide array of long-chain organic compounds. This includes polyethylene and surfactants. These are typically used in nanomaterials systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-refining-the-plastic-recycling-breakthrough">Refining the plastic recycling breakthrough</h2>



With this research, we are a step closer to conquering the plastic waste menace. However, this method still needs further refinement.&nbsp;The light-driven C-H activation process requires optimization and expansion to reach an industrial scale.



The research is supported by several institutions, including the National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.&nbsp;



Their investment in this endeavor is bringing us closer to not only a clean environment but also a cleaner conscience.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-impacts-of-plastic-recycling">Global impacts of plastic recycling</h2>



The global implications of this laser recycling method are substantial. In regions where plastic waste management infrastructure is lacking, this innovative approach could provide a scalable and efficient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plastic-production-increases-create-identical-plastic-pollution-increase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">solution</a>. 



By converting plastic waste into valuable carbon dots, countries can simultaneously address pollution and create economic opportunities.&nbsp;



Furthermore, the reduction of plastic pollution contributes to improved marine and terrestrial ecosystems, crucial for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bio</a><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/effective-conservation-efforts-key-to-saving-biodiversity/">diversity conservation</a>.&nbsp;



This aligns with multiple sustainability goals set by international bodies, underscoring the broad-reaching environmental significance of adopting such pioneering technologies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bridging-science-and-industry">Bridging science and industry</h2>



Collaboration between scientific research and industrial application remains pivotal for the success of this project.&nbsp;The development of industry partnerships will enable the transition from laboratory experiments to real-world applications.&nbsp;



Large-scale plastic producers and waste management companies can benefit immensely by integrating this new recycling process into their operations.&nbsp;



The interdisciplinary nature of the research also highlights the necessity for continued cross-sector communication to refine and adapt the technology.&nbsp;



As the method gains traction, governmental policies are expected to increasingly support innovative recycling technologies. This will foster a collaborative environment between academia, industry, and policymakers. Together, they will bring us a major step closer to a sustainable future.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49783-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications.</a>



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Lasers may completely transform the future of plastic recycling

In our accelerating drive towards creating a sustainable future, an...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air">Invisible threat in urban air</h2>



City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge">Disturbing connections emerge</h2>



Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters">Timing matters</h2>



The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns">Genetic vulnerability patterns</h2>



Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications">Public health implications</h2>



These findings, published in <a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.



As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.



—–



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Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.



Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.



Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



Published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.



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What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.



The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.



The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.



The full study was recently published in <a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a>.



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Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.



Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.



Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents". In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively. MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.



MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization. The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.



Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.



A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.



This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.



PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.



In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.



As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.



The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.



For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.



The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.



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MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a>



Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.



The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

[sendtonews key="fxH3eJHEkQ-2010196-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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