Around 201 million years ago, acidification turned Earth’s oceans from cradles of life into harbingers of extinction.



New research from the <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of St Andrews</a> and the <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=University+of+Birmingham&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> has confirmed for the first time that a sharp and rapid drop in ocean pH directly contributed to a major extinction event. The cause? A massive surge in atmospheric carbon dioxide.



The study represents the first full reconstruction of ancient ocean pH using boron isotopes in fossil oysters. It shows that the acidification during the Triassic-Jurassic boundary was not only severe but prolonged.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-oceans-thrived-before-the-fall">Earth's oceans thrived before the fall</h2>



In the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-oceans-are-rapidly-changing-colors-matching-climate-predictions/">seas</a>, early modern corals, ichthyosaurs, ammonites, and bivalves thrived. Coral reefs flourished until the acidification triggered a "reef gap" - a period of reef absence that lasted hundreds of thousands of years. This collapse wasn’t subtle.



It reshaped marine ecosystems, reducing carbonate sedimentation and leaving many marine organisms unable to form shells or skeletons.



Using oysters from Lavernock Point, Wales, researchers detected a 0.29 unit or greater drop in ocean pH. It may have exceeded 0.41 units. This translates to more than a doubling of atmospheric CO₂, with levels climbing over 1300 ppm. For context, today’s CO₂ levels hover near 420 ppm.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-drastic-changes-fast-consequences">Drastic changes, fast consequences</h2>



The pH drop happened in tandem with a sharp decline in the carbon isotope ratio (δ¹³C), known as the "main carbon isotope excursion (CIE)."



This points to an enormous carbon release event. The study’s authors estimate that over 10,000 gigatons of carbon may have entered the system, mainly from Earth’s mantle. These emissions likely came from volcanic activity as the supercontinent Pangaea began breaking apart.



“The geological record tells us that major CO₂ release transforms the face of our planet, acidifying the ocean, and causing mass extinction. We have to act fast to avoid these outcomes in our future,” said study co-author Dr. James Rae.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volcanoes-linked-to-ocean-acidification">Volcanoes linked to ocean acidification</h2>



Using the cGENIE Earth system model, the researchers tested scenarios with different carbon sources. The model confirmed that the likely carbon input was mantle-derived. 



The size and speed of the event eliminated methane clathrates as the dominant cause, although they may have contributed. The data also ruled out biomass burning and indicated that volcanic CO₂ and contact metamorphism played the lead roles.



Carbonate saturation dropped drastically. Marine organisms used to high-saturation <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ocean-animals-connect-countries-and-continents/">seas</a> struggled as saturation levels fell below safe thresholds.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-initial-drop-hit-harder">Initial drop hit harder</h2>



Interestingly, the more catastrophic acidification may have happened earlier, during the “initial CIE”. Though no oyster samples span that exact interval, the data suggest that the initial event was faster and possibly two to three times more intense in terms of pH drop.



This would align with the wider collapse of carbonate sedimentation and widespread death of shell-building marine life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-earth-s-oceans-slowly-bounce-back">Earth's oceans slowly bounce back</h2>



Despite the devastation, ocean pH eventually recovered. Around 201.28 million years ago, pH levels began to rise again. 



This rebound may have resulted from the emergence of silica-producing organisms. These organisms disrupted a process called reverse weathering.



This process had previously prolonged the high-CO₂, low-pH conditions by locking alkalinity away in clays. Its sudden stop helped restore ocean chemistry.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-warns-of-a-repeat">History warns of a repeat</h2>



“The mass extinction event during the Triassic-Jurassic period was over a much longer timeframe, whereas modern ocean <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-acidity-crosses-dangerous-threshold-threatening-marine-life/">acidification</a> is happening at a much quicker rate," said study co-author Dr. Sarah Greene. 



"This warning from the past should give us fresh cause to step up efforts to reduce human greenhouse gas emissions that could otherwise see acidification reach or exceed levels seen during these mass extinction events."



The data show this is not an isolated case. Ocean acidification has now been confirmed in at least three of Earth’s five mass extinctions. These include the Permian–Triassic, Toarcian, and now the Triassic–Jurassic. 



According to the study, the observed pH drops in these events are strikingly similar in size to worst-case predictions for 2100 under IPCC’s RCP8.5 scenario.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acid-oceans-could-return-to-earth">Acid oceans could return to Earth</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-fossils-tell-us-about-life-after-mass-extinction/">Mass extinctions</a> don't just come from space rocks or ice ages. Earth can end its own chapters when the carbon cycle breaks down.



The Triassic–Jurassic event tells us that prolonged CO₂ release, even from natural sources, can tip the balance. It can turn oceans hostile and trigger a global loss of life.



Today, the same process is unfolding, only much faster. The past offers no comfort. It offers a clear call to action.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-61344-6" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Earth's last ocean crisis wiped out coral reefs - will it happen again?

Around 201 million years ago, acidification turned Earth’s oceans from cradles of life into harbingers of extinction. New research from the University of St Andrews and the University of Birmingham has confirmed for the first time that a sharp and rapid drop in ocean pH directly contributed to a major extinction event. The cause? A massive surge in atmospheric carbon dioxide. The study represents the first full reconstruction of ancient ocean pH using boron isotopes in fossil oysters. It shows that the acidification during the Triassic-Jurassic boundary...

The health of our oceans is a barometer for the planet's overall environmental condition, with ocean currents playing a critical role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ripple-effects-of-climate-change-have-created-a-new-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">regulating Earth's climate</a>. 



A recent study has shed new light on the impact of rising ocean temperatures on one of these vital current systems. 



This significant research provides the first documented evidence of a significant slowdown in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) -- a key player in the ocean's climate-regulating conveyor belt.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-amoc-the-pulse-of-our-planet-is-slowing-down">AMOC: The pulse of our planet is slowing down</h2>



Alexey Mishonov and his team dive deep into the decades of data compiled in NOAA's <a href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/products/world-ocean-atlas" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Ocean Atlas</a> to trace the AMOC's performance over time. 



Their findings reveal a startling shift: from 1955 to 1994, the AMOC's flow was stable and consistent. 



However, starting in the mid-1990s, a marked decline in its strength was observed, coinciding with a notable reduction in its speed. 



The researchers attribute this slowdown to the ocean surface's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-arctic-dipole-the-atmospheric-pattern-shaping-our-future-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continued warming</a> and resultant changes in the upper layers' salinity.



The AMOC is instrumental in transporting warm water towards higher latitudes and returning cooler waters to the tropics -- a cycle that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/additional-heat-is-being-transferred-to-the-arctic-ocean-as-the-climate-warms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">redistributes heat</a> across the ocean. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-world-consequences-of-climate-science">Real-world consequences of climate science</h2>



Mishonov explains the implications of weakening circulation in Atlantic ocean currents, stating, "If AMOC slows down, the heat exchange will be reduced, which in turn will affect the climate, causing hot areas to get hotter and cold areas to get colder." 



This imbalance could have far-reaching effects on global <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/how-the-ocean-and-climate-influence-each-other/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate patterns</a>, potentially leading to more extreme weather conditions, rising sea levels, disruptions to marine ecosystems, and a cascade of other climate feedbacks.



Mishonov's research also touches on the cultural zeitgeist, referencing the dramatic portrayal of a similar scenario in the 2004 disaster movie "The Day After Tomorrow." 



While he clarifies that the film's depiction is highly exaggerated and not supported by the scientific community, the underlying message -- that a significant slowdown in the AMOC could lead to unpredictable and profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/clues-from-the-last-ice-age-help-predict-oceans-response-to-continued-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate changes</a> -- resonates with many experts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-science-behind-amoc-dynamics">Science behind AMOC dynamics</h2>



The study utilized an extensive array of data, including climate reanalysis data on decadal wind stress and sea surface height fields from UMD's <a href="http://soda.umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Simple Ocean Data Assimilation</a> project, to analyze the North Atlantic's ocean current patterns and AMOC dynamics. 



The findings underscore the complex nature of the ocean's climate trajectory and the diverse climate patterns within different subregions of the North Atlantic. 



Despite systematic warming across the entire North Atlantic, regional decadal variability suggests a range of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-paradox-ocean-current-collapse-could-plunge-europe-into-cold/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate responses</a>, underscoring the unpredictable nature of future AMOC behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-slowing-ocean-currents-and-earth-s-future">Slowing ocean currents and Earth's future</h2>



As the scientific community continues to unravel the mysteries of our oceans, the significance of Mishonov and his colleagues' work cannot be overstated. 



Their research contributes to our understanding of the intricate relationship between ocean currents and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/relationship-between-ocean-currents-and-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">global climate</a> and highlights the importance of monitoring these critical systems as we navigate the challenges of a warming world.



The team is already planning further studies to explore similar patterns in long-term temperature and salinity variability across other global ocean regions, emphasizing the ongoing need for robust climate research and observation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-ocean-currents">More about ocean currents</h2>



As discussed above, ocean currents play a pivotal role in shaping the climate, marine ecosystems, and human activities around the globe. 



These vast, continuous movements of seawater are driven by various factors, including wind patterns, the Earth's rotation, salinity levels, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-are-substantially-changing-the-seasons-of-the-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature differences</a> in the water.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defining-ocean-currents">Defining ocean currents</h3>



Ocean currents are large-scale movements of seawater that flow in complex patterns across the Earth's oceans. 



They can occur at the surface, influenced by wind, or in the deep ocean, driven by density differences resulting from variations in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-are-quickly-losing-ability-to-support-fish-due-to-plankton-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">temperature and salinity</a>. 



These currents are essential for distributing heat around the planet, supporting marine life, and influencing weather patterns and climate.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-driving-forces-behind-ocean-currents">Driving forces behind ocean currents</h3>



Several <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-circulation-is-key-to-climate-change-predictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">key factors</a> work together to create and shape ocean currents:



Wind Patterns: The primary force that drives surface currents is the wind. The interaction between wind and the ocean's surface causes water to move, creating currents that can travel vast distances. The Coriolis effect, a result of the Earth's rotation, also influences the direction of these currents, causing them to veer to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.



Temperature and Salinity: Differences in water density, affected by temperature and salinity, are the main drivers of deep ocean currents. Colder, saltier water is denser and tends to sink, while warmer, less salty water is less dense and rises. This process creates a global conveyor belt of deep ocean currents that plays a crucial role in regulating the Earth's climate.



The Earth's Rotation: The Coriolis effect, caused by the Earth's rotation, significantly impacts the direction of ocean currents. This force deflects the path of moving water and air across the planet, shaping the flow of currents and influencing their speed and direction.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-ocean-currents">Types of ocean currents</h3>



Earth has two main types of ocean currents: surface currents and deep ocean currents.



Surface Currents: These currents make up about 10% of all the water in the ocean. These currents are primarily driven by wind and are influenced by the Earth's rotation and the shape of the ocean basins. They play a vital role in weather patterns and marine ecosystems, transporting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-warming-has-nearly-doubled-in-the-last-decade/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">warm water</a> from the equator towards the poles and cold water from the poles towards the equator.



Deep Ocean Currents: Also known as the thermohaline circulation, deep ocean currents move slowly and are driven by differences in water density. These currents are crucial for moving nutrients and oxygen deep into the ocean and play a key role in regulating the Earth's climate by distributing heat.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-ocean-currents">Impact of ocean currents</h3>



Earth's ocean circulation system has a profound impact on the planet, influencing climate, weather patterns, marine ecosystems, and human activities.



Climate Regulation: Ocean currents act as a global conveyor belt, distributing heat from the equator to the poles and vice versa. This process helps to regulate the Earth's climate, making some regions warmer or cooler than they would be otherwise.



Marine Ecosystems: Currents transport nutrients and oxygen, supporting diverse marine ecosystems. They also influence the distribution of marine species by carrying larvae and plankton along their paths.



Human Activities: Ocean currents affect human activities such as shipping, fishing, and recreational boating. Understanding these currents is crucial for navigation, safety, and maximizing fishing yields.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-study-and-climate-implications">Future study and climate implications</h3>



In summary, ocean currents are a dynamic and vital component of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's system</a>. They regulate our climate and support marine life while simultaneously impacting human activities in numerous ways. 



By understanding the forces behind these currents and their effects, we can better appreciate the intricate balance of our planet's ecosystems and work towards their preservation.



This research was led by <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Alexey Mishonov, in collaboration with Dan Seidov and James Reagan from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (<a href="https://www.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NOAA</a>). The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1345426/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



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Ocean currents, the pulse of our planet, are slowing as water temperature rises

The health of our oceans is a barometer for the...

A collaborative effort involving 25 scientists from around the globe has put forth a comprehensive plan aimed at preventing future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/to-avoid-future-pandemics-we-must-protect-nature/">pandemics</a> through the conservation of natural habitats and the enhancement of biodiversity.&nbsp;



This initiative seeks to ensure animals have access to sufficient food, safe <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-ecosystems-are-needed-to-prevent-future-pandemics/">environments</a>, and enough space to reduce interactions and the subsequent transmission of pathogens to humans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-encounters-between-humans-and-disease-carrying-animals">Encounters between humans and disease-carrying animals</h2>



Pandemics often originate from close encounters between humans and disease-carrying animals like bats, which can transmit new pathogens directly or indirectly to people.&nbsp;



The viruses responsible for outbreaks such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/two-way-transmission-of-coronavirus-confirmed-between-humans-and-minks/">SARS-CoV-2</a>, SARS-CoV-1, Nipah, Hendra, and possibly Ebola, have all been traced back to bats, highlighting the danger of spillover events.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shifting-the-focus-to-preventing-future-pandemics">Shifting the focus to preventing future pandemics </h2>



“The world is focused on how can we detect and then contain a novel pathogen once it is circulating in humans, rather than how can we prevent that pathogen from entering the human population in the first place,” said lead author Raina Plowright, a professor of public and ecosystem health at <a href="https://www.cornell.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cornell University</a>.



Drawing on findings from two studies conducted in 2022, which investigated the transmission of the Hendra virus from bats to horses and humans, the team's prevention strategy emphasizes the importance of maintaining natural habitats for wildlife.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stressed-bats-linked-to-higher-pathogen-exposure-risk">Stressed bats linked to higher pathogen exposure risk</h2>



The studies revealed that habitat loss and diminished winter food sources lead to bats migrating into agricultural and urban areas, where stressed conditions cause them to excrete more of the virus.&nbsp;



This chain of events facilitates the transfer of viruses from bats to horses, and from horses to humans. Conversely, when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bats-carry-viruses-infect-people/">bats</a> have access to sufficient natural food sources, their migration patterns normalize, significantly reducing virus shedding.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disrupting-the-pathogen-transmission-pathways">Disrupting the pathogen transmission pathways</h2>



The proposed roadmap outlines a series of ecological interventions and policy recommendations aimed at disrupting the pathways through which pathogens are transmitted from animals to humans.&nbsp;



Key measures include ensuring consistent food availability for wildlife throughout the year, especially during critical periods such as reproduction and migration; protecting natural habitats where animals roost or gather in large numbers; and establishing buffer zones between human populations and wildlife to minimize contact.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-minimizing-the-risk-of-pathogen-exposure-nbsp">Minimizing the risk of pathogen exposure&nbsp;</h2>



The experts emphasize the rarity of disease transmission under natural conditions, discussing the multitude of barriers that typically prevent pathogens from reaching humans. However, they stress the importance of protective measures for communities that interact closely with wildlife, to minimize the risk of pathogen exposure.



Highlighting the need for a dedicated international body to oversee pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response, the scientists advocate for the creation of an agency or panel capable of evaluating data on ecological integrity, landscape intactness, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-climate-change-and-biodiversity-loss-are-one-indivisible-global-health-crisis/">biodiversity</a> as key factors in preventing future pandemics.&nbsp;



This approach marks a significant shift towards proactive measures designed to safeguard public health by preserving the natural environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-pandemics-nbsp">Predicting future pandemics&nbsp;</h2>



Predicting the next pandemic's specifics, such as its pathogen, origin, or timing, is difficult. However, understanding the facts and trends can help in developing strategies to mitigate the impact of future pandemics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zoonotic-diseases-are-a-major-threat">Zoonotic diseases are a major threat</h3>



A significant proportion of new infectious diseases that affect humans originate in animals (zoonotic diseases). Changes in human activity, such as deforestation, wildlife trade, and intensified agriculture, increase the risk of zoonotic diseases spilling over to humans.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-globalization-and-mobility-increase-spread">Globalization and mobility increase spread</h3>



The high level of global interconnectedness through travel and trade means that infectious diseases can spread more rapidly and widely than in the past. A disease that emerges in one part of the world can reach distant countries within hours or days.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-antimicrobial-resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</h3>



The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant concern. It could lead to a situation where common infections become untreatable, compounding the challenges of controlling a pandemic.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



Climate change is altering patterns of disease transmission. It can expand the habitats of vectors like mosquitoes, leading to the spread of diseases like malaria and dengue to new areas. It also impacts food security, which can contribute to conditions favorable for the emergence of diseases.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-will-be-key-in-preventing-future-pandemics">Technology will be key in preventing future pandemics </h3>



Advances in technology, such as genomic sequencing and artificial intelligence, will play a critical role in early detection and response to emerging pathogens. Improved surveillance and data sharing across borders can help identify and contain <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-flu-is-killing-thousands-of-seals-and-sea-lions-globally/">outbreaks</a> before they become pandemics.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparedness-and-response-plans">Preparedness and response plans</h3>



The COVID-19 pandemic underscored the importance of having robust preparedness and response plans at global, national, and local levels. This includes stockpiling essential medical supplies, having flexible healthcare systems, and establishing protocols for vaccine development and distribution.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-investment-nbsp">Public health investment&nbsp;</h3>



Sustained investment in public health infrastructure and systems is essential for detecting, preventing, and responding to pandemics. This includes strengthening healthcare systems, developing rapid diagnostic tests, vaccines, and treatments, and training healthcare workers.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-and-economic-disparities">Social and economic disparities</h3>



Pandemics disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, exacerbating social and economic inequalities. Addressing these disparities is critical to reducing the overall impact of future pandemics.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46151-9" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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We can prevent future pandemics by protecting nature

A collaborative effort involving 25 scientists from around the globe...

Davy,Sound,On,The,Coast,Of,Northeast,Greenland.

The 79° N Glacier in northeast <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-of-a-greener-greenland-reveals-shocking-reality-of-sea-level-rise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>, is showcasing alarming signs of climate change with dramatic ice loss. Researchers at the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alfred Wegener Institute</a> have observed dramatic glacier thinning, with a loss of over 160 meters (525 feet) since 1998.



This rapid decline is attributed to warm ocean currents eroding the glacier from beneath and elevated air temperatures forming surface lakes. These lakes intensify the melt as their waters drain through vast channels in the ice into the ocean. 



Remarkably, one such channel found was 500 meters (1,640 feet) tall, standing under ice that was just 190 meters (624 feet) thick, starkly highlighting climate change's impact on this crucial glacier.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-79-n-glacier-in-greenland">Studying the 79° N Glacier in Greenland</h2>



AWI scientists have conducted extensive research in this remote area of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-transformation-ice-melt-plant-growth-vegetation-cascading-effects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>, establishing a base camp for operations. They used helicopters to deploy autonomous measuring devices to the glacier's most inaccessible parts.



Subsequently, ground, aircraft radar, and satellite data have informed a study in The Cryosphere journal, exploring the glacier's condition and how global warming impacts ice tongue stability. These findings are crucial for predicting the future of ice shelves in both <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-absorbs-more-methane-than-it-emits-surprising-scientists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a> and Antarctica.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-glacial-melt-dynamics">Understanding glacial melt dynamics</h2>



Dr. Ole Zeising, an AWI glaciologist and study's lead author, described their approach.



“Since 2016, we have been using autonomous instruments to carry out radar measurements on the 79° N-Glacier, from which we can determine melt and thinning rates," Zeising explained. 



“In addition, we used aircraft radar data from 1998, 2018 and 2021 showing changes in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-ice-shelves-have-lost-over-35-percent-of-their-volume/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ice thickness</a>. We were able to measure that the 79° N-Glacier has changed significantly in recent decades under the influence of global warming," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-warm-ocean-currents-and-atmospheric-conditions">Warm ocean currents and atmospheric conditions</h2>



The study highlights the drastic effects of warm <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/atlantic-ocean-currents-slowing-as-water-temperature-rises/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean currents</a> and atmospheric warming on the glacier's ice tongue. 



It reveals high melt rates and the emergence of large channels beneath the ice, likely resulting from lake water draining through the glacier. Consequently, the glacier has significantly thinned over recent decades.



Interestingly, melt rates have declined since 2018, possibly from cooler ocean currents, highlighting glacier sensitivity to environmental shifts. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preparing-for-the-collapse">Preparing for the collapse</h2>



Prof. Dr. Angelika Humbert noted the glacier's unusually quick adaptation to these changes. Consequently, she emphasized the complexity of glacier dynamics.



“We expect that this floating glacier tongue will break apart over the next few years to decades. We have begun to study this process in detail to gain maximum insight into the course of the process," explained Humbert. 



"Although there have been several such disintegrations of ice shelves, we have only been able to collect data subsequently. As a scientific community, we are now in a better position by having built up a really good database before the collapse," she concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-future-holds-for-greenland-s-79-n-glacier">What the future holds for Greenland's 79° N Glacier</h2>



Looking ahead, scientists predict that <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/mysterious-arc-joins-ice-on-a-fjord-in-western-greenland/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland</a>'s 79° N Glacier's floating tongue may break apart in the coming years or decades. 



This study seeks to understand ice shelf disintegration dynamics, historically challenging to study in real-time. 



Creating a comprehensive database beforehand will better prepare scientists to grasp and potentially mitigate the consequences of these environmental shifts.



The situation of the 79° N Glacier serves as a critical wake-up call regarding the urgent need to address climate change. It highlights the interconnectedness of our planet's systems. 



Additionally, it underscores the profound impacts human activity can have on even the most remote and seemingly stable natural structures.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-greenland-s-79-n-glacier">More about Greenland’s 79° N Glacier</h2>



As discussed above, the 79° N Glacier, also known as Nioghalvfjerdsfjorden Glacier, stands as a sentinel at the frontier of climate research and glacial study. 



This glacier, remarkable both for its size and its significance to the Arctic environment, continues to draw the attention of scientists and environmentalists around the globe.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-significance">Geological significance</h3>



The 79° N Glacier is a prominent feature of Greenland's northeastern coast. It flows directly into the Arctic Ocean, making it one of the largest glaciers contributing to the North Atlantic's icebergs. 



Along with its neighbor, the Zachariae Isstrom, it forms a critical part of the Greenland ice sheet's dynamics, playing a significant role in global sea-level rise projections.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-indicator">Climate change indicator</h3>



As an active indicator of climate change, the 79° N Glacier has been under intense scrutiny. Scientists monitor its ice flow rates, melt patterns, and calving events to understand better the impacts of global warming on polar ice masses. 



Recent studies, like the one discussed previously by AWI, have shown accelerated ice loss from this glacier, signaling significant environmental transformations in the Arctic.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-and-exploration">Research and exploration</h3>



The glacier is a hub for cutting-edge research and exploration. Teams from various international institutions embark on expeditions to drill ice cores, deploy satellite technology, and use underwater robotics to study the glacier's behavior and its contribution to global sea level rise. These efforts are crucial for predicting future changes and developing strategies to mitigate climate impacts.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-of-greenland-s-79-n-glacier">Conservation of Greenland's 79° N Glacier</h3>



The 79° N Glacier in Greenland is a critical piece of the puzzle in understanding global climate dynamics. Through the continued efforts of the scientific community, the glacier serves as both a barometer for the changing climate and a beacon for action against the global challenge of climate change. 



As we move forward, the story of the 79° N Glacier will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in shaping our approach to environmental preservation and our understanding of the Earth's delicate balance.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/18/1333/2024/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Cryosphere</a>.



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Another massive Greenland glacier is rapidly melting

The 79° N Glacier in northeast Greenland, is showcasing alarming...

Io,Moth,Male

The alarming rate at which insects are disappearing from our environment, especially urban areas, has become a critical concern. This catastrophic phenomenon is unfolding so swiftly it outpaces scientific study.



This urgency is underscored by the complexity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/are-insects-animals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect life cycles</a>, including stages such as eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults, raising questions about whether all stages are declining at the same pace. Until recently, a comprehensive investigation into this matter was scarce.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-insect-population-decline-in-urban-areas">Studying insect population decline in urban areas</h2>



An alarming study has shed new light on this issue, focusing on the monitoring of both adult and larval stages of moths in an urban, subtropical setting over a year. 



This research marks a significant step forward, being the first to analyze multiple life stages of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-insect-decline-what-are-the-causes-and-consequences/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a> to understand the depth of their declines comprehensively. 



Additionally, it's among the few studies that probe insect population dynamics in lower latitudes, areas which are increasingly bearing the brunt of urban expansion and extreme temperatures.



Michael Belitz, the lead author of the study and a researcher at the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Florida Museum of Natural History</a> during the investigation, highlighted the criticality of subtropical and tropical environments. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urban-heat-islands-and-insect-decline">Urban heat islands and insect decline</h2>



These regions not only harbor the highest insect abundance and diversity but are also experiencing the fastest rates of urbanization globally. 



Belitz pointed out, "The urban heat island effect in these areas may be especially detrimental to insects," emphasizing the adverse impact of urbanization on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insects-thrive-in-restored-habitats-near-solar-energy-facilities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect populations</a>.



Cities, regardless of their geographical location, exacerbate the heat problem. In contrast to natural or rural settings, where a significant portion of sunlight is reflected back into space, urban materials like asphalt and concrete absorb and convert more light into heat. 



This phenomenon creates "heat islands" within cities, areas with temperatures up to 7 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than their surroundings, posing a substantial threat to local wildlife, especially in warmer regions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-illuminating-the-plight-of-moths">Illuminating the plight of moths</h2>



Robert Guralnick, co-author and curator of biodiversity informatics at the Florida Museum of Natural History, remarked on the broader implications of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-silent-language-decoding-the-chemical-signals-of-insects/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insect</a> declines. "There's no doubt that insect declines are a real phenomenon." 



He further noted the challenge in pinpointing where these declines are most acute, whether in tropical or temperate regions, emphasizing the need for detailed research across various environments.



The team's innovative approach involved collecting moths from several locations across Alachua County, Florida, with different levels of urban development. 



Capturing adult moths proved straightforward, using light sources as lures. However, locating caterpillars was more challenging due to their habitat in the tree canopy and their indifference to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-insects-seem-to-be-attracted-to-light-has-long-been-a-mystery/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial light</a>. 



Despite these obstacles, the importance of including caterpillars in the study was clear, as Belitz noted, "Caterpillars are an important food source for breeding birds."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-size-matters-the-fate-of-macro-and-micro-moths">Size matters: The fate of macro and micro moths</h2>



To estimate caterpillar abundance, the team utilized an inventive method involving the collection of larval excrement. 



By placing funnels with attached jars beneath trees and weighing the collected pellets weekly, they could infer caterpillar population sizes.



After a year of diligent work, over 35,000 moths were collected and categorized as either macro- or micro-moths. 



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/luna-moth-tails-have-only-one-purpose-evading-bats/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macro moths</a>, such as luna and io moths, are known for their large wings and ability to travel long distances. 



Micro moths, defined in this study as those 10 millimeters or less in length, encompass a vast array of species with cloak-like wings, displaying a bewildering diversity of beiges and browns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-both-large-and-small-moths-share-a-similar-fate">Both large and small moths share a similar fate</h2>



Both large and small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-ermine-moths-effortlessly-produce-ultrasonic-warning-sounds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moths</a> face declines, but not in the ways previously thought. Larger moths, once believed to be better at navigating urban challenges due to their ability to travel greater distances, are actually at a disadvantage. 



The research found that larger moths fared worse in urban areas compared to their smaller counterparts, contradicting earlier findings from a study in Belgium. 



According to lead researcher Michael Belitz, the discrepancy likely stems from the difference in climate between temperate Europe and subtropical Florida, with larger moths in warmer climates expending more energy to cool down. 



This observation extends to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-insects-distinguish-between-sugars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">insects</a>, suggesting a broader pattern where urbanization favors smaller body sizes due to reduced metabolic stress.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-may-be-the-key-to-urban-insect-survival">Diet may be the key to urban insect survival</h2>



The diet of moths also plays a crucial role in their urban survival. Moths that feed on a variety of plants are more adaptable to city life than those with specialized diets, which quickly decline with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/city-moths-develop-smaller-wings-survive-light-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">urban development</a>. This adaptability underscores the importance of dietary diversity for survival in changing environments.



Despite focusing on protected areas, the study observed significant declines in moth populations, indicating that even these spaces are not immune to the impacts of urbanization. 



Robert Guralnick, a co-researcher, pointed out the misconception that city parks, which appear natural, actually host significantly altered communities compared to undisturbed wildlife areas. 



“You might think that you’re looking at a natural environment when you walk into a city park, because it looks intact,” Guralnick said. “The truth is, what you see is a completely different community than those that exist in places like wildlife management areas.”



The findings are particularly alarming considering they come from Alachua County, a region in Florida less urbanized than many others, hinting at the widespread nature of biodiversity loss.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-and-conservation-efforts">Implications and conservation efforts</h2>



The situation, however, is not beyond hope. Belitz emphasizes the potential for urban and suburban areas to support <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/butterfly-genome-has-barely-changed-after-250-million-years-of-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moth populations</a> through conscious efforts to enhance their habitats. 



Planting native vegetation can attract and sustain a variety of pollinators, including moths, thereby increasing biodiversity. 



Additionally, reducing light pollution, which disorients and endangers moths and other nocturnal insects, presents a simple yet effective way to support these vital members of the ecosystem.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insects-moths-and-humans-coexisting-in-urban-areas">Insects, moths and humans coexisting in urban areas</h2>



In summary, this study unveils the stark reality of declining insect populations, especially moths, in urban environments, revealing how the relentless march of urbanization and the ensuing heat islands pose significant threats to insect biodiversity. 



By meticulously examining both the adult and larval stages of moths, the research offers unprecedented insights into the challenges these creatures face, from the subtropical climates of Florida to the urban heat traps of cities worldwide. 



Yet, amidst the alarming findings lies a beacon of hope: the potential for positive human intervention. Through simple actions such as cultivating native plants and minimizing light pollution, we can forge a path towards mitigating the impact of urbanization on moths and other vital insect species, ensuring their survival and the preservation of our planet's intricate web of life.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.17241" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Global Change Biology</a>.



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Insects are disappearing from urban areas at a disturbingly rapid rate

The alarming rate at which insects are disappearing from our...

In a stark announcement, researchers from the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (<a href="https://www.nioz.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NIOZ</a>) have sounded the alarm on an escalating problem in our oceans -- the growth of "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dead-zone-arabian-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dead zones</a>." These regions of critically low oxygen create marine ecosystems unable to support most forms of life. 



Recent study reveals that a major culprit driving dead zone expansion is a worrying trend: excess nutrients entering the ocean.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-are-ocean-dead-zones">What are ocean dead zones?</h2>



Ocean dead zones are areas in the ocean where the oxygen levels are so low that most marine life cannot survive. These zones are also known as hypoxic areas. 



Oxygen is essential for the survival of fish, shellfish, and other marine organisms. Without enough oxygen, these creatures either die, move to other areas, or face significant reproductive and health issues.



The size and number of oceanic dead zones have been increasing globally, posing a significant threat to marine ecosystems. 



These areas can have devastating effects on marine biodiversity and fisheries, impacting food security and economies dependent on marine resources. 



Reducing nutrient pollution from agriculture, wastewater treatment, and other sources is critical to addressing the expansion of dead zones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-excess-nutrients-and-ocean-dead-zones">Excess nutrients and ocean dead zones</h2>



Zoe van Kemenade, a researcher at NIOZ, and her team have been peering into the ocean's past off the coast of California. They found that while climate change contributes to the problem, a much more sinister force is at work: excess nutrients.



But wait, aren't nutrients good? Well, in moderation. Our overuse of fertilizers in agriculture, along with pollutants from sewage, create a nutrient overload that flows into rivers and eventually to the sea. In the water, it's like a giant buffet for algae. 



This leads to massive algae blooms, but when these huge clumps of algae die, bacteria feast on them. This decaying process gobbles up oxygen, leaving a suffocating wasteland behind.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-signs-of-the-absence-of-life">Signs of the absence of life</h2>



At the heart of this investigation are ladderanes, intriguing molecules that serve as telltale signs of ancient life - or rather, the absence of it in the traditional sense. These molecules are the fingerprints left by anammox bacteria, a group of microorganisms that flourish in environments devoid of oxygen.



Zoë van Kemenade's research brings these microscopic detectives into the spotlight. Anammox bacteria are unique because they can survive and thrive in completely oxygen-free zones by performing a process known as anaerobic ammonium oxidation. 



During this process, they produce ladderanes, molecules characterized by their ladder-like structure, which are essential for protecting the bacteria from harmful metabolites produced during their metabolic activities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-history-of-oceanic-dead-zones">History of oceanic dead zones</h2>



The discovery of ladderanes in seabed samples is a significant indicator of past <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-atlantic-ocean-may-soon-enter-its-declining-phase/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">oceanic</a> conditions. These molecules are evidence of environmental conditions that once pervaded the Earth's oceans. 



The presence of ladderanes in ancient sediment layers points to periods when parts of the ocean were so devoid of oxygen that only specialized life forms like anammox bacteria could exist.



By analyzing these molecules, scientists can piece together a history of the ocean's oxygen levels such as how and when these dead zones occurred. 



This provides a crucial understanding of the impact of factors contributing to the current expansion of oceanic dead zones. 



Through the lens of ladderanes, we gain a clearer view of the ocean's ancient mysteries. The revelations illuminate a critical and somewhat counterintuitive aspect of marine science. One might intuitively assume that ice ages would make oceans less susceptible to oxygen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-ocean-oxygen-loss-may-ultimately-reverse/">depletion</a>. 



However, Van Kemenade's findings shatter this assumption. They reveal a complex interplay between temperature, nutrient levels, and marine oxygen content that defies simple predictions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



This discovery underscores a vital point: while temperature plays a role in ocean oxygen levels, an abundance of nutrients in the water can be an even more potent driver of these devastating dead zones. 



Nutrients, often stemming from land-based runoff containing nitrogen and phosphorus, fuel explosive blooms of algae. 



As these algae die and sink to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-induced-changes-in-ocean-salinity-threaten-biodiversity-and-marine-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ocean</a> depths, their bacterial decomposition becomes an oxygen-hungry process, ultimately creating the hypoxic or anoxic conditions that define a dead zone.



The implications of Van Kemenade's findings are weighty, especially in the context of our modern oceans. The chilling fact that our oceans hold two percent less oxygen than just fifty years ago highlights the urgency of this issue. 



This decline isn't a mere historical footnote; it's a crisis <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/red-tides-and-dead-zones-threaten-floridas-west-coast/">unfolding</a> before our eyes, with potentially disastrous consequences for marine ecosystems and the biodiversity they harbor. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-can-we-do-about-the-ocean-dead-zones">What can we do about the ocean dead zones?</h2>



Right now, the massive amounts of nutrients we're dumping into the oceans are supercharging dead zones. But the good news? This is a problem we have the power to fix, at least in part. 



<blockquote class="wp-block-quote">
"Extra nutrients in the water can cause major problems for ocean biodiversity. Oxygen-less conditions can have major consequences for the ecosystem, but also for fisheries, for example," said Van Kemenade.
</blockquote>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-choose-sustainable">Choose sustainable</h3>



One actionable step is to support agriculture that prioritizes the health of the ecosystem. By choosing products from farmers who engage in organic or regenerative farming practices, consumers can play a role in reducing the amount of fertilizer runoff that enters our waterways. 



These practices not only minimize nutrient pollution but also enhance soil health, carbon sequestration, and water retention.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-upcycled-beauty">Upcycled beauty</h3>



Personal care products are another unexpected source of nutrient pollution. Many of these products contain ingredients that, when washed down the drain, contribute to the nutrient load in water bodies. 



Opting for eco-friendly alternatives that are biodegradable and free from harmful additives can significantly reduce this impact.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-get-involved">Get involved</h3>



Civic engagement is crucial in advocating for healthier oceans. Supporting organizations dedicated to protecting waterways, promoting sustainable practices, and lobbying for stricter regulations on polluters can amplify efforts to tackle this issue. 



Collective action and pressure can lead to the implementation of policies that better manage agricultural runoff, wastewater treatment, and industrial discharges.



It's a daunting challenge, but as this research makes crystal clear, the fate of the oceans – and our own well-being – depends on it.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-1517-2024" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Biogeosciences</a>.



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Excess nutrients are creating ocean dead zones

In a stark announcement, researchers from the Royal Netherlands Institute...

Macro,Root,Of,Young,Corn,In,Field,And,Texture,Of

As the world grapples with the escalating challenge of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a>, exacerbated by worsening global drought conditions that threaten crop production, scientists have been fervently searching for innovative solutions to mitigate these effects. Focusing on plant roots may be the solution.



An intriguing development comes from researchers at <a href="https://www.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Penn State</a>, who have unveiled a new technology poised to revolutionize the resilience of crops to drought, enhance their nitrogen absorption, and facilitate deeper carbon storage in the soil.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-examining-plant-roots-with-x-rays">Examining plant roots with x-rays</h2>



Their pioneering research introduces a novel approach for estimating the depth of plant roots through the utilization of <a href="https://serc.carleton.edu/research_education/geochemsheets/techniques/XRF.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">X-ray fluorescence</a> spectroscopy. 



This technique involves scanning the leaves to detect specific chemical elements, revealing a direct correlation between the elemental composition of the foliage and the root depth. 



The significance of this lies in the roots' ability to absorb elements at varying soil depths, providing a non-invasive method to gauge their reach.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deeper-plant-roots-are-more-drought-tolerant">Deeper plant roots are more drought tolerant</h2>



<a href="https://plantscience.psu.edu/directory/jpl4" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jonathan Lynch</a>, a distinguished professor of plant science at the <a href="https://agsci.psu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">College of Agricultural Sciences</a> and the research team leader, explains the transformative potential of this technology. 



“We've known about the benefits of deeper rooting crops for a long time -- they are more <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-drought-crisis-un-warns-of-unprecedented-emergency/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought tolerant</a> and have an enhanced ability to take up nitrogen, which tends to move deep with water -- but the problem has been how to measure root depth in the field,” Lynch explained. 



“To breed deeper-rooted crops, you need to look at thousands of plants. Digging them up is expensive and time consuming because some of those roots are down two meters or more. Everybody wants deep-rooted crops -- but until now, we didn’t know how to get them," he continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-benefits-of-deep-root-systems">Environmental benefits of deep root systems</h2>



However, the challenge has always been in the measurement of root depth, a crucial step in breeding such crops. Lynch further highlights the environmental benefits of deeper-rooting systems, noting their capacity for more effective carbon storage in soil, thereby contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change</a> mitigation. 



“Having deeper roots means that carbon the plants get from photosynthesis is stored down deeper in the soil when they build roots. And the deeper carbon is put in the soil, the longer it stays in the soil,” Lynch said. 



“The U.S. Department of Energy estimates that just having deep-rooted crops in America alone could offset years of our total carbon emissions. That’s huge -- think about all the acres growing crops in America. If those roots grow just a little bit deeper, then we’re storing massive amounts of carbon deeper in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/electronic-soil-boosts-crop-growth-by-over-50/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>," he concluded.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-follow-the-leader">Follow the LEADER</h2>



The development of this method, named LEADER (Leaf Element Accumulation from DEep Root), is the result of six years of intensive research, including the collection and analysis of over 2,000 soil core samples from four research sites across the United States. 



Molly Hanlon, a key figure in this study and now a senior research scientist, describes the process of growing genetically distinct lines of corn across various research stations. 



Through the LEADER method, researchers successfully identified plots with the deepest root lengths with high accuracy, marking a significant advancement in soil science.



Hanlon explains that the LEADER method leverages the natural variance in soil's biological, physical, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chemical properties</a> across different layers, allowing plant roots to act as indicators of their own depth. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-transforming-crop-cultivation-in-a-warming-world">Transforming crop cultivation in a warming world</h2>



By analyzing the foliar accumulation of naturally occurring soil elements, as well as using tracers like strontium for more controlled experiments, the team was able to estimate root depth with remarkable precision.



While the initial study focused on corn due to its global significance as a food, feed, biofuel, and industrial material, Lynch is optimistic about the method's broader applications. 



He envisions the LEADER technology being adapted for a wide range of plant species and soil types, highlighting its potential to fundamentally enhance crop resilience, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/drying-without-dying-desert-moss-holds-the-key-to-drought-tolerance/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">water and nutrient efficiency</a>, and contribute to the long-term storage of soil carbon.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-roots-playing-a-role-in-climate-change-mitigation">Plant roots playing a role in climate change mitigation</h2>



In summary, the innovative research spearheaded by Penn State marks a significant leap forward in agricultural science. Their study offers a promising solution to the dual challenges of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-salinity-disrupts-the-development-of-wheat-seedlings/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crop resilience</a> and climate change mitigation. 



By unlocking the potential of deeper-rooting crops through the LEADER method, this new technology promises to revolutionize the way we understand and cultivate our food sources. At the same time, it provides substantial environmental benefits, from improved drought tolerance to enhanced carbon sequestration in soil. 



As we stand at the precipice of a new era in crop production, this pioneering work serves as a testament to the power of scientific innovation in fostering a more sustainable and resilient future for our planet.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-plant-roots">More about plant roots</h2>



As discussed above, plant roots play a pivotal role in the survival and prosperity of plants. They serve multiple vital functions, from absorbing water and nutrients to anchoring plants firmly in the ground.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-types-of-roots">Types of roots</h3>



Taproots: Characterized by a single, dominant root from which smaller, lateral roots branch out, taproots penetrate deeply into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/understanding-how-soil-sequesters-carbon-from-the-atmosphere/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>. This deep-rooted system, exemplified by carrots and dandelions, helps plants access water from deeper soil layers and securely anchor themselves.



Fibrous Roots: Fibrous root systems, consisting of a dense network of similarly sized roots, spread out just below the soil surface. Grasses and many flowering plants exhibit this root type, which excels in preventing soil erosion and rapidly absorbing moisture and nutrients from the topsoil.



Adventitious Roots: Adventitious roots sprout from unexpected parts of the plant, such as stems or leaves, often in response to stress or injury. They play a crucial role in vegetative propagation and can help plants survive in challenging conditions. Examples include the aerial roots of orchids and the prop roots of mangroves.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-functions-of-plant-roots">Functions of plant roots</h3>



Water and Nutrient Absorption: Roots tirelessly work to absorb water and dissolved minerals from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/soil-erosion-rates-have-exploded-in-the-midwestern-us/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soil</a>, transporting them to the rest of the plant. This absorption occurs primarily through root hairs, tiny extensions that increase the root's surface area and efficiency in nutrient uptake.



Anchorage and Support: Roots anchor plants to the ground, offering stability and support. This anchoring capability is crucial for plants to withstand various external forces, such as wind and rain, and support their growth upwards towards the light.



Storage of Nutrients: Many roots also serve as storage sites for nutrients and carbohydrates, which plants can utilize during periods of scarcity. Tubers and bulbs are examples of roots modified for storage, providing plants with the resources they need to survive adverse conditions.



Hormone Production: Roots are involved in hormone production, particularly auxins, which play a significant role in plant growth and development. These hormones help regulate various plant processes, including cell division and growth, ensuring healthy plant development.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-plant-roots-in-the-ecosystem">Importance of plant roots in the ecosystem</h3>



Roots not only support plant life but also play a crucial role in the ecosystem. They help maintain soil structure, prevent erosion, and foster microbial communities essential for soil health. 



Moreover, roots contribute to the carbon cycle by storing carbon dioxide, thus playing a part in climate regulation.



In summary, the intricate world of plant roots is a testament to the complexity and resilience of plant life. As the foundation of plants, roots perform essential functions that not only ensure the survival of individual plants but also support broader ecological balance. 



Understanding the diversity and roles of roots can deepen our appreciation for these vital, yet often overlooked, components of the natural world.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/csc2.21149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Crop Science</a>.



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Measuring plant root health by scanning leaves with X-ray device

As the world grapples with the escalating challenge of climate...

Structure,Core,Earth.,Structure,Layers,Of,The,Earth.,The,Structure

In the global pursuit of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-worlds-renewable-energy-capacity-will-take-a-record-leap-this-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable energy</a> solutions, the availability of essential metals plays a pivotal role. The components of batteries, solar panels, electric vehicles, and other 'green' technologies rely heavily on these critical elements. 



Yet, as demand for these metals soars, traditional methods of mineral exploration are increasingly strained to meet such needs. 



A recent study led by Dr. Isra Ezad at <a href="https://www.mq.edu.au/?utm_source=google&amp;utm_medium=localseo&amp;utm_campaign=localplaces" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Macquarie University</a> offers new hope, suggesting that the Earth's mantle could hold a wealth of "green metals."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-carbonate-melts">Carbonate melts</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-ancient-breath-study-links-atmospheric-oxygen-and-mantle-chemistry/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's mantle</a>, the vast layer beneath the crust, is predominantly composed of silicate rocks. However, in certain regions, trace amounts of carbon and water induce melting at lower temperatures. 



These specialized molten mixtures, termed carbonate melts, possess distinct chemical properties that make them unexpectedly effective at concentrating valuable metals.



Dr. Ezad's team sought to understand exactly how carbonate melts extract and transport metals from the surrounding mantle rocks. The researchers precisely replicated the Earth's deep, high-pressure, and high-temperature conditions. They observed that under these conditions, carbonate melts become exceptional solvents. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-discovering-green-metals">Discovering green metals</h2>



The researchers mimicked the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earthquakes-tear-earths-mantle-tibet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mantle environment</a> using specialized experimental apparatus designed to generate immense pressures. They started with two types of natural mantle compositions: mica pyroxenite, a rock type rich in mica minerals from western Uganda, and fertile spinel lherzolite, characterized by the mineral spinel from Cameroon.



"We knew that carbonate melts carried rare earth elements, but this research goes further," said Dr. Ezad. "We show this molten rock contains carbon takes up sulfur in its oxidized form, while also dissolving precious and base metals -- ‘green’ metals of the future -- extracted from the mantle.”



The team stumbled upon an unexpected finding. Initially, they found that sulfur, especially in its oxidized state, is key to the process. This form of sulfur significantly improves how carbonate melts can gather metals. 



These melts become more efficient at dissolving and holding onto <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-mantle-jackson-pollock-painting/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">various metals</a>. This includes metals that are critical for green technology. Thus, sulfur's role is essential in sourcing materials for sustainable innovations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-ore-deposits">Implications for Ore Deposits </h2>



These findings have profound implications for the field of ore deposit formation. As carbonate melts enriched with metals ascend from the mantle towards the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/discovery-ancient-ocean-floor-surrounds-the-earths-core/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's crust</a>, geological processes can lead to cooling and crystallization. 



This can result in the localized concentration of metals, forming the valuable ore deposits that mining companies pursue. 



"This study indicates that tracking carbonate melts could give us a better understanding of large-scale <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-interior-is-cooling-faster-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metal redistribution</a> and ore formation processes over Earth's history," noted Dr. Ezad.



These processes occur over vast geological time scales, but the results can produce different types of ore deposits relevant to modern mining.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-green-metals">The future of green metals</h2>



The research has the potential to transform exploration strategies as we seek to secure sustainable sources of metals for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bamboo-plants-shows-great-potential-to-become-the-next-big-renewable-energy-source/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">renewable energy</a> technologies. 



"As the world transitions away from fossil fuels to battery, wind and solar technology, the demand for these essential metals is skyrocketing, and it’s becoming harder to find reliable sources," said Dr. Ezad. 



"This new data provides us with a mineral exploration space previously not considered for base and precious metals -- deposits from carbonate melts." 



This is particularly important because metals like nickel and cobalt are crucial for large-scale batteries, and the renewable power sector will require massive amounts of these elements.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-hidden-within-the-earth-s-interior">Potential hidden within the Earth's interior</h2>



Though traditional mineral exploration often focuses on near-surface deposits, the study underscores the potential hidden within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/theia-ancient-planet-buried-inside-of-earth-may-be-the-origin-of-our-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's interior</a>. 



Understanding the dynamics of carbonate melts and their role in transporting metals could pave the way for targeted, more efficient exploration strategies. 



The findings serve as a reminder of the complex and interconnected processes at play within our planet, and how unraveling these secrets may be essential in ensuring a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/game-changing-invention-converts-both-co2-and-plastic-waste-into-renewable-energy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sustainable</a> future.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-about-green-metals">More about green metals</h2>



In the quest for sustainability and environmental preservation, the spotlight has turned towards "green metals." As discussed above, these metals, essential for the advancement of green technologies, play a pivotal role in reducing our carbon footprint and fostering a sustainable future.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defining-green-metals">Defining green metals</h3>



Green metals refer to metals and minerals used extensively in renewable energy technologies, electric vehicles (EVs), and other applications that contribute to a lower carbon economy. These include, but are not limited to, copper, lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements. 



The 'green' in green metals signifies their critical role in environmentally friendly and sustainable applications, rather than their actual color or extraction methods being inherently green.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-key-roles-of-copper-and-nickel">Key roles of copper and nickel</h3>



Copper stands out as a cornerstone of green metals due to its excellent electrical conductivity. It is crucial in the production of wind turbines, solar panels, and the infrastructure required for transmitting renewable energy. As the demand for renewable energy sources skyrockets, so does the need for copper, making its role in the green transition indispensable.



Nickel, with its high energy density, is becoming increasingly important for battery production, especially for electric vehicles and large storage systems. Its role in the battery industry is crucial for enhancing the performance and capacity of lithium-ion batteries, making EVs more efficient and competitive with traditional vehicles.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lithium-cobalt-and-rare-earth-elements-rees">Lithium, cobalt and Rare Earth Elements (REEs)</h3>



The surge in electric vehicle production has escalated the demand for lithium and cobalt, essential components of lithium-ion batteries. These batteries power not only EVs but also storage solutions for renewable energy, making lithium and cobalt critical in reducing reliance on fossil fuels and cutting down CO2 emissions.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rare-earth-elements-are-waiting-to-be-discovered-in-waste/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rare Earth Elements</a> (REEs) are key components in the manufacture of magnets used in wind turbines and electric motors. Despite their name, REEs are relatively abundant but require <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-can-help-sustainably-extract-rare-earth-elements/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex processing</a> to be extracted and used, making their supply chain a critical consideration for green technology industries.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-solutions-for-the-future-of-green-metals">Challenges and solutions for the future of green metals</h3>



While the demand for green metals is a positive sign of a shift towards a more sustainable future, it also brings challenges, including the environmental impact of mining and the need for responsible sourcing. 



Innovations in recycling green metals from used technology and developing more sustainable mining practices are crucial steps towards mitigating these challenges.



In summary, green metals are at the heart of the transition to a more sustainable and environmentally friendly future. Their role in renewable energy, electric vehicles, and other green technologies is undeniable. 



As we advance, the focus must be on increasing the supply of these essential materials while also ensuring their production and use are as sustainable as the technologies they support. Through innovation, responsible sourcing, and recycling, the path to a sustainable future becomes clearer and more attainable.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk5979" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>. 



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Earth's mantle may contain a wealth of "green metals"

In the global pursuit of sustainable energy solutions, the availability...

California is synonymous with sunshine and abundance – its fertile soil and ideal climate make it the nation's agricultural breadbasket. Here, over a third of the country's vegetables and nearly three-quarters of fruits and nuts are grown. Yet, a water crisis looms in California. 



Declining groundwater levels, exacerbated by a changing climate, threaten the very foundation of this agricultural powerhouse. Drastic measures might be needed – but could smarter farming practices help avoid the worst?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-california-agriculture-and-water-use">California agriculture and water use</h2>



California's farms are thirsty, consuming a staggering 80 percent of the state's water used by homes and businesses. As groundwater supplies dwindle, the state is taking action. The 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (<a href="https://water.ca.gov/programs/groundwater-management/sgma-groundwater-management" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SGMA</a>) aims to make all groundwater basins sustainable by 2040. 



To achieve this, groundwater use must be reduced by a hefty 20-50% – a daunting task for a state so reliant on agriculture.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-usage-pattern-in-california">Water usage pattern in California</h2>



A recent study out of <a href="https://www.ucsb.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UC Santa Barbara</a> sheds light on a potential path forward. Researchers combined remote sensing data, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-artificially-intelligent-machines-take-over-food-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">machine learning</a>, and a whole lot of data to pinpoint water usage patterns in California's Central Valley. 



Their surprising conclusion? Smaller changes in farming practices could have the same water-saving impact as more drastic measures like switching crops or leaving fields unplanted.



"There's an opportunity for less obtrusive methods of saving water to be more important than we originally thought," revealed Anna Boser, the study's lead author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-what-you-grow-but-how-you-grow-it">It's not what you grow, but how you grow it</h2>



We often assume that certain crops require more water than others. This idea leads to the belief that water conservation in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insect-farming-could-have-huge-benefits-for-soil-fertility-and-crop-production/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">agriculture</a> means either switching crops or leaving fields fallow. However, the recent study reveals that the way farmers manage their land has a huge impact on water usage.



The California study found that bringing the practices of the top 50% of water-using farms down to the average level of their neighbors could save a whopping 10% of the water used by crops. Incredibly, these practice-based savings could rival the water conserved by fallowing the 5% most water-intensive fields.



This changes everything. It means solutions might be less about forcing farmers to make drastic land changes and more about empowering them to use water smarter. 



Optimizing farming techniques holds the potential to make a massive difference in water conservation without the potentially negative social and economic effects of switching crops or taking land out of production.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-smarter-practices">Smarter practices</h2>



What are these magic practices? They might not be so glamorous but they work:



<ul>
<li>Mulching:&nbsp;Covering the soil with materials like wood chips or straw reduces evaporation, keeping moisture where the plants need it.</li>



<li>No-till planting:&nbsp;Leaving crop residue on the ground after harvest acts like a natural mulch, conserving moisture and improving soil health.</li>



<li>Drought-tolerant varietals:&nbsp;Choosing plant varieties bred to thrive on less water makes a big difference.</li>



<li>Deficit irrigation:&nbsp;Sometimes, giving a crop a bit less water than it technically 'needs' can save water without harming yields - or even improve crop quality, as is seen in some vineyards.</li>



<li>Precision irrigation:&nbsp;Technologies like soil moisture sensors and drip irrigation systems help target water directly to the roots, minimizing waste.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-irrigation-efficiency">Irrigation efficiency</h2>



Yet, a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-costs-of-organic-farming-wildlife-may-struggle-through-the-transition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farm</a> might lose up to 60% of its applied water before it gets to the plant roots. This loss can happen through leaky irrigation systems, water evaporating during transport, and weeds using the water instead.



Making improvements to irrigation systems could help. Adopting efficient watering techniques, such as drip irrigation, can also make a big difference. Drip irrigation sends water straight to where plants need it most: their roots. This approach can significantly cut down on water waste.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-working-with-nature-not-against-it">Working with nature, not against it</h2>



California's water crisis won't be solved with a single silver bullet. Yet, this study offers a beacon of hope, as co-author Tamma Carleton explained: "This raises the possibility that the state can continue its role as an agricultural powerhouse while also sustainably managing an essential natural resource."



Through a combination of smarter <a href="https://www.earth.com/search-results/?search=farming&amp;start=0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farming practices</a>, better irrigation technologies, and the potential for some crop switching or land fallowing where necessary, California's farms have a fighting chance to navigate this crisis. 



It's a testament to the idea that by understanding and working with nature, we can find ways to both feed ourselves and safeguard a precious resource.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-46031-2" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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California's farms have a good chance of navigating the water crisis

California is synonymous with sunshine and abundance – its fertile...

Honey bees are synonymous with sweetness and buzzing energy. They're also the backbone of our food system, pollinating everything from almonds to zucchini. But recent research reveals a sting in the tail: climate change is making life tougher for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-is-causing-honey-bee-colony-collapse-in-the-u-s/">honey bees</a>. 



Longer, warmer falls could push colonies to the brink, raising the risk of springtime collapse. Is there a solution? Believe it or not, cold storage might be the answer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-honey-bees-and-changing-climate">Honey bees and changing climate</h2>



Honey bees are temperature-driven creatures. When the mercury tops 50 degrees Fahrenheit, they're off and flying. Their winter survival strategy is brilliantly simple: huddle as a colony in the hive, living off their honey stores. This cozy cluster keeps the hive warm and protects the all-important queen bee.



Come spring, older worker bees resume their foraging flights. Sadly, this is when they naturally start to die off. For the hive to thrive, there must be enough younger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/honey-bees-are-very-loyal-to-their-flower-patches/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a> hatching out to take their place. 



Too many older bees dying before enough replacements emerge, and the whole colony can collapse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-change-and-bees-characteristics">Climate change and bees characteristics</h2>



Here's where climate change throws a wrench in the works. Think about those longer, warmer fall seasons we're seeing. What does that mean for our bees? Here's what scientists at <a href="https://www.google.com/search?client=safari&amp;rls=en&amp;q=Washington+State+University&amp;ie=UTF-8&amp;oe=UTF-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a> discovered:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-workaholic-trap">The workaholic trap</h3>



Honey bees possess an admirable work ethic. Their instinct to gather pollen and nectar ensures they'll fly whenever the weather allows, typically above 50 degrees Fahrenheit. This dedication serves them well in traditional seasons, ensuring ample food stores and pollination of plants. However, climate change is altering those traditional weather patterns.



With warmer, longer fall seasons, bees keep flying when they'd normally start preparing for winter. This extra activity, unfortunately, takes a toll. Instead of conserving energy, they're shortening their lifespans. In essence, more flying time directly translates to fewer days for each worker bee.



This relentless work cycle, fueled by unseasonable warmth, jeopardizes the entire colony. Worker <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-honey-bee-disease-is-accelerating-across-the-uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bees</a>, the females who tirelessly collect resources, are the backbone of the hive. 



When they die off prematurely, the colony suffers. This climate-driven "workaholic trap" could have serious consequences for bee populations as a whole.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-springtime-crash">Springtime crash</h3>



The impact of this extra fall activity becomes devastatingly clear in the spring. Bee colonies that spend the winter outdoors, especially in areas with significant climate change, may emerge severely weakened. Researchers in the Pacific Northwest, a vital region for beekeeping, have looked closely at how changing conditions might affect bees.



They've built models predicting how colonies might fare out to 2050, and the results are alarming. Simulations show many colonies could see their adult bee populations drop below the critical 5,000 to 9,000 bees needed to function properly. 



This includes warming the hive, caring for the young, and the vital task of foraging for food. A colony without enough workers simply cannot sustain itself, dramatically increasing the likelihood of collapse.



This has earned the worrying name "Springtime Crash," and its effects could be far-reaching for both nature and our food supply. Bees are essential pollinators, and their decline poses risks to crops and biodiversity. This research highlights the urgency of finding solutions. 



"This is a case where a small amount of warming, even in the near future, will make a big impact on honey bees."&nbsp;explained Kirti Rajagopalan, climate researcher at WSU. The risk is immediate. As climate change progresses, the threat to honey bee colonies will only intensify.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-cold-storage-save-bees-from-climate-change">Could cold storage save bees from climate change?</h2>



What if putting bees on ice, literally, could save them? It seems counterintuitive, but storing bee colonies in controlled cold storage during the fall might offer a lifeline to these vital pollinators.



<ul>
<li>Placing hives in cold storage forces the bees to cluster earlier, extending the lifespan of those tireless worker bees.</li>



<li>By the end of the century, simulations showed colonies with fall-to-spring cold storage could boast 15,000+ bees, compared to a dismal 5,000 or less if left outside all winter.</li>
</ul>



Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, an expert at the <a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USDA</a>, stated: "Our simulations are showing that even if there is no nutritional stress, no pathogens, no pesticides – just the conditions in fall and winter are enough to compromise the age structure of a colony."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-win-win">The win-win</h2>



Commercial beekeepers are increasingly using cold storage. It helps with logistics (think moving those millions of hives to California for almond pollination) and supports overall bee health. 



As Brandon Hopkins, an entomologist at WSU, explained: "A lot of beekeepers are already practicing this management technique of storing bees indoors because it has a lot of immediate potential to help in a number of ways. These findings demonstrate that there are additional benefits to this practice for the survival of colonies in a changing climate."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bee-aware-bee-supportive">Bee aware, bee supportive</h2>



This research highlights how climate change disrupts ecosystems in unexpected ways. Let's remember our little pollinators next time we enjoy the fruits of their labors. Here's how you can help:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-a-bee-friendly-garden">Plant a bee-friendly garden</h3>



Creating a bee-friendly garden is a wonderful way to give back to honey bees and our other buzzing pollinating friends. The idea is as simple as it is powerful: focus on native plants. These are the flowers that local bees and insects have evolved alongside for countless generations. 



They're a perfect match, providing the exact type of nectar and pollen needed for these creatures to thrive. Planting a variety that bloom at different times of year is like setting out a delicious buffet for them – a constant source of nourishment.



Think strategically when choosing plants for your bee haven. You want a mix that ensures something's always in bloom. Early spring flowers are vital for those hungry bees waking up from winter, summer blooms keep colonies healthy and strong, and later flowers help them prepare for the colder months ahead. 



This colorful, continuous spread of food not only supports bees, but it will attract a dazzling array of pollinators, creating a vibrant, buzzing ecosystem right in your own backyard.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-skip-the-pesticides">Skip the pesticides</h3>



Pesticides meant for garden pests often end up harming bees and other pollinators. Many common garden pesticides are highly toxic to bees, harming their ability to find food, fly back to their hives, and even reproduce. 



Worse yet, these chemicals can linger on the very plants they're meant to protect, poisoning the pollen and nectar that bees work so tirelessly to collect. This contamination poisons not just individual bees, but the entire colony.



The damage caused by pesticides is far-reaching and insidious. Without pollinators, the production of many fruits, vegetables, and nuts is impossible. Reduced yields and less variety are the immediate consequences, but it also contributes to biodiversity loss, weakening the entire food chain. 



By choosing natural pest control methods, gardeners have the power to safeguard these essential pollinators, ensuring a healthier and more vibrant ecosystem for everyone.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-55327-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Scientific Reports</a>.



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Honey bee colonies are collapsing as climate change progresses

Honey bees are synonymous with sweetness and buzzing energy. They're...

We all know the phrase "the grass is always greener...", but what if there's literally no greener place to go? That's the reality facing many plant species in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/akara-rare-tropical-storm-develops-off-the-coast-of-brazil/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brazil's</a> Cerrado. They're stuck in a race where the finish line is a mountaintop, and the climate change won't stop chasing them.



But it's not a straightforward disaster – new research shows that the story might be about winners, losers, and a whole lot of uphill battles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerrado-plants-and-climate-change">Cerrado plants and climate change</h2>



A new study by scientists from Brazil and Europe has looked at how warming temperatures might force over 7,000 plant species in the Cerrado to move. Plants, like animals, have a geographical range.



This is the area where the temperature, rainfall, and general conditions make it just right for them to survive and grow. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-officially-arrived-in-the-black-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Climate change</a> is messing with those perfect conditions, and plants are feeling the heat – literally.



“Every plant and animal species has a ‘geographical range’ – the area where conditions are suitable for it to live,” said Mateus Silva, from the <a href="https://www.exeter.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Exeter</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerrado-ecology">Cerrado ecology</h2>



Think of the Cerrado as a smaller, but no less incredible, cousin to the Amazon rainforest. It's a place packed with roughly 12,000 flowering plant species. From towering trees to delicate orchids, the Cerrado's plants purify the air we breathe, support vast networks of wildlife, and sustain indigenous communities.



Sadly, this ecological treasure chest is under siege. Relentless conversion for agriculture and cattle ranching has eaten away roughly half of the Cerrado. This destruction doesn't just mean lost beauty – it unravels delicately balanced ecosystems, jeopardizes countless species, and disrupts the natural services these landscapes provide, like water cycling and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-has-officially-arrived-in-the-black-forest/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate</a> regulation.



The damage to the Cerrado has consequences far beyond Brazil. As climate change intensifies, preserving biodiverse regions like the Cerrado is becoming increasingly urgent. These complex living systems may hold solutions to problems like excess carbon or degraded soil. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-uphill-cerrado-plants-due-to-climate-change">Uphill Cerrado plants due to climate change </h2>



As temperatures rise globally, many plants instinctively seek cooler havens at higher altitudes. “As the climate warms, plants’ ranges are shifting, with many species going uphill,” said study co-author Mateus Silva from the University of Exeter. 



This uphill migration reveals nature's resilience – even slow-moving plants adapt to survive. Yet, this strategy has stark limits. Lowland plants may find some refuge uphill, assuming they can move fast enough to keep pace with the changing climate and aren't blocked by human-made obstacles. 



But the climb brings a hidden cost: it squeezes those already at higher elevations. Plants on mountaintops have no escape. As temperatures increase, they face a shrinking world with nowhere left to climb.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-outlook-for-2040">The outlook for 2040</h2>



This study paints a concerning picture for the Cerrado's plants. It's estimated that around 150 plant species will be in critical danger by 2040, losing a huge chunk of the area where they can live.



“About half of Cerrado plant species will experience a net range loss due to climate change by 2040,” said Silva. “And more than two thirds (68-73%) of the Cerrado landscapes will see a net loss in species numbers.” 



“Virtually the entire Cerrado area will experience some level of species replacement due to climate change, and this will be most intense in highland areas. Meanwhile, lowland areas will have less plant diversity as some species become unable to tolerate the new conditions.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-optimistic-worst-case-scenario">The "optimistic" worst case scenario?</h2>



The scientists call their predictions "optimistic." Why? Because they've only looked at the impact of changing temperatures and rainfall. They haven't yet factored in the Cerrado's terrible habitat destruction or the tangled mess of how one species being affected can have a ripple effect on others.



"The range loss highlighted by our study will be compounded by this habitat loss and fragmentation, which makes it harder for species to move to new areas,” Silva added.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cerrado-ascends-as-climate-changes">Cerrado ascends as climate changes</h2>



The Cerrado's highlands are unique. They aren't like the lowlands, offering cooler temperatures and different conditions. Since those uphill areas are likely refuges, they need special <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/south-americas-largest-savanna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation</a> efforts tailored to their unique needs. 



The study looked specifically at the short-term future for a reason – these are the time frames in which conservation efforts could make a real difference.



“It’s also important to note that our study did not examine interactions between species – this complex ecology is also likely to play an important role," said Silva.



"At this stage, we wanted to highlight the likely impact of large-scale patterns. The Cerrado highland areas reach 700-1,200m above sea level and they provide different conditions from the lowlands, highlighting the need for distinct conservation actions.”



Remember, the Cerrado is a remarkable and irreplaceable part of our planet. Its thousands of plant species, some of which cannot be found anywhere else in the world, are in a race for survival. Climate change is pushing them uphill, but human destruction is cutting off their escape route. While the science is important, it's time to move beyond simply watching and start taking serious action.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13832" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diversity and Distributions</a>.



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Climate change triggers migration of thousands of plant species

We all know the phrase "the grass is always greener...",...

The global surge in extreme wildfires has sparked an urgent re-evaluation of current wildfire management practices. A recent study led by the <a href="https://www.umt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Montana</a> has found that the prevalent <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fire-suppression-drought-sensitive/">approach</a> of fire suppression not only fails to mitigate wildfire severity but, paradoxically, may lead to more devastating fires by intensifying the conditions under which wildfires burn.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-suppression-has-unintended-consequences">Fire suppression has unintended consequences</h2>



Using sophisticated computer simulations, the experts discovered that a policy of blanket wildfire suppression contributes to fires with more severe ecological consequences, further fueled by climate change and the accumulation of combustible materials in forests.



“Fire suppression has unintended consequences,” said lead author Mark Kreider, a Ph.D. student in forest and conservation sciences at the University of Montana. “We’ve known for a long time that suppressing fires leads to fuel accumulation. Here, we show a separate counter-intuitive outcome.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-landscape-more-prone-to-severe-wildfires-nbsp">A landscape more prone to severe wildfires&nbsp;</h2>



To explain this, the researchers introduce the concept of “suppression bias,” highlighting how current firefighting efforts, while reducing the total area affected by fires, disproportionately eliminate low- and moderate-intensity fires. This, in turn, leaves a landscape more prone to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/severe-wildfires-could-prove-beneficial-for-mountain-quail/">severe wildfires</a>.



“Over a human lifespan, the modeled impacts of the suppression bias outweigh those from fuel accumulation or climate change alone,” Kreider said. “This suggests that suppression may exert a significant and underappreciated influence on patterns of fire globally.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fire-suppression-exacerbates-the-challenges-of-climate-change">Fire suppression exacerbates the challenges of climate change</h2>



Supported by a <a href="https://www.nsfgrfp.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship</a>, Kreider's doctoral work reveals that suppression strategies exacerbate the challenges posed by climate change and fuel buildup, potentially accelerating the increase in burned areas by three to five times compared to scenarios without suppression efforts. “By attempting to suppress all fires, we are bringing a more severe future to the present,” he warned.



Andrew Larson, Kreider’s doctoral advisor and a professor of forest ecology, emphasized the ecological implications of favoring suppression, noting the disruption to natural <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/satellite-forest-management-regeneration/">forest regeneration</a> processes and potential alterations to evolutionary pressures on flora and fauna.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-altering-natural-selection-with-fire-suppression">Altering natural selection with fire suppression</h2>



“Traditional suppression removes the low-severity fires that help perpetuate healthy forests by consuming fuels and preferentially killing thin-barked tree species. I wonder how much we are altering natural selection with fire suppression by exposing plants and animals to relatively less low-severity fire and relatively more high-severity fire,” he explained.



However, the study also offers a glimmer of hope, suggesting that a more nuanced approach to fire management - allowing for low- and moderate-intensity fires under controlled conditions - can mitigate or even reverse the adverse effects of the suppression bias. 



Such a strategy, which entails letting fires burn when conditions are less severe, could lead to a reduction in overall fire severity and a more sustainable rate of area burned.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-effective-strategies-and-technologies-are-needed">Effective strategies and technologies are needed</h2>



“It may seem counterintuitive, but our work clearly highlights that part of addressing our nation’s fire crisis is learning how to accept more fires burning when safely possible,” said study co-author Philip Higuera, a professor of fire ecology at the University of Montana.



Professor Higuera highlighted the importance of this approach alongside other critical measures such as addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-impacts-are-evolving-due-to-climate-change-but-in-what-ways/">climate change</a> and reducing human-caused fire ignitions.



The experts stress the necessity of developing and implementing effective strategies and technologies to manage wildfires under moderate conditions. This balanced approach is essential for confronting the fire crisis, alongside broader efforts to mitigate climate change and decrease accidental ignitions.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46702-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Fire suppression methods increase the severity of wildfires

The global surge in extreme wildfires has sparked an urgent...

Recent studies led by <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> have brought a surprising twist to the tale of water on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mars-has-a-water-reservoir-two-miles-deep-enough-to-fill-earths-red-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>' Gale Crater.



When you think of Mars, you probably picture a barren, dusty wasteland. Billions of years ago, rivers flowed and lakes filled its craters. But scientists believe the planet dried up eons ago. 



This research turns that idea on its head, suggesting that Mars may have had water – and possibly habitable environments – much more recently than we believed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-water-and-the-gale-crater">Water and the Gale Crater</h2>



Gale Crater, a vast basin near <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-history-of-mars-is-much-more-complex-than-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mars</a>' equator, is the Curiosity rover's playground. It's a fantastic place to explore the history of the red planet. The crater can be imagined as a giant lake, with sediments piling up to form the towering Mount Sharp in its center. 



Over time, the lake dried. Rivers vanished. Winds piled sand dunes against those sediments, preserving a record of Mars' transition from wet to dry. Or so we thought.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gale-crater-sandstone-hints-at-water">Gale Crater sandstone hints at water</h2>



The researchers studied wind-blown sandstone layers high on Mount Sharp within Gale Crater specifically within an area known as the Feòrachas structure. 



These layers, created in a supposedly bone-dry era of Martian history, didn't look right. Instead of neatly stacked, they were warped and twisted.



"Usually, the wind deposits sediment in a very regular, predictable way," explained study co-author Amelie Roberts. 



"Surprisingly, we found that these wind-deposited layers were contorted into strange shapes, which suggests the sand had been deformed shortly after being laid down. These structures point to the presence of water just below the surface."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-so-what-deformed-the-sand">So, what deformed the sand?</h2>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pressurized-groundwater">Pressurized groundwater</h3>



"The sandstone revealed that water was probably abundant more recently and for longer than previously thought - but by which process did the water leave these clues?" asked study lead author Dr. Steven Banham. The sand could've warped as pressurized water seeped up, nudging the sand grains around.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-frozen-ground">Frozen ground</h3>



Perhaps water froze and then thawed repeatedly, the ice pushing and pulling the sand into contortions. Dr. Banham noted: "This water might have been pressurized liquid, forced into and deforming the sediment; frozen, with the repeat freezing and thawing process causing the deformation; or briny, and subject to large temperature swings."



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brines">Brines</h3>



It's also possible that extremely salty water (brine) flowed near the surface. Brines handle extreme cold better than pure water, and wild temperature swings in the Martian desert could've caused strange effects.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-extended-presence-of-water-on-mars">Extended presence of water on Mars</h2>



"What's clear is that behind each of these potential ways to deform this sandstone, water is the common link," explained Dr. Banham.



Interestingly, scientists agree Mars lost its surface water long ago. These warped sand layers prove something different. It seems water was hanging around longer than we thought, lingering underground even as the surface turned to desert. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-water-in-the-gale-crater">Significance of water in the Gale Crater </h2>



The discovery matters because of water persisting in Mars' Gale Crater means potential for life. If water lingered in Martian rocks, perhaps some kind of simple life took refuge there, eking out an existence long after lakes and rivers vanished. 



"The layers of sediment in the crater reveal a shift from a wet environment to a drier one over time - reflecting Mars' transition from a humid and habitable environment to an inhospitable desert world," explained Roberts. 



"But these water-formed structures in the desert sandstone show that water persisted on Mars much later than previously thought."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-rocks-not-off-the-list-for-life">Mars rocks: Not off the list for life</h2>



Previously, dry Martian deserts were low on the list of places to look for traces of past life – biosignatures.



"Determining whether Mars and other planets were once able to support life has been a major driving force for planetary <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/the-history-of-water-on-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a>," said Dr. Banham. "Our findings reveal new avenues for exploration - shedding light on Mars' potential to support life and highlighting where we should continue hunting for new clues."



"The search for life, whether Mars once harbored it or if other planets could, has driven space exploration for decades. Our findings open entirely new possibilities – they point us to places with the potential to answer those big questions."



Don't let those dusty landscapes fool you. When it comes to water – and potential life – Mars might still have a few secrets hiding beneath its barren surface.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://doi.org/10.1130/g51849.1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a>. 



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Gale Crater on Mars seems to have recently had a lot of water

Recent studies led by Imperial College London have brought a...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.



Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.



In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.



Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. 



According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.



"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.



"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."



Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;



"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.



The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.



"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.



"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="http://www.ntu.edu.sg/">NTU Singapore</a> reveals that some plants can remove toxic heavy metals from soil.&nbsp;



The researchers analyzed samples of various tropical plant species to test for levels of heavy metals and metalloids. The study showed that there are existing plants with high levels of these contaminants, which means that these species are great candidates for drawing pollutants out of the soil.&nbsp;



Among the plants examined in the study, 12 species had accumulated several types of heavy metals and metalloids. These plants are widely available, including species that are native to Singapore.



“In a small nation like Singapore, land may be repurposed to support new development plans, so it is important that we have a green and sustainable way to remediate land that is contaminated," said Professor Lam Yeng Ming.



"We set out to uncover how to better make use of tropical plants to do phytoremediation and through advanced characterization techniques, we showed how some of these tropical plant species can be an environmentally friendly and literally a 'green' way to remove contaminants in soil."&nbsp;



"Phytoremediation also has benefits of cost effectiveness, simplicity of management, aesthetic advantages, and long-term applicability and sustainability. The strategy prevents erosion and metal leaching by stabilizing or accumulating heavy metals, so that helps reduce the risk of contaminant spread.”



Video Credit: NTU Singapore



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Plants help remove heavy metals from contaminated soil

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes why herbicides are not as effective in killing weeds anymore. In the 20th century, chemical companies developed thousands of herbicides. The most commonly used herbicide was glyphosate, which was introduced in 1974.



Over the past few decades, dozens of species of weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. Depending on the site of action, the part of the plant that an herbicide interacts with, weeds may even be resistant to herbicides that have not been developed yet.&nbsp;



With increasing resistance to glyphosate and other herbicides, weeds are - once again - becoming a major concern for farmers.&nbsp;



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Weeds are becoming increasingly resistant to herbicides

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/">NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> (JPL) describes a dust storm on Mars that was nearly twice the size of the United States. As the storm covered the southern hemisphere of the planet, some of NASA’s explorers had to delay their normal activities.



NASA’s Insight lander put itself in a "safe mode" for 11 days to conserve battery power because solar power was disrupted by the dust. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter postponed flights until conditions improved.



"A fleet of NASA orbiters monitor Martian dust storms like this one and serve as lifelines to Earth by relaying data from the rovers and lander on the ground back to the team. This includes the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, MAVEN, and Odyssey," reports JPL.



"Dust storms like this recent one start close to the ground and are spread by wind as they rise – warming the cold Martian atmosphere."



The images in the video were captured by NASA’s Curiosity as the dust rolled in. A fleet of orbiters monitored the dust storm from above, relaying data from Mars’ explorers back to scientists on Earth.



Video &amp; Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU/MSSS



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

NASA monitors giant dust storms on Mars

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="http://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz. This strait provides the only sea passage from the Persian Gulf to the open ocean.



Qeshm is separated from the Iranian coast by the Clarence Strait, also known as Khuran.&nbsp;The Hara Forest Protected Area is a network of shallow waterways and forest located between the island and the mainland. This protected region is home to sea turtles, snakes, and more than 150 species of migrating birds.



Qeshm is famous for its wide range of&nbsp;ecotourist&nbsp;attractions, such as the&nbsp;Hara marine forests. According to environmentalists, about 1.5 percent of the world birds and 25 percent of Iran's native <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/female-hummingbirds-avoid-sexual-harassment-by-looking-like-males/">birds</a> annually migrate to the forests, which are the first national geo park in Iran.



Tourists are also drawn to the island to see an age-old Portuguese&nbsp;fort, historic mosques, the&nbsp;Seyyed Mozaffar&nbsp;and&nbsp;Bibi Maryam&nbsp;shrines, and the "Valley of Stars."



The average temperature on the island is 81 degress and the region is often hot and humid. From June to August, the island is described as being oppressively hot. The ideal time to visit is during the winter season. 



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Qeshm Island in the Strait of Hormuz

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique.&nbsp;



"Inhambane Bay is a deep inlet into which the small Mutamba River flows," says ESA. "On one side of the bay lies the historical city of Inhambane, capital of the Inhambane Province, while the sister city of Maxixe, the economic capital of Inhambane, sits across from it. The province is the second largest grower of cashews, after Nampula, and it also produces coconut and citrus fruits."



The beaches of Barra and Tofo are popular with tourists. There are also coral reefs along the long coastline of Inhambane, making it an ideal destination for scuba diving and snorkeling.



"Mozambique’s extensive coastline heightens the country’s vulnerability to tropical cyclones that develop in the Indian Ocean as well as storm surge flooding," says ESA.



"More than half of the population lives in low lying coastal areas, putting communities at risk. Inhambane Bay was dangerously close to where Cyclone Idai made landfall in 2019 causing widespread destruction to the country."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Inhambane Bay in southeast Mozambique

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency </a>&nbsp;features the Kangerlussuaq Glacier, one of the largest tidewater outlet glaciers in Greenland. The glacier is located on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet.



As human-induced climate change continues to drive up temperatures, global ice loss is accelerating at an alarming rate. ESA reports that, over the past decade alone, 3.5 trillion tons of ice have melted from the Greenland ice sheet. This is enough to cover the UK with meltwater 15 meters deep.



Based on satellite imagery, researchers determined that Kangerlussuaq entered a new phase of rapid retreat and acceleration in 2017. In their study, published in <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2019.00123/full">Frontiers in Earth Science</a>,&nbsp; the experts report that the glacier's ice front is now at its most retreated position since the early 20th century.



"Given Kangerlussuaq’s previous impacts on both the magnitude and pattern of ice sheet wide mass loss, we predict that its new phase of retreat, acceleration and thinning will markedly enhance the south-east region’s contribution to increasing discharge from the ice sheet," wrote the study authors.&nbsp;&nbsp;



"More broadly, accurate forecasting of the ice sheet’s contribution to sea level rise will require a deeper understanding of, and responses to, these non-linear ice dynamic processes."



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Kangerlussuaq Glacier on the Greenland ice sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes the complex relationship between ocean and climate. ESA's Climate Change Initiative will help us understand how oceans influence the climate and how climate change is impacting the oceans.&nbsp;



"Earth’s oceans are huge heat stores, soaking up 93% of the excess heat from human activity over the past 70 years. Ocean currents redistribute heat around the planet, from the Equator to the poles. Where this ocean heat goes influences weather patterns and regional climate," explains ESA.



"As well as absorbing heat, oceans are a natural carbon sink, absorbing a quarter of carbon dioxide emissions from human activity. This has led to the acidification of ocean water, threating marine life."



The amount of heat and carbon dioxide soaked up by the ocean depends on specific variables, including phytoplankton, temperatures, waves, salinity, and ice cover. Satellites can be used to measure these variables from space.



"From their unique vantage point, satellites provide key information for understanding the complexities of our planet and monitoring environmental issues," says ESA.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Ocean heat influences regional climate

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