<p>Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. </p>



<p>But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks.</p>



<p>In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-making-wildfire-smoke-more-deadly/">wildfires</a>, adding to the already mounting risks across the West.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-is-fueling-more-wildfires">Lightning is fueling more wildfires</h2>



<p>Wildfires need a few things to get going: dry fuel, hot temperatures, low humidity, and a spark. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-changing-the-atmosphere-in-surprising-ways/">Lightning</a> is one of the most powerful natural igniters.</p>



<p>In the western U.S., lightning already causes more than two-thirds of the area burned by wildfires. And now, new research shows that number is going to rise sharply due to climate change. </p>



<p>Warmer air holds more moisture, which means more unstable weather patterns. Those patterns, in turn, set the stage for more lightning.</p>



<p>A recent study has revealed that virtually all of the western U.S. - 98 percent of the region - will have more days with a greater likelihood of lightning-ignited wildfires starting as early as the 2030s. </p>



<p>For regions already accustomed to such fires, such as Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, the risk is even greater. As early as 2060, those states may have as many as 12 additional lightning-filled days per summer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-model-to-forecast-lightning">A model to forecast lightning</h2>



<p>Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a> don’t really track lightning. That’s why a team of researchers led by Dmitri Kalashnikov built their own system to fill in the gaps.</p>



<p>“The first step was to project lightning,” said Kalashnikov, a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.ucmerced.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Merced</a>. “The typical climate models don’t directly simulate lightning. It’s too small a process.”</p>



<p>The researchers applied machine learning to forecast where lightning would hit based on variables that we can quantify - such as temperature, humidity, and the level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moisture-in-the-atmosphere-causes-extreme-weather-to-last-longer/">moisture in the air</a>. </p>



<p>The team merged those results with the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a mechanism that was developed back in 1968 to monitor how probable wildfire initiation and spread is from local weather.</p>



<p>The result is a forecast model tailored to the western U.S., designed to project conditions from 2030 to 2060 - decades earlier than most studies, which typically look only to the end of the century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-lightning-in-the-northwest">More lightning in the Northwest</h2>



<p>The northwestern states of Idaho, Oregon, and Montana are projected to experience the greatest growth in lightning days. But strangely, they may not experience the most rapid expansion in wildfires. </p>



<p>Although lightning will grow, the conditions favoring fires (such as extreme heat or dryness) are not expected to worsen as quickly in the Northwest compared to other regions.</p>



<p>That doesn’t mean northwestern states are off the hook. Cloud-to-ground lightning, the kind that hits trees or grass directly, is still expected to rise significantly in those areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-lightning-greater-wildfire-risk">Less lightning, greater wildfire risk</h2>



<p>In contrast, the Southwest - including Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico - won’t see as much of a jump in lightning strikes. But the fire risk will still climb. </p>



<p>This is because even a small spark becomes a big threat when the land is extra dry, the heat is intense, and there’s little rain to cool things off.</p>



<p>The researchers found that these southern states are likely to experience the biggest increases in wildfires caused by lightning, despite the smaller bump in lightning activity. That’s because climate change is pushing up the number of fire-prone days overall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-and-wet-lightning">Dry and wet lightning</h2>



<p>Kalashnikov said the next steps could involve separating the kinds of lightning events. “You can’t help but wonder what the future will look like, especially if you dig in and you realize that there’s actually a lot that we don’t understand,” he said.</p>



<p>One key factor will be figuring out how to distinguish between "dry lightning" and "wet lightning." Dry lightning happens without much rain, making it a fire hazard. </p>



<p>Wet lightning brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-poses-extreme-risks-in-the-western-us/">heavy rain</a>, which can reduce fire risk but increase flood danger. Understanding that difference could help emergency services respond more precisely to fire threats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-risks-are-rising-fast">Wildfire risks are rising fast</h2>



<p>As climate patterns shift, the West isn’t just getting warmer and drier - it’s getting stormier in a dangerous way. Lightning is expected to spark more fires, and fires are expected to find more dry fuel waiting. It’s a feedback loop that could reshape fire seasons in the U.S.</p>



<p>This isn’t about something that might happen a hundred years from now. The changes are coming within the next few decades - some may already be happening. </p>



<p>And for the people living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-hazard-wildfire-zones-identified-in-the-american-west/">high-risk areas</a>, that means more heat, more smoke, and a greater need for preparation.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025EF006108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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Lightning will ignite even more wildfires as the climate heats up

Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks. In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for wildfires, adding to the already mounting risks across the West. Lightning is fueling more wildfires Wildfires need a few things to get...

<p>Currently, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-research-will-help-keep-bananas-on-supermarket-shelves/">bananas</a> are the most popular fruits worldwide, with the global banana trade skyrocketing in recent years. According to the <a href="https://www.fao.org/home/en">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a>, 21 million metric tons of bananas were exported in 2019 alone.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the most traded variety at the moment – the Cavendish banana – is highly susceptible to a devastating fungal disease called the Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by the strain known as the Tropical Race 4 (TR4).&nbsp;</p>



<p>This disease has been spreading globally since the 1960s, and eventually infiltrated Africa a decade ago, being reported in Mozambique on two commercial banana farms in 2013. Since no evidence of TR4 infestation has been found outside of these farms in 2015, scientists believed that the disease has been successfully contained.</p>



<p>However, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://www.wur.nl/en.htm">Wageningen University &amp; Research</a> (WUR) and <a href="https://www.uu.nl/en">Utrecht University</a> has recently confirmed the presence of TR4 beyond the two farms, suggesting that it currently spreads uncontrollably in Mozambique. This alarming finding demonstrates the failure of previous management methods and highlights the need for immediate action to protect banana production, and thus the livelihoods of millions of people in Africa.</p>



<p>The experts collected fungal samples from 13 symptomatic banana plants found throughout northern Mozambique, and used molecular diagnostics and greenhouse pathogenicity assays to test them for the disease. Since all samples tested positive for TR4, the scientists investigated the genetic variation and potential origin of this strain in Mozambique. The analysis revealed very little genetic variation, suggesting that TR4 is spreading clonally.</p>



<p>“Likely the cultivation of Cavendish bananas - a banana variety that stopped the previous epidemic affecting Gros Michel bananas in the 1950s - is now a vehicle for worldwide dissemination, as global banana cultivation is dominated by the highly susceptible Cavendish clones. Moreover, there is a lot of trafficking in the banana world. Mobile working crews, international labor hires, and many of these workers and their managers are unaware of the danger of fungal diseases,” explained study corresponding authors Gert H.J. Kema, an expert in Phytopathology at WUR, and Michael F. Seidl, an associate professor of Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics at Utrecht.</p>



<p>Since there are still major knowledge gaps hindering the successful containment of this unruly fungus, this worrisome situation requires further action, research, and transparent data-sharing to implement efficient management strategies, such as generating and releasing genetically diverse and resistant germplasm for banana growers in Africa.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-22-1576-SC"><em>Plant Disease</em></a>.</p>



<h2 id="h-significance-of-bananas">Significance of bananas&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Bananas are important for several reasons, including their nutritional value, economic impact, and cultural significance.</p>



<h3 id="h-nutritional-value">Nutritional value</h3>



<p>Bananas are a good source of essential nutrients, such as vitamins (notably vitamin C, vitamin B6, and some B-vitamins), minerals (potassium, manganese, and magnesium), and dietary fiber. They are low in calories, fat, and protein, making them a healthy snack option.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The potassium content in bananas contributes to maintaining proper heart and muscle function, while the vitamin C content aids in immune system function and tissue repair.</p>



<h3 id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



<p>Bananas are one of the most widely consumed fruits globally and are an important agricultural commodity. They provide income and employment opportunities to millions of people, especially in developing countries in the tropics where they are grown.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The banana industry has an extensive global trade network, with major exporters including countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultural-significance">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Bananas have been an integral part of various cultures and cuisines for thousands of years. They are used in both sweet and savory dishes and can be consumed in various forms, such as fresh, dried, or cooked.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In some cultures, the banana plant itself holds symbolic value, and its leaves are used for traditional cooking methods, decorations, and religious ceremonies.</p>



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>Bananas are generally considered a sustainable crop, as they can be grown with relatively low inputs and are often cultivated in mixed farming systems alongside other crops.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, there are concerns about the environmental impacts of large-scale banana monoculture plantations, which can lead to deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and heavy use of agrochemicals. Efforts are being made to promote sustainable banana farming practices to mitigate these issues.</p>



<h2 id="h-fruit-disease-and-climate-change">Fruit disease and climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Fruit diseases and climate change are closely related, as changes in climate can have significant impacts on the prevalence and distribution of plant diseases. As global temperatures rise and precipitation patterns shift, the following consequences can be observed in relation to fruit diseases:</p>



<h3 id="h-altered-distribution-of-pests-and-pathogens">Altered distribution of pests and pathogens</h3>



<p>Warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation can enable pests and pathogens to expand their geographic ranges. This can introduce diseases to new regions where fruit crops have not previously been exposed, potentially leading to more severe outbreaks.</p>



<h3 id="h-changes-in-disease-dynamics">Changes in disease dynamics</h3>



<p>Higher temperatures and humidity can promote the growth and reproduction of pathogens, as well as increase the duration and intensity of disease outbreaks. This can result in higher incidences of fruit diseases and a greater need for disease management strategies.</p>



<h3 id="h-impacts-on-host-resistance">Impacts on host resistance</h3>



<p>Climate change can cause stress to fruit crops, making them more susceptible to diseases. For example, drought can weaken a plant's immune system, while warmer temperatures can lead to changes in plant physiology that make it more vulnerable to infection.</p>



<h3 id="h-effects-on-disease-management">Effects on disease management</h3>



<p>As climate change alters the distribution and severity of fruit diseases, farmers may need to modify their disease management strategies. This could include adopting new cultivars with improved resistance to pathogens, adjusting planting dates, and employing more targeted and sustainable pest and disease control methods.</p>



<p>In summary, climate change has the potential to significantly impact the prevalence and distribution of fruit diseases, making them an important area of concern for agriculture and food security. Adaptation and mitigation strategies, such as the development of disease-resistant varieties and the implementation of integrated pest management, are crucial to address these challenges.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Fungal disease threatens banana production in Africa

Currently, bananas are the most popular fruits worldwide, with the...

<p>A study published today in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.82996"><em>eLife</em></a> challenges the theory that global warming will cause water-breathing animals, such as fish, to shrink in size.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers found that although warm water pollution did increase growth rates and death rates, it ultimately led to a population of younger and larger <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fish-poop-stores-1-65-billion-tons-of-carbon-annually/">fish</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This finding is somewhat at odds with general predictions of the effects of warming on natural ecosystems, emphasizing the need for large-scale experiments to test these predictions.</p>



<p>Previous research has suggested that as aquatic ecosystems warm up, animals like fish will experience faster growth at a young age but reach smaller body sizes as adults.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This pattern has primarily been observed in small-scale experiments, and while some studies have tested this prediction in natural environments, these investigations have mostly focused on fish species subjected to fishing. This is significant because the process of fishing itself can influence growth rates and body size.</p>



<p>"Studies into the effects of warming waters on fish from large-scale, semi-controlled experiments in natural settings are rare, yet they can provide unique insights," said lead author Max Lindmark, a researcher at the <a href="https://www.slu.se/en/">Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences</a>. "We used a unique study system to investigate how warm water pollution has changed the death rates, growth rates, and size of fish over many generations."</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>To conduct their study, Lindmark and his team examined an enclosed coastal bay that has been receiving cooling water from a nuclear power plant for years, making it 5-10°C warmer than the surrounding waters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers compared the Eurasian perch from this heated bay to those from a reference area in the adjacent archipelago over a 24-year period.&nbsp;</p>



<p>They combined data on catches with measurements of the fishes' length-at-age (back-calculated throughout their life from "age rings" in hard structures) and used statistical models to investigate how warm water pollution affected the age and size of the fish populations, as well as their growth and death rates.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The researchers discovered statistically significant differences in estimated growth rates, death rates, and sizes of the fish populations between the heated and reference areas. However, not all of these changes aligned with their expectations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although female perch in the warm area grew faster, as anticipated, they continued to do so throughout their lives. As a result, these fish reached a larger size-at-age, approximately 7-11% larger in the heated area at any age when compared with the reference area.</p>



<p>Moreover, the authors found that the increase in growth rate of younger fish due to warm water was so pronounced that even if death rates were higher because of warming, the average size and relative abundance of larger fish were still higher in the heated area.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-why-this-outcome-is-disturbing">Why this outcome is disturbing</h2>



<p>This outcome conflicts with the prediction that global warming would shrink fish over time, particularly the large and old ones. In this study, ecosystem warming led to younger, but larger fish, casting doubt on the widely accepted theory and stressing the need for more extensive research in natural settings.</p>



<p>“Our study provides strong evidence for warming-induced differences in growth and death rates among a natural population of an unexploited temperate fish species exposed to 5–10°C water temperature increases for more than two decades," said co-author Malin Karlsson. "These effects largely, but not completely, counteract each other – while the fish are younger, they are also larger on average.”</p>



<p>“These findings highlight that generalised predictions based on theories such as the temperature-size rule may have limited use for predicting changes at a population level, and that both death rates and growth rates are important when studying temperature effects,” said study senior author Professor Anna Gårdmark.</p>



<p>“Although we only studied a single species, this unique climate change experiment suggests the effects of heating at the scale of a whole ecosystem, making its findings highly relevant in the context of global warming.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-climate-change-and-fish-populations">More about climate change and fish populations</h2>



<p>Climate change and warming waters have significant impacts on fish populations globally. These impacts can manifest in various ways, including changes in distribution, abundance, growth rates, reproductive success, and species interactions. Some of the key ways in which climate change affects fish populations are:</p>



<h3 id="h-shifts-in-distribution">Shifts in distribution</h3>



<p>As ocean temperatures rise, many fish species are moving towards cooler waters, either by migrating to higher latitudes or deeper depths. This shift in distribution can lead to changes in local and regional fish populations, potentially affecting the ecosystems and communities that rely on these species.</p>



<h3 id="h-altered-growth-rates-and-body-sizes">Altered growth rates and body sizes</h3>



<p>Warming waters can influence the growth rates of fish, with some species growing faster at a younger age, as seen in the eLife study. However, the long-term effects of these changes on adult body sizes are still debated and may vary among different species and ecosystems.</p>



<h3 id="h-changes-in-reproductive-success">Changes in reproductive success</h3>



<p>Warmer temperatures can impact fish reproduction in various ways, such as affecting the timing and success of spawning, the development of eggs and larvae, and the survival of juvenile fish. These changes can ultimately impact the recruitment and abundance of fish populations.</p>



<h3 id="h-species-interactions">Species interactions</h3>



<p>Climate change can also affect the interactions between fish species and their predators, prey, and competitors, leading to changes in food webs and ecosystem dynamics. The potential for new species interactions can emerge as fish shift their distributions, which can create complex cascades of effects on ecosystems.</p>



<h3 id="h-ocean-acidification">Ocean acidification</h3>



<p>As the oceans absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, their pH level decreases, causing ocean acidification. This process can have harmful effects on fish, particularly on the early life stages, by impairing their ability to form shells or skeletons and impacting their sensory systems.</p>



<h3 id="h-deoxygenation">Deoxygenation</h3>



<p>Warmer waters can hold less dissolved oxygen, and this, combined with increased stratification of the water column, can lead to the development of low-oxygen zones. These conditions, known as hypoxia, can be detrimental to fish populations, as they limit the available habitat and can cause physiological stress or even death.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat-loss-and-degradation">Habitat loss and degradation</h3>



<p>Climate change can also contribute to the loss and degradation of critical fish habitats, such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangroves, which provide important breeding, nursery, and feeding grounds for many fish species.</p>



<p>These various impacts of climate change on fish populations can have significant consequences for global food security, livelihoods, and ecosystem health. It is essential for scientists, policymakers, and resource managers to continue studying and monitoring these changes to develop effective strategies for mitigating and adapting to the effects of climate change on fish populations and the broader marine environment.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Warming waters have an unexpected impact on fish size

A study published today in the journal eLife challenges the...

<p>A new study from the <a href="https://www.ucdavis.edu/">University of California, Davis</a> has revealed that the Gulf of Mexico region, particularly the coastal areas and offshore waters near Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas, contains more inactive oil and gas wells than producing ones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The cost to permanently plug and abandon these oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico could reach an alarming $30 billion. This groundbreaking research was published today in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/nenergy/"><em>Nature Energy</em></a> and has significant implications for both environmental and financial risks to the public.</p>



<p>The study meticulously examined the cost of plugging approximately 14,000 wells, which have been inactive for over five years and are unlikely to be reactivated in the Gulf of Mexico region. The region is considered the epicenter of U.S. offshore <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oil-and-gas-production-linked-to-77-billion-in-annual-health-care-costs/">oil and gas</a> operations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Mark Agerton, an assistant professor at UC Davis and the lead author of the paper, highlighted the cost differential for plugging onshore wells versus those in offshore waters, which is substantial.</p>



<p>The environmental impact of these inactive wells is another area of concern. Leaks from wells closer to shore are more likely to damage coastal ecosystems and release greenhouse gases like methane into the atmosphere compared to wells in deep waters.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned-from-the-study">What the researchers learned from the study</h2>



<p>The study discovered that over 90 percent of inactive wells are located in shallow areas, with the cost to plug them estimated at $7.6 billion, or 25% of the total $30 billion.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Professor Agerton noted: “The wells aren’t supposed to be leaking into the environment, but sometimes they do. How do you get the most environmental benefit for the least amount of money?”</p>



<p>The study's findings could help states determine cleanup priorities, particularly as they access $4.7 billion in federal money authorized by the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act. This funding is earmarked for methane reduction programs, including the cleanup of old oil and gas wells.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Gregory Upton, an associate research professor at the Louisiana State University Center for Energy Studies and co-author of the paper, explained: “States have a pretty good idea of what it costs to plug these wells on land, but there is really a lot of uncertainty as to what the costs were for these offshore wells.”</p>



<h2 id="h-who-is-responsible-for-the-cleanup">Who is responsible for the cleanup?</h2>



<p>Regarding the liability for cleaning up abandoned wells in federal waters, it falls on prior owners if the current owner becomes insolvent and is unable to cover the costs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Professor Agerton pointed out that large American oil companies currently own or have owned 88 percent of the wells in federal Gulf of Mexico waters and would legally shoulder cleanup liabilities before taxpayers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, in state waters, each jurisdiction handles liability differently, and prior ownership does not come into play. States are responsible for overseeing plugging programs for orphaned wells whose owners have gone bankrupt, but the cost to plug an abandoned offshore well increases with the length of the well and the depth of the water.</p>



<p>“The bulk of the costs comes from plugging wells in deeper water where the environmental consequences are less than for a shallow well closer to shore," said Professor Agerton. "That money is probably better spent on state waters where they can’t go after prior owners for cleanup costs, and it’s going to be a cheaper cleanup job with more environmental benefit.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research, co-authored by Siddhartha Narra, Brian Snyder, and Gregory B. Upton Jr. of Louisiana State University, emphasizes the urgent need for governments and the oil industry to address the issue of inactive wells and prioritize their cleanup to protect both the environment and taxpayers.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-offshore-drilling">More about offshore drilling</h2>



<p>Offshore drilling refers to the extraction of oil and natural gas deposits beneath the ocean floor. This process involves drilling deep into the Earth's crust through the seabed to access hydrocarbon reserves.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Offshore oil wells are the infrastructure that facilitates the extraction and production of these resources. Offshore drilling has become a crucial component of the global energy mix, supplying a significant portion of the world's oil and natural gas.</p>



<p>There are several types of offshore drilling platforms, which can be categorized based on their design, mobility, and water depth capabilities:</p>



<h3 id="h-fixed-platforms">Fixed Platforms</h3>



<p>These are immovable structures built on the ocean floor, designed for long-term use in shallow to moderately deep waters. They are typically made of steel or concrete and are anchored to the seabed using piles driven deep into the ocean floor.</p>



<h3 id="h-compliant-towers">Compliant Towers</h3>



<p>These are slender, flexible structures used in water depths ranging from 1,500 to 3,000 feet. They consist of a narrow tower attached to a foundation on the seabed, with a platform for drilling and production equipment.</p>



<h3 id="h-semi-submersible-platforms">Semi-Submersible Platforms</h3>



<p>These platforms are partially submerged in water and supported by large pontoons or columns. They are used in deep and ultra-deep waters and are kept in place using dynamic positioning systems or anchored to the seabed.</p>



<h3 id="h-drillships">Drillships</h3>



<p>These are specialized ships equipped with drilling equipment and machinery, allowing them to drill in deep and ultra-deep waters. They are mobile and can be moved to different locations as needed. Drillships are also equipped with dynamic positioning systems to maintain their position over a well.</p>



<h3 id="h-tension-leg-platforms">Tension Leg Platforms</h3>



<p>These platforms are used in deep waters and consist of a floating structure tethered to the seabed by tensioned cables, which keep the platform stable during drilling operations.</p>



<h3 id="h-spar-platforms">Spar Platforms</h3>



<p>These are large, cylindrical structures that float vertically in the water and are anchored to the seabed. They are used for drilling and production in deep and ultra-deep waters.</p>



<h3 id="h-offshore-drilling-and-production-have-their-set-of-challenges-and-risks-including">Offshore drilling and production have their set of challenges and risks, including:</h3>



<h4 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental Impact</h4>



<p>Offshore drilling can lead to oil spills, which can have devastating effects on marine life and ecosystems. Additionally, the process generates waste materials that can contaminate the surrounding environment if not properly managed.</p>



<h4 id="h-worker-safety">Worker Safety</h4>



<p>Offshore drilling operations are carried out in harsh and remote environments, posing a risk to worker safety. Accidents, such as explosions or platform collapses, can result in fatalities and severe injuries.</p>



<h4 id="h-technical-challenges">Technical Challenges</h4>



<p>Offshore drilling in deep and ultra-deep waters demands advanced technology and equipment, as well as skilled personnel to manage the complex operations.</p>



<h4 id="h-economic-factors">Economic Factors</h4>



<p>Offshore drilling projects often require significant investment and are subject to fluctuations in oil and natural gas prices. These projects can be economically unviable if prices drop or if costs exceed initial estimates.</p>



<h4 id="h-political-and-regulatory-factors">Political and Regulatory Factors</h4>



<p>Offshore drilling activities are subject to various regulations and policies imposed by governments and international organizations. These can impact the feasibility and profitability of offshore drilling projects.</p>



<p>Despite these challenges, offshore drilling remains an essential part of the global energy landscape. As technology advances and new methods are developed to mitigate risks and reduce environmental impact, the offshore oil and gas industry will continue to play a crucial role in meeting the world's energy demands.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Cleaning up 14,000 inactive oil wells in Gulf of Mexico will cost $30 billion

A new study from the University of California, Davis has...

<p>Important new research from the <a href="https://www.utsc.utoronto.ca/home/">University of Toronto Scarborough</a> has revealed that climate change is having a profound impact on the Dungeness crab, a commercially important marine species. The research indicates that ocean acidification, a direct result of increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, is causing these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-crabs-and-lobsters-have-emotions-and-feelings/">crabs</a> to lose their sense of smell.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery may provide partial insight into the dwindling populations of this economically significant species, which generated over $250 million in revenue from fisheries in 2019.</p>



<p>The research, led by Cosima Porteus, an assistant professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at U of T Scarborough, and postdoc Andrea Durant, is the first of its kind to investigate the physiological effects of ocean acidification on the olfactory senses of crabs.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-ocean-acidification-and-its-impact-on-crabs">Ocean acidification and its impact on crabs</h2>



<p>With their limited vision, Dungeness crabs rely heavily on their sense of smell to detect food, mates, and suitable habitats, as well as to avoid predators. They accomplish this through a process known as "flicking," in which they move their antennules (small antenna) through the water to pick up scents.</p>



<p>According to Porteus, the study found that ocean acidification led to a marked decrease in the crabs' physical sniffing, impaired their ability to detect food odors, and even reduced activity in the sensory nerves responsible for smell.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These tiny neurons, located inside the antennules, send electrical signals to the crab's brain, which helps them navigate their environment and make crucial decisions for their survival.</p>



<p>Ocean acidification is caused by the Earth's oceans absorbing increased amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, a direct consequence of burning fossil fuels and carbon pollution.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Numerous studies have demonstrated its impact on the behavior of marine wildlife, but this new research highlights the extent to which it can affect a species' physiology and, consequently, its survival.</p>



<p>Dungeness crabs are a significant economic resource along the Pacific coast, spanning from California to Alaska. They are among the most sought-after crabs for consumption, which makes the consequences of their declining populations all the more concerning.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>The researchers have discovered that when exposed to ocean acidification, the crabs were found to flick less, and their sensory neurons were 50 percent less responsive to odors.</p>



<p>"Crabs increase their flicking rate when they detect an odor they are interested in, but in crabs that were exposed to ocean acidification, the odor had to be 10 times more concentrated before we saw an increase in flicking," explained study co-author Cosima Porteus.</p>



<p>There are several potential reasons for this impact on the crabs' sense of smell. Porteus points to previous research conducted at the University of Hull, which suggested that ocean acidification disrupts odor molecules, affecting how they bind to smell receptors in marine animals such as crabs.</p>



<p>In the study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16738"><em>Global Change Biology</em></a>, Porteus and her colleague Andrea Durant tested the electrical activity in the crabs' sensory neurons to determine their responsiveness to odors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers found not only that the neurons were less responsive but also that the crabs had fewer receptors, and their sensory neurons were physically shrinking by as much as 25 percent in volume.</p>



<p>"These are active cells and if they aren't detecting odors as much, they might be shrinking to conserve energy. It's like a muscle that will shrink if you don't use it," said Porteus.</p>



<h2 id="h-far-reaching-implications">Far reaching implications</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings extend beyond the Dungeness crab to other economically important species such as Alaskan king and snow crabs, whose sense of smell functions in the same way.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Porteus notes that losing their sense of smell seems to be climate-related, which could partially account for the decline in their numbers. "If crabs are having trouble finding food, it stands to reason females won't have as much energy to produce eggs."</p>



<p>These findings emphasize the need for further research on the physiological effects of climate change on marine species and the importance of addressing the root causes of ocean acidification to protect the delicate balance of marine ecosystems and the economies that rely on them.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-dungeness-crab">More about Dungeness crab</h2>



<p>The Dungeness crab (Cancer magister or Metacarcinus magister) is a popular marine crustacean species found along the Pacific coast of North America, ranging from Alaska down to California. Known for their sweet and tender meat, Dungeness crabs are a sought-after delicacy and play a significant role in the seafood industry. Here's what you need to know about them:</p>



<h3 id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Dungeness crabs have a broad, oval-shaped body with a smooth shell, which is typically brownish-purple or dark red in color. They have a pair of robust claws, five pairs of legs, and two large black-tipped antennae. Adult crabs can reach up to 10 inches (25 cm) in shell width and weigh around 2-4 pounds (0.9-1.8 kg).</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>These crabs prefer sandy or muddy bottoms in estuaries, bays, and coastal waters. They can be found at varying depths, ranging from the intertidal zone down to about 750 feet (230 meters).</p>



<h3 id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Dungeness crabs are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of organisms, including mollusks, small fish, crustaceans, detritus, and marine vegetation.</p>



<h3 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



<p>Mating usually takes place during the fall and early winter months when female crabs molt, making it easier for the male to transfer sperm. After mating, females can store the sperm for several months before fertilizing their eggs. The fertilized eggs are carried by the female crab under her abdomen until they hatch into larvae, a process that can take several months.</p>



<h3 id="h-life-cycle">Life cycle</h3>



<p>Dungeness crabs go through several larval stages before metamorphosing into juvenile crabs, which resemble small adults. Juvenile crabs molt several times as they grow, with each molt increasing their size. It typically takes about 2-3 years for them to reach sexual maturity.</p>



<h3 id="h-commercial-fishing">Commercial fishing</h3>



<p>Dungeness crabs are an economically important species, with their fishery valued at over $250 million in 2019. They are typically harvested using baited traps or pots. The fishing season for Dungeness crabs varies by region, but it generally begins in the fall or early winter and lasts until the summer.</p>



<h3 id="h-conservation">Conservation</h3>



<p>Climate change and ocean acidification have been found to affect the Dungeness crab's sense of smell, potentially impacting their ability to locate food and mates. This may partially explain the decline in their populations. Conservation efforts include regulations on the size and sex of harvested crabs, as well as seasonal closures to protect the breeding stock.</p>



<h3 id="h-culinary-use">Culinary use</h3>



<p>Dungeness crab meat is prized for its sweet, delicate flavor and is often used in a variety of dishes, such as crab cakes, bisques, salads, and seafood boils. The crabs can be cooked by steaming, boiling, or baking, and are often served with melted butter or dipping sauces.</p>



<p>In summary, the Dungeness crab is a valuable marine species found along the Pacific coast of North America. They play a crucial role in both marine ecosystems and the seafood industry, but their populations are facing challenges due to climate change and ocean acidification.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Conservation efforts are essential to protect this important species and its contributions to coastal economies.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Crabs are losing their sense of smell and vanishing due to ocean acidification

Important new research from the University of Toronto Scarborough has...

<p>A shocking study of Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland by researchers from the <a href="https://uci.edu/">University of California, Irvine</a> (UCI) and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory has revealed a previously unknown interaction between ice and ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This leads to the possibility that the climate community has been significantly underestimating the impact of polar ice deterioration on future sea level rise. This important discovery could have far-reaching implications for our understanding of climate change and its consequences.</p>



<p>The team of scientists used satellite radar data from three European missions to analyze the behavior of Petermann Glacier's grounding line, where the ice detaches from the land bed and begins floating in the ocean.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-found-at-petermann-glacier">What the researchers found at Petermann Glacier</h2>



<p>Contrary to previous beliefs, they found that the grounding line shifts substantially during tidal cycles, allowing warm seawater to intrude and accelerate ice melt. The findings are detailed in a paper published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2220924120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



<p>Lead author Enrico Ciraci, UCI assistant specialist in Earth system science and NASA postdoctoral fellow, explained: “Petermann's grounding line could be more accurately described as a grounding zone because it migrates between 2 and 6 kilometers as tides come in and out. This is an order of magnitude larger than expected for grounding lines on a rigid bed.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The traditional view of grounding lines beneath ocean-reaching glaciers did not account for this migration or ice melt during tidal cycles. However, the new study reveals that warm ocean water penetrates beneath the ice through preexisting subglacial channels, leading to the highest melt rates at the grounding zone.</p>



<p>As the glacier's grounding line retreated nearly 4 kilometers (2½ miles) between 2016 and 2022, the researchers observed that warm water carved a 670-foot-tall cavity in the underside of the glacier. Remarkably, this cavity persisted throughout 2022.</p>



<p>Senior co-author Eric Rignot, UCI professor of Earth system science and NASA JPL research scientist, emphasized the significance of these findings, stating, “These ice-ocean interactions make the glaciers more sensitive to ocean warming.”</p>



<h2 id="h-models-for-future-sea-level-rise-must-now-be-rebuilt">Models for future sea level rise must now be rebuilt</h2>



<p>Current models do not include these ice-ocean dynamics, which, if accounted for, could increase projections of sea level rise by up to 200 percent – impacting not just Petermann Glacier but all glaciers ending in the ocean, including those in northern Greenland and Antarctica.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This discovery highlights the urgent need to update our understanding of glacier behavior in response to climate change.</p>



<p>The paper emphasizes that the Greenland ice sheet has lost billions of tons of ice to the ocean in recent decades, primarily due to warming of subsurface ocean waters – a consequence of Earth's changing climate.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Rignot explains that exposure to ocean water vigorously melts ice at the glacier front, eroding resistance to the movement of glaciers over the ground and causing the ice to slide more quickly into the sea.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research underscores the importance of refining our climate models to predict the future consequences of climate change and inform our response to this global crisis more accurately.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-petermann-glacier">More about Petermann Glacier</h2>



<p>Petermann Glacier is a large and significant glacier located in northwest Greenland. It is one of the largest floating ice shelves in the Northern Hemisphere, extending over an area of approximately 1,295 square kilometers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The glacier is fed by the Greenland Ice Sheet and discharges into the Nares Strait, which separates Greenland from Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Petermann Glacier plays a vital role in draining the Greenland Ice Sheet and contributes to global sea level rise through the calving of icebergs and melting of its ice.</p>



<h3 id="h-several-aspects-make-petermann-glacier-a-subject-of-interest-for-climate-scientists-and-glaciologists">Several aspects make Petermann Glacier a subject of interest for climate scientists and glaciologists:</h3>



<h4 id="h-ice-shelf-dynamics">Ice shelf dynamics</h4>



<p>The floating ice shelf at the terminus of Petermann Glacier is crucial for understanding the stability and dynamics of ice shelves. The interaction between the ice shelf and ocean waters provides insights into how ocean warming can impact ice shelf stability and glacier flow.</p>



<h4 id="h-calving-events">Calving events</h4>



<p>Petermann Glacier has experienced several major calving events in recent years, with the most notable ones occurring in 2010 and 2012. These events resulted in the detachment of massive icebergs from the glacier's floating ice shelf, raising concerns about the stability of the glacier and its contribution to sea level rise.</p>



<h4 id="h-grounding-line-migration">Grounding line migration</h4>



<p>A recent study by researchers from the University of California, Irvine, and NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory revealed that the grounding line of Petermann Glacier, where the ice detaches from the land bed and starts to float, migrates between 2 and 6 kilometers during tidal cycles. This previously unknown interaction between ice and ocean allows warm seawater to infiltrate and accelerate ice melt, potentially leading to underestimations of sea level rise caused by polar ice deterioration.</p>



<h4 id="h-climate-change-and-sea-level-rise">Climate change and sea level rise</h4>



<p>Petermann Glacier, along with other glaciers in Greenland, is losing ice due to climate change. As a consequence of increasing temperatures and subsurface ocean warming, the glacier is melting at a faster rate, contributing to global sea level rise.</p>



<h4 id="h-research-and-monitoring">Research and monitoring</h4>



<p>Due to its significance in understanding glacier dynamics, ice-ocean interactions, and the impact of climate change on ice sheets, Petermann Glacier has become a focal point for researchers and is closely monitored using satellite data, field measurements, and remote sensing techniques.</p>



<p>In summary, Petermann Glacier is a crucial component of the Greenland Ice Sheet and plays a vital role in understanding the impacts of climate change on glacier dynamics, ice-ocean interactions, and global sea level rise. Its behavior and stability have far-reaching implications for coastal communities and ecosystems worldwide.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-global-sea-level-rise">More about global sea level rise</h2>



<p>Global sea level rise is one of the most critical consequences of climate change, posing a significant threat to coastal ecosystems, infrastructure, and human populations. As Earth's climate warms due to the increase in greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, two primary factors contribute to the rising sea levels: thermal expansion of ocean waters and the melting of land-based ice.</p>



<h3 id="h-thermal-expansion">Thermal expansion</h3>



<p>As ocean temperatures increase, seawater expands, occupying more volume. This expansion, known as thermal expansion, contributes to approximately half of the observed sea level rise. The upper layer of the ocean, which is in direct contact with the atmosphere, warms faster, causing water to expand and occupy more space, subsequently leading to a rise in sea level.</p>



<h3 id="h-melting-of-land-based-ice">Melting of land-based ice</h3>



<p>The melting of ice sheets and glaciers also contributes significantly to sea level rise. Ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica contain vast amounts of frozen water, and their accelerated melting due to climate change has a substantial impact on global sea levels. Additionally, the melting of mountain glaciers worldwide, particularly in regions like the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps, adds to the rising sea levels.</p>



<p>Recent research suggests that ice loss from Greenland, Antarctica, and mountain glaciers has accelerated over the past few decades, causing the rate of global sea level rise to increase. From 1993 to 2021, the global sea level rose at an average rate of approximately 3.3 millimeters per year, and this rate is projected to increase further as climate change intensifies.</p>



<p>The consequences of sea level rise are far-reaching and pose significant risks to coastal communities, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Some of the most severe impacts include:</p>



<h3 id="h-flooding-and-erosion">Flooding and erosion</h3>



<p>As sea levels rise, the frequency and severity of coastal flooding and erosion increase, putting lives, property, and infrastructure at risk.</p>



<h3 id="h-saltwater-intrusion">Saltwater intrusion</h3>



<p>Rising sea levels can cause saltwater to intrude into freshwater resources, such as rivers and aquifers, threatening freshwater supplies and agricultural lands.</p>



<h3 id="h-loss-of-coastal-habitats">Loss of coastal habitats</h3>



<p>Sea level rise can lead to the loss of vital coastal habitats, such as wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs, which provide essential ecosystem services and act as natural barriers against storm surges and erosion.</p>



<h3 id="h-displacement-of-human-populations">Displacement of human populations</h3>



<p>Low-lying coastal areas and small island nations are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise, which can lead to the displacement of millions of people, creating significant social, economic, and political challenges.</p>



<p>Mitigating global sea level rise requires urgent and concerted efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote climate adaptation strategies, and improve our understanding of ice sheet dynamics and ocean processes. As the impacts of sea level rise are already being felt worldwide, it is crucial to act now to reduce future risks and protect vulnerable communities and ecosystems.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Rapid melting of Petermann Glacier signals even worse sea level rise

A shocking study of Petermann Glacier in northwest Greenland by...

<p>Floating islands of garbage composed of discarded or drifting plastic debris on the ocean's surface are a common and visible reminder of the world's plastic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/light-pollution-disorients-monarch-butterflies/">pollution</a> problem. However, researchers believe that a significant portion of plastic waste might be sinking deeper into the ocean, making it harder to spot and understand the full scope of the issue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A new study published in ACS' <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c08873"><em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology</em></a> provides insight into the behavior of lightweight plastic particles in the Mediterranean Sea, suggesting that they can drift farther underwater than previously thought.</p>



<p>The ocean's plastic pollution crisis is not limited to unsightly floating garbage patches. Animals can become trapped in or mistakenly consume plastic debris, and as the waste breaks down in the water, it can release harmful organic pollutants.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While researchers have found lightweight plastic particles, typically measuring 5 millimeters or less, as deep as half a mile below the ocean's surface, there is still much to learn about the behavior of sinking plastic.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>The prevailing assumption has been that plastic falls straight down from the surface. However, Alberto Baudena and his colleagues believed that lightweight plastic might not follow such a direct path.</p>



<p>To challenge this assumption, Baudena's team employed an advanced computer model designed to track plastic at sea. They incorporated extensive data previously collected on floating plastic pollution in the Mediterranean Sea into their model. By simulating nearly 7.7 million bits of plastic distributed across the sea, they were able to track the virtual paths of these particles to depths as great as half a mile.</p>



<p>The researchers' findings suggest that the slower the plastic particles sink, the farther they are carried from their points of origin by ocean currents. The slowest particles traveled an average of roughly 175 miles laterally.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-found-about-ocean-plastic-debris">What the researchers found about ocean plastic debris</h2>



<p>Comparing their simulation results with limited observational data on plastic distribution underwater, the team found their findings to be in agreement with the available data in the Mediterranean Sea.</p>



<p>Furthermore, their simulations revealed that ocean currents may push plastic waste toward coastal areas, with only about 20% of pollution near coasts originating from the nearest country.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The long journeys these plastic particles undertake imply that they have an increased potential to interact with and harm marine life.</p>



<p>This study, funded by the <a href="https://www.iucn.org/">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, the Tara Expeditions Foundation, and the Albert II Monaco Foundation, sheds light on the behavior of lightweight plastic particles in the ocean and highlights the need for further research and action to combat the plastic pollution crisis.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-plastic-pollution-in-the-ocean">More about plastic pollution in the ocean</h2>



<p>Plastic pollution in the ocean is a growing global concern that poses significant threats to marine ecosystems, biodiversity, and even human health. Every year, millions of tons of plastic waste enter the oceans, originating from land-based sources such as litter, industrial manufacturing, wastewater runoff, and improper waste disposal. </p>



<p>Some of the most common plastic pollutants include single-use plastics, such as bags, bottles, and straws, as well as microplastics, which are tiny plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters in size.</p>



<h3 id="h-there-are-several-ways-in-which-plastic-pollution-affects-the-marine-environment">There are several ways in which plastic pollution affects the marine environment:</h3>



<h4 id="h-entanglement-and-ingestion">Entanglement and ingestion</h4>



<p>Marine animals, such as sea turtles, whales, dolphins, seals, and birds, can become entangled in plastic debris, leading to injury, impaired movement, or even death. Additionally, many marine species may mistake plastic particles for food, resulting in ingestion. This can cause internal injuries, blockages in the digestive system, malnutrition, and death.</p>



<h4 id="h-habitat-destruction">Habitat destruction</h4>



<p>Accumulation of plastic debris on the ocean floor and along coastlines can lead to the destruction of vital marine habitats, such as coral reefs and seagrass meadows, affecting the survival of various marine species.</p>



<h4 id="h-microplastics-and-nanoplastics">Microplastics and Nanoplastics</h4>



<p>As plastic debris breaks down into smaller particles, it forms microplastics and nanoplastics, which can be ingested by smaller organisms like plankton. These tiny particles can then make their way up the food chain, ultimately reaching humans who consume seafood.</p>



<h4 id="h-chemical-pollution">Chemical pollution</h4>



<p>Over time, plastic waste releases toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA) and phthalates, which can leach into the surrounding water. These chemicals have been linked to a range of health problems in both marine life and humans, including endocrine disruption, reproductive issues, and developmental abnormalities.</p>



<h4 id="h-transport-of-invasive-species">Transport of invasive species</h4>



<p>Floating plastic debris can serve as a means for invasive species to hitch a ride, allowing them to colonize new areas and disrupt local ecosystems.</p>



<h4 id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h4>



<p>Plastic pollution negatively affects industries such as tourism, fishing, and shipping, leading to significant economic losses. For instance, beach cleanups and damage to fishing equipment can be costly.</p>



<p>Efforts to address plastic pollution in the ocean include reducing plastic production and consumption, improving waste management and recycling systems, promoting the use of alternative materials, and raising public awareness about the issue.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Initiatives such as the Ocean Cleanup project and the Global Ghost Gear Initiative focus on removing plastic debris from the ocean, while numerous international agreements, including the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals, emphasize the need to preserve and protect marine environments.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Plastic debris dropped into the ocean can travel hundreds of miles while sinking

Floating islands of garbage composed of discarded or drifting plastic...

<p>Seasonal allergies are a yearly struggle for millions of people worldwide, and it seems that climate change is only making matters worse. A recent study published in <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/journal/aesccq"><em>ACS Earth and Space Chemistry</em></a> demonstrates that common allergen-producing plants, such as ryegrass and ragweed, emit more "sub pollen particles" (SPPs) than previously thought.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Interestingly, these plants are more likely to impact climate through their intact pollen grains, which can boost cloud formation. Pollen, aside from being a nuisance to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/allergy-season-will-become-increasingly-brutal-as-climate-warms/">allergy</a> sufferers, is essential for plants to exchange genetic material and reproduce.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-pollen-and-spps">Pollen and SPPs</h2>



<p>When exposed to moisture, pollen grains can burst into tiny SPPs that are less than a micron long. Due to their smaller size, SPPs can reach the lower respiratory system, where they persist longer and cause more inflammation than their larger counterparts.</p>



<p>Both SPPs and whole pollen grains are thought to act as ice nucleation sites, which are miniature starting points for clouds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, SPPs and pollen form smaller, more numerous clouds that tend to retain their precipitation. It then traps radiant heat, contributing to climate change. Higher temperatures can then extend pollen-release periods, further aggravating the issue.</p>



<p>Brianna Matthews, Alyssa Alsante, and Sarah Brooks previously investigated how oak trees emit SPPs at different humidity levels.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>In their new study, the researchers wanted to examine how two other common allergen-producing plants - ragweed and ryegrass - release SPPs under humid conditions and how these particles could affect ice cloud formation.</p>



<p>The experts collected samples of ryegrass and ragweed and placed them into a specialized "pollen chamber." They exposed the samples to different humidity levels and bursts of wind over several hours to simulate real-world conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>By assessing the number of SPPs per pollen grain and the ice nucleation abilities of both, the team made a surprising discovery.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-found">What the researchers found</h2>



<p>Their findings revealed that previous experiments on the same types of plants had underestimated the number of SPPs by a factor of 10 to 100. The researchers attributed this discrepancy to the less realistic methods used in earlier studies to spread the pollen and generate SPPs.</p>



<p>However, the experts also found that ragweed and ryegrass SPPs were very poor ice-nucleating sites, barely better than plain water.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In contrast, whole pollen grains facilitated cloud growth. These updated parameters and numbers of emitted pollen grains and particles could ultimately be used to create more accurate climate models.</p>



<p>In summary, this research not only highlights the underestimated impact of allergen-producing plants on seasonal allergies but also emphasizes the need for accurate data on pollen emissions to better understand their role in climate change.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-pollen-and-spps">More about pollen and SPPs</h2>



<p>Pollen is a fine powder-like substance produced by plants as part of their reproductive process. It contains the male gametes (sperm cells) of seed plants, and its primary function is to fertilize the female ovules, leading to the formation of seeds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Pollen grains are produced by the male parts of a plant, called the stamen, and are typically transferred to the female reproductive organs either by wind, insects, or other animals.</p>



<p>Pollen can cause allergic reactions in susceptible individuals. When inhaled, pollen can trigger an immune response in the body, leading to symptoms such as sneezing, itching, watery eyes, and a runny or stuffy nose. This condition is commonly referred to as seasonal allergies or hay fever.</p>



<p>Subpollen particles (SPPs) are smaller fragments that are formed when pollen grains are exposed to moisture and subsequently burst. These tiny particles, which are less than a micron in size, can reach deeper into the respiratory system than intact pollen grains.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to their small size, SPPs can last longer and cause more inflammation in the lower respiratory system, potentially exacerbating allergy symptoms.</p>



<p>Recent research has shown that allergen-producing plants like ragweed and ryegrass emit more SPPs than previously thought. This increased emission of SPPs has implications not only for allergy sufferers but also for our understanding of climate change.</p>



<p>Both intact pollen grains and SPPs can act as ice nucleation sites, which serve as starting points for cloud formation. However, SPPs and pollen create smaller, more numerous clouds that tend to retain their precipitation instead of releasing it.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This process traps radiant heat, contributing to climate change. Additionally, higher temperatures caused by climate change can extend pollen-release periods, further exacerbating allergy issues.</p>



<p>Understanding the role of pollen and SPPs in the environment is essential for creating more accurate climate models and addressing the impacts of allergen-producing plants on public health.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Plant pollen may help clouds form, impacting climate change

Seasonal allergies are a yearly struggle for millions of people...

<p>In a new study led by the <a href="https://umich.edu/">University of Michigan</a>, researchers have discovered that birds across the Americas are becoming smaller and developing longer wings in response to climate change. The most significant changes have been observed in the smallest-bodied species.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This groundbreaking research, which analyzed over 86,000 bird specimens from North and South America, is published in the journal <a href="https://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.2206971120"><em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</em></a>.</p>



<p>The researchers combined data from two previously published studies that investigated body-size and wing-length changes in migratory and nonmigratory birds. The first study focused on birds that were killed after colliding with buildings in Chicago, while the second study examined nonmigratory birds caught in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-animals-will-suffer-as-the-rainforest-turns-into-savanna/">Amazon</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-two-studies-same-results">Two studies, same results</h2>



<p>Despite differences in species composition, geography, and data collection methods, both studies showed a widespread decline in body size and a concurrent increase in wing length.</p>



<p>Upon further analysis of the combined data, the researchers found an even more striking pattern: smaller bird species experienced proportionately faster declines in body size and proportionately faster increases in wing length.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"The relationships between body size and rates of change are remarkably consistent across both datasets," said U-M ornithologist Benjamin Winger, one of the study's senior authors. However, Winger noted that the biological mechanism underlying this link between body size and rates of morphological change still needs to be explored further.</p>



<p>Both the Chicago and Amazonian studies attributed the reductions in species' body size to increasing temperatures over the past 40 years, suggesting that body size may play a crucial role in species' responses to climate change. However, the researchers are still uncertain as to why smaller-bodied species are changing at a faster rate.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-are-the-mechanisms-behind-these-changes">What are the mechanisms behind these changes?</h2>



<p>One possibility is that smaller-bodied birds are adapting more quickly to evolutionary pressures, although the available data did not allow the research team to test whether the observed size shifts represent rapid evolutionary changes in response to natural selection.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Co-senior author Brian Weeks, an evolutionary ecologist at the U-M School for Environment and Sustainability, said, "If natural selection plays a role in the patterns we observed, our results suggest that smaller bird species might be evolving faster because they experience stronger selection, are more responsive to selection, or both."</p>



<p>The implications of this study raise questions about the future of larger-bodied birds as global temperatures continue to rise.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our results suggest that large body size could further exacerbate extinction risk by limiting the potential to adapt to rapid, ongoing anthropogenic change," said study lead author Marketa Zimova, a former U-M Institute for Global Change Biology postdoctoral researcher now at Appalachian State University.</p>



<p>On the other hand, the effect of body size on evolutionary rates might increase the persistence of smaller species if their rapidly changing morphology reflects a faster adaptive response to changing environmental conditions.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-studies-were-done">How the studies were done</h2>



<p>The experts analyzed data from 129 bird species across North and South America has found that birds are experiencing morphological changes, such as reduced body size and increased wing length, in response to climate change. The research examined 86,131 specimens collected over a similar period using different techniques, and highlights the impact of environmental changes on avian life.</p>



<p>Among the species studied, the smallest bird in the Chicago dataset was the golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), averaging 5.47 grams, and the largest was the common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) at 107.90 grams.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In the Amazonian dataset, the fork-tailed woodnymph (Thalurania furcata) was the smallest at 4.08 grams, while the largest was the Amazonian motmot (Momotus momota) at 131.00 grams.</p>



<p>The North American dataset, derived from birds retrieved after collisions with buildings in Chicago, comprised 70,716 individuals. Field Museum ornithologist David Willard measured bill length, wing length, body mass, and the length of a lower leg bone called the tarsus for each specimen.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Willard, collections manager emeritus and a co-author of the study, said, "The birds collected from window collisions in Chicago are providing insights into morphological changes related to the changing climate. It is extremely gratifying to see data from these birds analyzed for a better understanding of the factors driving these changes."</p>



<p>The Amazonian dataset, on the other hand, contained measurements of 15,415 nonmigratory birds captured with mist nets in the rainforest, measured, and then released. For these birds, only mass and wing length measurements were consistently recorded throughout the study period.</p>



<h2 id="h-unique-opportunity-for-the-scientists">Unique opportunity for the scientists</h2>



<p>These large and complementary datasets provided researchers with a unique opportunity to test whether body size and generation length - two fundamental organismal traits - shaped birds' responses to rapid environmental change.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Biologists widely assume that a species' generation length, defined as the average age of individuals producing offspring, is an important predictor of its ability to adapt to rapid environmental change.</p>



<p>Shorter-lived organisms that reproduce on relatively short time scales, like mice, are predicted to evolve faster than creatures with longer generation lengths, like elephants, because the former have more frequent opportunities to make use of random genetic mutations generated during reproduction.</p>



<p>The authors of the study used statistical models to test the importance of both generation length and species body size in mediating rates of morphological change in birds. After controlling for body size, they found no relationship between generation length and rates of change in the North American bird species. Generation-length data were not available for the South American birds, so they were not included in that part of the analysis.</p>



<p>At the same time, the new analysis showed that a species' mean body size was significantly associated with the rates of change measured in both the Chicago and Amazonian birds.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The authors wrote, "Body size may be a valuable predictor of adaptive capacity and the extent to which contemporary evolution may reduce risk of extinction among species."</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-climate-change-and-its-impact-on-species">More about climate change and its impact on species</h2>



<p><br>Climate change is having a profound impact on both animal and plant species worldwide. As global temperatures rise, ecosystems are altered, leading to changes in species distribution, abundance, behavior, and physiology. Here are some key ways in which climate change is affecting plants and animals:</p>



<h3 id="h-range-shifts">Range shifts</h3>



<p>Many species are shifting their geographical ranges in response to climate change. Plants and animals are moving towards higher elevations and latitudes to find suitable habitats as temperatures rise. This can lead to changes in community composition, competition, and interactions between species.</p>



<h3 id="h-phenological-changes">Phenological changes</h3>



<p>Phenology refers to the timing of seasonal events in the life cycle of organisms, such as flowering, migration, and reproduction. Climate change is causing shifts in phenology, with many species experiencing earlier springs, later autumns, and altered reproductive cycles. These changes can lead to mismatches between species that rely on one another, such as plants and their pollinators, or predators and their prey.</p>



<h3 id="h-morphological-changes">Morphological changes</h3>



<p>As highlighted in the bird study mentioned earlier, climate change can drive changes in the physical traits of organisms. Examples include birds becoming smaller and developing longer wings, and fish species experiencing reductions in body size due to increased water temperatures.</p>



<h3 id="h-physiological-stress">Physiological stress</h3>



<p>Warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns can cause physiological stress in plants and animals. For instance, increased water temperatures can reduce oxygen levels in aquatic habitats, leading to stress for fish and other aquatic organisms. Droughts can also stress plants, making them more susceptible to pests and diseases.</p>



<h3 id="h-ocean-acidification">Ocean acidification</h3>



<p>As the ocean absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, its chemistry changes, leading to ocean acidification. This poses a significant threat to marine life, particularly species with calcium carbonate shells, such as corals, mollusks, and some plankton. Acidification can lead to reduced calcification rates, making it harder for these organisms to build and maintain their shells or skeletons.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat-loss-and-fragmentation">Habitat loss and fragmentation</h3>



<p>Climate change can exacerbate habitat loss and fragmentation by contributing to extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and altered land use patterns. As habitats become more fragmented, species may struggle to adapt or find suitable new habitats, increasing their vulnerability to extinction.</p>



<h3 id="h-invasive-species">Invasive species</h3>



<p>Climate change can facilitate the spread of invasive species by creating more favorable conditions for their establishment and growth. Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources, disrupt ecosystems, and transmit diseases.</p>



<h3 id="h-extinctions">Extinctions</h3>



<p>The combination of these factors increases the risk of extinction for many plant and animal species. Climate change is expected to become a primary driver of biodiversity loss in the coming decades, with some projections estimating that up to one-third of all species could be at risk of extinction due to climate change by 2050.</p>



<p>These examples demonstrate that climate change has far-reaching impacts on the natural world. As a result, conservation efforts must consider the complex ways in which climate change affects ecosystems and prioritize strategies that enhance the resilience of species and ecosystems to these changes.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Body sizes and shapes of birds are shrinking as the Earth warms

In a new study led by the University of Michigan,...

<p>The coqui frog, one of Puerto Rico's most emblematic creatures, is experiencing significant changes in its vocalizations due to climate change, according to recent research by Peter Narins, a scientist at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/">UCLA</a>.</p>



<p>The coqui frog is known for its unique two-note call, "co-qui," which resonates across the island each night. Although male coqui frogs use these calls to establish their territory and deter rivals, scientists like Narins are able to analyze them to better understand the impact of climate change on these small amphibians.</p>



<p>In his talk titled "Climate change drives frog call change in Puerto Rico: Predictions and implications," Peter Narins will discuss the alterations he and his team have observed in coqui frog calls over a 23-year period.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The presentation is scheduled for 2:40 p.m. Eastern U.S. time on Monday, May 8, in room Chicago F/G, as part of the 184th <a href="https://acousticalsociety.org/asa-meetings/">Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America</a>, held at the Chicago Marriott Downtown Magnificent Mile Hotel from May 8-12.</p>



<p>Narins' research began more than two decades ago when he recorded coqui frog sounds along the slopes of El Yunque Peak in Puerto Rico. He and his team discovered that the calls of the coqui frog varied depending on elevation.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Due to their high sensitivity to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bushfires-linked-to-temperature-spikes-in-the-stratosphere/">temperature</a> changes, these frogs exhibit differences in size and call characteristics based on their habitat. Frogs dwelling in colder mountain peaks tend to be larger than their counterparts in warmer valleys, a fact that is reflected in their vocalizations.</p>



<p>"Coqui that produced short, high-pitched calls at high rates lived near the base of the mountain, while the calls of animals living near the mountain's peak were longer, lower-pitched, and repeated less frequently," Narins explained.</p>



<p>Two decades later, Narins, along with his colleague Sebastiaan Meenderink, returned to El Yunque Peak to find that the calls of every frog had become higher in pitch.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Meenderink said, "In order to record a call with certain characteristics we had to move to a slightly higher altitude. It was as if all the animals had moved up the mountain."</p>



<p>This apparent upward shift in the frogs' habitat corresponds to the temperature changes brought about by climate change. As global temperatures continue to rise, coqui frogs may be forced to retreat further up the mountain until they run out of viable living space.</p>



<p>Meenderink commented on the potential consequences of this shift, stating, "For now, the consequences are not dire. A barely perceptible change in frog body size and call has little impact on the environment."</p>



<p>"However, if left unabated, the temperature increase will eventually cause a collapse of the coqui population, which will be catastrophic for the Puerto Rican ecosystem."</p>



<p>This research highlights the importance of understanding and mitigating the effects of climate change on vulnerable species like the coqui frog.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As we continue to witness these changes, it becomes increasingly urgent to address the root causes of global warming and work towards a sustainable future for all living beings.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-coqui-frog">More about the coqui frog</h2>



<p><br>The coqui frog (Eleutherodactylus coqui) is a small tree frog native to Puerto Rico. Named after its distinctive two-note call, which sounds like "co-qui," this amphibian is an iconic symbol of Puerto Rican culture and wildlife. Here's what you need to know about the coqui frog:</p>



<h3 id="h-appearance">Appearance</h3>



<p>Coqui frogs are small, typically ranging from 1 to 2 inches in length. They vary in color from shades of brown to gray or green, sometimes with patterns on their skin, which helps them blend in with their surroundings.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Coqui frogs are primarily found in Puerto Rico, but they have also been introduced to other locations such as the Dominican Republic, Hawaii, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In their natural habitat, they prefer moist environments, such as forests, gardens, and agricultural areas.</p>



<h3 id="h-vocalization">Vocalization</h3>



<p>The male coqui frog's unique two-note call serves several purposes. It is used to establish territory, ward off rivals, and attract females for mating. The first note, "co," alerts other males of their presence, while the second note, "qui," attracts females.</p>



<h3 id="h-reproduction">Reproduction</h3>



<p>Unlike most frogs, the coqui frog does not have a tadpole stage. Instead, females lay eggs on moist surfaces, such as leaves or in crevices, and the male guards them until they hatch into small, fully-formed frogs. This direct development helps them bypass the vulnerability of a tadpole stage in their life cycle.</p>



<h3 id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Coqui frogs are nocturnal and primarily insectivorous, feeding on a variety of insects and other small invertebrates, such as ants, spiders, and mites.</p>



<h3 id="h-predators-and-threats">Predators and threats</h3>



<p>The coqui frog's natural predators include birds, snakes, and larger frogs. In addition to predation, the coqui frog faces threats from habitat loss, pollution, and climate change. Climate change, in particular, has been shown to affect their vocalizations and potentially their distribution, as they are sensitive to changes in temperature.</p>



<h3 id="h-invasive-species">Invasive species</h3>



<p>In areas where the coqui frog has been introduced, such as Hawaii, it has become an invasive species, causing ecological problems due to its rapid reproduction and predation on native insects. Their loud calls have also been a nuisance for some residents in these areas.</p>



<p>Overall, the coqui frog is an important part of Puerto Rican culture and a fascinating subject of scientific study. The species offers insights into the effects of climate change on wildlife and serves as a reminder of the importance of protecting and preserving delicate ecosystems.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Climate change is altering the calls and voices of frogs around the world

The coqui frog, one of Puerto Rico's most emblematic creatures,...

<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/yellowstone-national-park-danger/">Yellowstone National Park</a> is one of the most seismically active areas in the U.S., with as many as 3,000 earthquakes recorded each year. On Tuesday, May 9, at the&nbsp;<a href="https://internet2.edu/2023-internet2-community-exchange/">2023 Internet2 Community Exchange</a>&nbsp;conference in Atlanta, Georgia, Dr. Dominico Vicinanza, an expert in data sonification (the process of converting scientific measurements into sound) at <a href="https://www.aru.ac.uk/">Anglia Ruskin University</a>, will attempt to turn the seismic activity recorded in real time at Yellowstone into music during an unprecedented live event.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The music will be produced live on stage by using a computer program developed by Vicinanza that will map seismographic data to musical notes, which will then be performed by Alyssa Schwartz, a visiting assistant professor of Flute and Musicology at the <a href="https://www.fairmontstate.edu/">Fairmont State University</a>. Since earthquakes at Yellowstone often occur in “swarms,” with many of them happening in a very short time, it is impossible to predict what the music will sound like.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We have absolutely no idea how the music will turn out. Using my program, I’ll be converting the data to musical notes and if there’s significant seismic activity and big spikes in the data we’re receiving at that time, the music will be incredibly dramatic. Equally it could be quite serene, so it’s a huge artistic challenge for Alyssa to interpret, and it’s really Alyssa who will be taking all the risks,” said Vicinanza.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Alyssa won’t be able to change any note, but she will be able to<em>&nbsp;</em>interpret the piece of music created before her eyes, and she will be able to creatively use speed, articulation, or make certain parts softer or louder. It might be really difficult to play, but that’s what makes it exciting, and Alyssa is incredibly brave to be doing this in front of a live audience.”</p>



<p>According to Vicinanza – who will visit Yellowstone next year to capture his own recordings amongst the U.S. oldest national park’s hot springs and geysers – being able to musically perform what would otherwise be only seen on a graph can bring the power of nature to life and provide people the opportunity to experience more intensely Yellowstone’s natural wonders.</p>



<p>“Music, and sound in general, can be a really useful way of experiencing science – for scientists as well as the general public. After all, our ears are much more sensitive to small changes than our eyes. Every pattern, spike, or sudden change in the music is a direct representation of what is happening at that spot in Yellowstone at that time. Rather than just looking at a seismograph we can listen to it, and that’s an incredible thing,” he concluded.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-yellowstone-national-park">More about Yellowstone National Park</h2>



<p>Yellowstone National Park is a large protected area located primarily in the U.S. state of Wyoming, but also extending into Montana and Idaho. Established in 1872 by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant, Yellowstone is the first national park in the United States and is often considered the first national park in the world. </p>



<p>The park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles (8,983 square kilometers) and is known for its unique geothermal features, diverse ecosystems, and abundant wildlife.</p>



<p>Yellowstone is situated atop a volcanic hotspot, which is responsible for the park's numerous geothermal features such as geysers, hot springs, fumaroles, and mudpots. </p>



<p>The park is home to the world-famous Old Faithful Geyser, which erupts at regular intervals, drawing millions of visitors each year. In total, the park has more than 10,000 geothermal features, making it the largest concentration of such features on Earth.</p>



<p>The park also boasts a diverse range of ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, wetlands, and alpine areas. </p>



<p>This diversity supports a rich array of plant and animal life, including hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles. Some of the most iconic animals that can be found in the park include the American bison, elk, gray wolves, grizzly bears, and bald eagles.</p>



<p>Yellowstone National Park offers various recreational activities for visitors, such as hiking, camping, fishing, wildlife viewing, and photography. The park has over 1,000 miles (1,600 kilometers) of hiking trails and several campgrounds for those wishing to spend the night in the great outdoors.</p>



<p>Yellowstone is also known for the Yellowstone Caldera, a massive volcanic caldera that was formed during the last of three supereruptions that occurred over the past 2.1 million years. </p>



<p>The caldera measures about 34 miles (55 kilometers) by 45 miles (72 kilometers) and is considered an active volcano. While the chances of another massive eruption in the near future are relatively low, ongoing volcanic activity beneath the park is constantly monitored by scientists.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Researchers will attempt to translate Yellowstone's seismic activity into music

The Yellowstone National Park is one of the most seismically...

Offshore,The,Industry,Oil,And,Gas,Production,Petroleum,Pipeline.

<p>In an era where global initiatives are pushing for a transition from fossil fuels to cleaner <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-harness-plant-energy-to-improve-solar-panels/">energy</a> sources, the United States is experiencing a concerning trend.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Despite these efforts, oil and gas (O&amp;G) production in the country is approaching record levels, raising alarms among health experts who worry about the potential implications of this growth on air quality and human health.</p>



<p>While the climate effects of methane produced by O&amp;G operations have been extensively researched, there is a lack of studies examining the health effects of the air pollution generated by these activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Aiming to address this gap, a collaborative study led by the <a href="https://www.bu.edu/sph/">Boston University School of Public Health</a> (BUSPH), the University of North Carolina Institute for the Environment (UNC-IE), PSE Healthy Energy, and Environmental Defense Fund has been published in the journal Environmental Research: Health.</p>



<p>This groundbreaking study reveals that air pollution from the oil and gas sector in the United States has significant detrimental effects on air quality, human health, and associated healthcare costs.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers found that nitrogen oxide (NO2), fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and ozone (O3) emitted from U.S. oil and gas production contributed to 7,500 excess deaths, 410,000 asthma attacks, and 2,200 new cases of childhood asthma across the nation in 2016.</p>



<p>Taking into account respiratory and cardiovascular-related hospitalizations, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and other health issues, the study estimates that oil and gas production is responsible for $77 billion in annual health costs. This figure is three times the estimated climate impact costs of methane emissions from oil and gas operations.</p>



<p>The consequences of O&amp;G-related pollution are not evenly distributed, with the most significant impacts concentrated in areas with substantial oil and gas production. Some of the most affected regions include southwest Pennsylvania, Texas, and Eastern Colorado.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, the health effects of this pollution do not stop at the borders of these production areas. Densely populated cities with little or no gas activity, such as Chicago, New York City, Baltimore, Washington DC, and Orlando, also experience negative health outcomes due to pollution from O&amp;G operations.</p>



<p>The study has indicated that policies aimed at reducing oil and gas (O&amp;G) emissions, such as the forthcoming EPA methane regulations, could produce immediate and significant air quality benefits for human health, in addition to the substantial climate benefits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers behind the study are urging policymakers to take these "co-benefits" into account when developing future emissions reduction strategies.</p>



<p>The scientists also emphasize that focusing solely on end-of-pipe pollution controls during combustion in power plants, vehicles, buildings, and industries only addresses a part of the problem.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to study corresponding author Jonathan Buonocore, assistant professor of environmental health at BUSPH, “These substantial impacts from oil and gas production show that there are serious consequences across the full life cycle of oil and gas, from ‘well to wheels,’ ‘well to power plant,’ and ‘well to furnace.’"</p>



<p>"The health impacts are not just from the combustion of oil and gas. In order for energy, air quality, and decarbonization policies to successfully protect health, they need to incorporate health impacts across this full life cycle.”</p>



<p>The research identified the five states with the highest impacts from O&amp;G pollution as Texas, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Louisiana. However, interestingly, Illinois and New York - states that produce very little O&amp;G - still ranked 6th and 8th, respectively.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Study senior author Saravanan Arunachalam, research professor at UNC-IE, highlighted the importance of inter-state cooperation. “The fact that air pollution and health impacts cross state boundaries indicates a strong need for regional to nationwide coordination. States that have the highest emissions are not necessarily always the ones with the highest health risk due to these emissions, although Texas ranks first in both.”</p>



<p>The study utilized a novel modeling framework that included the health impacts of NO2 and employed an advanced model better suited to capturing the chemistry of emissions from the O&amp;G sector.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Among the three pollutants studied, NO2 was found to be the highest contributor to overall health impacts, accounting for 37% of the effects, followed by ozone at 35%, and PM2.5 at 28%. The majority of these effects were related to mortality.</p>



<p>NO2 contributes to the formation of PM2.5 and ozone, so strategies aimed at reducing O&amp;G-produced NO2 could be effective in mitigating health impacts. State regulations addressing precursor NO2 emissions from the O&amp;G sector could help alleviate childhood asthma cases in communities located near emission sources and provide secondary ozone and PM2.5 health benefits in downwind areas.</p>



<p>“Curbing oil and gas emissions is one of the fastest, most cost-effective ways to reduce methane and other air pollutants, which improves air quality, protects public health and slows climate change,” said study co-author Ananya Roy, senior health scientist at EDF.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“It’s critical that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency strengthen and finalize its proposed oil and gas methane rules as quickly as possible. These proposed rules should build from leading state approaches in Colorado and New Mexico and go further to end pollution from the practice of routine flaring.”</p>



<p>According to the authors, future studies should focus on learning more about health impacts across the full life cycle of oil and gas production. They should also focus on the benefits of additional oil and gas pollution control strategies.</p>



<p>“There are technologies and strategies to reduce methane leaks, emissions from compressor stations, or emissions from other sources, such as ponds and dehydrators,” Buonocore said. “Each of these strategies will have different effects on the levels of different pollutants that get emitted.”</p>



<p>The study did not examine the health impacts of emissions, such as benzene and formaldehyde. Arunachalam notes there is much more work to be done in this area as well.</p>



<p>“Exposure to these pollutants which have been detected near oil and gas wells can cause cancer and several other adverse health impacts, and quantifying them will demonstrate even higher public health benefits of controlling emissions from this sector,” said Arunachalam.</p>



<p>This research serves as a stark reminder that the urgency to transition away from fossil fuels is not only driven by climate concerns but also by the pressing need to protect public health. As global efforts continue to shift towards cleaner energy sources, the findings of this study highlight the importance of addressing the health impacts of oil and gas production on communities across the United States.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-the-environmental-impact-of-oil-and-gas-production">More about the environmental impact of oil and gas production</h2>



<p>Oil and gas production has significant environmental impacts beyond the direct effects on air quality and human health. Some of the most notable environmental consequences include:</p>



<h3 id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>The combustion of fossil fuels, including oil and gas, releases greenhouse gases (GHGs), primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat, causing global temperatures to rise and leading to various climate change-related problems such as more frequent and severe heatwaves, storms, and floods.</p>



<h3 id="h-water-pollution">Water pollution</h3>



<p>Oil and gas extraction, particularly through hydraulic fracturing (fracking), can contaminate groundwater and surface water sources with chemicals, heavy metals, and radioactive materials. This poses risks to aquatic ecosystems and can also affect the quality of drinking water for nearby communities.</p>



<h3 id="h-soil-contamination">Soil contamination</h3>



<p>Accidental spills, leaks, or improper waste disposal during oil and gas production can lead to soil contamination. This can harm local ecosystems, reduce soil fertility, and pose risks to human health through the food chain.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat-destruction-and-fragmentation">Habitat destruction and fragmentation</h3>



<p>The construction of oil and gas infrastructure, such as drilling sites, pipelines, and roads, often requires clearing large areas of land, leading to habitat destruction and fragmentation. This can negatively impact local ecosystems, reduce biodiversity, and disrupt the migration patterns of various species.</p>



<h3 id="h-noise-and-light-pollution">Noise and light pollution</h3>



<p>Oil and gas operations often generate significant noise and light pollution, which can disturb wildlife and disrupt their natural behaviors, such as mating, feeding, and migration.</p>



<h3 id="h-resource-depletion">Resource depletion</h3>



<p>The extraction of finite resources like oil and gas contributes to their eventual depletion, which can lead to economic, geopolitical, and environmental challenges as the world becomes more dependent on these dwindling resources.</p>



<h3 id="h-induced-seismicity">Induced seismicity</h3>



<p>In some cases, oil and gas extraction processes, particularly wastewater injection associated with hydraulic fracturing, have been linked to induced seismic activity or human-induced earthquakes.</p>



<p>Addressing the environmental impacts of oil and gas production requires transitioning to cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, implementing stricter regulations, and developing new technologies to minimize the adverse effects of these activities.&nbsp;</p>



<p>It is essential to consider the full life cycle of oil and gas production and to explore alternative energy sources to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels and mitigate their harmful impacts on the environment.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Oil and gas production linked to $77 billion in annual health care costs

In an era where global initiatives are pushing for a...

Beautiful,Bay,Near,Brela,Town,,Makarska,Rivera,,Dalmatia,,Croatia

<p>The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-mediterranean-sea-is-a-hotspot-for-plastic-pollution/">Mediterranean Sea</a> is one of the world’s marine areas most deeply affected by a variety of human pressures. Factors such as its high rates of urbanization and population (with over 150 million inhabitants on its coasts), tourism (comprising one third of the world’s total volume), industrial activity, and fishing, along with its geomorphological configuration as a semi-enclosed basin and its specific patterns of oceanic circulation, have made the Mediterranean one of the most polluted areas on Earth and a natural trap for marine litter, particularly plastics (with an estimated 230,000 tons of land-sourced plastic leaking into the sea per year).</p>



<p>According to a new report conducted by the <a href="https://www.uab.cat/web/icta-1345819904184.html">Institute of Environmental Science and Technology of the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona</a> (ICTA-UAB) and presented in the European Parliament, the implementation of effective policies at local and regional levels, and the cooperation of all countries in the Mediterranean basin are urgently needed to address the major environmental problems this region is currently facing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This report - requested by the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/committees/en/regi/home/highlights">Committee on Regional Development (REGI) Policy Department for Structural and Cohesion Policies</a>&nbsp;of the European Parliament – is a comprehensive analysis of the current situation of the Mediterranean Sea and a call for urgent collective action to reduce the generation and dispersal of marine pollutants.</p>



<p>The experts argue that the primary cause of this worrisome situation is the massive waste generation in this area and its mismanagement. Other factors include industrial and urban waste discharge, sewage, agricultural run-off, shipping, maritime traffic, fishing, and tourism.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“To tackle pollution, management policies must be applied to waste reduction and treatment, tourism, pollution from plastics and other pollutants, sewage and other waste from rivers,” explained report leader Patrizia Ziveri, an oceanographer at ICTA-UAB.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The policies aimed at combating marine pollution in the Mediterranean should address the production process, consumption habits, and methods of waste disposal. It is crucial that all Mediterranean nations work together in implementing these policies effectively.&nbsp;</p>



<p>In addition, the progress and results of the actions taken to fight against marine pollution should be monitored closely at various stages. This will help identify the most effective strategies and enable their implementation in other regions of the Mediterranean as well.</p>



<p>Although significant progress has already been made in terms of treatment and prevention – such as the implementation of the single-use plastic directive and the promotion of recycling – more and continued efforts are necessary to reduce plastic pollution, including market restrictions, improved waste management, and agreements between producers and consumers.</p>



<p>“Efforts to reduce the use of plastics must continue in order to meet environmental targets. There is an urgent need to focus on the EU’s strategy targets for key sectors, such as consumption patterns, production, and waste management,” said report co-author Michael Grelaud, an oceanographer at ICTA-UAB.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-oher-problematic-areas-policy-makers-should-focus-on-include">Oher problematic areas policy makers should focus on include:</h2>



<h3 id="h-emerging-pollutants">Emerging pollutants</h3>



<p>Besides plastics, several new pollutants such as UV filters, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, or flame retardants that reach the Mediterranean Sea through agricultural, industrial, and urban runoff or coastal wastewater treatment plants, should be closely monitored and, whenever possible, reduced.</p>



<h3 id="h-microplastics">Microplastics</h3>



<p>Since no regulations for the increasing problem of microplastics currently exist, microplastic pollution should be established as a priority issue in the Mediterranean agenda, by creating bans and reduction targets in the manufacturing of fabrics and cosmetics, monitoring the entry of microplastics into the Mediterranean Sea through all water-channels, including rivers and sewage outflows, and strictly regulating the use of ship paint and antifouling coatings.</p>



<h3 id="h-marine-noise-pollution">Marine noise pollution</h3>



<p>Activities such as shipping, oil and gas exploration, construction and upkeep of offshore structures, and military exercises can lead to harmful noise pollution in marine environments. This noise pollution can cause significant damage to marine fauna, including disturbances in behavior, communication, hearing damage, stress, and even death.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To mitigate these impacts, the experts suggest to establish particularly sensitive sea areas where noise levels are limited, with special attention given to migratory routes, breeding grounds, and areas of high biodiversity. Moreover, they recommend the use of quieter ship models and the reduction of ship speeds in these sensitive areas.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-rivers-wastewater-treatments-and-harbors">Rivers, wastewater treatments, and harbors</h3>



<p>Managing water pollution in the Mediterranean region is a challenge that hinges on the implementation of policies by the signatory countries, which is complicated by their varying economic development levels. However, one promising solution is to reuse treated effluent for agriculture, which not only reduces the need for expensive fertilizers but also provides a valuable resource for farmers.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, recovering organic wastewater from urban areas can also serve as an agricultural resource, helping to combat water pollution in the region.</p>



<h3 id="h-aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3>



<p>Untreated waste discharge, chemical usage, and excess nutrient release are among the primary causes of water pollution. These practices can lead to significant harm to aquatic life, promoting the growth of harmful algal blooms, and even poisoning fish and other marine species with antibiotics and heavy metals. Thus, there is a need to regulate the amount of excess nutrients in aquaculture.&nbsp;</p>



<p>To help combat these issues, EU policies for Mediterranean countries should enforce the <a href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/CA3546T/">Voluntary Guidelines on the Marking of Fishing Gear</a> to reduce abandoned, lost, or discarded fishing gear and incentivize the recovery of marine litter through compensation.</p>



<h3 id="h-implementation-of-initiatives-in-coastal-cities-on-waste-characterization-and-monitoring">Implementation of initiatives in coastal cities on waste characterization and monitoring</h3>



<p>Some of these initiatives could include the use of smart bins which alert waste management teams when they are full, the establishing of awareness-raising campaigns targeting beach users, the monitoring of debris and litter on the major commercial routes in the Mediterranean Sea, and the creation of more sustainable types of packaging.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 id="h-regulation-of-tourist-activities">Regulation of tourist activities</h3>



<p>Policy makers should promote sustainable tourism, limit the generation of coastal litter by increasing tourists’ awareness of this problem, introduce visiting fees for litter-free coastal attractions, develop comprehensive waste management plans by collaborating with local communities, and enforce regulations to create smoke-free beaches.</p>



<p>The full report can be downloaded <a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2023/733123/IPOL_STU(2023)733123_EN.pdf">here</a>.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea is an urgent issue

The Mediterranean Sea is one of the world’s marine areas...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

[sendtonews key="qARzJPSabQ-2270617-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

[sendtonews key="Ccjk8KEMzv-2550719-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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