<p>Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. </p>



<p>But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks.</p>



<p>In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-making-wildfire-smoke-more-deadly/">wildfires</a>, adding to the already mounting risks across the West.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lightning-is-fueling-more-wildfires">Lightning is fueling more wildfires</h2>



<p>Wildfires need a few things to get going: dry fuel, hot temperatures, low humidity, and a spark. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lightning-is-changing-the-atmosphere-in-surprising-ways/">Lightning</a> is one of the most powerful natural igniters.</p>



<p>In the western U.S., lightning already causes more than two-thirds of the area burned by wildfires. And now, new research shows that number is going to rise sharply due to climate change. </p>



<p>Warmer air holds more moisture, which means more unstable weather patterns. Those patterns, in turn, set the stage for more lightning.</p>



<p>A recent study has revealed that virtually all of the western U.S. - 98 percent of the region - will have more days with a greater likelihood of lightning-ignited wildfires starting as early as the 2030s. </p>



<p>For regions already accustomed to such fires, such as Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, the risk is even greater. As early as 2060, those states may have as many as 12 additional lightning-filled days per summer.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-model-to-forecast-lightning">A model to forecast lightning</h2>



<p>Traditional <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-models-underestimate-sea-ice-melt-and-global-warming/">climate models</a> don’t really track lightning. That’s why a team of researchers led by Dmitri Kalashnikov built their own system to fill in the gaps.</p>



<p>“The first step was to project lightning,” said Kalashnikov, a research scientist at the <a href="https://www.ucmerced.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California Merced</a>. “The typical climate models don’t directly simulate lightning. It’s too small a process.”</p>



<p>The researchers applied machine learning to forecast where lightning would hit based on variables that we can quantify - such as temperature, humidity, and the level of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moisture-in-the-atmosphere-causes-extreme-weather-to-last-longer/">moisture in the air</a>. </p>



<p>The team merged those results with the Fire Weather Index (FWI), a mechanism that was developed back in 1968 to monitor how probable wildfire initiation and spread is from local weather.</p>



<p>The result is a forecast model tailored to the western U.S., designed to project conditions from 2030 to 2060 - decades earlier than most studies, which typically look only to the end of the century.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-lightning-in-the-northwest">More lightning in the Northwest</h2>



<p>The northwestern states of Idaho, Oregon, and Montana are projected to experience the greatest growth in lightning days. But strangely, they may not experience the most rapid expansion in wildfires. </p>



<p>Although lightning will grow, the conditions favoring fires (such as extreme heat or dryness) are not expected to worsen as quickly in the Northwest compared to other regions.</p>



<p>That doesn’t mean northwestern states are off the hook. Cloud-to-ground lightning, the kind that hits trees or grass directly, is still expected to rise significantly in those areas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-less-lightning-greater-wildfire-risk">Less lightning, greater wildfire risk</h2>



<p>In contrast, the Southwest - including Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, and New Mexico - won’t see as much of a jump in lightning strikes. But the fire risk will still climb. </p>



<p>This is because even a small spark becomes a big threat when the land is extra dry, the heat is intense, and there’s little rain to cool things off.</p>



<p>The researchers found that these southern states are likely to experience the biggest increases in wildfires caused by lightning, despite the smaller bump in lightning activity. That’s because climate change is pushing up the number of fire-prone days overall.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dry-and-wet-lightning">Dry and wet lightning</h2>



<p>Kalashnikov said the next steps could involve separating the kinds of lightning events. “You can’t help but wonder what the future will look like, especially if you dig in and you realize that there’s actually a lot that we don’t understand,” he said.</p>



<p>One key factor will be figuring out how to distinguish between "dry lightning" and "wet lightning." Dry lightning happens without much rain, making it a fire hazard. </p>



<p>Wet lightning brings <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-rainfall-poses-extreme-risks-in-the-western-us/">heavy rain</a>, which can reduce fire risk but increase flood danger. Understanding that difference could help emergency services respond more precisely to fire threats.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-wildfire-risks-are-rising-fast">Wildfire risks are rising fast</h2>



<p>As climate patterns shift, the West isn’t just getting warmer and drier - it’s getting stormier in a dangerous way. Lightning is expected to spark more fires, and fires are expected to find more dry fuel waiting. It’s a feedback loop that could reshape fire seasons in the U.S.</p>



<p>This isn’t about something that might happen a hundred years from now. The changes are coming within the next few decades - some may already be happening. </p>



<p>And for the people living in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/double-hazard-wildfire-zones-identified-in-the-american-west/">high-risk areas</a>, that means more heat, more smoke, and a greater need for preparation.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2025EF006108" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's Future</a></em>.</p>



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Lightning will ignite even more wildfires as the climate heats up

Wildfires in the western U.S. have become a growing crisis. They’re lasting longer, burning hotter, and spreading into areas that rarely burned in the past. But another danger is rising, beyond heatwaves and droughts. Lightning - sudden, fierce, and incredibly powerful - is becoming one of the biggest wildfire risks. In the coming decades, scientists warn that lightning will become an increasingly dominant spark for wildfires, adding to the already mounting risks across the West. Lightning is fueling more wildfires Wildfires need a few things to get...

<p>A team of researchers led by <a href="https://international.au.dk/">Aarhus University</a> in Denmark has recently conducted a global survey of 1,000 forest areas to examine the impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-shifting-the-earths-coldest-forest-northward/">climate change</a> during the past 21,000 years on today’s diversity and distribution of tree species. Such an analysis could help scientists predict how ecosystems will react to future climatic changes and thus benefit conservation management.</p>



<p>By focusing on “beta diversity” - a measure of the variation of species between different habitats or areas that is helpful for understanding the diversity of life in a specific region or ecosystem by comparing the number and types of species present in different locations – the experts found that angiosperm tree species worldwide have been significantly affected by temperature changes since the peak of the last Ice Age about 21,000 years ago.</p>



<p>According to the scientists, climatic changes affected two different components of forests’ beta-diversity: <em>turnover</em>, referring to changes due to species replacement (such as when a species goes extinct and another one fills its ecological role); and <em>nestedness</em>, referring to a pattern in which the composition of species in a diverse habitat is a subset of the species composition in another, less diverse habitat, such that the more diverse habitat contains all the species found in the less diverse one, as well as several additional species. </p>



<p>While habitats with nested species compositions may have lower overall diversity, they may contain species not found in other habitats, thus making them essential for preserving overall diversity.</p>



<p>The investigation revealed that the greater temperature changes an area has experienced, the less turnover and the more nestedness have occurred, thus leading to the loss of a variety of local species that have not been replaced. </p>



<p>Moreover, while in tropical areas turnover was the leading factor in determining changes in species composition between habitats due to rapid species change, in temperate regions nestedness was the main mechanism for determining changes in species composition, since species richness declines as we get closer to the poles.</p>



<p>“Trees and tree diversity play crucial roles for terrestrial ecosystems, global biodiversity, and humans. This study confirms and extends our previous findings of the high sensitivity of tree diversity to paleoclimatic changes on a global scale. It also suggests that ongoing climate change has the potential to dramatically influence global biodiversity and ecosystem properties not just via direct effects, but also via its effects on trees as ecosystem engineers,” said co-author Jens-Christian Svenning, a professor of Ecology at Aarhus.</p>



<p>“I hope these findings can aid the development of conservation and management plans that consider the long-term and diverse impacts of climate change on all biodiversity dimensions. Only then is there a realistic chance that we will reach goal A of Kunming-Montreal’s Sustainable Development Goals for 2050,” concluded senior author Alejandro Ordonez, an expert in Global Change Biology at the same university.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8553"><em>Science Advances</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>—-</p>



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Tree species diversity shaped by climate change for 21,000 years

A team of researchers led by Aarhus University in Denmark...

<p>A recent study led by researchers at the <a href="https://www.med.upenn.edu/">Perelman School of Medicine</a> at the University of Pennsylvania has revealed that air pollution, high levels of carbon dioxide, ambient <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ocean-noise-can-be-fatal-to-marine-invertebrates/">noise</a>, and warm temperatures may all have negative impacts on our ability to get a good night's sleep.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="https://www.sleephealthjournal.org/"><em>Sleep Health</em></a>, is among the first to examine multiple environmental variables in the bedroom and their associations with sleep efficiency, which is the time spent sleeping relative to the time available for sleep.</p>



<p>Over a period of two weeks, 62 participants were monitored using activity trackers and sleep logs. The experts found that higher bedroom levels of air pollution (particulate matter &lt;2.5 micrometers or PM2.5), carbon dioxide, noise, and temperature were all independently linked to lower sleep efficiency.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“These findings highlight the importance of the bedroom environment for high-quality sleep,” said study lead author Dr. Mathias Basner, director of the division of Sleep and Chronobiology in the Department of Psychiatry at Penn Medicine.</p>



<h2 id="h-problems-associated-with-poor-sleep">Problems associated with poor sleep</h2>



<p>Inadequate sleep duration and efficiency due to frequent disruptions, such as "tossing and turning," can affect work productivity and quality of life, as well as being linked to a higher risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, type 2 diabetes, depression, and dementia.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As urbanization and climate change continue to rapidly alter our environment, the ability to achieve a good night's sleep is becoming increasingly difficult.</p>



<p>The study, which was conducted in collaboration with the Christina Lee Brown of the University of Louisville, is among a limited number of studies that have looked at associations between multiple objectively measured factors in the sleep environment and objectively measured sleep.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Participants were recruited from the National Institutes of Health-funded Green Heart Project, which investigates the effects of planting 8,000 mature trees on the cardiovascular health of Louisville residents.</p>



<h2 id="h-results-of-the-study">Results of the study</h2>



<p>Comparing sleep efficiency during exposures to the highest 20 percent of environmental variable levels versus the lowest 20 percent, the researchers measured the following:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>



<ol>
<li>High noise was associated with a 4.7 percent decline in sleep efficiency compared to low noise.&nbsp;</li>



<li>High carbon dioxide was associated with a 4.0 percent decline compared to low levels.</li>



<li>High temperature was associated with a 3.4 percent decline compared to low temperature.&nbsp;</li>



<li>High PM2.5 was associated with a 3.2 percent decline compared to low PM2.5.&nbsp;</li>
</ol>



<p>Two other sleep environment variables, relative humidity and barometric pressure, appeared to have no significant association with sleep efficiency among the participants.</p>



<p>Interestingly, only bedroom humidity was associated with sleep outcomes assessed through questionnaires, with higher humidity being linked to lower self-reported sleep quality and more daytime sleepiness.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This indicates that studies based on questionnaires might miss significant associations that can be detected by objective measures of sleep. As humans are unconscious and unaware of their surroundings during large portions of their sleep period, this is not surprising.</p>



<p>Moreover, most study participants rated humidity, temperature, and noise levels in the bedroom as "just right," regardless of the actual exposure levels.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-conclusion">Conclusion</h2>



<p>“We seem to habituate subjectively to our bedroom environment, and feel there is no need to improve it when in fact our sleep may be disturbed night after night as evidenced by the objective measures of sleep we used in our study," said Dr. Basner.</p>



<p>The researchers recommend further investigation into interventions that could improve sleep efficiency by reducing exposure to these sleep-disrupting factors.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“This could be as simple as leaving a bedroom door open to lower carbon dioxide levels, and using triple-pane windows to reduce noise,” said Dr. Aruni Bhatnagar. “We also applied for funding that will allow us to investigate whether planting trees can improve sleep and cardiovascular health through improving health behaviors and the bedroom environment.”</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-sleep-disorders">More about sleep disorders</h2>



<p>Sleep disorders are conditions that prevent individuals from achieving sufficient restorative sleep, which can lead to negative effects on their physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Some common sleep disorders include insomnia, sleep apnea, restless legs syndrome (RLS), narcolepsy, and circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders. Several factors can contribute to poor sleep, including:</p>



<h3 id="h-lifestyle-and-habits">Lifestyle and habits</h3>



<p>Irregular sleep schedules, excessive consumption of caffeine or alcohol, smoking, and engaging in stimulating activities close to bedtime can disrupt sleep patterns.</p>



<h3 id="h-stress-and-anxiety">Stress and anxiety</h3>



<p>High levels of stress and anxiety can interfere with falling asleep and staying asleep, leading to poor sleep quality.</p>



<h3 id="h-medical-conditions">Medical conditions</h3>



<p>Sleep disorders can be caused or exacerbated by underlying medical conditions, such as sleep apnea, chronic pain, or neurological disorders.</p>



<h3 id="h-mental-health-disorders">Mental health disorders</h3>



<p>Conditions like depression, anxiety, and bipolar disorder can contribute to sleep disturbances, creating a bidirectional relationship between sleep and mental health.</p>



<h3 id="h-environmental-factors">Environmental factors</h3>



<p>As mentioned in the previous response, factors such as air pollution, high levels of carbon dioxide, ambient noise, and warm temperatures can all negatively impact sleep quality.</p>



<h3 id="h-medications">Medications</h3>



<p>Certain medications can interfere with sleep, including antidepressants, stimulants, and medications for high blood pressure or asthma.</p>



<h3 id="h-aging">Aging</h3>



<p>Sleep patterns change as we age, and older adults may experience more difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep.</p>



<h3 id="h-genetics">Genetics</h3>



<p>Genetic factors can influence an individual's susceptibility to sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy or RLS.</p>



<h3 id="h-poor-sleep-hygiene">Poor sleep hygiene</h3>



<p>Inadequate sleep habits, such as irregular bedtimes, excessive screen time before bed, and an uncomfortable sleep environment, can lead to poor sleep quality.</p>



<h3 id="h-circadian-rhythm-disruptions">Circadian rhythm disruptions</h3>



<p>Shift work, jet lag, or exposure to excessive artificial light at night can interfere with the body's natural sleep-wake cycle, leading to sleep disturbances.</p>



<p>To improve sleep quality, individuals can practice good sleep hygiene, maintain a consistent sleep schedule, create a comfortable sleep environment, manage stress and anxiety, treat underlying medical conditions, and consult with a healthcare professional if sleep problems persist.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Poor sleep habits directly linked to environmental pollutants

A recent study led by researchers at the Perelman School...

<p><a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">UC Riverside</a> researchers are pioneering a new approach to investigate the elusive subject of microplastics in Los Angeles County's urban waterways. With an increased focus on understanding the quantity, quality, and origins of these tiny pollutants, the team aims to shed light on their potential impacts on both the environment and human health.</p>



<p>Microplastics are defined as particles no larger than five millimeters in diameter, roughly the size of a pencil eraser. Within this category, nanoplastics are even smaller, with dimensions far smaller than the width of a human hair. Although scientists have been aware of these particles' presence in the environment for decades, concerns surrounding their potential effects have only recently gained momentum.</p>



<p>"There is mounting evidence that these materials are toxic," explained Professor Andrew Gray. Recent studies have shown that microplastics can negatively affect reproductive health, particularly in males.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-how-microplastics-harm-humans-and-ecosystems">How microplastics harm humans and ecosystems</h2>



<p>Furthermore, small microplastics and nanoplastics have the ability to cross organ boundaries and infiltrate cell walls, potentially carrying other harmful compounds with them. These include heavy metals or PFOS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances), which are used in products like fire-fighting foams, stain-resistant fabrics, and food packaging.</p>



<p>Microplastics also pose threats to animals, as they can inadvertently consume the particles, leading to blockages in their airways and digestive tracts.</p>



<p>In an effort to better manage these pollutants in our water systems, scientists must first identify the types of plastics present and determine their sources. Gray's research group at UCR has been granted nearly $1 million from Los Angeles County's Safe Clean Water Program to uncover this critical information.</p>



<p>"Microplastics are a complex suite of contaminants with a wide range of particle sizes and shapes, and different ramifications for aquatic and human health," Gray said.</p>



<p>The research team aims to establish a baseline understanding of the microplastics present in the waterways and gain insights into how they arrived there, their discharge points, and their transportation routes through urban water systems. Gray added, "We expect that stormwater moves most of the microplastics through rivers and streams and into the coastal ocean."</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-will-work">How the study will work</h2>



<p>The study will investigate the lower Los Angeles River, lower San Gabriel River, Ballona Creek, and the Dominguez Channel. Collaborating with LA County Public Works, the research team will collect stormwater samples from pre-established monitoring stations, which will then be analyzed in the laboratory of Professor Gray.</p>



<p>The primary goal of Gray's group is to use the data gathered from these four waterways to standardize the monitoring methods for microplastics in streamflow, particularly during storm conditions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Additionally, the researchers aim to develop models of how plastics move through waterways, applying these models to guide monitoring efforts in other streams where stations do not yet exist, and where establishing them would be costly.</p>



<p>Enhanced monitoring systems have the potential to inform a range of management strategies targeted at specific compounds. For instance, Gray's laboratory has frequently identified one type of plastic in water samples that originates from tires and streets.</p>



<p>"We tend to think about emissions from combustion, but there are a lot of non-combustion vehicle-related emissions as well. Brakes, fluids, tires, and roads - all these things contain plastics that leach out, break down, and get washed into our waterways," explained Professor Gray. "Tires used to be relatively simple concoctions, but that is no longer the case. Today's tires are mixed with a lot of petroleum-based plastics and additives."</p>



<p>Tire and road particles can have toxic effects on various commercial fish species, including salmon and trout, as well as other aquatic animals. By pinpointing the entry points of these pollutants into waterways, researchers can devise strategies to reduce runoff and clean the water before it enters municipal drains and flows downstream.</p>



<h2 id="h-strategies-to-reduce-levels-of-microplastics">Strategies to reduce levels of microplastics</h2>



<p>There are numerous everyday strategies that consumers can adopt to decrease plastic waste, such as choosing reusable containers and items over single-use plastics. Gray also envisions a future where more pressure is applied to sectors of the economy that manufacture plastic goods.</p>



<p>As microplastics are often formed by the breakdown of larger plastic particles already present in the environment, the problem is likely to persist. "Even if we stop producing all plastics today, the legacy of pollution will go on for decades. But not all microplastics may be toxic, and for those that are, we have the opportunity to decrease their manufacture and impact," Gray said. "Improved monitoring will definitely help guide those efforts."</p>



<p>By unraveling the complexities of microplastic contamination, the UCR researchers hope to develop effective strategies for mitigating the potential risks they pose to both the environment and human health. This groundbreaking work will undoubtedly contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the consequences of microplastic pollution and inform future policy decisions to address this growing concern.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-microplastics">More about microplastics</h2>



<p>Microplastics are small plastic particles typically measuring less than 5 millimeters in diameter. They can originate from a variety of sources, such as the breakdown of larger plastic materials or the direct release of small plastic particles like microbeads found in personal care products. Microplastics can also be classified into smaller subcategories, such as nanoplastics, which are even tinier than the width of a human hair.</p>



<p>Microplastics pose several risks to humans, ecosystems, and the environment:</p>



<h3 id="h-human-health-risks">Human health risks</h3>



<p>Research has shown that microplastics can negatively affect human reproductive health, particularly in males. Additionally, microplastics and nanoplastics have the ability to cross organ boundaries and infiltrate cell walls, potentially carrying other harmful compounds like heavy metals or PFOS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) with them. These substances can accumulate in the body and cause various health problems.</p>



<h3 id="h-harm-to-ecosystems">Harm to ecosystems</h3>



<p>Microplastics can impact aquatic life, as they are often mistaken for food by marine and freshwater animals. This can lead to blockages in their airways and digestive tracts, and the toxins in microplastics can cause physiological stress, reproductive issues, and even death. Ingestion of microplastics by smaller organisms can also lead to bioaccumulation in the food chain, eventually impacting larger predators and human consumers.</p>



<h3 id="h-environmental-impacts">Environmental impacts</h3>



<p>Microplastics are pervasive in the environment, and their persistence and accumulation can result in long-term pollution. They have been found in various habitats, including oceans, rivers, lakes, soil, and even the air. The presence of microplastics in the environment also poses challenges for waste management, as they are difficult to remove from water and soil, and their degradation can take hundreds of years.</p>



<p>Due to their widespread presence and potential harm to humans and ecosystems, microplastics have become a growing concern for scientists, environmentalists, and policymakers. Efforts are being made to better understand their sources, movement, and impacts, as well as to develop strategies for mitigating their effects on the environment and human health.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Microplastics: Deadly and widespread environmental pollutants

UC Riverside researchers are pioneering a new approach to investigate...

<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.lunduniversity.lu.se/">Lund University</a> in Sweden reveals that providing food to small <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/diving-birds-face-a-greater-risk-of-extinction/">birds</a> during winter not only fills their stomachs, but also helps them maintain better health. This is because the energy they save from feeding can be utilized to fight infections instead of being expended to maintain their body temperature.</p>



<p>Small birds have a remarkable ability to lower their body temperature by several degrees during winter nights, in an effort to conserve energy. This physiological adaptation is crucial for their survival, given the limited food resources available during the cold months.&nbsp;</p>



<p>However, when birds become infected, their bodies respond by raising their temperature, a natural defense mechanism that clashes with their need to save energy.</p>



<p>Hannah Watson, a biologist at Lund University, explained the focus of the research: “We investigated how access to food during winter affected the balancing act between maintaining a low body temperature in order to save energy, and the possibility of raising body temperature in order to fight infection.”</p>



<p>The study, published in the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13914"><em>Journal of Animal Ecology</em></a>, found that birds with access to food during the winter were able to maintain a slightly higher body temperature at night compared to those who did not have access to feeding tables. This indicates that they had gathered enough energy to survive a winter night without needing to lower their body temperature as much.</p>



<h2 id="h-how-the-study-was-done">How the study was done</h2>



<p>To further investigate the effects of access to food on the birds' immune response, the researchers exposed them to a simulated infection. Surprisingly, all the birds exhibited the same fever temperature, regardless of their access to food. However, birds without access to extra food were forced to expend more energy to raise their body temperature high enough to battle the infection.</p>



<p>“We had expected to find that the birds that had access to birdfeeders would have more energy to fight an infection, and that as a result they would exhibit a stronger fever response," said Watson. "Our results, however, show the opposite – birds that did not have access to a reliable source of food had the strongest reaction to infection. This enabled them to reach the same fever temperature as the birds with extra food.”</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-learned">What the researchers learned</h2>



<p>In the face of climate change and increasing human activity, wild animals are being exposed to new pathogens they have never encountered before.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Bird feeding can have both positive and negative effects: birds that visit feeding tables may be exposed to a higher risk of infection due to the spread of pathogens, but at the same time, their immune defenses could become more tolerant to new infections.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Therefore, understanding the factors that influence animals' capacity for an effective immune response, such as access to food during winter, is crucial for conservation efforts.</p>



<p>“A lot of people like to feed the birds. Our study shows that this can have a positive effect on the capacity of our small birds to fight an infection," said Watson.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This research highlights the importance of providing food to small birds during the winter months in order to bolster their health and resilience against infections.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-more-we-know-about-feeding-habits-of-birds">What more we know about feeding habits of birds</h2>



<p>Birds have diverse feeding habits that are influenced by factors such as species, habitat, and season. During the winter months, birds face various challenges due to harsh weather conditions and limited food resources. Consequently, they adapt their feeding habits to survive and maintain their energy levels.</p>



<p>Here are some key aspects of birds' feeding habits during winter:</p>



<h3 id="h-food-scarcity">Food scarcity</h3>



<p>In winter, the availability of natural food sources such as insects, fruits, and seeds decreases. Birds must search for food more intensively or change their diet to include alternative food sources.</p>



<h3 id="h-diet-flexibility">Diet flexibility</h3>



<p>Many birds exhibit flexibility in their diet during winter to cope with food scarcity. For example, insectivorous birds may switch to consuming seeds or fruits, while some seed-eating birds might include insects in their diet.</p>



<h3 id="h-foraging-strategies">Foraging strategies</h3>



<p>Birds employ different foraging strategies to find food in winter. Some may join mixed-species foraging flocks, which increases the chances of locating food sources and provides protection from predators. Others might cache food during the fall season to rely on during winter.</p>



<h3 id="h-energy-conservation">Energy conservation</h3>



<p>With limited food availability, birds need to conserve energy. They do so by reducing their activity levels, roosting together for warmth, and, as mentioned in the previous answer, lowering their body temperature during winter nights.</p>



<h3 id="h-birdfeeders">Birdfeeders</h3>



<p>Many bird species benefit from human-provided food sources such as birdfeeders during winter. Common foods provided in birdfeeders include seeds, suet, and fat balls, which supply birds with essential nutrients and energy. However, it is important to maintain hygiene at birdfeeders to minimize the spread of diseases.</p>



<h3 id="h-migration">Migration</h3>



<p>Some bird species avoid the harsh winter conditions and food scarcity by migrating to warmer regions with abundant food sources.</p>



<p>Understanding the feeding habits of birds during winter months is essential for their conservation, as it helps us develop strategies to support their survival in the face of changing environments and human-induced disturbances.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Providing supplementary food sources, such as birdfeeders, and preserving their natural habitats can play a significant role in sustaining bird populations during winter.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Bird feeders actually improve bird health

A new study from Lund University in Sweden reveals that...

<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://umich.edu/">University of Michigan</a> have developed an innovative optimization framework that could dramatically reduce the energy demands of training deep learning models, a critical tool in powering artificial intelligence systems.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The open-source optimization framework, called Zeus, studies deep learning models during the training process to identify the optimal balance between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-much-energy-do-plants-use-to-lift-water-from-the-soil/">energy</a> consumption and training speed.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/zeus-comparison-graph.png" alt="" class="wp-image-1916974"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A variety of common deep learning models benefit from Zeus' ability to tune GPU power limits and the training batch size. When both parameters were tuned, the software achieved up to 75% energy reduction.&nbsp;<br>Credit: SymbioticLab, University of Michigan</figcaption></figure>



<p>Deep learning models have seen a surge in popularity in recent years, powering a range of applications from image-generation models and expressive chatbots to recommender systems for platforms like TikTok and Amazon. However, the energy consumption associated with training these models is substantial and has significant environmental implications.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"At extreme scales, training the GPT-3 model just once consumes 1,287 MWh, which is enough to supply an average U.S. household for 120 years," said Professor Mosharaf Chowdhury.</p>



<h2 id="h-the-researchers-goals">The researchers' goals</h2>



<p>With the new Zeus energy optimization framework, Chowdhury and his team aim to reduce energy consumption figures like these by up to 75 percent without the need for new hardware and with only minor impacts on the time it takes to train a model. The framework was presented at the 2023 USENIX Symposium on Networked Systems Design and Implementation (NSDI) in Boston.</p>



<p>As cloud computing continues to grow and outpace the emissions of commercial aviation, the increased climate burden from artificial intelligence is a pressing concern.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Existing work primarily focuses on optimizing deep learning training for faster completion, often without considering the impact on energy efficiency," said study first author Jae-Won Chung, a doctoral student in computer science and engineering.</p>



<p>"We discovered that the energy we're pouring into GPUs is giving diminishing returns, which allows us to reduce energy consumption significantly, with relatively little slowdown."</p>



<h2 id="h-why-ai-training-consumes-so-much-energy">Why AI training consumes so much energy</h2>



<p>Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that relies on multilayered, artificial neural networks, also known as deep neural networks (DNNs), to tackle a wide array of tasks. These models are highly complex and learn from some of the largest data sets ever used in machine learning.&nbsp;</p>



<p>As a result, they benefit significantly from the multitasking capabilities of graphical processing units (GPUs), which account for 70 percent of the power consumed during the training process.</p>



<p>Zeus achieves this optimization by adjusting two critical software parameters in real-time: the GPU power limit and the deep learning model's batch size. The GPU power limit controls the energy consumption of the GPU, reducing it while temporarily slowing down the model's training until the setting is adjusted again.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The batch size parameter, on the other hand, determines how many samples from the training data the model processes before updating its internal representations. Higher batch sizes can decrease training time but at the cost of increased energy consumption.</p>



<p>The unique ability of Zeus to tune these settings in real time allows it to find the optimal tradeoff point between energy usage and training time. According to Jie You, a recent doctoral graduate in computer science and engineering and co-lead author of the study, the repetitive nature of machine learning enables Zeus to learn about the DNN's behavior across different recurrences, making it highly effective in practice.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-makes-zeus-better-than-other-options">What makes Zeus better than other options</h2>



<p>Zeus stands out as the first framework designed to integrate seamlessly into existing workflows for various machine learning tasks and GPUs. This innovative solution reduces energy consumption without necessitating changes to a system's hardware or data center infrastructure.</p>



<p>To further reduce the carbon footprint of DNN training, the team has also developed complementary software called Chase. This software prioritizes speed when low-carbon energy is available and opts for efficiency at the expense of speed during peak times, which are more likely to involve carbon-intensive energy generation like coal.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Chase won second place at last year's CarbonHack hackathon and will be presented on May 4 at the International Conference on Learning Representations Workshop.</p>



<p>Study co-author Zhenning Yang emphasized the need for solutions that don't conflict with the realistic constraints of DNN training, such as data regulations or the requirement for up-to-date data.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Our aim is to design and implement solutions that do not conflict with these realistic constraints, while still reducing the carbon footprint of DNN training," Yang said.</p>



<p>Zeus represents a groundbreaking step forward in addressing the energy efficiency concerns associated with training deep learning models. By optimizing the tradeoff between energy consumption and training speed, the framework has the potential to significantly reduce the environmental impact of artificial intelligence systems without sacrificing performance.</p>



<p>The study was supported in part by the National Science Foundation grants CNS-1909067 and CNS-2104243, VMWare and the Kwanjeong Educational Foundation, and computing credits provided by CloudLab and Chameleon Cloud. As the AI industry continues to grow, frameworks like Zeus and software like Chase can play a crucial role in promoting sustainability and minimizing the environmental impact of AI technologies.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Tech breakthrough cuts carbon footprint of AI training by 75 percent

Researchers at the University of Michigan have developed an innovative...

<p>Through careful crossbreeding and selection, a team of researchers from the <a href="https://www.umd.edu/">University of Maryland</a> (UM) has recently developed two improved varieties of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-apples-are-bigger-and-less-acidic-than-their-ancestors/">apples</a> – a yellow and a red one - that are heat-tolerant, blight-tolerant, easy to harvest, low-maintenance, and delicious-tasting. The two varieties have been approved for patents and are currently awaiting the final grant from the <a href="https://www.uspto.gov/">U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</a>.</p>



<p>These developments aim to address a variety of problems the apple industry has been grappling with in recent years. For instance, apples have always been labor-intensive to bring to market, with trees needing to be trained, pruned, and harvested by hand.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Since during the past decade, farming experienced increased labor shortages, the apple industry has been one of the hardest hit. In addition, more frequent and severe heatwaves in the Pacific Northwest, increased temperatures in the South, and shorter and warmer cool seasons in the North and East have strained the country’s largest apple producing regions, spelling increased uncertainty for orchard fruits that need cooler conditions.</p>



<p>Through the development of the two new Maryland varieties, experts aimed to solve at least some of these problems. “These trees require a lot less hand labor compared to apples that are available to growers now,” said Chris Walsh, a professor emeritus of Plant Science &amp; Landscape Architecture at UM who developed the new apples with his colleagues Julia Harshman and Kathleen Hunt. “We can’t say they’re non-pruning, but the pruning a farmer would do is minimal on these trees.”</p>



<p>These varieties grow into much shorter trees, making harvesting easier, are tolerant to fire blight, a devastating bacterial disease frequently affecting apples, and are heat-tolerant, being specifically designed to grow in Maryland’s warm and humid climate.</p>



<p>In future research, scientists from <a href="https://msu.edu/">Michigan State University</a> and <a href="https://www.tamu.edu/">Texas A&amp;M University</a> will conduct trials to assess how well these varieties grow in their climate conditions. If these investigations lead to positive results, the next step would be to license the apples to commercial nurseries which will produce the stock in large numbers and sell the trees to apple growers. When the apples will finally reach the markets, consumers will most likely find them in local fruit stands, farmer’s markets, and pick-your-own farms.</p>



<p>“These apples were bred for direct-to-consumer sales. They’re not meant for the big chain stores to be shipped and stored for months. They’re meant to be eaten right off the tree,” Walsh concluded.</p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

New apple varieties can handle a hotter climate

Through careful crossbreeding and selection, a team of researchers from...

<p>Wildfires are a major threat to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/wildfire-smoke-is-taking-a-toll-on-the-wine-industry/">wine industry</a> since persistent exposure to smoke compromises the quality of wine grapes and negatively impacts wines. Currently, these threats are particularly pronounced on the US West Coast, where states such as California, Oregon, and Washington are some of the country’s top wine-producing states.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Now, a team of scientists led by the <a href="https://oregonstate.edu/">Oregon State University</a> (OSU) has discovered a new class of chemical compounds that contributes to the smoky or ashy flavors in wines produced from grapes exposed to wildfire smoke. These findings are crucial for winemakers struggling to combat the effect of smoke on grapes at a time when climate change is leading to an increasing number of severe wildfires.</p>



<p>“These findings provide new avenues for research to understand and prevent smoke taint in grapes,” said&nbsp;Elizabeth Tomasino, an associate professor of Enology at OSU. “They also will help provide tools for the grape and wine industries to quickly make decisions about whether to harvest grapes or make wine following a smoke event.”</p>



<p>Previously, changes in wine flavor and aroma were attributed to a class of compounds known as volatile phenols. However, wines with high levels of these compounds often did not taste smokey, while wines with low levels could have such a taste, so volatile phenols did not seem to be good predictors of smoke taint issues.</p>



<p>Now, the experts discovered that these problems are actually caused by a class of sulfur-containing compounds called thiophenols, which are usually not found in wines and other alcoholic beverages, but rather in meat and fish. To clarify these compounds’ impact on wine, the researchers exposed grapes to smoke in the university’s vineyard, and then produced wine from them and assessed their chemical contents. The analysis revealed that, in contrast to wines not exposed to smoke, wines that had been exposed to smoke contained thiophenols.</p>



<p>“To date, volatile phenol concentrations and frequent tasting of potentially impacted wines are the only predictors winemakers can use to determine the level of smoke they might have in their wines. The discovery of thiophenols provides a new chemical marker for smoke taint that could offer a reliable way to identify smoke taint and ways to potentially eliminate it during the winemaking process,” Tomasino concluded.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/food-chemistry-advances"><em>Food Chemistry Advances</em></a><em>.</em></p>



<p>—</p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:andrei.ionescu5891@gmail.com"><em>Andrei Ionescu</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

How does wildfire smoke impact wine flavors?

Wildfires are a major threat to the wine industry since...

<p>Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) continue to persist in the environment, despite most countries banning them since the 1970s. They pose a significant threat to both human and marine life. </p>



<p>In a groundbreaking study, deep-sea researchers have recently discovered traces of PCBs at the bottom of the Atacama Trench in the Pacific Ocean. This startling discovery highlights the far-reaching effects of human activities on even the most remote and isolated ecosystems.</p>



<p>The research team, consisting of scientists from the Department of Environmental Science at <a href="https://www.su.se/english/search-courses-and-programmes">Stockholm University</a> and the Danish Center for Hadal Research at the <a href="https://www.sdu.dk/en">University of Southern Denmark</a>, conducted an expedition to the Atacama Trench to study its sediment layers.</p>



<p>After retrieving sediment cores from five different locations within the trench, they found that all of the surface sediment samples analyzed contained PCBs.</p>



<p>The study, led by Professor Anna Sobek and Professor Ronnie N. Glud, has been published in the prestigious scientific journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37718-z"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 id="h-what-are-pcbs">What are PCBs?</h2>



<p>In the 1930s, chemists initially introduced PCBs primarily in building materials and technical components. These substances comprise 209 different components. Most countries have banned PCBs and classified them as a highly persistent environmental toxin. This is due to their potential to cause cancer and reproductive harm.</p>



<p>Although the world's production of PCBs significantly declined in the 1970s, these substances still pose an ongoing environmental threat. In 2018, researchers found that half of the world's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/killer-whales-are-accumulating-high-levels-of-contaminants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">killer whale populations were weakened by PCB exposure</a>. Moreover, another study reported that deep-sea scavenging amphipods contained large amounts of PCBs.</p>



<p>Professor Glud has participated in more than ten expeditions to deep-sea trenches worldwide. He commented on the significance of their findings: "It is thought-provoking that we find traces of human activity at the bottom of a deep-sea trench; a place that most people probably perceive as distant and isolated from our society."</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-have-learned">What the researchers have learned</h2>



<p>Surface-level human activities can affect deep-sea trenches, as these expeditions have shown by dispelling the misconception. They have also revealed a surprisingly rich, active, and diverse ecosystem at the ocean's greatest depths. </p>



<p>Moreover, the studies have demonstrated that deep-sea trenches accumulate large amounts of organic material. This contributes to the oceans' capacity to absorb atmospheric carbon released through fossil fuel burning.</p>



<p>However, not only organic material accumulates in these hadal trenches. In 2021, the Danish Center for Hadal Research reported that mercury accumulates in the sediments of these trenches. In 2022, researchers announced that black carbon also accumulates in these deep-sea environments, similarly to PCBs. The combustion of fossil fuels primarily forms black carbon.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/sediment-core_Atacama-trench_PCBs_SDU_1medium.png" alt="A sediment core containing PCBs from the Atacama trench. Credit SDU" class="wp-image-1916951"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A sediment core containing PCBs from the Atacama trench. Credit SDU</figcaption></figure>



<h2 id="h-not-yet-time-to-panic">Not yet time to panic</h2>



<p>Although the recent discovery of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/long-banned-toxic-chemicals-remain-a-global-threat/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)</a> in the Atacama Trench has raised concerns, Professor Glud assures that the concentration of these pollutants in the trench's samples is not alarmingly high. He points out that researchers have found much higher concentrations of PCBs in places like the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Tokyo Bay. Concentrations there range from 300 to 1500 times higher than those found in the Atacama Trench.</p>



<p>“These are places with a lot of human activity, so one would expect that. The Atacama samples do not show very high concentrations, but considering that they were retrieved from the bottom of a deep-sea trench, they are relatively high. A priori no one would expect to find pollutants in such a place," said Professor Glud.</p>



<p>PCBs are hydrophobic, meaning they are not very soluble in water. They tend to bind to organic material that sinks to the bottom. Professor Anna Sobek explains that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/three-new-species-discovered-pacific/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Atacama Trench</a> is located in an area with relatively high production of plankton in surface waters. As the plankton dies, it sinks to the ocean floor. Large amounts of material descend down the steep slopes. They then deposit in the trench's deepest areas.</p>



<p>Microorganisms eventually decompose the organic material that reaches the bottom of the Atacama Trench. This causes PCBs to accumulate in the sediment. Over time, PCBs slowly redeposit as persistent compounds. This is why researchers can find increasing concentrations of PCBs in remote areas like the hadal trenches, even though most countries largely banned them worldwide in the 1970s.</p>



<p>“Unlike coastal areas where PCB concentrations are typically higher in deeper sediment layers deposited 50 years ago, PCB concentrations in hadal sediments are highest in the upper sediment layers, indicating that PCBs have only recently reached the deeper trenches and that concentrations have not yet peaked: We may see higher concentrations in a few years," said Professor Glud.</p>



<h2 id="h-about-the-deep-sea-trenches-where-pcbs-were-found">About the deep-sea trenches where PCBs were found</h2>



<p>The deep-sea trenches are home to various microorganisms and animals that have adapted to the extreme living conditions. It is possible that these trenches also harbor organisms capable of metabolizing the pollutants deposited there. This is one of the focus points of the Danish Center for Hadal Research. Researchers there have a stock of frozen sediment samples collected from expeditions to different deep-sea trenches in 2021 and 2022.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Ocean-depth-graphic_1medium.jpg" alt="Different layers of ocean depths where PCBs were found" class="wp-image-1916955"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Different layers of ocean depths where PCBs were found</figcaption></figure>



<p>“We are interested in finding out if PCBs are also present in other deep-sea trenches or if they are unique to the Atacama Trench. We also want to investigate the bacteria that live down there and learn more about their function," said Professor Glud.</p>



<p>The deep-sea trenches are located in the hadal zone of the ocean, which lies at depths of 6-11 km. There are about 27 hadal trenches, named after the Greek god Hades, who ruled the underworld. As researchers continue to explore these remote and mysterious environments, they aim to better understand the impact of pollutants like PCBs on these ecosystems and the organisms that inhabit them.</p>



<p>The discovery of PCBs in the Atacama Trench serves as a stark reminder of the pervasive and long-lasting consequences of human activities on even the most remote ecosystems. This research underscores the importance of continued monitoring and mitigation efforts. With consistent effort, they hope to reduce the impact of environmental toxins on the planet's most vulnerable habitats.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-pcbs">More about PCBs</h2>



<p>Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of man-made organic chemicals consisting of 209 different substances, also known as congeners. They were first produced in the 1930s and used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. PCBs were popular due to their chemical stability, low flammability, and insulating properties. </p>



<p>Common uses included electrical transformers and capacitors, coolants, flame retardants, plasticizers, adhesives, and as additives in paints, sealants, and caulking.</p>



<h2 id="h-pcbs-are-harmful-to-both-humans-and-the-environment-for-several-reasons">PCBs are harmful to both humans and the environment for several reasons:</h2>



<h3 id="h-persistence">Persistence</h3>



<p>PCBs are extremely stable and resistant to breaking down in the environment. As a result, they persist for long periods, allowing them to bioaccumulate in plants, animals, and humans. Even though many countries have banned PCB production since the 1970s, they still pose a threat to ecosystems and human health due to their persistence.</p>



<h3 id="h-bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</h3>



<p>PCBs accumulate in the fatty tissues of living organisms, a process called bioaccumulation. As these chemicals move up the food chain, they become more concentrated, posing a greater risk to top predators and humans who consume contaminated food.</p>



<h3 id="h-toxicity">Toxicity</h3>



<p>Researchers have shown that PCBs can cause a range of adverse health effects in both humans and animals. PCBs are carcinogenic (cancer-causing). They can also affect the immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. Long-term exposure to PCBs may lead to developmental issues in children, memory and learning problems, and other neurological disorders.</p>



<h3 id="h-environmental-impact">Environmental impact</h3>



<p>Due to their persistence and bioaccumulation, PCBs can cause significant harm to ecosystems, impacting the health of various plant and animal species. The contamination of water bodies, soil, and air can lead to the death of aquatic life, reduced reproductive success in birds and mammals, and disruption of entire ecosystems.</p>



<p>The discovery of PCBs' harmful effects on human health and the environment led to a widespread ban on their production and use in many countries. However, the long-lasting nature of these chemicals means that they continue to pose a threat, and ongoing research and monitoring efforts are necessary to assess and mitigate their impacts.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Shocking: Deepest parts of the ocean polluted with PCB chemicals

Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) continue to persist in the environment, despite...

<p>The Plains bison, a majestic symbol of the Great Plains and the national mammal of the United States, is the largest mammal on the continent. This impressive creature weighs around 2,000 pounds. It is easily identified by its shaggy, winter-resistant coat and formidable horns that serve as both warning and weapon.</p>



<p>The bison's scientific name, Bison bison bison, seems to echo its grandeur. However, the formidable appearance of this iconic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/in-animal-conflicts-large-weapons-may-be-designed-for-deception/">animal</a> belies a vulnerability in its history. Its population plummet from tens of millions to just a few hundred within a few colonial centuries.</p>



<p>Thankfully, conservation efforts have helped to increase the bison population to roughly 20,000. Experts have upgraded its status from endangered to near-threatened. However, a recent study led by Nic McMillan from the <a href="https://www.unl.edu/">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a> indicates that the ongoing conservation of the Plains bison will require a greater focus on climate factors, particularly the number of scorching days and drought-affected landscapes it faces in the future.</p>



<h2>How the Plains bison study was done</h2>



<p>In collaboration with colleagues from Oklahoma State University, McMillan has found GPS-backed evidence that temperature and extreme drought can drive movement among herds of Plains bison. Continued increases in both of these factors, combined with the reality that most bison herds are now confined to significantly smaller areas than they once roamed, could present challenges in managing this iconic species.</p>



<p>“When we think about reintroducing bison or any large animal to a landscape, the landscape that the animal is inhabiting is potentially a lot smaller than it was historically," said McMillan. "In 1491, if there was a drought in northeastern Montana, the bison had the entire Great Plains to escape that drought. They could move as far as they needed to."&nbsp;</p>



<p>As we experience more extreme temperatures and droughts, McMillan suggests that rethinking how we structure these landscapes is necessary. Experts should consider whether or not they’re actually meeting the fundamental physiological needs of these animals.</p>



<p>The research team arrived at these conclusions after analyzing the movement data of 33 Plains bison from two different sites in Oklahoma. These sites were the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge in the southwestern part of the state, and the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve near its northern border.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers equipped these iconic animals with GPS collars to track their location every 12 minutes over multiple years. The data collected amounted to a total of 715,344 measurements. This was paired with temperature, rainfall, wind, and other variables recorded by nearby weather stations.&nbsp;</p>



<h2>Gathering temperature data and soil samples</h2>



<p>Additionally, the team analyzed moisture readings of the soils at both study sites to assess the presence of drought. This comprehensive data set allowed the researchers to identify links between bison movement and weather patterns.</p>



<p>The experts found that air temperature explained variations in bison movement better than any other factor analyzed. Bison movement increased 92.5 percent for every 18-degree rise in temperature. This ranged from a few degrees below zero to 83 degrees Fahrenheit.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Movement nearly doubled when the temperature rose from, for example, 65 degrees to 83 degrees. However, above the 83-degree threshold, an 18-degree increase corresponded to a 48.5 percent decrease in movement.</p>



<p>The temperature-related increase in movement suggests that the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bison-american-survival-story/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plains bison</a> were searching for grasses that grew better in the higher heat. This is especially noteworthy given that bison obtain the majority of their water from foraging.&nbsp;</p>



<p>On the other hand, the reduced movement in excessive heat indicates that the Plains bison likely rested and cooled themselves in places with standing water and shade from nearby trees to prevent heat stroke.</p>



<h2>Conclusions of the Plains bison study</h2>



<p>McMillan highlighted the significance of the findings: “When you consider (that) this is the first study of Plains bison across multiple herds - and then we find the same relationship across herds, in two very different landscapes - that’s a big deal.” He also noted that the trend paralleled a study of wood bison in Canada.</p>



<p>To assess the potential effects of drought, the team examined sensors that measured soil moisture at two depths. They chose depths of five centimeters, indicating moderate drought, and 25 centimeters, signifying severe drought. While bison appeared mostly unaffected by moderate drought, they moved substantially more during severe drought. One such drought hit Oklahoma in the early 2010s.</p>



<p>"There’s a lot of (prior) research that suggests that bison are basically drought-proof," said McMillan. "They’re like these tanks out on the prairie that don’t need anything. They can just take whatever comes, and no big deal. At least, that’s the dogma in the reintroduction world. So I think this is really interesting, because we show that, hey, they still are not immune to drought. They have this potential threshold where they can’t handle it.”</p>



<h2 id="h-cultural-importance-of-plains-bison-to-north-america">Cultural importance of Plains bison to North America&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The Plains bison, once abundant on the Great Plains, has played a crucial role in American history. Indigenous peoples used it as a vital food source and cultural touchstone. Bison were also a keystone species for many other plants and animals. However, their population has dwindled significantly. Scientists have relocated them to protected areas. This raises questions about whether they still serve the same ecological purposes as they once did.</p>



<p>Regardless, McMillan emphasizes the importance of preserving these animals due to their cultural significance and their role in North American identity.</p>



<p>“They’re incredibly culturally important and represent the cultural identity for all of the Plains tribes, at a minimum,” McMillan said. “But they also represent one of the most charismatic animals that we have in North America. So they’re really important for our identity as a country and all the people who live here.”</p>



<p>For McMillan, his interest in bison is deeply personal. As the son of a plant biologist and ecologist who hosted a national TV show on PBS, McMillan accompanied his father on a visit to Nebraska when he was 15. The experience left him captivated by the Great Plains and kindled his "profound attachment" to bison, ultimately shaping his career.</p>



<p>“We came to the Great Plains, and I was just hooked,” he said. “I never thought about anything else after that. I never necessarily originally envisioned myself being a scientist or studying bison as a scientist, but I was just always fascinated by how they exist on the landscape, bringing them back - that really emotional story. So for me, it’s very personal.”</p>



<h2>Opening hearts and minds to Plains bison</h2>



<p>McMillan hopes that the findings of his research can help inform the management of Plains bison in areas such as Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone houses the largest wild herd of the species. The study's results, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9586"><em>Ecology and Evolution</em></a>, make a compelling case for paying attention to the behavior of these animals and what they are communicating to ecologists and conservationists.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Although national parks and other protected areas may appear to offer everything the Plains bison need, the fact that the animals still attempt to leave suggests that this may not be the case.</p>



<p>As heat and extreme drought, which encourage Plains bison to move, become more commonplace, the space previously considered sufficient for their habitat may no longer be adequate. McMillan explained that ensuring the diversity of their habitat - including access to grasslands, trees, and standing water - becomes even more critical as the available space shrinks.</p>



<p>“Then it’s an ethical question for us,” McMillan said. “Are we really being ethical if we’re forcing these animals to live in a landscape that may not actually be suited for them into the future? Whether bison were in Yellowstone historically is irrelevant to the likelihood that they can persist there into the future. Because today is completely and fundamentally different than yesterday.”</p>



<p>This thought-provoking study highlights the importance of understanding the relationship between the changing climate and the ecological needs of the Plains bison. It raises questions about the ethics of our conservation efforts and how we can best protect these iconic creatures in a rapidly changing world.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-plains-bison">More about Plains bison</h2>



<p>Bison, often referred to as buffalo in North America, are large herbivores native to the continent. They are divided into two subspecies: the Plains bison (Bison bison bison) and the Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae). Here are some additional facts about bison:</p>



<h3 id="h-size-and-appearance">Size and appearance</h3>



<p>Bison are the largest terrestrial mammals in North America. Adult males can weigh up to 2,000 pounds (900 kg) and stand 5 to 6.5 feet (1.5 to 2 meters) tall at the shoulder. Their distinctive features include a shaggy winter coat, a massive head, a hump at the shoulders, and sharp, curved horns.</p>



<h3 id="h-social-structure">Social structure</h3>



<p>Bison are social animals, typically forming herds with separate groups for males and females. Female herds consist of cows, their calves, and young males, while adult males form smaller bachelor herds. During the mating season, also known as the rut, the two groups come together, and males compete for access to females.</p>



<h3 id="h-diet">Diet</h3>



<p>Bison are herbivores, primarily grazing on grasses and sedges. They have a unique digestive system with a large rumen. This allows them to break down and extract nutrients from fibrous plant material efficiently.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat">Habitat</h3>



<p>Historically, bison roamed across much of North America, from the eastern United States to the Rocky Mountains and from Canada to Mexico. Their range has significantly decreased due to overhunting and habitat loss. Today, people mostly find them in protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves.</p>



<h3 id="h-importance-to-ecosystems">Importance to ecosystems</h3>



<p>Bison play a crucial role in maintaining healthy grassland ecosystems. Their grazing patterns promote the growth of various plant species, which in turn support a diverse range of wildlife. Bison also create wallows—depressions in the ground—by rolling in the dirt, which can provide habitat for other species and help retain water in the landscape.</p>



<h3 id="h-historical-decline-and-conservation-efforts">Historical decline and conservation efforts</h3>



<p>During the 19th century, bison populations plummeted due to overhunting, habitat loss, and the spread of diseases from domestic cattle. Their numbers dropped from an estimated 30-60 million to fewer than 1,000 individuals. Conservation efforts, including breeding programs and habitat restoration, have helped bison populations rebound to around 500,000 today, with most residing on private ranches and public lands.</p>



<h3 id="h-cultural-significance">Cultural significance</h3>



<p>Bison have been an essential part of the lives of Indigenous peoples in North America for thousands of years. They provided food, clothing, tools, and shelter and held spiritual significance for many tribes. Today, bison continue to be an important symbol of the American West and North American heritage.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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Plains bison are in danger from rising temperatures

The Plains bison, a majestic symbol of the Great Plains...

<p>Scientists at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/">University of California, Riverside</a> (UCR) have discovered that wildfires are releasing a massive amount of methane gas into the atmosphere. Methane is a greenhouse gas much more potent than carbon dioxide. This source of methane was previously unaccounted for. It could make it challenging for states to achieve their cleaner air and climate goals.</p>



<p>Methane gas is known to warm the planet 86 times more effectively than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period. It is currently not being tracked by state air quality managers when it comes to emissions from wildfires. This omission could have significant implications for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-whales-help-mitigate-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change mitigation</a> efforts.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-amount-of-co2-released-by-wildfires-in-2021/">Wildfires</a> have long been known to emit methane gas. A new study conducted by UCR researchers reveals that the amount of methane released by the top 20 fires in 2020 was more than seven times the average from wildfires in the previous 19 years. This significant increase in emissions has been linked to the growing size and intensity of fires.</p>



<p>“Fires are getting bigger and more intense, and correspondingly, more emissions are coming from them," explained study co-author Professor Francesca Hopkins. She added that the fires in 2020 would have accounted for 14 percent of the state's methane budget, had they been tracked.</p>



<h2>Monitoring sources of methane gas</h2>



<p>Currently, the state does not monitor natural sources of methane gas, such as those produced by wildfires. However, the 2020 wildfires would have ranked as the third biggest source of methane in the state. </p>



<p>Professor Hopkins emphasized the importance of addressing these emissions, stating: “Typically, these sources have been hard to measure, and it’s questionable whether they’re under our control. But we have to try. They’re offsetting what we’re trying to reduce.”</p>



<p>In the past, scientists measured emissions by analyzing air samples collected from wildfires using aircraft. However, this method is both costly and complex. The UCR research team, however, employed a remote sensing technique to measure emissions from the Sequoia Lightning Fire Complex in the Sierra Nevadas. This remote sensing method is not only safer for scientists but also potentially more accurate. It captures an integrated plume from the fire, including different burning phases.</p>



<p>The novel technique, detailed in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-4521-2023"><em>Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics</em></a>, allowed lead author and UCR environmental sciences Ph.D. student Isis Frausto-Vicencio to safely measure the entire plume of gas and debris from the Sequoia Lightning Fire Complex from 40 miles away.</p>



<p>“The plume, or atmospheric column, is like a mixed signal of the whole fire, capturing the active as well as the smoldering phases," said Professor Hopkins. “That makes these measurements unique.”</p>



<h2 id="h-study-used-a-new-method-to-measure-methane-gas">Study used a new method to measure methane gas</h2>



<p>The study employed a novel technique that utilizes the sun as a light source instead of lasers. This approach is common in similar instruments.</p>



<p>The innovative technique works by using the sun's heat energy absorbed and emitted by gases in the plume. This allows scientists to determine the quantity of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/aerosols-play-a-mysterious-yet-powerful-role-in-arctic-warming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aerosols</a>, carbon, and methane gas present. This method enabled the research team to measure the massive amount of methane released by the Sequoia Lightning Fire Complex. The 20 gigagrams of methane detected is noteworthy. Just one gigagram is equal to 1,000 metric tons, and an elephant weighs around one metric ton.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the data obtained using this remote technique corresponds with measurements collected from European space agency satellite data. While these satellites offer a broader, global view of burned areas, they are not yet capable of measuring methane gas in such conditions.</p>



<p>The study's findings have critical consequences for California's methane budget, as established by the <a href="https://ww2.arb.ca.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Air Resources Board</a>. If wildfires like the Sequoia Lightning Fire Complex were accounted for, they would surpass residential and commercial buildings, power generation, and transportation in terms of methane emissions. </p>



<p>However, they would still rank behind agriculture and industry. As climate change continues to intensify, scientists predict that more megafire years will occur in the future. This will further exacerbate methane emissions.</p>



<h2>Addressing methane gas emissions</h2>



<p>California has been proactive in addressing methane gas emissions since 2015 when the state set a target to reduce methane, refrigerants, and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/specific-air-pollutants-linked-to-asthma-attacks-in-urban-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollutants</a> contributing to global warming by 40% by 2030. In 2016, Gov. Jerry Brown signed SB 1383 into law, officially codifying these reduction targets. </p>



<p>The state's ambitious goals are to be achieved through a series of regulations aimed at capturing methane gas from dairy farm manure, minimizing leaks from oil and gas producers, eliminating food waste in landfills, banning specific gases in new refrigerators and air conditioners, and implementing other measures.</p>



<p>"California has been way ahead on this issue," said Professor Hopkins. "We're really hoping the state can limit the methane emissions under our control to reduce short-term global warming and its worst effects, despite the extra emissions coming from these fires."</p>



<p>The research highlights the importance of understanding and addressing the role of wildfires in methane emissions. This is particularly important in regions like California, which are already grappling with the impacts of climate change. By doing so, the state can make informed decisions on how best to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to an increasingly unpredictable climate.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-wildfires">More about wildfires</h2>



<p>Wildfires have a significant impact on humans and the environment, with consequences that can be both immediate and long-lasting. Some key aspects of wildfires and their effects are as follows:</p>



<h3 id="h-air-quality">Air quality</h3>



<p>Wildfires produce smoke, which contains a mixture of gases, such as methane gas, and fine particles. These can cause respiratory issues, aggravate pre-existing conditions such as asthma and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/workplace-exposure-to-pesticides-linked-to-greater-copd-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)</a>, and contribute to heart problems. Smoke can travel great distances, affecting air quality in regions far from the actual fire.</p>



<h3 id="h-climate-change">Climate change</h3>



<p>Wildfires release large amounts of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), into the atmosphere. This contributes to global warming and climate change, which in turn can lead to more frequent and severe wildfires. Additionally, the loss of forests and vegetation due to wildfires reduces the Earth's ability to absorb CO2, further exacerbating climate change.</p>



<h3 id="h-loss-of-biodiversity">Loss of biodiversity</h3>



<p>Wildfires can cause significant damage to ecosystems, killing plants and animals, and reducing biodiversity. In some cases, wildfires can lead to the local extinction of sensitive species. Moreover, the loss of habitat can make it challenging for the surviving wildlife to find food, shelter, and breeding grounds.</p>



<h3 id="h-soil-erosion-and-water-quality">Soil erosion and water quality</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/measuring-the-effect-of-wildfires-on-air-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires</a> can remove vegetation that helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion. This can lead to increased sedimentation in rivers and streams, affecting water quality and aquatic habitats. Additionally, the chemicals and ash released during a wildfire can contaminate water sources, posing risks to both humans and wildlife.</p>



<h3 id="h-economic-impact">Economic impact</h3>



<p>Wildfires can cause considerable damage to property, infrastructure, and natural resources, resulting in substantial economic losses. The costs of fighting wildfires, as well as the subsequent rebuilding and restoration efforts, can strain government budgets and local economies.</p>



<h3 id="h-mental-health">Mental health</h3>



<p>Wildfires can have psychological effects on individuals and communities. The stress and trauma associated with losing one's home, witnessing the devastation of the landscape, and the loss of livelihood can lead to mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p>



<h3 id="h-carbon-sequestration">Carbon sequestration</h3>



<p>Forests play a crucial role in capturing and storing carbon, helping to mitigate climate change. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/record-breaking-amount-of-co2-released-by-wildfires-in-2021/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildfires can reduce the carbon sequestration</a> capacity of forests, especially when fires become more frequent or severe, preventing forests from regenerating and capturing carbon effectively. By releasing tons of methane gas, the climate impact becomes substantially worse.</p>



<p>To minimize the impacts of wildfires on humans and the environment, it is essential to implement effective forest management practices, promote public awareness and preparedness, and develop strategies to mitigate climate change.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Discovery: Massive amounts of methane gas spews from wildfires

Scientists at the University of California, Riverside (UCR) have discovered...

<p>In a groundbreaking study, scientists have discovered that when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-hits-a-new-record-low-this-year/">sea ice</a> disappears, Antarctic seals fall silent.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research was conducted by Dr. Ilse van Opzeeland and her team at the <a href="https://www.awi.de/en/">Alfred Wegener Institute</a>, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and the Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity at the University of Oldenburg (HIFMB).</p>



<p>Dr. Opzeeland's team analyzed audio recordings from an underwater microphone that automatically captured the vocalizations of marine mammals such as seals and whales.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"What's unique about our study is that, for the first time, we were able to assess recordings covering eight years and all four Antarctic seal species," said study lead author Dr. Irene Roca, a biologist at HIFMB and AWI at that time, and currently working at the Université du Québec en Outaouais.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The extensive data collection allowed the researchers to examine the seals' behavior over an extended timeframe and compare individual years.</p>



<h2 id="h-what-the-researchers-focused-on-in-the-study">What the researchers focused on in the study</h2>



<p>The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fee.2622"><em>Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</em></a>, was focused on data collected between 2007 and 2014, with the 2010/2011 season proving to be particularly noteworthy. During that time, the research area, situated in the Southern Ocean near AWI's Neumayer Station III, experienced a significant reduction in ice cover. Less than ten percent of the usually frozen waters had ice, resulting in a near-total absence of sea ice.</p>



<p>This lack of ice had a dramatic effect on the seals' presence in the area. Audio recordings from underwater microphones showed a significant decrease in seal vocalizations during this period compared to the other seven years of data.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Antarctic seals rely on sea ice for giving birth and nursing their young, which typically occurs during the Southern Hemisphere's spring and summer months, from October to January.</p>



<p>Under normal conditions, the sea ice provides an ideal environment for seals to raise their offspring. However, during the 2010/2011 season, the ice all but disappeared. Due to the researchers having installed only one underwater microphone in the area, it remains uncertain whether the seals migrated during this time and, if so, where they went.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the AWI's Perennial Acoustic Observatory in the Antarctic Ocean (PALAOA) broke away from the coast along with a calving glacier. In the upcoming Antarctic season, they will install a new underwater microphone on the coast. Installation will begin at the end of this year.</p>



<p>“However, our underwater recordings clearly show that there were far fewer calling seals than usual in the observed waters,” said Irene Roca. This applies, she claims, to all seal species native to the region: the crabeater seal, Weddell seal, leopard seal and Ross seal.</p>



<h2 id="h-where-the-antarctic-seals-study-was-done">Where the Antarctic seals study was done</h2>



<p>Located approximately 2,000 kilometers south of Cape Town in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/looking-for-microplastics-in-the-remote-weddell-sea/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Weddell Sea</a>, the research area chosen by experts from the Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) is of particular interest due to its diverse marine life. </p>



<p>The coastal region in the eastern Weddell Sea is home to all four Antarctic seal species and several species of whale, making it a crucial area for marine research. Scientists believe the region's abundance of food and typically favorable ice conditions make it an ideal habitat for seals.</p>



<p>However, observations from the 2010/2011 season have raised concerns among the AWI team. If climate change leads to more frequent and extreme variations in sea ice cover, the region may become less reliable as a breeding ground for seals. Recently, the SEA ICE PORTAL reported that below-average sea-ice extents have characterized the Antarctic for the past eight years. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/antarctic-sea-ice-extent-has-reached-a-record-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sea-ice extent reached an all-time low</a> in February 2023.</p>



<p>The potential impact of reduced sea ice on seal populations remains unclear due to limited knowledge about the four Antarctic seal species. However, studies on Arctic ringed seals, which are better understood, reveal that the species requires thick snow cover on sea ice to create small caves for their young. Research has shown that many Arctic ringed seal pups perish when there is insufficient sea ice and snow.</p>



<p>"I surmise that the low-ice years also have an effect on Antarctic seals' reproduction – not only in terms of the young's survival, but possibly also the adults' mating behavior or other aspects," said project coordinator Ilse van Opzeeland.</p>



<h2 id="h-new-equipment-will-allow-the-antarctic-seals-study-to-continue">New equipment will allow the Antarctic seals study to continue</h2>



<p>Van Opzeeland considers the eight years of acoustic data collected by the team as a unique asset. Gathering data on seals is typically challenging. Scientists can only count seals from vessels or helicopters. Both options offer limited observational radius. Vessels and helicopters also lack the ability to continuously monitor entire ocean regions.</p>



<p>In contrast, underwater "listening posts" provide round-the-clock monitoring of extensive regions. Additionally, sounds travel farther underwater than in the air. Based on the volume of their vocalizations, some marine fauna can be detected from several kilometers away.</p>



<p>Unfortunately, the AWI's Perennial Acoustic Observatory in the Antarctic Ocean (PALAOA) recently broke away from the coast along with a calving glacier. Plans to install a new underwater microphone on the coast are in place for the upcoming Antarctic season, beginning at the end of this year. This new installation will continue to provide valuable insights into the lives of Antarctic seals and the potential consequences of diminishing sea ice in their habitat.</p>



<p>This study highlights the potential consequences of declining sea ice for Antarctic seals and the broader marine ecosystem. It serves as a crucial reminder of the importance of understanding and preserving the delicate balance between marine species and their environment, especially as the climate continues to change.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-antarctic-seals">More about Antarctic seals</h2>



<p>Antarctic seals are an essential component of the Antarctic marine ecosystem. There are four primary species of seals found in the region: the Weddell seal, the Ross seal, the crabeater seal, and the leopard seal. Each species exhibits distinct adaptations to the unique and harsh Antarctic environment. Here's a brief overview of each species:</p>



<h3 id="h-weddell-seals-leptonychotes-weddellii">Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii)</h3>



<p>These seals are known for their ability to inhabit the icy waters of Antarctica. They have an exceptional diving ability, reaching depths of over 600 meters and holding their breath for up to 90 minutes. Weddell seals primarily feed on fish, squid, and krill. They are very docile in nature. This makes them relatively easy to approach and study.</p>



<h3 id="h-ross-seals-ommatophoca-rossii">Ross seals (Ommatophoca rossii)</h3>



<p>Ross seals are the least common and least studied of the Antarctic seals. They are relatively small and slender compared to other seals, with a distinctive wide, round head and large eyes. Ross seals are known for their unique vocalizations. They have a diet consisting of fish, squid, and krill. Researchers typically find ross seals in the pack ice surrounding the Antarctic continent.</p>



<h3 id="h-crabeater-seals-lobodon-carcinophaga">Crabeater seals (Lobodon carcinophaga)</h3>



<p>Despite their name, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-seals-will-struggle-more-than-others-to-survive-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">crabeater seals</a> primarily feed on krill rather than crabs. They have specialized teeth that act as a sieve, allowing them to filter krill from the water. Crabeater seals are the most abundant seal species in the Antarctic region and play a crucial role in the marine food web. They inhabit the pack ice zones and are known for their long, slender bodies.</p>



<h3 id="h-leopard-seals-hydrurga-leptonyx">Leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx)</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-reveal-new-features-of-the-elusive-leopard-seal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Leopard seals</a> are the most formidable predators among the Antarctic seals. They have a large, reptile-like head and powerful jaws with sharp teeth, making them efficient hunters. Leopard seals primarily feed on other seals, penguins, fish, and krill. They are solitary animals and occupy a higher trophic level in the Antarctic marine ecosystem.</p>



<p>Antarctic seals rely heavily on sea ice for their survival, as they use it as a platform to rest, breed, and give birth to their pups. The effects of climate change on sea ice levels may have significant consequences for the long-term survival of these species and the overall health of the Antarctic ecosystem.</p>



<h3 id="h-impact-of-climate-change-on-antarctica">Impact of climate change on Antarctica</h3>



<p>Climate change has a profound impact on Antarctica and its marine life, including Antarctic seals. The primary consequences of climate change in the region include rising temperatures, ocean warming, melting ice sheets, and sea level rise. These changes directly and indirectly affect Antarctic seals in several ways:</p>



<h3 id="h-loss-of-sea-ice">Loss of sea ice</h3>



<p>Antarctic seals depend on sea ice for various aspects of their life cycle, such as breeding, giving birth, and nursing their pups. As climate change leads to a decline in sea ice, seals face challenges in finding suitable habitats for these critical activities. Insufficient sea ice may lead to reduced reproductive success, as seals may struggle to find safe and stable platforms for breeding and raising their young.</p>



<h3 id="h-changes-in-prey-availability">Changes in prey availability</h3>



<p>Climate change can alter the distribution and abundance of prey species like krill, fish, and squid in the Antarctic region. Changes in prey availability can affect the foraging behavior and diet of seals, potentially impacting their overall health and reproductive success. For example, a decline in krill population due to ocean warming and reduced sea ice may negatively affect crabeater seals, which primarily feed on krill.</p>



<h3 id="h-habitat-shifts">Habitat shifts</h3>



<p>The decline of sea ice and the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-report-an-unprecedented-rise-in-ocean-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rise in ocean temperatures</a> may force seals to shift their habitat ranges in search of suitable breeding and foraging grounds. These shifts could lead to increased competition for resources among different seal species and other marine predators, such as penguins and whales. Additionally, habitat shifts may expose seals to new threats, such as predation or human activities like fishing and shipping.</p>



<h3 id="h-ocean-acidification">Ocean acidification</h3>



<p>The increased absorption of carbon dioxide by the ocean leads to ocean acidification, which can have adverse effects on marine ecosystems. Acidification can negatively impact the base of the food chain, including phytoplankton and other organisms that krill rely on for sustenance. This disruption can ultimately affect seal populations that depend on krill and other affected species as a primary food source.</p>



<p>Overall, the impacts of climate change on Antarctica and Antarctic seals pose significant challenges for the long-term survival of these species and the health of the entire Antarctic ecosystem. Continued research and monitoring are essential to better understand these impacts and develop effective conservation strategies to protect Antarctica's unique marine life.</p>



<p>—-</p>



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What happens to Antarctic seals when sea ice vanishes?

In a groundbreaking study, scientists have discovered that when sea...

Young,Attractive,Female,Scientist,Researching,In,The,Laboratory,With,Futuristic

<p>In a groundbreaking study conducted in Oceania, researchers from the <a href="https://www.auckland.ac.nz/en.html">University of Auckland</a> have discovered traces of methamphetamine, nicotine, caffeine, and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the downtown Auckland air.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The investigation, which took place at a pollution monitoring site on Customs Street, close to the bottom of Queen Street. It is the first of its kind in both <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/south-island-new-zealand-in-the-southwest-pacific/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New Zealand</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/image/simultaneous-atmospheric-rivers-over-australia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Australia</a>.</p>



<p>The team, led by Master of Science student Olivia Johnson and Dr. Joel Rindelaub, a research fellow in the School of Chemical Sciences, analyzed the samples caught by filters at the monitoring site.&nbsp;</p>



<h2>What the research team found<em> </em>in the air</h2>



<p>The largest concentration of methamphetamine detected was 104 picograms (a picogram is one-trillionth of a gram) per cubic meter of air. The average for ten samples taken over five weeks was 24.8 picograms per cubic meter.</p>



<p>“Assuming an active dose of 5 milligrams and 16 cubic meters of air inhaled per person each day, it would take an individual over 8,000 years to inhale an active dose," the researchers explained in their paper published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2023.101750"><em>Atmospheric Pollution Research</em></a>.</p>



<p>Surprisingly, the methamphetamine concentrations found in Auckland's air were higher than those detected in cities like Barcelona. The study also revealed an increase in airborne drug concentrations during the week leading up to the Christmas holidays and over New Year's Eve. </p>



<p>Of the four drugs studied, nicotine had the highest average concentration at 4.91 nanograms (a nanogram is one billionth of a gram) per cubic meter, which is lower than levels found in many cities overseas. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/coffee-and-caffeine-linked-to-lower-risk-of-heart-failure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Caffeine</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teenagers-are-ditching-alcohol-for-marijuana/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">THC</a> were detected at lower average concentrations compared to studies conducted elsewhere.</p>



<p>“The results aren’t as concerning as a headline might make them sound," said Dr. Rindelaub. "However, they highlight that we really don’t know as much as we should about what’s in the air that we breathe.” For context, it is worth noting that concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 particulates in the air are typically measured in micrograms (one millionth of a gram).</p>



<h2>How detecting drugs in the air can be used in the future</h2>



<p>The researchers believe that airborne monitoring of drugs could complement wastewater analyses. This system tracks drug consumption in communities across the country. Researchers test wastewater for substances like cocaine, fentanyl, heroin, methamphetamine, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mdma-therapy-ptsd/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MDMA</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This innovative technique could potentially facilitate assessments of policies such as restrictions on tobacco products. Furthermore, caffeine concentrations seem to correlate with urban pedestrian counts, suggesting a potential proxy for urban activity.</p>



<p>Professor Gordon Miskelly and Hamish Patel, a PhD candidate and air quality scientist at Mote Ltd., also contributed to the study. The team used liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry to analyze samples collected from December 7, 2020, to January 11, 2021.</p>



<p>The investigation exclusively focused on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/meth-damages-heart/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methamphetamine</a>, nicotine, caffeine, and THC, leaving the presence of other drugs in the air unknown. In a separate study published in December, Dr. Rindelaub and colleagues revealed that microplastics in Auckland’s air were equivalent to over 3 million plastic bottles falling from the sky annually.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Indoor air pollution is also an issue. Rindelaub found traces of polyester, nylon, and PVC in the air of a university lecture theatre. He was there delivering a TEDx talk on pollution. Rindelaub states that air pollution links to more than 3,300 premature deaths per year in Aotearoa.</p>



<h2 id="h-more-about-air-pollution">More about air pollution</h2>



<p>Air pollution has far-reaching impacts on both the Earth and human health. The consequences of air pollution are multifaceted. Various aspects of our environment, ecosystems, and public health show their observable presence.</p>



<h3>Environmental Impact</h3>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-will-increase-dramatically-in-a-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Air pollution</a> contributes to a wide range of environmental issues, including:</p>



<ul>
<li>Climate change: Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere. This leads to global warming and climate change. This results in melting polar ice caps, rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and alterations in ecosystems and wildlife habitats.<br></li>



<li>Acid rain: Pollutants like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen, and other substances in the atmosphere to form sulfuric and nitric acids, which fall as acid rain. Acid rain can damage forests, bodies of water, soil quality, and even human-made structures like buildings and monuments.<br></li>



<li>Ozone depletion: Some air pollutants, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons, break down the ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere. The ozone layer protects us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone depletion can lead to increased UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface, causing harm to humans, animals, and plants.<br></li>



<li>Ecosystem damage: Air pollution can disrupt the balance of ecosystems, harming plant life, reducing biodiversity, and impacting the food chain. Pollutants can also accumulate in bodies of water. This leads to issues like eutrophication, algal blooms, and "dead zones" where oxygen levels are too low to support marine life.</li>
</ul>



<h3>Human Health Impact</h3>



<p>Air pollution poses significant risks to human health, including:</p>



<ul>
<li>Respiratory issues: Exposure to air pollutants, such as particulate matter, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-nitrogen-oxide-pollution-could-boost-crop-yields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nitrogen dioxide</a>, and ground-level ozone, can cause or aggravate respiratory problems like asthma, bronchitis, and lung infections.<br></li>



<li>Cardiovascular problems: Increased risks of heart attacks, strokes, and other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reducing-air-pollution-can-prevent-heart-attacks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular diseases are linked to air pollution</a>. This is due to the inflammation and damage it can cause to blood vessels and the heart.<br></li>



<li>Cancer: Long-term exposure to certain air pollutants, like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/skin-hair-products-air-pollution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">benzene</a> and formaldehyde, can increase the risk of developing cancer, particularly lung cancer.<br></li>



<li>Premature death: Researchers have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-million-premature-deaths-linked-to-air-pollution-in-2017/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">linked air pollution to millions of premature deaths</a> worldwide. People living in heavily polluted areas are more likely to experience reduced life expectancy. This is due to illnesses caused or exacerbated by poor air quality.<br></li>



<li>Cognitive and developmental issues: Studies have found associations between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-increases-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">air pollution exposure and cognitive decline</a>, reduced cognitive function in children, and adverse effects on brain development.</li>
</ul>



<p>To address the impacts of air pollution on the Earth and human health, governments, industries, and individuals need to work together. Communities can implement strategies that reduce emissions, improve air quality, and transition towards cleaner, more sustainable energy sources.</p>



<p>—-</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/">Earth.com</a>.</p>

Illegal drugs can now be detected in the air

In a groundbreaking study conducted in Oceania, researchers from the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



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<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



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<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



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<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

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https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



<p>A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. </p>



<p>Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. </p>



<p>Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. </p>



<p>Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. </p>



<p>The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.</p>



<p>Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.</p>



<p>Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.</p>



<p>This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. </p>



<p>The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the <em><a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



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<p>-----</p>

Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



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https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. </p>



<p>"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."</p>



<p>"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.</p>



<p>"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

[sendtonews key="EjmSP20gQK-2593093-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.</p>



<p>According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."</p>



<p>Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;</p>



<p>ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. </p>



<p>Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> </em>Staff Writer </p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

[sendtonews key="uV9Lh2fQbV-1760058-12187" type="single"] Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.</p>



<p>"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

[sendtonews key="f8fukm28Vz-2491833-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.</p>



<p>In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.</p>



<p>The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.</p>



<p>The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.</p>



<p>The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. </p>



<p>Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.</p>



<p>Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.</p>



<p>From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

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<p>Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how  Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.</p>



<p>According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. </p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.</p>



<p>“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”</p>



<p>The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.</p>



<p>The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.</p>



<p>“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.</p>



<p>"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.</p>



<p>"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."</p>



<p>"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."</p>



<p>According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.</p>



<p>"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes how Earth is unique in our solar system for its ability to sustain liquid water on its surface. But now, the water cycle is shifting as the climate warms, and scientists must find ways to predict how these changes will affect water availability.</p>



<p>Overall, 96 percent of Earth's water is saltwater, and nearly all of freshwater is found in ice and groundwater. These sources of water are linked as it passes through solid, liquid and gas phases.</p>



<p>In a warmer climate, the water cycle will be transformed. It will be easier for water to evaporate and form clouds, and storms will become more frequent and intense. Some regions will get too much water, while others will be left without enough water. In addition, soil moisture will be lost - which threatens food security.</p>



<p>Scientists are using satellite data from over the last 40 years to track changes that are happening in the water cycle. This will ultimately help us prepare for extreme events and better manage our water resources, according to ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ESA</em></p>



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<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Tracking changes in Earth's water cycle

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Saturn,-,High,Resolution,3d,Images,Presents,Planets,Of,The

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<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a> features images of Saturn from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope. The photographs capture the start of the mysterious "spoke season" on Saturn - when unexplained features appear on its rings. </p>



<p>According to NASA, both the cause of the spokes and their seasonal variability have yet to be fully explained by planetary scientists.</p>



<p>"Like Earth, Saturn is tilted on its axis and therefore has four seasons, though because of Saturn's much larger orbit, each season lasts approximately seven Earth years. Equinox occurs when the rings are tilted edge-on to the Sun," explains NASA.</p>



<p>"The spokes disappear when it is near summer or winter solstice on Saturn. (When the Sun appears to reach either its highest or lowest latitude in the northern or southern hemisphere of a planet.) As the autumnal equinox of Saturn's northern hemisphere on May 6, 2025, draws near, the spokes are expected to become increasingly prominent and observable."</p>



<p>Experts believe that the spokes may be a product of the planet's variable magnetic field. When magnetic fields interact with solar wind, an electrically charged environment is created. This phenomenon is visible on Earth as the northern lights.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"Scientists think that the smallest, dust-sized icy ring particles can become charged as well, which temporarily levitates those particles above the rest of the larger icy particles and boulders in the rings," says NASA.</p>



<p>The spokes were first observed in the early 1980s by NASA's Voyager mission. Depending on the angle of the rings, the spokes can appear dark or light.</p>



<p>"Thanks to Hubble's OPAL program, which is building an archive of data on the outer solar system planets, we will have longer dedicated time to study Saturn’s spokes this season than ever before," said NASA senior planetary scientist Amy Simon, head of the Hubble Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy (OPAL) program.</p>



<p>"Despite years of excellent observations by the Cassini mission, the precise beginning and duration of the spoke season is still unpredictable, rather like predicting the first storm during hurricane season."</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Mysterious "spoke season" captured on Saturn

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