What’s the secret to aging well? It might be curiosity. If you're the kind of person who enjoys learning new things, you're already on the right path.



Recent research shows that some types of curiosity not only persist into old age - they can actually grow stronger. This is important because it could help protect your brain.



Older adults who stay curious and actively seek knowledge - especially about things they care about - may lower their risk for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-a-brain-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer’s disease</a>. On the other hand, losing interest in learning and becoming mentally disengaged could be a warning sign of future cognitive issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-does-curiosity-decline-with-age">Does curiosity decline with age?</h2>



The insights come from a team of psychologists at <a href="https://www.ucla.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UCLA</a>, Western Carolina University, the University of Tübingen, and Kochi University of Technology. Their work challenges earlier studies that claimed curiosity steadily fades as we grow older.



“The psychology literature shows that oftentimes what's known as trait curiosity, or a person’s general level of curiosity, tends to decline with age,” said UCLA psychologist Alan Castel. 



“But we thought that was a little bit strange and went against some of the things we saw in some of the older adult participants in our experiments, who would often be very engaged and interested in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-learning-how-the-brain-stores-new-information/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning</a> about memory, specifically, but even other forms of trivia.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-kinds-of-curiosity">Two kinds of curiosity</h2>



To better understand how interest in learning changes across the lifespan, the researchers looked at two specific types: trait curiosity and state curiosity.



Trait curiosity is your overall tendency to be curious. It’s more like a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/personality-traits-linked-to-willingness-to-volunteer-or-donate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">personality trait</a> - something that stays relatively stable over time. Some people are naturally inquisitive about many things, while others are more content to take life as it comes.



State curiosity, by contrast, is the moment-to-moment interest you feel when something grabs your attention. It’s often tied to specific topics, hobbies, or experiences. 



Even people who don’t consider themselves naturally curious might light up when asked a question in their favorite area of interest.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-testing-curiosity-across-ages">Testing curiosity across ages</h2>



To test how curiosity works, the team asked over 1,000 participants aged 20 to 84 to complete an online questionnaire. This measured their level of trait curiosity. 



Then came the fun part. Participants were asked to guess answers to obscure trivia questions, like “What was the first country to give women the right to vote?” (It’s New Zealand, if you're wondering).



Before revealing the correct answers, participants rated how interested they were in learning the truth. This rated their state curiosity in the moment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-findings-about-curiosity">Surprising findings about curiosity</h2>



People with high trait curiosity usually showed high state curiosity, and vice versa. But when the researchers looked at how these two types of curiosity changed with age, an interesting pattern emerged.



Trait curiosity did tend to drop off as people got older. But state curiosity followed a different curve. It declined in early adulthood, hit a low around middle age, and then rose again steadily in older adults.



That might sound familiar. The researchers noted that this pattern mirrors other life trends - like how happiness tends to dip during middle age before climbing back up.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-middle-age-slows-us-down">Why middle age slows us down</h2>



The drop in curiosity during midlife may not be a mystery. That phase of life is packed with responsibilities: raising children, building careers, paying mortgages. 



People focus their energy on achieving goals, which might leave less time for exploring new ideas. Once those obligations ease - after retirement, for example - people may feel freer to pursue personal interests and hobbies again.



“Our findings fit with some of my work on selectivity theory, which is that as we get older, we don’t want to stop learning, we’re just more selective about what we want to learn,” Castel said. 



“You see this in the context of lifelong learning: A lot of older adults will go back to take classes or pick up hobbies or engage in bird watching. I think it shows that this level of curiosity, if maintained, can really keep us sharp as we age.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-curiosity-keeps-the-brain-engaged">Curiosity keeps the brain engaged</h2>



There’s another reason curiosity matters as we age: It helps with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/memory-isnt-only-stored-in-our-brains-other-cells-can-remember-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory</a>. "As we get older, maybe we want to be focused on the things that are important, and we forget the things that are less relevant,” Castel said.



“Anecdotally, a lot of older adults I speak to say that it's important to stay curious. That fits with some of the research that shows that people who have early stages of dementia might show disinterest in things that they once enjoyed.”



In other words, curiosity may act like a filter, helping us pay more attention to meaningful information - and ignore what doesn’t matter. That selective focus could be a key strategy for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/experts-reveal-how-much-sleep-you-need-for-successful-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging successfully</a>.



So if you’re always chasing answers, digging into facts, or asking questions, keep it up. Staying curious might just be one of the smartest things you can do for your brain.



The full study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0320600" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PLOS One</a>.



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Curiosity might help you stay sharp as you age

What’s the secret to aging well? It might be curiosity. If you're the kind of person who enjoys learning new things, you're already on the right path. Recent research shows that some types of curiosity not only persist into old age - they can actually grow stronger. This is important because it could help protect your brain. Older adults who stay curious and actively seek knowledge - especially about things they care about - may lower their risk for Alzheimer’s disease. On the other hand, losing interest...

Have you ever wondered if the answer to hair loss could be as simple as a sugar cube? Well, you might not be too far off. 



A recent study has revealed that a specific sugar compound, known as 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR), may hold the key to treating male pattern baldness or androgenic alopecia as it's scientifically referred to.



Now, that's sweet news for the millions of men around the world affected by this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common condition</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2ddr-sugar-vs-male-baldness">2dDR sugar vs. male baldness</h2>



This surprising discovery comes from the dedicated efforts of Professor Sheila MacNeil, Emeritus Professor of Tissue Engineering at the <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sheffield</a>, and her team of international scientists from <a href="https://www.comsats.edu.pk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COMSATS University</a> in Pakistan.



Their joint research has brought this naturally occurring sugar into the spotlight, thanks to its ability to promote angiogenesis - the growth of new blood vessels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-2ddr-sugar-works">How the 2dDR sugar works</h2>



2dDR isn't your run-of-the-mill table sugar; it's a molecule that has a profound role in various biological processes in both animals and humans.



When applied to the skin of bald mice, the researchers noted a substantial regrowth of hair. Interestingly, this was akin to the effects seen with minoxidil, one of the only two FDA-approved drugs for treating baldness.



"Male pattern baldness is such a common condition, affecting men all over the world", says Professor MacNeil. 



"Our research suggests that the answer to treating hair loss might be as simple as using a naturally occurring deoxy ribose sugar to boost the blood supply to the hair follicles to encourage hair growth."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-side-of-science">Sweet side of science</h2>



We're all aware of the crucial role hair follicles play in producing hair. These tiny skin organs require a robust blood supply to perform their function correctly. 



By encouraging the formation of new blood vessels around these follicles, the sugar compound creates an environment conducive to hair growth, prolonging the active growth phase of the hair cycle in baldness. 



This method directly contrasts with existing treatments like minoxidil and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finasteride-regrows-hair-heals-prostate-boosts-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">finasteride</a>, which work by widening blood vessels or blocking hormones involved in hair loss.



The researchers stumbled upon 2dDR's potential while studying how the sugar could aid wound healing through the formation of new blood vessels.



They observed accelerated hair growth around the healing wounds when compared to untreated areas. This realization spurred them to explore 2dDR's potential for hair loss treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2ddr-sugar-compound-for-baldness">2dDR sugar compound for baldness</h2>



While the results are indeed promising, it's crucial to remember this study was conducted on mice. Human trials still need to be undertaken to ascertain the effectiveness and safety of 2dDR for hair regrowth in people. 



Nevertheless, the researchers are hopeful about this sugar compound's potential to offer a fresh approach to treating hair loss.



"This pro-angiogenic deoxy ribose sugar is naturally occurring, inexpensive and stable", notes Muhammed Yar, an associate professor at COMSATS University Pakistan. "This makes it an attractive candidate to explore further for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finally-a-cure-for-baldness-scientists-regrow-hair-using-stem-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatment of hair loss</a> in men."



Should these studies stand the test of further experiments, 2dDR could provide a unique option for struggling men worldwide, offering hope for an effective solution potentially free from the side effects associated with current treatments.



"The research we have done is very much early stage, but the results are promising and warrant further investigation", adds MacNeil. "This could offer another approach to treating this condition which can affect men's self-image and confidence."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-chapter-in-baldness-treatment">New chapter in baldness treatment</h2>



This study indeed opens up fresh avenues for hair loss treatment. The advantages of 2dDR, if it can be established in humans, are many. It could be as effective as minoxidil but with potentially less side effects. 



Its mechanism to promote blood vessel growth stands distinct from existing treatments, which could make it beneficial for individuals who do not respond to existing options. 



As it is naturally occurring, it may prove safer and more tolerable. Additionally, the affordability and stability of the sugar compound might make it more accessible than current baldness <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fat-injection-therapy-offers-hope-for-reversing-baldness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatments</a>.



However, a good deal more research is necessary to fully understand 2dDR’s potential as a hair loss treatment. The next crucial step is human trials to determine its effectiveness and safety.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1370833/full">Frontiers in Pharmacology</a>.



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Reversing male baldness is closer to reality with natural new treatment

Have you ever wondered if the answer to hair loss...

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals, our sturdy, ancient relatives? Specifically, how they managed to feast on birds -- a fare far removed from their infamous big-game hunting repertoire? 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-food-processing">Neanderthal food processing</h2>



The guide on this prehistoric gastronomical tour is Dr. Mariana Nabais of the <a href="https://www.iphes.cat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social</a> in Spain, lead author of this intriguing study.



Dr. Nabais offers an enlightening perspective on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-provides-insights-into-the-lives-of-neanderthals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuanced world of Neanderthal</a> food processing and cooking.



“Using a flint flake for butchering required significant precision and effort, which we had not fully valued before this experiment. The flakes were sharper than we initially thought, requiring careful handling to make precise cuts without injuring our own fingers," Dr. Nabais explained.



"These hands-on experiments emphasized the practical challenges involved in Neanderthal food processing and cooking, providing a tangible connection to their daily life and survival strategies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-cuisine-and-neanderthals-cooking">Bird cuisine and Neanderthals cooking</h2>



Despite the well-known big-game hunting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-had-multiple-waves-of-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">practices of Neanderthals</a>, their taste for winged meals remains a facet under a shroud of mystery.



However, thanks to recent discoveries and new techniques, we are now able to delve into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-lived-side-by-side-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">secrets of prehistoric</a> bird hunting and butchering methods.



Scientists embarked on a culinary journey into the past, replicating the cooking methods that our Neanderthal ancestors might have used. 



This resulted in an experimental database, providing key insights when compared with actual archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthals-cooking-nbsp">Neanderthals cooking&nbsp;</h2>



For their experiment, the scientists chose five birds similar to the prehistoric species that the Neanderthals hunted. 



Armed with archaeological evidence and ethnographic data, they brought these ancient culinary arts back to life.



After defrocking the birds, they roasted three over hot coals, and butchered two raw using a flint flake.&nbsp;



“Roasting the birds over the coals required maintaining a consistent temperature and carefully monitoring the cooking duration to avoid overcooking the meat,” Dr. Nabais explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-the-past">Clues from the Past</h2>



Upon inspection, the scientists discovered intriguing traces of their prehistoric cooking experiment. The raw birds processed with the flint flake offered considerable evidence, including half-moon scars on the tool’s edge and cut marks on the bones.



Roasting turned out to be a double-edged sword. Although it made the meat more accessible, it also increased the brittleness of the bones, leading to their breakage and subsequent loss from the archaeological record.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-cooking-diversity">Neanderthal cooking diversity</h2>



The findings from this culinary experiment suggest that the Neanderthal diet was far more diverse than previously assumed.&nbsp;



They didn't solely rely on large mammals; instead, they incorporated a variety of birds into their meals, which indicates adaptability and a more intricate understanding of their environment.&nbsp;



Birds provided not only a source of protein but also essential nutrients that were critical for survival. This dietary flexibility may have allowed Neanderthals to thrive in diverse habitats, showcasing their resourcefulness in the face of changing climates and landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-cooking">Implications for modern cooking</h2>



The implications of these ancient butchering methods extend beyond historical curiosity; they resonate with contemporary cooking practices.&nbsp;



Learning about the precision required in flint flaking and the careful roasting techniques used by Neanderthals can inspire modern chefs to appreciate traditional methods of food preparation.&nbsp;



By reconnecting with these fundamental skills, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for the food we consume and the efforts that go into sourcing and preparing it.&nbsp;



Emphasizing a return to simpler, more intentional cooking methods provides not only a culinary challenge but also a meaningful way to honor our ancient ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future Directions</h2>



While this pilot study provides a fascinating look into the diet of Neanderthals, there's plenty more to unearth.&nbsp;



"Further research with larger samples, varied species, and more diverse experimental conditions is necessary to expand upon these results,” Dr. Nabais notes.



As we continue to explore Neanderthal dietary practices, integrating innovative technologies with archaeological methodologies could reveal even more about their culinary heritage. 



This could lead to a deeper understanding of their survival strategies and cultural practices.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-archaeology/articles/10.3389/fearc.2024.1411853/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology</a>.



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Eat like a Neanderthal: Unpacking ancient cooking methods

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals,...

Isn't it bizarre how many times we've been told that a glass of wine a day keeps the doctor away? Or some variation of that claim on benefits of moderate drinking. 



Well, a new research has come to light, and it might alter the way you perceive that glass of Cabernet Sauvignon or pint of IPA in your hand.



The report is shaking up the conventional wisdom we've heard for years--that moderate drinking could extend lives and decrease our chances of chronic diseases. 



Steering this riveting ship of discovery is lead researcher Tim Stockwell, Ph.D., a scientist affiliated with the <a href="https://www.uvic.ca/research/centres/cisur/index.php" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research</a> at the University of Victoria.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-past-studies-on-moderate-drinking">Past studies on moderate drinking</h2>



Stockwell and his team argue that there are underlying flaws in the way previous researches have been designed. 



They believe that the studies' focus on older adults without considering their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-has-a-hidden-impact-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lifetime drinking habits</a> led to skewed results.



"Think about this for a second. When these studies compare moderate drinkers with abstainers, many of the abstainers are older adults who have quit or reduced their drinking due to health conditions," Stockwell remarked. 



"This situation makes the continued drinkers appear healthier, but it's a rigged comparison. It's like comparing apples with oranges."



In other words, things are not what they seem when it comes to these studies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-truth-about-alcohol-consumption">Truth about alcohol consumption</h2>



For this analysis, Stockwell and his team examined 107 published studies that followed individuals over time and explored the relationship between drinking habits and lifespan.



A quick look at the data suggested something that might ring a bell: moderate drinkers (those who drank between one drink per week and two per day) had a 14% lower risk of dying during the study period compared to abstainers. However, a closer examination of the studies told a different story.



Stockwell pointed out that the "higher quality" studies - those that considered younger participants and ensured a clear distinction between former drinkers and lifelong abstainers - showed no link between moderate drinking and longer lives.



The illusion of health benefits came only from the "lower quality" studies. Stockwell quipped, "If you look at the weakest studies, that's where you see supposed health benefits."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradox-of-perception">Paradox of perception</h2>



In our social constructs, drinking often takes on an additional layer of meaning, transformed into a communal activity that fosters connection. Yet, this context can also mask the true implications of alcohol consumption on health. 



Many individuals justify their drinking habits with social norms, failing to recognize the potential harm. 



Stockwell's research underscores the importance of examining how societal attitudes towards drinking can buoy the perception of its health benefits, leading to an environment where moderation may not be as beneficial as previously thought. 



We need to reassess not just our protocols for studying alcohol but also the culture around it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-awareness-on-moderate-drinking">Public awareness on moderate drinking</h2>



Given these revelations, there is an urgent need for public health campaigns to rethink their messaging about alcohol consumption. 



Instead of perpetuating the myth that moderate drinking has health benefits, stakeholders should emphasize the risks tied to alcohol and encourage a more informed dialogue around healthy lifestyles. 



By promoting comprehensive education on the potential dangers of drinking, the goal should be to empower individuals to make more educated choices regarding their alcohol consumption. 



It’s time to break away from outdated perceptions and embrace a modern understanding of alcohol’s role in our health, fostering a culture of awareness rather than <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/are-zero-alcohol-drinks-a-type-of-gateway-drug-for-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complacency</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-busting-myths">Busting myths</h2>



One myth that Stockwell wants to debunk is the decades-old belief in the "French Paradox." This notion suggests that red wine explains why French people have significantly lower rates of heart disease despite having a diet high in fats. 



It's a compelling story, but Stockwell argues that the concept is a mere figment of the public imagination.



According to Stockwell, moderate drinking likely doesn't extend our lives. In fact, it can bring along a suitcase of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-consumption-can-lead-to-chronic-pain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health risks</a>, such as increased chances of developing certain cancers.



"There is simply no completely 'safe' level of drinking," Stockwell stressed.



So, the next time you hear that familiar saying about a glass of wine a day, remember: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-benefits-of-moderate-drinking-may-be-hidden-in-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">what the doctor ordered</a> has been reconsidered. 



New evidence prompts us to reassess our drinking habits and encourages us towards a more informed and healthier future, even if it's with a little less wining and dining. Cheers to that!



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.jsad.com/doi/10.15288/jsad.23-00283" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs</a>. 



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Even moderate drinking severely harms health, despite past studies

Isn't it bizarre how many times we've been told that...

<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lack-of-sexual-satisfaction-linked-to-rapid-memory-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Memory loss</a> and attention deficit are common complaints among those who have recovered from severe COVID-19. However, a new study from the <a href="https://www.fearp.usp.br/en/index.php/where-we-are/university-of-sao-paulo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of São Paulo</a> (USP) in Brazil reveals that even individuals with mild COVID cases can experience cognitive impairments more than 18 months after infection. 



This finding underscores the importance of comprehensive rehabilitation for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abzymes-new-discovery-cause-long-covid-symptoms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">long COVID</a> sufferers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-infection-and-cognitive-impairment-nbsp">COVID infection and cognitive impairment&nbsp;</h2>



The study, published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01740-7" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BMC Psychology</a>, collected data from 302 volunteers and found cognitive impairment in 11.7 percent of mild cases, 39.2 percent of moderate cases, and 48.9 percent of severe cases. These results highlight the significant impact of neuroinflammation caused by SARS-CoV-2.



“Although the damage done by the disease in terms of memory loss, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/information-overflow-attention-spans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">attention</a> deficit, and slow processing increases in proportion to its severity, the same problems affect a far from negligible number of people – around 100 in our study – who had mild or moderate <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/men-infected-with-even-mild-covid-cases-experience-long-term-decline-in-semen-quality/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COVID</a>,” explained Antônio de Pádua Serafim, the study’s first author and a professor at the Institute of Psychology (IP-USP).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-memory-and-attention-impairments-nbsp">Memory and attention impairments&nbsp;</h2>



The results of the study emphasize the potential impact of neuroinflammation due to COVID-19 infection. Memory and attention impairments are not limited to those who were intubated or received intensive care.&nbsp;



“Some of the data analyzed in the study were from patients who didn’t require intensive care or didn’t even have sufficient symptoms to be hospitalized and nevertheless exhibited memory loss and attention deficit,” Serafim noted. “The findings therefore opened our eyes to the question of neuroinflammation due to COVID-19.”



Attention and memory are crucial <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychedelic-drugs-secreted-from-toad-skin-greatly-improve-cognitive-functioning/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive functions</a> that significantly affect daily life. Participants with poor memory and attention test scores reported difficulties recalling words or performing routine activities, such as forgetting pots on the stove or failing to pick up children from school. 



“Attention is the primary function in all mental activity, and this explains why attention deficit has such a huge impact on people’s daily lives. Impairment of attention in turn affects memory. This also affects processing activity, which involves rapid decision-making based on information,” Serafim explained.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-impairments-in-covid-recovery-nbsp">Addressing impairments in COVID recovery&nbsp;</h2>



The study, funded by the <a href="https://fapesp.br/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">São Paulo Research Foundation</a> (FAPESP), points to the importance of addressing cognitive impairments in COVID-19 recovery. Serafim and his colleagues at USP are developing programs to mitigate these cognitive losses. 



They are exploring non-invasive techniques like neurostimulation and neurofeedback to enhance brain function through neuromodulation, which stimulates synaptic connections.&nbsp;



“We have only case studies so far. For example, in the case of a physician who was in the intensive care unit for 34 days, we conducted a neurofeedback protocol often used to study patients with attention deficit disorder, and he made a good recovery. But that was an isolated case,” Serafim said.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotional-and-cognitive-difficulties-persist-nbsp">Emotional and cognitive difficulties persist&nbsp;</h2>



Despite the end of the severe phase of the pandemic, the cognitive sequelae persist. Serafim emphasized the need for effective intervention programs to address both emotional and cognitive difficulties resulting from COVID-19.&nbsp;



Serafim said that based on the knowledge his team has acquired so far regarding cognitive stimulation and rehabilitation techniques, he believes it may be possible to obtain an improvement in neural connectivity by means of brain training to stimulate overall cognitive ability.



“Many people were infected, and many have sequelae of this kind. However, we don’t have an effective program to intervene not only in the emotional aspects but also in the cognitive difficulties resulting from COVID-19,” said Serafim.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rehabilitation-programs-are-needed">Rehabilitation programs are needed</h2>



The researchers noted that the findings provide empirical evidence regarding cognitive effects post-COVID-19, particularly in individuals experiencing severe disease manifestations.&nbsp;



“Moreover, our study has demonstrated the presence of cognitive difficulties in individuals infected with mild and moderate symptoms, emphasizing the intricate nature of factors associated with COVID-19, as underscored in the existing literature.”&nbsp;



The experts said they have also highlighted the need for a comprehensive, multidimensional approach in rehabilitation programs to address the enduring cognitive impacts of COVID-19.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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Even mild COVID can cause prolonged cognitive impairment

Memory loss and attention deficit are common complaints among those...

Who hasn't cursed at their alarm clock when it’s time to "spring forward" and lose an hour of precious sleep? We all do it, but have you ever stopped to wonder what impact daylight saving time change may have on your lifestyle - particularly your <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-has-little-influence-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>?



A team of researchers from North Carolina (<a href="https://www.ncsu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NC</a>) State University, <a href="https://umanitoba.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Manitoba</a>, <a href="https://www.bfh.ch/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Bern University of Applied Sciences</a>, <a href="https://sc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of South Carolina</a>, and California Baptist University (<a href="https://calbaptist.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CBU</a>) decided to take a closer look.



The aim of their study, aptly titled “Spring Forward = Fall Back? The Effect of Daylight Saving Time Change on Consumers’ Unhealthy Behavior,” was to determine whether the onset of daylight saving triggers consumers to engage in unhealthy behaviors. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-daylight-saving-a-blessing-or-a-curse">Daylight saving - A blessing or a curse?</h2>



Most of us in the United States change our clocks twice a year. That transition "springing forward" certainly gets a fair share of grumbling with the loss of an hour of sleep. It seems the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/irregular-sleep-cycles-linked-to-greater-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">loss of sleep</a> could be just the tip of the iceberg.



This study utilized two unique disaggregate level datasets to capture consumer behavior regarding snack consumption and fitness center visits. 



The team compared calorie consumption from packaged snacks and visits to fitness centers across two sets of customers: those affected by the onset of daylight saving time and those unaffected. The results were quite enlightening.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-bitter-truth-about-sweet-cravings">The bitter truth about sweet cravings</h2>



The research showed that calorie consumption from mainly unhealthy snacks increases <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daylight-saving-time-disrupts-diet-and-exercise/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">after the time change</a>. On top of that, visits to fitness centers decline.



This effect is amplified during the evening hours and on cloudy days. It appears the lack of sleep caused by that one-hour setback begins to take a toll on our self-control, leading to less healthy consumption behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-about-falling-back">What about falling back?</h2>



You'd think that gaining an extra hour of sleep when we transition from daylight saving time to standard time (during fall) might have a positive effect on eating habits. 



Interestingly, the study found that the fall transition had no effect on calories consumed from unhealthy snacks.



These findings make a strong case for policymakers to consider ending the biannual time changes. From a consumer well-being perspective, the researchers suggest that public health campaigns promoting healthy eating and exercise might be particularly necessary around the time change.



For consumers, the findings are a call to action. We need to emphasize self-control strategies, like avoiding stocking up on unhealthy snacks before the time change. 



Fitness center members might find it beneficial to plan activities close to the center to reduce the effort required to visit it following the time change. Those of us who are susceptible to self-control failures might benefit from seeking support from peers and platforms incentivizing healthy behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-technology-in-various-industries">Technology in various industries</h2>



“Our study indicates that the onset of daylight saving time is an obstacle to consumers’ health goals, suggesting that policy makers should continue trying to end the time changes. Further, from a consumer well-being perspective, public health campaigns promoting healthy eating and exercise might be especially necessary around the time change,” noted the researchers.



Novel technologies, such as smart circadian lighting systems, might help consumers reset their circadian clocks less disruptively. Apps designed to reduce jet lag for travelers can also be used to minimize the effect of the time change.



For firms in health-related industries, these insights can be utilized to anticipate demand and serve their customers better around the onset of daylight saving time. 



For instance, fitness centers could offer promotions like free coffee or competitions to counter consumers' tendency to skip exercising after the time change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adapting-to-daylight-saving-time">Adapting to daylight saving time</h2>



As the clock springs forward, why not embrace some smart strategies to adapt smoothly to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changing-sleep-patterns-reveal-insights-about-your-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new schedule</a>?



Start by gradually adjusting your sleep patterns a few days before the switch to ease the shock to your circadian rhythm. 



Once the change kicks in, stay ahead of cravings by focusing on hydration and nutrient-dense foods. Plus, committing to an <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/resistance-exercise-in-the-evening-can-improve-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exercise routine</a>, even a brisk walk, can boost your mood and energy.



While the debate on whether to keep or abolish daylight saving continues, what’s clear is that we need to be mindful of our health around these time changes. So, the next time the clocks spring forward, perhaps think twice before reaching for that bag of chips.



The study is published in the <a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00222429241256570" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Marketing</a>. 



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Daylight saving time causes unhealthy lifestyle choices

Who hasn't cursed at their alarm clock when it’s time...

Alcohol has long been associated with social gatherings, celebrations, and moments of relaxation, but its impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alcohol-is-riskier-to-the-heart-than-previously-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart health</a> is often overlooked and underestimated.



If you’ve ever found your heart pounding in your chest after a night of intense partying, you might have just shrugged it off as a typical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/no-more-alcohol-hangovers-thanks-to-new-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hangover</a> symptom, assuming it to be a temporary discomfort.



However, recent animal research studies have unveiled a far more significant and concerning connection between alcohol and heart health.



These insights could fundamentally alter the way we perceive our favorite intoxicant and prompt us to reconsider our drinking habits.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-holiday-heart-syndrome">Holiday heart syndrome</h2>



Globally, binge drinking is rampant. This term is defined as consuming five drinks within two hours for men, and four drinks within two hours for women. 



Interestingly, a surge in atrial fibrillation (AFib), the most common type of irregular heart rhythm, has also been observed. These episodes of AFib often coincide with periods of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heavy-drinking-increases-the-buildup-of-ectopic-fat-around-the-heart-and-liver/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heavy drinking</a>. This correlation is so common that it has been aptly named "holiday heart syndrome."



Saugat Khanal is a postdoctoral scholar in the department of physiology &amp; cell biology at <a href="https://medicine.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University College of Medicine</a> in Columbus.



“Around the holidays, opportunities for celebration – often accompanied by heavy drinking – occur during a brief period of time. Unfortunately, this sometimes sends revelers, even those with no previous heart condition, to the hospital with a racing or abnormally beating heart,” said Khanal.



“Our study in mice explored the mechanism of alcohol-induced arrhythmia and a possible way to prevent it in the future.”



Binge drinkers, even without any pre-existing heart conditions, often find themselves admitted to the hospital with irregular heartbeats. Heavy drinking provokes this condition due to the stress-induced protein called JNK2 as studies found out.



Under the influence of alcohol, the heart cells mismanage calcium, causing the heart to beat too fast or irregularly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-possible-beacon-of-hope-for-binge-drinkers">Possible beacon of hope for binge drinkers</h2>



These preliminary studies are now giving us a solution to this worrisome trend. An agent known as Alda-1 has shown promise in preventing the activation of JNK2 that leads to AFib. 



During the study, mice subjected to alcohol mimicking binge drinking were divided into different groups. One of these groups was given Alda-1.



The results were astounding. More than 70% of the mice replicating binge drinking developed AFib, while none of those who received Alda-1 showed any sign of AFib.



The levels of JNK2 activity doubled in the alcohol group, which increased the susceptibility to AFib. Conversely, in the Alda-1 group, both the JNK2 enzyme activity and calcium handling remained normal in the heart cells.



“Abstinence from alcohol can prevent most alcohol-associated AFib risks. Unfortunately, despite nationwide education efforts, binge drinking among all age groups continues to rise. Our findings suggest that developing new drugs, including Alda-1 and other JNK2-specific inhibitors, may be an effective anti-AFib strategy for people with holiday heart syndrome,” said Khanal.



Although promising, these findings are currently limited in scope. The experiment was conducted on mice, which may not fully represent the complexities of human physiology and binge drinking's cardiovascular impacts. 



“Studies using larger animals will be a future direction to translate our exciting findings into clinical applications,” noted Khanal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alcohol-estrogen-and-heart-health-in-women">Alcohol, estrogen, and heart health in women</h2>



On the other spectrum, alcohol seems to unfavorably influence heart function in women taking estrogen replacement.



Syed Anees Ahmed is a postdoctoral researcher in pharmacology and toxicology at the <a href="https://medicine.ecu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University</a> in Greenville, North Carolina.



“It was surprising to see the significant impact estrogen had on alcohol-induced heart dysfunction, despite its known cardioprotective effects. Premenopausal and menopausal women taking hormone replacement therapy should be cautious about alcohol consumption because it may be a factor in heart dysfunction,” said Ahmeed.



In a study involving female rats, regular alcohol exposure showed differing effects on rats that received hormones to replenish their estrogen supply and those that did not. 



Intriguingly, alcohol seemed to disrupt clock proteins, known regulators of heart function. This disruption led to increased oxidative stress, which can trigger plaque build-up in arteries, and ferroptosis, a type of cell death resulting from excessive iron accumulated in the heart cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rethinking-binge-drinking">Rethinking binge drinking</h2>



These findings are a call to rethink binge drinking practices, especially during holiday periods. 



Additionally, women undergoing hormonal replacement therapy or higher levels of estrogen should exercise caution when consuming alcohol.



However, it's essential to remember that these studies were conducted on animal models. Therefore, they might not fully exhibit the long-term effects of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/genetics-behind-different-levels-alcohol-consumption-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">alcohol consumption</a> on the human heart. 



Nonetheless, the American Heart Association advises moderation in alcohol consumption to maintain optimal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-century-of-progress-in-the-fight-against-cardiovascular-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular health</a>.



The key takeaway from these studies is clear: while moderate consumption might be permissible, binge drinking is a lurking danger for our hearts. 



Awareness and self-restraint might just be the difference between a night of fun and a trip to the hospital.



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Alcohol has a hidden impact on heart health

Alcohol has long been associated with social gatherings, celebrations, and...

Scientists have identified the Western diet as a major contributor to the rise in colon cancer cases. Furthermore, an extensive review of 176 past studies has confirmed a significant correlation between diet and colon cancer.



This comprehensive review is hailed as a significant milestone, providing "tangible data" on the connection between diet, the gut microbiome, and overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-western-diet-and-its-role-in-colon-cancer">Western diet and its role in colon cancer</h2>



Scientists have identified the Western diet as a prime culprit in the rise of colon cancer cases. Rich in sugar, saturated fat, and processed foods, this diet poses the highest risk for developing colon cancer.



Simultaneously, the Western diet leads to decreased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gut-bacteria-linked-to-younger-colon-cancer-patients/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gut bacteria</a> diversity, particularly promoting the proliferation of Bacteroides species, which are linked to obesity. Notoriously low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables, this diet also causes difficulty in breaking down fiber.



Moreover, the Western diet results in a deficit of bacteria species that produce short-chain fatty acids, which are essential for reducing gut inflammation. Chronic inflammation can lead to devastating mutations in cells, increasing their likelihood of becoming cancerous.



Additionally, ultra-processed foods like pizza, chips, and donuts trigger high inflammation levels, further escalating health risks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-green-mediterranean-diet">The green Mediterranean diet</h2>



By contrast, the green <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mediterranean-diet-can-lead-to-longer-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mediterranean diet</a>, abundant in fruits, vegetables, olive oil, green tea, and protein-rich aquatic plants like Mankai, showed the best health outcomes among all diets studied.



This diet not only provided a wide range of essential nutrients but also encouraged a surge in "health-promoting bacteria," significantly reducing the presence of bacteria associated with cellular damage and disease.



By fostering a healthier gut microbiome, the green Mediterranean diet emerged as a powerful ally in preventing colon cancer and promoting overall health.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-power-of-high-fiber">The power of high fiber</h2>



High-fiber diets, encouraged for weight loss and addressing chronic constipation, also demonstrated a protective effect against colon cancer, type-2 diabetes, and inflammation. 



By altering the gut microbiome, the high fiber intake led to a significant surge in Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium bacteria - producers of beneficial compounds like short-chain fatty acids.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-based-diet-a-strong-ally">Plant-based diet: A strong ally</h2>



The benefits of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-based-diet-improves-health-in-women-with-breast-cancer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant-based diet</a> were also spotlighted in the research. This type of diet significantly lowered the risk of colon cancer, as polyphenols found in plants prompted the growth of beneficial bacteria.



Notably, this diet increased the presence of a group of bacteria named Akkermansia, which is known for fighting various bacterial diseases and enhancing overall gut health. 



By promoting a healthier gut microbiome, a plant-based diet serves as a powerful ally in the fight against colon cancer and other related health issues.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-protein-and-ketogenic-diets">High-protein and ketogenic diets</h2>



However, scientists have raised concerns over high-protein diets rich in red <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beef-and-dairy-contain-a-powerful-cancer-fighting-nutrient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">meat</a>. Hydrogen sulfide is released from meat breakdown, which causes damaging mutations to nearby cells.



Additionally, the researchers suggest that ketogenic diets need further investigation due to their potential to cause drastic drops in beneficial bacteria populations.



Study lead author Dr. Catherine Stanton, who works for the public-private Irish state organization <a href="https://www.teagasc.ie/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Teagasc</a>, highlighted the critical role of diet in maintaining gut microbiome balance and its metabolic functions.



"Our review highlights the profound impact of different diets on the gut microbiome," said Dr. Stanton. "This understanding is crucial for developing dietary recommendations that promote health and prevent disease."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colon-cancer-in-young-people">Colon cancer in young people</h2>



The urgency for this research comes in the wake of an alarming rise in colon cancer cases among under-50s. An estimated 17,000 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-cancer-rates-in-young-adults-linked-to-accelerated-aging/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">younger people</a> are developing this disease annually. The rate among those in their late 20s and early 30s has escalated by around 70 percent.



Simultaneously, other cancers are also surging among younger individuals, including bile duct, breast, and appendix cancers. 



While the exact cause remains elusive, obesity rates and processed food consumption are being scrutinized. In parallel, a study cited an additive found in energy drinks like Red Bull as a potential cancer cell growth fuel.



Efforts are underway to comprehend these developments, with a $25 million investigation launched to study the cause of the rise in cancer among young adults. The study's findings could influence changes in colon cancer screening guidelines, with calls to reduce the current age limit of 45 for screening.



As we gain deeper insights into the diet-cancer nexus, these findings underline the importance of dietary choices. A shift towards health-promoting diets may be a crucial step in combating the rise of colon cancer among younger populations.



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Western diet identified as major cause of colon cancer

Scientists have identified the Western diet as a major contributor...

There's a powerful tool to combat age-related dementia; it's as simple as putting down your Google-enabled device and taking a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-afternoon-naps-impact-our-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nap</a>. 



This surprising wisdom is delivered by esteemed Canadian academic, Professor Mohamed I. Elmasry, in his groundbreaking book, "iMind: Artificial and Real Intelligence."



The professor argues that we've become so smitten with artificial intelligence (AI) that we've neglected to nurture our organic (real) intelligence (RI). 



However, the brain, like our handheld devices, contains hardware, software, and apps of its own. 



With proper care, exercise, and mental stimulation, the brain can prove more powerful and enduring than any AI-powered gadget.



By focusing on maintaining our cognitive health through activities such as brain games, mindfulness, and rest, we can enhance the capabilities and longevity of our minds, ensuring that our natural intelligence remains sharp and resilient throughout our lives.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coping-with-dementia">Coping with dementia</h2>



Professor Elmasry, a renowned figure in the realms of microchip design and AI, has lost loved ones to Alzheimer’s and other forms of dementia. These personal tragedies ignited his passion to explore the marvels and potential of the human mind.



Dismissing the notion that smart devices are becoming increasingly smarter, he contends that they pale in comparison with our brains.



The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>, Elmasry asserts, has an unparalleled capacity for storage, longevity, energy efficiency, and self-healing. It outperforms any smartphone, which typically has a lifespan of about 10 years, while a well-kept brain may function optimally for more than a century.



"Your brain-mind is the highest-value asset you have, or will ever have. Increase its potential and longevity by caring for it early in life, keeping it and your body healthy so it can continue to develop," writes Elmasry.



To this end, he advocates for daily brain workouts, such as "brain games," for keeping our minds sharp.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-swap-screens-for-cognitive-scenes">Swap screens for cognitive scenes</h2>



Professor Elmasry shares how reliance on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-ai-systems-learn-like-the-human-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">AI</a> smartphone apps has replaced the use of real intelligence among younger generations.



In a telling example, he recounts an episode where his grandchildren, after spending a week in Cuba, couldn't recall the capital of the country without resorting to a search engine. 



“A <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/daily-multivitamins-slow-cognitive-aging-and-improve-memory/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy memory</a> goes hand-in-hand with real intelligence. Our memory simply can't reach its full potential without RI,” says Elmasry.



His book, published by <a href="https://www.routledge.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Routledge</a>, delves into the evolution of microchip design, machine learning, and AI. He also compares the functionality of the human mind and brain with AI-based systems like smartphones and ChatGPT.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-narrowing-the-ai-divide">Narrowing the AI divide</h2>



Through "iMind: Artificial and Real Intelligence," Elmasry aspires to bridge the understanding gap between real and artificial intelligence, while also addressing ongoing debates and controversies surrounding AI. 



He delves into the nuances of how AI can complement rather than replace our natural cognitive abilities, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to technology.



Moreover, he hopes to inspire researchers to discover new treatments for degenerative conditions like Alzheimer's and cancer. By highlighting the untapped potential of our brains, Elmasry aims to shift focus towards nurturing our mental faculties alongside advancing AI technologies.



By promoting a deeper understanding of how our brains function compared to AI systems, Elmasry aims to encourage innovations that leverage the strengths of both real and artificial intelligence, ultimately leading to breakthroughs in medical research and therapeutic approaches for these debilitating diseases. 



This comprehensive perspective not only seeks to advance scientific knowledge but also to foster a holistic approach to cognitive health and technological development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-napping-and-other-dementia-prevention-techniques">Napping and other dementia prevention techniques</h2>



Elmasry asserts that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-secret-ingredient-to-healthy-aging-your-midlife-diet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">healthy aging</a> deserves as much attention as climate change, even though it doesn’t receive as much publicity. He proposes a series of reforms to promote active aging, such as transforming bingo halls into vibrant learning centers.



The professor also offers practical advice to strengthen our Real Intelligence. Napping, for instance, can refresh our memory and other brain functions.



Research on the relationship between napping and dementia prevention is ongoing. Some studies suggest that short naps can be beneficial for brain health by improving cognitive function, mood, and memory. 



Professor Elmasry recommends building an "associative" memory by attaching new information to what we already know.



His other techniques include integrating a day of complete rest into the week, evaluating lifestyle habits from as early as your 20s or 30s, adhering to a healthy diet, and moderating or avoiding alcohol to lower dementia risk.



By cultivating these habits and fostering mindfulness, we can ensure that our "brain apps" continue to run smoothly, enriching our lives and empowering us into an age of real intelligence.



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Stop googling, start napping to reduce dementia risk

There's a powerful tool to combat age-related dementia; it's as...

Blushing, that sudden warmth and redness in your cheeks during embarrassing or shy moments, is a uniquely human expression.&nbsp;Charles Darwin even called it "the most peculiar and most human of all&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">expressions</a>."&nbsp;



But what exactly causes us this? What are the underlying mechanisms behind this intriguing phenomenon?&nbsp;



To understand why we blush, we need to look at how our emotions, brain, and social interactions work together.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-karaoke-study-reveals-insights">Karaoke study reveals insights</h2>



To unravel these mysteries, researchers from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.uva.nl/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Amsterdam</a>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.unich.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Chieti</a>, under the supervision of the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, embarked on an innovative study.&nbsp;



They employed a creative and unconventional approach, using karaoke as a tool to evoke and study responses in a controlled environment.&nbsp;



This inventive method allowed the researchers to observe and measure the physiological and neurological aspects of blushing in real-time, providing new insights into this unique&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/can-robots-read-your-mind-this-one-can-anticipate-your-smile/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human expression</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychology-behind-blushing">Psychology behind blushing</h2>



“There’s this idea in psychology that dates back to Darwin, who said that blushing occurs when we think about what other people think of us, which involves relatively complex cognitive skills,” noted developmental psychologist Milica Nikolic.



To embark on this journey of unraveling the mysteries of blushing, the researchers skilfully used a karaoke setting.&nbsp;



Female adolescents, known for being particularly sensitive to social judgement and therefore more susceptible to blushing, were chosen as the study participants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-novel-approach-to-investigation">Novel approach to investigation</h2>



The participants were invited to the lab for two separate sessions. In the first session, they were asked to sing difficult karaoke songs to evoke a potential blushing response. 



In the second session, they watched their own&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-were-drawn-to-certain-singing-voices-a-scientific-insight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">singing</a>&nbsp;performances while their&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mixed-emotions-linked-to-unique-brain-activity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brain activity</a>&nbsp;and physiological responses, including cheek temperature as an indicator of blushing, were measured.&nbsp;



Adding an extra layer of intrigue, the participants were told they would watch their recordings in the presence of an audience, and were also shown recordings from another participant and a professional singer disguised as a participant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neurobiology-of-blushing">Neurobiology of blushing</h2>



Predictably, the researchers discovered that the participants blushed more often while watching their own performances.&nbsp;



Fascinatingly, the brain areas that were activated during these moments were not the ones traditionally known to play a role in understanding oneself or others' mental states.&nbsp;



Blushing was associated with increased activity in the cerebellum, a brain region widely recognized for its role in movement and coordination, and also in the early visual areas.&nbsp;



“Lately, there has been a lot of research suggesting its involvement in emotional processing,” said Nikolic.



“Based on this we concluded that thinking about others’ thoughts may not be necessary for blushing to occur. Blushing may be a part of the automatic arousal you feel when you are exposed and there is something that is relevant to the self.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-insights-into-the-human-psyche">Insights into the human psyche</h2>



“The next step would be to look at blushing under different conditions, or perhaps, even explore the phenomenon in younger children, before they have developed the cognitive skills to think about other people’s thoughts,” Nikolic noted.



Recognizing blushing as a universal phenomenon, Nikolic points out its relevance in understanding&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-discovery-social-anxiety-can-be-targeted-in-the-gut/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">social anxiety</a>disorder and everyday human interaction.&nbsp;



In understanding the nuances of blushing, we gain new insights into the human psyche and its complex emotional machinery.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-perspective">Evolutionary perspective</h2>



Blushing may not just be a social cue but could also serve evolutionary purposes. From an evolutionary standpoint, displaying vulnerability through blushing may signal honesty or submission, fostering social bonds and cooperation within groups. 



By revealing one’s emotional state, individuals could elicit empathy and support from others, which could have been critical for survival in early human communities. 



This perspective aligns with the idea that blushing has been naturally selected as an adaptive trait, helping to maintain social harmony among individuals who share group dynamics.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cultural-perspectives-on-blushing">Cultural perspectives on blushing</h2>



Blushing is not only a fascinating psychological and physiological phenomenon but also a cultural one.&nbsp;



Different cultures perceive and react to blushing in varied ways. In some Eastern cultures, blushing is seen as a sign of humility and modesty. These traits are highly valued. In contrast, Western cultures often interpret blushing as a sign of guilt or embarrassment.



These cultural differences highlight the complex interplay between biology and societal norms.&nbsp;



Understanding these cultural perspectives can provide us with a richer, more nuanced view of why we blush and how it's interpreted by others around the world.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2024.0958" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences</a>.



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What causes people to blush?

Blushing, that sudden warmth and redness in your cheeks during...

Human populations are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-reversed-aging-in-mice-by-decades/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aging</a> worldwide and there is an increased risk of depression among the elderly. 



Depression manifests through a variety of symptoms, including anhedonia, reduced volition, fragility of cognitive processing, loss of appetite, increased fatigue, and poor concentration, which in older adults are often compounded by underlying neurodegenerative conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-combating-late-life-depression-nbsp">Combating late-life depression&nbsp;</h2>



Scientists have long argued that, besides medication - which is often accompanied by a variety of side effects - other approaches, such as dietary changes could also play a major role in combating late-life depression.&nbsp;



Moreover, an increasing number of scholars claim that earlier <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/healthy-diet-positively-influences-the-brains-structure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dietary patterns</a> may influence the onset of depression later in life.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-midlife-fruit-consumption-nbsp">Midlife fruit consumption&nbsp;</h2>



To test this hypothesis, a team of researchers led by the <a href="https://nus.edu.sg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National University of Singapore</a> (NUS) enrolled 13,738 participants from the <a href="https://sph.nus.edu.sg/research/cohort-schs/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Singapore Chinese Health Study</a>, a longitudinal endeavor tracking participants through their midlife to later life.&nbsp;



The findings revealed that those who consumed significant quantities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eating-fruits-and-vegetables-improves-overall-gut-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fruits</a> in their midlife experience fewer depressive symptoms later on.



The experts focused on the consumption of 14 fruits usually consumed in Singapore, including oranges, tangerines, bananas, watermelons, and papayas. 



The results were clear: the consistent consumption of any of these fruits during midlife significantly decreased the emergence of depression later in life. By contrast, consumption of vegetables did not seem to be connected with a lower likelihood of depression.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-s-protective-role-against-depression-nbsp">Fruit’s protective role against depression&nbsp;</h2>



Most likely, the high levels of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds found in fruits - including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/organic-onions-antioxidants-flavonoids/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flavonoids</a>, carotenoids, and vitamin C - could play a significant protective role against the development of depression.



Principal investigator Koh Woon Puay, an expert in nutrition at NUS, said the study underscores the importance of fruit consumption as a preventive measure against aging-related depression.&nbsp;



“In our study population, participants who had at least 3 servings of fruits a day, compared to those with less than one serving a day, were able to reduce the likelihood of aging-related depression significantly by at least 21 percent,” said Koh.&nbsp;“This can be achieved by eating one to two servings of fruits after every meal.”



According to Koh, the results did not show any difference between fruits with high and low glycemic index. “Hence, for those with diabetes, they can choose fruits with low glycemic index that will not raise blood sugars as much as those with high index.”&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-research-nbsp">Focus of the research&nbsp;</h2>



In the initial stage of the study (1993 to 1998), participants aged between seven and 51 were asked to answer a questionnaire focused on how often they consumed a standard daily serving of 14 fruits and 25 vegetables.&nbsp;



Then, between 2014 and 2016, when the individuals were of average age of 73, their depressive symptoms were quantified through the Geriatric Depression Scale, a standard way of diagnosing depression among the elderly.&nbsp;



The investigation revealed that 23.1% of them reported having five or more symptoms, and that earlier consumption of fruits (but not vegetables) helped protect individuals against later onset depression.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-largest-population-based-study-nbsp">Largest population-based study&nbsp;</h2>



Koh noted that the study aimed to examine the relationship of midlife consumption of fruits and vegetables with the risk of depression in late life.&nbsp;



“Although other studies have also examined the associations of fruits and vegetables with risk of depression, there are inconsistencies in the results, and many of them were done in Western populations,” said Koh.&nbsp;



“To our best knowledge, ours is the largest population-based study in an Asian population to study this association.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fruit-consumption-prevents-depression-nbsp">Fruit consumption prevents depression&nbsp;</h2>



The findings suggest that promoting fruit consumption in mid-aged individuals could prevent the onset of late-life depression, and thus significantly contribute to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-alone-in-america-an-escalating-public-health-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">public health</a> worldwide.&nbsp;



Further research is needed to assess the relation between depression and other behavioral modifiable factors, including sleep, smoking, and other dietary patterns.



“Given the rising prevalence of depressive symptoms among older adults in late life, interventions which encourage consumption of fruits at early life may prove to be feasible and effective in reducing the likelihood of depressive symptoms in older adults,” said the researchers.



The experts noted that future studies could investigate the underlying micronutrients in fruits that may mediate the protective effects against depression.



The study is published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnha.2024.100275" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Journal of Nutrition, Health, and Aging</a>.&nbsp;



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Eating fruit can protect you from late-life depression

Human populations are aging worldwide and there is an increased...

If you snooze away the alarm regularly, it might be comforting for you to know that your consistent sleep pattern could act as a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-deprivation-linked-type-2-diabetes-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">protective shield</a> against Type 2 diabetes.



Researchers at <a href="https://www.brighamandwomens.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Brigham and Women's Hospital</a> have unlocked a significant finding - middle-aged to older adults running on irregular sleep cycles carry a higher risk of developing diabetes compared to their counterparts who never miss out on their beauty sleep.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-diabetes-connection">Sleep-diabetes connection</h2>



The study was led by Dr. Sina Kianersi, a research fellow in the Channing Division of Network Medicine at Brigham and Women's Hospital.



"Our study identified a modifiable lifestyle factor that can help lower the risk of developing type 2 diabetes," said Dr. Kianers. "Our findings underscore the importance of consistent sleep patterns as a strategy to reduce type 2 diabetes."



The research team discovered adults displaying the most irregular sleep patterns woke up to a 34 percent higher diabetes risk than the regular sleepers. This eye-opening correlation emphasizes the pivotal role of regular sleep in keeping diabetes at bay.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-risks-of-inconsistent-sleep">Risks of inconsistent sleep</h2>



Type 2 diabetes is a buzzing health alert that affects nearly half a billion people across the globe. No surprises then, it bags a spot in the dreaded top 10 list of leading causes of death and disability.



With forecasts painting a grim picture of the affected number doubling by 2050, the research holds high relevance as an innovative strategy for diabetes prevention.



The team of investigators delved into accelerometry data from over 84,000 participants from the UK Biobank Study, aiming to draw a parallel between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleeping-less-than-seven-hours-high-blood-pressure-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">inconsistent sleep duration</a> and diabetes. Participants, averaging 62 years, wore devices used to monitor movement for a week.



The research pivoted around two key questions - the possibility of irregular sleep durations instigating diabetes through circadian disruption and sleep disturbances, and whether any variations arise across genetic predispositions to diabetes.



Despite considering a wide array of risk factors, the findings confirmed a higher diabetes risk with more inconsistent sleep patterns. The link seemed to tighten in those who were more prone to sleep for longer durations or carried a lower genetic risk for diabetes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-link-with-diabetes">Sleep link with diabetes</h2>



Compared to their "regular sleep" counterparts, participants showing irregular sleep (day-to-day sleep varying by over 60 minutes on average) were found to carry a 34% higher risk of developing diabetes.



Even after considering variables like lifestyle habits, family diabetes history, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-sex-differences-in-sleep-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">co-morbidities</a> and obesity indicators, the risk was persistent, albeit at a smaller scale.



The research, though comprehensive, had its share of limitations. The lifestyle data analyzed for the study had been gathered up to 5 years prior, which might have influenced the accuracy of the findings.



Furthermore, a 7-day <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/micro-naps-in-the-brain-some-regions-sleep-while-others-stay-awake/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep duration</a> assessment might not accurately represent long-term sleep patterns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-to-improve-diabetes-prevention">Potential to improve diabetes prevention </h2>



The researchers are keen to extend their study to younger participants and more racially diverse groups. The reasons behind sleep irregularity amplifying the risk of diabetes is their next exploration zone.



"Our findings have the potential to improve diabetes prevention on multiple levels," said Dr. Kianersi.



"Clinically, they might inform better patient care and treatment plans. Public health guidelines could promote regular sleep patterns. However, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanism and confirm the results in other populations."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-research-team-and-funding">Research team and funding</h2>



Besides Sina Kianersi, the BWH authors included Heming Wang, Tamar Sofer, and Susan Redline, with contributions from Raymond Noordam, Andrew Phillips, Martin K. Rutter, and Tianyi Huang (formerly at BWH).



The study received funding from the National Institutes of Health (grant number R01HL155395) and the UKB project 85501. Kianersi was supported by the American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship.



Give yourself the gift of sound sleep and keep diabetes at a distance. Does this call for adapting to a regular <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/insufficient-sleep-increases-diabetes-risk-in-women/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep pattern</a> starting tonight? 



Remember, consistency is key when it comes to sleep. By making small changes and sticking to them, you can significantly improve your overall health in the long run. 



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article-abstract/doi/10.2337/dc24-0213/156955/Association-Between-Accelerometer-Measured?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Diabetes Care</a>.



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Irregular sleep cycles linked to greater diabetes risk

If you snooze away the alarm regularly, it might be...

In the rapidly evolving world of digital games, a surprising new player has emerged: electronic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/e-cigarettes-linked-to-increased-risk-of-heart-failure/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cigarettes</a>.



Once simple nicotine delivery devices, these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/frequent-vaping-exposes-teens-to-toxic-metals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vape devices</a> are now being equipped with sophisticated touch screens, animated displays, and even embedded games, marking a potentially concerning trend in both the tech and gaming industries.



This technological evolution transforms vaping into an interactive experience that may attract more young users, inadvertently coupling the risks of nicotine addiction with those of gaming disorder.



As electronic cigarettes become more enticing and multifunctional, the lines between recreational gaming and nicotine consumption blur, raising significant public health concerns.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-new-draw-of-electronic-cigarettes">The new draw of electronic cigarettes</h2>



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> are sounding the alarm on these new tech-savvy products.



The heightened concern lies in the possible expansion of the electronic cigarette market to include young people who previously had no interest in nicotine products. This could simultaneously reinforce <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/vaping-epidemic-half-of-students-who-try-e-cigs-get-hooked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nicotine addiction</a> among existing users.



"Our lab is constantly monitoring the electronic cigarette market for new devices, especially ones that target youth and young adults," said study first author Man Wong.



The team flagged devices such as the Craftbox V-Play, which can host games like Pac-Man, Tetris, and F22.



Other concerning products include vapes with built-in games encouraging users to vape, those boasting animations changing as users puff, and devices that enable customization with personal photos and offer celebrity-endorsed promotional trading cards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-growing-issue-of-disposable-vapes">Growing issue of disposable vapes</h2>



Disposable vapes, which were relatively simple devices two years ago, now resemble smartphones with handheld gaming device features, making them increasingly attractive to young users.



Tech-forward improvements have shifted these items from being mere nicotine delivery devices to potential triple-threat addictions: nicotine dependence, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gaming-addiction-mental-health-disorder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gaming disorder</a>, and screen time obsession.



The researchers were taken aback by the discovery of smart vapes sporting games that required <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/teen-vaping-rates-surge-despite-health-risks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaping</a> to advance levels. An example of this was the URSA Pocket, a refillable pod-system with three built-in games. One game features a virtual pet fed with coins earned through puffing.



The scientists further voiced their concern about the affordability of such devices, often priced around $15-20, which makes them accessible to young audiences who might be enticed to purchase and use them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-urgent-call-for-regulation">Urgent call for regulation</h2>



Given the potential risks, the researchers argue for a closer monitoring and regulation of these devices. 



They propose that heightening awareness of how quickly vapes can evolve may enhance surveillance and encourage swift removal of youth-targeted products from the market. 



The researchers offer potential solutions such as imposing stricter regulation to restrict certain vape features and advocating for a complete ban on disposable vapes - an approach adopted by several countries.



But it's not just an addiction problem, it is an environmental issue too. Disposable vapes, being one-time-use products, generate considerable waste, exacerbated by the addition of screens, Bluetooth, and digital storage to these devices.



The research, funded by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Center for Tobacco Products, provides valuable insights for future regulation and public health policies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-electronic-cigarettes-integrated-with-gaming">Electronic cigarettes integrated with gaming</h2>



The integration of gaming and vaping not only raises concerns about addiction but also about the long-term health impacts on young users. 



Nicotine is known to affect brain development, particularly in adolescents, potentially leading to cognitive impairments, mood disorders, and a higher likelihood of addiction to other substances. 



The lure of integrated gaming features could exacerbate these issues by increasing the frequency and duration of vaping sessions.



Moreover, the combination of prolonged screen time and nicotine use can lead to a sedentary lifestyle, contributing to obesity, cardiovascular problems, and other health issues. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-role-of-parents-and-educators">The role of parents and educators</h2>



Parents and educators play a crucial role in combating this emerging trend. By raising awareness about the dangers of combined vaping and gaming, they can help prevent young individuals from falling into these harmful habits. 



Open conversations about the risks, coupled with monitoring and guidance, can significantly reduce the appeal of these devices.



Educational programs that emphasize the importance of healthy habits and the risks associated with nicotine and prolonged screen time are essential. Schools should consider integrating such programs into their health curriculums to equip students with the knowledge and strategies to resist these temptations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-intersection-of-gaming-and-vaping">Intersection of gaming and vaping</h2>



The intersection of vaping and gaming presents a multifaceted challenge that requires a coordinated effort from researchers, policymakers, parents, and educators.



As we navigate the evolving landscape of digital innovation, we must prioritize the health and well-being of our youth. 



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.bmj.com/wp-signup.php?new=tobaccocontrol" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Tobacco control</a>.



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Electronic cigarettes with games: A dangerous innovation

In the rapidly evolving world of digital games, a surprising...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://welcome.miami.edu/">University of Miami</a> Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science explores how changes in water temperatures have affected tiger shark habitats and movements in the North Atlantic Ocean. The study reveals that rising temperatures have caused the sharks to shift toward the poles over the past 40 years.



“Tiger shark annual migrations have expanded poleward, paralleling rising water temperatures,” explained study lead author Neil Hammerschlag. “These results have consequences for tiger shark conservation, since shifts in their movements outside of marine protected areas may leave them more vulnerable to commercial fishing.”



The researchers analyzed nine years of tracking data from satellite-tagged tiger sharks, combined with four decades of conventional tag and recapture data provided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Cooperative Shark Tagging Program.



The experts found that during the last decade of record heat, for every one-degree Celsius increase in water temperatures, tiger sharks migrated further poleward by over 400 kilometers. They also migrated two weeks earlier than usual to waters off the northeastern coast of the United States.



“Given their role as apex predators, these changes to tiger shark movements may alter predator-prey interactions, leading to ecological imbalances, and more frequent encounters with humans,” concluded Professor Hammerschlag.



Video Credit: University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Tiger sharks are shifting poleward as temperatures rise

Today’s Video of the Day from the University of Miami...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> is focused on the melt ponds that emerge during the spring and summer on the Greenland Ice Sheet, which is the largest ice mass in the northern hemisphere.



"Melt ponds are vast pools of open water that form on both sea ice and ice sheets and are visible as turquoise-blue pools of water in this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image," says ESA.



"When snow and ice melts atop glaciers, water flows in channels and streams and collects in depressions on the surface. These melt ponds can speed up the melting of the surrounding ice since they greatly reduce the ice’s ability to reflect sunlight."



"This can create a positive feedback where an increasing number of melt ponds absorb more heat which causes ice cover to melt even faster."



According to ESA, Greenland has been hit with a late-season heatwave that began in early September. This caused the type of melt event that usually occurs in the middle of summer.



"In a recent paper published in Nature Climate Change, scientists found that major sea-level rise from the melting of the Greenland ice cap is now ‘inevitable’ even if the burning of fossil fuels were to halt overnight," says ESA. "Using satellite observations of Greenland ice loss and ice cap from 2000 to 2019, the team found the losses will lead to a minimum rise of 27 cm regardless of climate change."



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Melt ponds on the Greenland Ice Sheet

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> describes a new map of Mars that is providing insight into the planet’s watery past. The map also reveals where future missions could safely land on Mars.&nbsp;



The map has been created over the last decade using observations of water-rich rocks and mineral deposits. The images were captured by ESA’s Mars Express and NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.



"A big surprise is the prevalence of these minerals, with the map revealing hundreds of thousands of water-affected locations in the oldest parts of the planet," says ESA. "The new data will help answer exciting questions about Mars’ climate history, whether water was globally persistent or confined to short, intense episodes, and whether the conditions were ever suitable for life."



"Specifically, the map shows the locations and abundances of aqueous minerals. These are from rocks that have been chemically altered by the action of water in the past, and have typically been transformed into clays and salts."



According to John Carter of the Institut d’Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS), our collective understanding of Mars has been oversimplified. He explained that planetary scientists have tended to think that only a few types of clay minerals on Mars were created during its wet period, then as the water gradually dried up, salts were produced across the planet.



The new map shows that the composition of Mars is much more complicated than what we thought. For example, while many salts formed after Martian clays, there are some salts that are presumed to be older than some of the clays.&nbsp;



“The evolution from lots of water to no water is not as clear cut as we thought, the water didn’t just stop overnight. We see a huge diversity of geological contexts, so that no one process or simple timeline can explain the evolution of the mineralogy of Mars. That’s the first result of our study. The second is that if you exclude life processes on Earth, Mars exhibits a diversity of mineralogy in geological settings just as Earth does,” said Carter.



Video Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The history of Mars is much more complex than we thought

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes how cavefish adapted to a sedentary lifestyle over tens of thousands of years. 



The experts found that the muscle metabolism of cavefish has been genetically reprogrammed over time. As a result, the animals have experienced major changes in their morphology and behavior. Despite these changes, however, the cavefish remain healthy and fit.



The research may provide new clues about the evolutionary consequences of prolonged physical inactivity in humans.&nbsp;



“It’s no surprise that people are moving less and less as technology has advanced,” said Rohner. “With cavefish, we have a unique system where we can study what might happen if people remained couch potatoes over very, very long periods of time.”



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Cavefish are healthy despite their sedentary lifestyle

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> some of the most incredible waves in the world, as seen by Landsat satellites.



"With more than 370,000 miles of coastline on Earth, there are plenty of places where epic waves build up, curl over, and hurtle toward the shore.- much to the thrill of surfers," says NASA. "There are some places where these waves are so magnificent that they can be seen from space."



"With the broad perspective of satellites, we can see how these iconic waves develop into the world’s tallest, longest, fastest, and heaviest."



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites capture the world's biggest and fastest waves

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