Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast.



Researchers at the <a href="https://www.caes.uga.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Georgia</a> College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural economics to look not just at what people buy, but why they buy it, how often, and what those habits reveal about the modern consumer.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-move-beyond-florists">Flowers move beyond florists</h2>



Drawing on a nationally representative survey of more than 8,500 people, the team found remarkable variety rather than a single archetype. Using marketing-style cluster analysis, they identified 13 distinct kinds of flower buyers.



Some are the classic date-night crowd: heavy on roses, big on Valentine’s Day. Others show up once a year for anniversaries and otherwise keep their wallets shut. 



A growing slice is buying flowers solely for themselves - home-use-only shoppers who treat stems like candles or throw pillows, a mood boost for the living room. And then there’s the “everything” group: people who purchase for all kinds of occasions and tend to spend the most overall.



Ask people what flowers mean and the responses span the spectrum. Word clouds from open-ended answers lit up with “beauty” and “smell,” but also “expensive” and “waste.”



Even so, buyers describe tangible upsides. Those who’d purchased flowers in the past year were more likely to report feeling better at home and at work - <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simple-and-self-guided-nature-program-quickly-improves-mood-and-reduces-stress/">improved mood</a>, less stress, higher morale. The effect was strongest among recent purchasers.



As agricultural economist Ben Campbell put it, “there’s a perceived benefit of buying flowers - whether it’s real or not. People feel they’re getting something valuable from the experience.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-covid-changed-how-we-buy-flowers">Covid changed how we buy flowers</h2>



Behind the scenes, the cut-flower supply chain is both global and intricate. Imports - especially roses from Colombia - still dominate U.S. shelves. But the domestic picture has shifted in surprising ways.



When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-19-lockdowns-weakened-our-immune-systems/">COVID-19</a> hit, weddings and funerals vanished overnight. Growers plowed under fields. Florists closed their doors. And then, stuck at home, people started buying flowers anyway - to brighten kitchen tables and Zoom backgrounds, to mark time when weeks blurred together. Grocery stores and even convenience stores leaned into the demand.



“It became almost like therapy,” said Julie Campbell, the study’s lead author and a horticulture professor. “The habit stuck around.”



That collective turn inward sparked new growth outdoors. From 2017 to 2022, open-field flower acreage in the U.S. more than doubled. Much of that expansion came from small and mid-sized farms growing stems that don’t ship well - zinnias, dahlias, snapdragons - varieties that explode with color but wilt on long-haul flights. 



Rather than compete with mass-produced roses from the Andes, these growers staked out a complementary niche: seasonal, local, and often more diverse.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-local-farms-find-their-niche">Local farms find their niche</h2>



Today’s bouquets are often a collage of origins. One sleeve might hold Ecuadorian roses, California ranunculus, and Georgia-grown <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urban-wildflowers-may-be-harming-bees/">wildflowers</a>, all in the same mix.



Consumers seem comfortable with that blend, and many are learning to read seasonality the way they do with produce: peonies in late spring, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sunflower-family-tree-explains-evolution-of-flower-symmetry/">sunflowers</a> in midsummer, chrysanthemums in fall.



For domestic growers, that seasonality is an advantage. It allows them to sell what travels poorly and tell a fresher story - field to vase instead of farm to table. For retailers, it’s an opportunity to meet shoppers where they already are.



The UGA study suggests that people inclined to toss a bouquet in the cart also value other small home upgrades. In other words, flowers are converging with the broader “home as haven” mindset that accelerated during the pandemic and never really retreated.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-are-no-longer-just-gifts">Flowers are no longer just gifts</h2>



If there’s one throughline in the data, it’s diversity of intent. Flowers are still gifts, of course, but self-purchase is no longer niche. 



The “everything” buyers - those who grab stems for birthdays, apologies, Tuesdays, and everything in between - anchor the market, yet the once-a-year romantics and the treat-yourself crowd matter too.



That mix is why bouquets now show up in so many retail formats. A pharmacy endcap might catch the anniversary buyer; a grocery display might tempt the self-care shopper who wants tulips with their tomatoes.



It also helps explain the emotional payoffs respondents described. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flower-quality-is-a-critical-driver-of-bee-abundance/">Fresh flowers</a> are a fast, visible change in a room and an affordable luxury compared to furniture or renovations. That hit of beauty, scent, and novelty can feel outsize relative to the spend, which reinforces repeat purchases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-where-the-industry-goes-next"><a></a>Where the industry goes next</h2>



Policy and logistics will continue to shape the landscape - trade agreements, air freight costs, and climate impacts all ripple into what appears in the bucket by the checkout. But the UGA team’s work points to a few practical implications now.



Retailers can segment more intelligently, tailoring assortments and messaging to different buyer types rather than assuming a single use case. 



Growers can lean into their strengths - distinctive, local, and seasonal - without trying to displace imports that excel at year-round volume. And marketers can speak to well-being without overpromising: flowers won’t solve life’s problems, but they routinely make spaces feel better, and people notice.



Perhaps the biggest takeaway is the simplest: Americans are still buying flowers - and not just to hand to someone else.



Whether it’s a dozen <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/why-do-delicate-roses-have-such-harsh-prickles/">roses</a> flown in from Colombia or a handful of dahlias clipped from a nearby farm, fresh stems have become an everyday indulgence. They sit by the sink, brighten a desk, bookend the produce aisle, and remind us, in small ways, why bringing a bit of the outside in still resonates.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://journals.ashs.org/view/journals/horttech/35/3/article-p286.xml" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HortTechnology</a>.



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Why more people are buying flowers for everyday therapy

Once upon a time, you went to a florist for a bouquet. Now you can grab one next to the spinach, at the pharmacy counter, even by the chips at a gas station. As fresh flowers have spilled out of specialty shops and into everyday retail, their place in our lives - and who’s buying them - has changed fast. Researchers at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences wanted to know what, exactly, is going on. They teamed up across horticulture and agricultural...

Recent findings from a global scientific review have cast a shadow over the effectiveness of market-based approaches to forest conservation. 



Initiatives such as carbon offsets and deforestation-free certification schemes, while popular, appear to have made only limited progress in protecting forests and alleviating poverty. In some cases, these strategies have even exacerbated economic inequalities.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Comprehensive forest conservation study</h2>



The review, conducted by the <a href="https://www.iufro.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Union of Forest Research Organizations</a> (IUFRO), represents the most comprehensive examination of its kind in conservation. 



The study draws on extensive academic research and fieldwork, encompassing the insights of 15,000 scientists across 120 countries. 



The findings, presented at a high-level UN forum, underscore the urgent need for a reassessment of current conservation policies.



Maria Brockhaus, a contributing author from the <a href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Helsinki</a>, emphasized the inadequacy of these market mechanisms. 



"The evidence does not support the claim of win-wins or triple wins for environment, economy, and people," said Brockhaus. She noted that in regions where market-based policies have been prevalent for decades, poverty and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/declaring-an-area-protected-is-not-enough-to-prevent-forest-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest loss</a> remain persistent challenges.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Challenges in market-based conservation</h2>



The report underscores a concerning trend of complex and overlapping market schemes where financial actors and shareholders prioritize short-term profits over sustainable forest governance. 



Constance McDermott, the lead author from the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, pointed out the generally disappointing success rate. 



Specific cases, such as a $120 million project in the Democratic Republic of Congo, benefited entrenched interests without addressing significant issues like logging by powerful businesses. 



Similarly, in Malaysia, indigenous groups saw no benefits from a plantation venture promised to improve their livelihoods.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unintended-consequences-and-global-policies">Unintended consequences and global policies</h2>



The study also critiques green trade policies from affluent nations, such as the EU’s ban on imports linked to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/major-brands-fail-to-fight-against-deforestation-and-human-rights-violations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deforestation</a>, intended as conservation measures. 



While these policies may appear beneficial from a distance, they often fail to consider the adverse effects on local communities. 



McDermott illustrated this by discussing the plight of farmers in Ghana, where - despite numerous sustainable and conservation initiatives - deforestation rates have increased, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/paying-farmers-conservation-land/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">farmers</a>' earnings have decreased.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-future-of-carbon-markets">The future of carbon markets</h2>



Despite the turbulence in current strategies, carbon markets are poised to expand into a multi-billion-dollar industry as corporations aim to meet net-zero climate targets through purchasing credits. 



These credits often originate from projects in developing countries aimed at reducing emissions. However, there is growing concern about the actual benefits reaching the poor communities involved.



Kenya’s President William Ruto has even touted Africa's carbon sinks as an "unparalleled economic goldmine," though the distribution of these potential billions remains uncertain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Radical rethink of market-based conservation </h2>



The review from IUFRO and the insights of scientists like Brockhaus and McDermott call for a "radical rethink" of how market-based approaches are employed. 



Without addressing the broader economic and governance challenges associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/protected-forests-offset-a-years-worth-of-global-fossil-fuel-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">forest management</a>, these market mechanisms alone cannot solve the intricate problems of deforestation and poverty. 



As the evidence mounts, the global community may need to pivot towards more integrated and holistic approaches to conservation and economic development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Market-based approaches to forest conservation&nbsp;</h2>



Market-based approaches to forest conservation involve economic strategies that incentivize the protection and sustainable management of forests. 



These methods aim to align financial incentives with conservation goals, making it economically advantageous for stakeholders to preserve forest ecosystems rather than deplete them.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Carbon credits</h3>



One common approach is <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/millions-of-carbon-credits-are-not-tied-to-forest-preservation-as-claimed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon credits</a>, where companies or governments pay for projects that reduce carbon emissions, such as reforestation or forest preservation, effectively turning carbon storage into a commodity.&nbsp;



This not only provides financial support for conservation efforts but also helps combat climate change by sequestering carbon dioxide.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Ecosystem services&nbsp;</h3>



Another method is payment for ecosystem services, which compensates landowners for managing their land in ways that maintain its ecological benefits. These services might include clean water, biodiversity, and carbon storage.&nbsp;



This approach gives economic value to the ecological functions of forests, encouraging landowners to maintain these landscapes rather than convert them for more destructive uses like agriculture or logging.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Eco-tourism&nbsp;</h3>



Eco-tourism is also a significant market-driven conservation strategy, where revenue is generated by people visiting natural areas. 



This revenue can provide a sustainable source of income for local communities and fund conservation efforts, making it financially viable for communities to keep forests intact rather than clear them for other types of development.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Certified forest products&nbsp;</h3>



Trade in certified timber and non-timber forest products is another avenue. Certification schemes like the Forest Stewardship Council promote the responsible management of forests. 



Products from certified forests are sold at premium prices, which can drive more sustainable practices in the forestry sector.



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Market-based strategies fall short on forest conservation

Recent findings from a global scientific review have cast a...

Sleep, that elusive yet essential state, continues to fascinate scientists and the general public alike. With research underscoring its crucial role in everything from heart health to cognitive function, the pursuit of quality sleep has never been more pressing. Enter an unlikely hero: <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-is-beneficial-for-physical-and-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardening</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-deprivation-epidemic">Sleep deprivation epidemic</h2>



In our modern, hyper-connected world, the relentless pace of life and constant barrage of digital stimuli have created an environment where quality sleep is often sacrificed. 



Smartphones, tablets, and laptops beckon us with endless entertainment, social media updates, and work emails, making it difficult to disconnect and wind down before bed. 



The blue light emitted by these devices further disrupts our natural sleep-wake cycle by suppressing the production of melatonin, the hormone responsible for regulating sleep.



Studies have consistently shown that a significant proportion of adults, particularly those in industrialized nations, regularly fail to meet the recommended 7-8 hours of sleep per night. This chronic sleep deprivation, accumulating over time, has dire consequences for both physical and mental well-being. 



Research has linked insufficient sleep to a heightened risk of chronic conditions such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and even certain types of cancer. 



Additionally, sleep deprivation impairs cognitive function, hindering memory, attention span, decision-making abilities, and creativity. It can also lead to mood swings, irritability, and an increased risk of developing mental health disorders like depression and anxiety.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-therapeutic-power-of-gardening-for-sleep">Therapeutic power of gardening for sleep</h2>



While pharmaceuticals and sleep aids offer temporary relief for some, an emerging body of research suggests that a more natural solution might be found in the soil. 



A recent study has revealed a compelling association between gardening and improved sleep quality.



“According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://sph.fudan.edu.cn/employee/158" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical Activity Guideline for Americans</a>&nbsp;(2nd edition), gardening is a muscle-strengthening and multicomponent physical activity with one of the lowest injury risks, which is appropriate and recommended for older adults,” said study author&nbsp;<a href="https://sph.fudan.edu.cn/employee/158">Xiang Gao</a>, a dean and distinguished professor at <a href="https://www.fudan.edu.cn/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fudan University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-connection-between-gardening-and-sleep">Connection between gardening and sleep</h2>



In their quest to understand the potential connection between gardening and sleep, the researchers turned to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a comprehensive health survey conducted annually across the United States. 



This vast dataset provided them with a unique opportunity to analyze responses from over 62,000 adults, offering a wide range of demographic, lifestyle, and health information.



By meticulously comparing individuals who engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-can-improve-your-mental-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardening</a> activities to those who did not exercise at all (non-exercisers) and those who participated in other forms of exercise, the researchers were able to isolate the specific impact of gardening on sleep patterns. 



This approach allowed them to account for potential confounding factors and determine whether gardening had a unique association with sleep quality.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-benefits-for-sleep">Unique benefits for sleep</h2>



The results of this analysis were striking. Gardeners consistently reported significantly fewer sleep complaints compared to both non-exercisers and individuals engaged in other forms of exercise. 



This finding suggests that gardening may offer unique benefits for sleep that go beyond the general positive effects associated with physical activity.



Furthermore, the researchers observed a dose-dependent relationship between gardening and sleep quality. Individuals who spent more time gardening reported even fewer sleep complaints, indicating that the benefits of gardening for sleep may increase with greater engagement in this activity. 



This observation opens up intriguing possibilities for using gardening as a potential therapeutic intervention for sleep disorders.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-blooming-field-of-possibilities">A blooming field of possibilities</h2>



While this study offers tantalizing clues, it's just the tip of the iceberg. Scientists are eager to uncover the precise mechanisms behind gardening's sleep-enhancing effects. Several potential factors are under investigation:



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Physical activity</h3>



Gardening is not just a leisure activity; it's a form of exercise that involves various physical movements. Activities like digging, weeding, planting, and harvesting require the use of multiple muscle groups, from arms to legs, contributing to overall physical fitness. 



Regular physical activity, such as gardening, enhances cardiovascular health, strengthens muscles, and improves flexibility. These physical benefits are crucial as they are directly linked to better sleep quality. 



Engaging in such activities helps tire the body in a healthy way, leading to more restful and deeper sleep cycles.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sunlight exposure</h3>



Gardening typically requires spending significant time outdoors, which naturally increases exposure to sunlight. This exposure is essential for regulating our circadian rhythm, the body’s natural clock that dictates sleep patterns. 



Sunlight helps maintain a healthy circadian rhythm by influencing the production of melatonin, a hormone that induces sleep. The more aligned our circadian rhythm is, the better our chances of falling asleep at the right time and enjoying uninterrupted sleep.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Stress reduction</h3>



The tranquil nature of gardening activities, from tending to plants to touching the soil, can significantly reduce levels of cortisol, the body's primary stress hormone. 



High cortisol levels can interfere with sleep by keeping the body in a heightened state of alertness or anxiety. Gardening helps mitigate this by fostering a calming environment, allowing individuals to relax both physically and mentally. 



This reduction in stress creates a more conducive atmosphere for sleep, making it easier to fall asleep and stay asleep throughout the night.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Mindfulness and connection with nature</h3>



Gardening offers a unique opportunity to engage in mindfulness through close interaction with the natural environment. The focus required in nurturing plants, observing their growth, and connecting with the earth can significantly reduce mental clutter and daily worries. 



The practice of mindfulness and increased connection with nature can lead to a decrease in rumination - the repetitive, often negative, thinking that can disrupt sleep - and promote a more peaceful mind that is ready for sleep.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Sense of accomplishment</h3>



Gardening produces visible and tangible results, whether it's the growth of new plants, the blossoming of flowers, or the harvest of fruits and vegetables. These outcomes provide a significant sense of accomplishment and can boost self-esteem. 



Achieving goals and witnessing the fruits of one's labor can offer emotional satisfaction and joy, which contribute to a positive state of mind at bedtime. Feeling good about one's achievements during the day can ease the transition into sleep, making it more likely to enjoy a restful night.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-gardener-s-guide-to-nurturing-your-sleep">A gardener's guide to nurturing your sleep</h2>



Eager to cultivate your own sleep <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-hacks-social-media/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">garden</a>? Here are a few tips to get you started:



<ul>
<li>Choose the right plants:&nbsp;Opt for fragrant herbs like lavender,&nbsp;chamomile,&nbsp;or jasmine,&nbsp;known for their calming properties.</li>



<li>Create a sensory haven:&nbsp;Incorporate elements that engage all the senses,&nbsp;such as wind chimes,&nbsp;soft lighting,&nbsp;and comfortable seating.</li>



<li>Garden mindfully:&nbsp;Focus on the present moment,&nbsp;noticing the feel of the soil,&nbsp;the scent of the flowers,&nbsp;and the sounds of nature.</li>



<li>Keep a garden journal:&nbsp;Record your observations,&nbsp;thoughts,&nbsp;and feelings,&nbsp;allowing yourself to reflect and de-stress.</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-beyond-sleep-the-bountiful-harvest-of-gardening">Beyond sleep: The bountiful harvest of gardening</h2>



The potential benefits of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/gardening-got-a-major-boost-from-the-covid-19-pandemic/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">gardening</a> don't stop at sleep. Ongoing research by Gao and his team suggests that gardening may also protect against cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline. 



This underscores the interconnectedness of our physical, mental, and emotional health and the profound impact that simple activities like gardening can have.



As scientists continue to delve into the multifaceted relationship between gardening and well-being, we can expect to see even more evidence supporting its therapeutic potential. It's a reminder that sometimes, the most effective remedies are not found in a bottle, but in the natural world around us.



Whether you're a seasoned gardener or a novice with a budding interest, consider adding this fulfilling activity to your routine. Not only will you reap the rewards of fresh produce and a beautiful landscape, but you might also cultivate a healthier mind, body, and, most importantly, a more restful night's sleep.



The study is published in the <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165032724005263" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal of Affective Disorders</a>.



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Gardening significantly improves sleep quality in adults

Sleep, that elusive yet essential state, continues to fascinate scientists...

Cyanobacteria,,Also,Known,As,Cyanophyta,On,Water,Surface.,Can,Produce

The world is abuzz with talk of carbon capture and climate change, but did you know that nature has its own tiny superheroes doing just that? Scientists have recently unlocked a secret hidden in the blueprint of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyanobacteria-may-shed-new-light-on-the-history-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">blue-green algae</a>, also known as cyanobacteria, that could revolutionize agriculture and our fight against climate change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cyanobacteria-s-carbon-concentrating-mechanism">Cyanobacteria's carbon concentrating mechanism</h2>



Cyanobacteria, notorious for their sometimes <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/toxic-cyanobacteria-uk-ponds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">toxic blooms</a> in lakes and rivers, are actually powerhouses when it comes to capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. 



Their secret weapon? A carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism (CCM) that enables them to fix carbon at an astonishing rate, far surpassing ordinary plants and crops.



At the heart of this CCM lies a large protein compartment called a carboxysome, where two key enzymes, CsoSCA and Rubisco, work in perfect harmony. 



CsoSCA creates a high concentration of carbon dioxide within the carboxysome, while Rubisco eagerly gobbles it up, transforming it into sugars that the cell uses for energy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unexpected-role-of-csosca-and-rubp">Unexpected role of CsoSCA and RuBP</h2>



While scientists have long understood the role of Rubisco in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, the regulation of CsoSCA remained a mystery. 



However, recent research has revealed an unexpected connection between CsoSCA and a molecule called RuBP, which acts as a switch, activating CsoSCA only when enough RuBP is available.



"Think of photosynthesis like making a sandwich. Carbon dioxide from the air is the filling, but a photosynthetic cell needs to provide the bread. That's RuBP," Dr. Ben Long, lead author of the study, explains.



"Just like you need bread to make a sandwich, the rate of turning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-oxygen-boring-billion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon</a> dioxide into sugar depends on how fast RuBP is supplied," he concluded.



This intricate dance between CsoSCA and RuBP ensures that the carbon fixation process is highly efficient, only occurring when the necessary resources are available. This discovery has significant implications for agriculture and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/survey-mother-nature-is-more-likely-to-solve-climate-change-than-geoengineering/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change mitigation</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-engineering-super-crops-for-a-sustainable-future">Engineering super crops for a sustainable future</h2>



Imagine crops that can capture and utilize carbon dioxide as efficiently as cyanobacteria.&nbsp;This could lead to vastly improved crop yields,&nbsp;reduced demand for nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation,&nbsp;and increased resilience to climate change.&nbsp;It's a win-win scenario for both farmers and the environment.



"Understanding how the CCM works not only enriches our knowledge of natural processes fundamental to Earth's biogeochemistry but may also guide us in creating sustainable solutions to some of the biggest environmental challenges the world is facing," says Sacha Pulsford,&nbsp;first author of the study from <a href="https://www.anu.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Australian National University</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-creating-super-crops-to-fight-climate-change">Creating super crops to fight climate change</h2>



While the concept of creating super crops might sound like a plot from a futuristic novel, it is inching closer to reality with each scientific breakthrough involving cyanobacteria. 



Known as tiny <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tiny-algae-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon superheroes</a>, these microorganisms are proving instrumental in our quest for sustainable agricultural practices and enhanced food security. 



This shift toward engineering advanced crops capable of more efficiently processing atmospheric carbon could drastically change how we approach food production and environmental conservation.



Continued research into the complex mechanisms of nature is revealing new methods to address some of the most critical challenges facing our planet today. 



A prime example of such innovation is the discovery of the interaction between the CsoSCA enzyme and RuBP, a relationship that significantly enhances the process of carbon fixation. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brighter-future-with-cyanobacteria-s-carbon-processing-0">Brighter future with Cyanobacteria's carbon processing</h2>



This discovery highlights the intricate and dynamic nature of biological processes and underscores the immense value of scientific exploration.



Understanding how these small yet <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cyanobacteria-may-shed-new-light-on-the-history-of-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">powerful organisms</a> function opens the door to potentially game-changing applications in agriculture and ecology. 



By leveraging the mechanisms cyanobacteria use to capture carbon, scientists are poised to develop new technologies and crops that not only improve yield but also contribute to a more carbon-efficient environment. 



These advancements could lead to substantial improvements in how we manage agricultural sustainability and respond to climate change, providing a dual benefit to both humanity and the natural world. 



Through diligent study and innovative thinking, we are on the cusp of harnessing the full potential of these microscopic powerhouses to foster a healthier and more resilient planet.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adk7283" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Turning plants into carbon capture machines with cyanobacteria

The world is abuzz with talk of carbon capture and...

Over 80 million Americans battle the effects of allergies caused by airborne pollen. That's the size of Germany's population sneezing and sniffling as these tiny particles wreak havoc on our immune systems. 



The financial toll is even more staggering, exceeding $3 billion annually, with nearly half linked to prescription medication. Pollen isn't just an annoyance, it's a financial burden too.



But what if pollen is more than just an allergy trigger? Emerging research from NOAA's Global Systems Laboratory (<a href="https://gsl.noaa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GSL</a>) has unearthed a fascinating connection: pollen can actually influence the weather.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollen-forecasting">Pollen forecasting</h2>



Imagine a world where pollen forecasts are as commonplace as weather forecasts, a world where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pollen-allergies-will-be-intensified-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">allergy</a> sufferers can plan their days around pollen levels just as they might on high ozone days. This vision is becoming a reality thanks to an experimental model developed by GSL.



This cutting-edge model, operational since summer 2022, is the first of its kind in the U.S., offering real-time predictions of both the impact of weather on pollen concentrations and the inverse – how pollen loads influence the weather.



"Pollen and its associated allergies are important components to people's everyday lives," said CIRES scientist Jordan Schnell, working at GSL. "With real-time predictions of pollen and where it is transported, people can adjust their outdoor activities, medications and take precautions to ensure their well-being."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rap-chem-weather-model">RAP-Chem weather model </h2>



This pollen prediction module is a key component of the Rapid-Refresh Chemistry (<a href="https://rapidrefresh.noaa.gov/RAPchem/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">RAP-Chem</a>) system, an advanced forecasting tool developed by NOAA. RAP-Chem represents a new generation of weather and air quality models, designed to provide detailed forecasts for a variety of atmospheric conditions. 



Each day, RAP-Chem produces a forecast spanning 48 hours, covering a range of air quality parameters including the concentration and dispersion of ozone, smoke, dust, and crucially, pollen. This integration allows for a comprehensive understanding of how pollen interacts with other atmospheric elements, providing valuable insights for both allergy sufferers and meteorologists alike.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollen-and-weather">Pollen and weather</h2>



RAP-Chem's analysis demonstrates the intricate relationship between pollen and meteorological conditions. Wind patterns significantly influence the daily fluctuation of pollen levels in the atmosphere. During daylight hours, winds facilitate the release and dispersal of pollen from plants, leading to elevated concentrations in the air. Conversely, as winds subside at night, pollen tends to settle back onto the ground, resulting in decreased airborne levels.



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/spring-rainfall-is-an-unexpected-source-of-pollen/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rainfall</a> acts as a natural cleansing mechanism, washing pollen out of the air and reducing its concentration. However, thunderstorms introduce a complex dynamic. While rain generally lowers pollen levels, the cold downdrafts associated with thunderstorms can concentrate pollen particles near the ground. This localized increase in pollen concentration can exacerbate allergy symptoms for individuals in those areas.



Humidity and lightning also contribute to the complexity of pollen behavior. High humidity can cause pollen grains to rupture into smaller fragments, making them easier to inhale and potentially increasing their allergenic impact. Similarly, lightning discharges can fracture pollen grains, altering their size and distribution in the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-pollen-may-help-clouds-form-impacting-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmosphere</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-pollen-a-weather-influencer">Pollen: A weather influencer</h2>



A unique aspect of RAP-Chem is its ability to go beyond examining the influence of weather conditions on pollen concentrations. The model also investigates the reciprocal relationship, exploring how pollen, similar to other airborne particles like dust and smoke, can actively modify weather patterns. 



These microscopic particles interact with sunlight, scattering its rays and potentially influencing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the Earth's surface. Additionally, pollen particles can act as condensation nuclei, facilitating the formation of clouds. 



Consequently, the presence and concentration of pollen in the atmosphere can impact various meteorological factors, including temperature fluctuations, visibility, and the occurrence and intensity of precipitation.



"Pollen grains, like other suspended particles, can scatter sunlight, serve as seeds to form clouds, and affect temperature, visibility and precipitation," explained the GSL team.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-forecasting">Future forecasting</h2>



The research doesn't stop there. NOAA is working with the CDC and other health groups. They're examining if RAP-Chem's pollen forecasts match up with more allergy clinic visits. 



The implications of this research are profound. Accurate pollen forecasts could revolutionize allergy management, allowing individuals to proactively plan their activities and medication use. It's a testament to the interconnectedness of our world, where even the tiniest particles can influence something as vast as the weather.



"With real-time predictions of pollen and where it is transported, people can adjust their outdoor activities, medications and take precautions to ensure their well-being," noted Jordan Schnell.



So the next time you sneeze, remember, that pollen grain might be doing more than just irritating your nose. It could be changing the weather too.



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Pollen can actually change the weather

Over 80 million Americans battle the effects of allergies caused...

Two,Women,Sisters,Or,Friends,Sharing,A,Smoke,Or,Joint

As cannabis gains popularity and acceptance, a growing concern arises for breastfeeding mothers who use the drug. A recent study has shed light on the presence of THC, the psychoactive component of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/recreational-cannabis-use-protects-against-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, in the breast milk produced by these mothers. 



The findings raise important questions about the potential effects on infants and the need for further research.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milk-moms-and-marijuana-a-delicate-balance">Milk, moms, and marijuana: A delicate balance</h2>



Courtney Meehan, a biological anthropologist at <a href="https://wsu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Washington State University</a>, led a groundbreaking study published in the journal Breastfeeding Medicine. 



The research team analyzed breast milk donated by 20 breastfeeding mothers who used <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-smokers-not-lazy-unmotivated-despite-stereotypes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, aiming to uncover how long cannabinoids, like THC, persisted in breast milk.



"Breastfeeding parents need to be aware that if they use <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/smoking-cannabis-significantly-increases-the-risk-of-heart-attack/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabis</a>, their infants are likely consuming cannabinoids via the milk they produce, and we do not know whether this has any effect on the developing infant," said Meehan, the study's corresponding author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thc-levels-found-in-breast-milk">THC levels found in breast milk</h2>



The researchers discovered that the amount of THC detected in the breast milk was low, with an estimated average of 0.07 mg of THC per day consumed by infants. 



To put this into perspective, a common <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/u-s-plans-to-reclassify-marijuana-and-ease-restrictions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-dose edible</a> contains 2 mg of THC. However, the research team stressed that it is unknown whether this amount has any impact on the infant.



"Human milk has compounds called lipids, and cannabinoids are lipophilic, meaning they dissolve in those lipids. This may mean that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-legalization-does-not-increase-youth-substance-abuse/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cannabinoids</a> like THC tend to accumulate in breast milk -- and potentially in infants who drink it," explained Meehan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knowns-and-unknowns-of-cannabis-and-breast-milk">Knowns and unknowns of cannabis and breast milk</h2>



The study revealed that, unlike alcohol, when THC was detected in breast milk, there was no consistent time when its concentration peaked and started to decline. This makes it difficult for breastfeeding mothers to avoid feeding their infants when <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-potency-linked-to-dramatic-rise-in-psychiatric-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">THC levels</a> are at their highest.



"There was such a range. If you're trying to avoid breastfeeding when the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/cannabis-impairment-is-difficult-to-determine-using-police-field-sobriety-tests/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">concentration of THC</a> peaks, you're not going to know when THC is at its peak in the breast milk," said lead author Elizabeth Holdsworth, who worked on this study while a WSU post-doctoral researcher and is now on the faculty of <a href="https://www.osu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Ohio State University</a>.



Furthermore, scientists know almost nothing about how many commonly used drugs may impact breastfeeding babies, partly because women, especially those who are breastfeeding, have historically been left out of clinical trials on medicines.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-thoughtful-decisions-and-therapeutic-use">Thoughtful decisions and therapeutic use</h2>



A related qualitative study by the research team revealed that many breastfeeding moms are using cannabis for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemical-found-in-cannabis-plants-can-actually-reduce-cannabis-induced-anxiety/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">therapeutic purposes</a> -- to manage anxiety, other mental health issues, or chronic pain. The mothers often chose cannabis over using other medications because they felt it was safer.



"Our results suggest that mothers who use cannabis are being thoughtful in their decisions," said co-author Shelley McGuire, a <a href="https://www.uidaho.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Idaho</a> professor who studies maternal-infant nutrition. "These women were mindful about their choices. This is far from a random lifestyle choice."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-substantial-rigorous-research-needed-on-thc-and-breast-milk">Substantial, rigorous research needed on THC and breast milk</h2>



While some research has been done regarding alcohol, with guidelines for new mothers to wait at least two hours after consuming alcohol before breastfeeding, nothing similar has been developed for cannabis.



"This is an area that needs substantial, rigorous research for moms to know what's best," McGuire said.



The collaborative research team is currently working to address some of that knowledge gap with further research on cannabis use in breastfeeding moms, holistic composition of the milk they produce, and its effects on infant development.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-navigating-cannabis-use-as-a-breastfeeding-mother">Navigating cannabis use as a breastfeeding mother</h2>



In summary, as the landscape of cannabis use continues to evolve, breastfeeding mothers face a unique set of challenges and uncertainties. 



The Washington State University-led study has taken the first steps in unraveling the complex relationship between cannabis use and breastmilk, but it has also highlighted the urgent need for further research. 



Only through rigorous scientific inquiry can we provide breastfeeding mothers with the knowledge and support they need to make informed decisions about their health and the well-being of their infants. 



By prioritizing this area of study, we can work towards creating a safer, more informed environment for mothers and their babies, ensuring that the choices they make are grounded in evidence and understanding.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/bfm.2024.0021" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Breastfeeding Medicine</a>.



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THC from cannabis use lingers in breast milk of new mothers

As cannabis gains popularity and acceptance, a growing concern arises...

The northeastern United States is witnessing a growing environmental challenge as a notorious aquatic weed, known as northern hydrilla, expands its reach. 



Initially confined to the Connecticut River, recent studies have shown this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/disease-that-kills-bald-eagles-linked-to-invasive-plant/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive species</a> is now populating multiple waterbodies across Connecticut and even reaching into Massachusetts.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-ecological-threat-of-northern-hydrilla">The ecological threat of northern hydrilla</h2>



Northern hydrilla is known for its rapid growth, which can form dense canopies that hinder recreational activities like boating and fishing. More critically, its unchecked spread poses a significant threat to native plant and animal species. 



This subspecies also carries a bacterium that produces a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/algae-blooms-can-release-neurotoxins-into-the-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">neurotoxin</a> linked to fatalities in bald eagles and waterfowl, highlighting its dangerous ecological impact.



Study lead author Jeremiah Foley, an assistant agricultural scientist with the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Statio, expressed significant concern about the expansion of northern hydrilla.



"The spread and establishment of yet another hydrilla subspecies in the United States is alarming. Especially alarming is the negative impacts that this invasive aquatic weed can have on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/native-aquatic-plants-could-help-clean-coastal-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">native aquatic</a> and non-aquatic plant and animal species, and how quickly it’s spreading," said Foley.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-discoveries-and-the-need-for-vigilance">Recent discoveries and the need for vigilance</h2>



Northern hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata subspecies lithuanica) remained undocumented outside the Connecticut River until 2022. However, by the end of 2023, this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natures-chorus-invasive-plants-change-the-soundscape/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">invasive weed</a> had been detected in six additional locations. 



These sites are frequently near boat-launch ramps, indicating a potential route for the spread of northern hydrilla.



“Significant costs are already associated with the impact and maintenance of the prior two subspecies established in the U.S. since the 1960s and 1980s," said Foley.



"The discovery of Hydrilla verticillata and its subspecies lithuanica in the Connecticut River and the breadth of the current infestation represent a significant ecological invasion event with potentially far-reaching implications.”



Popular fishing spots such as East Twin Lakes, Amos Lake, and Congamond Lakes, which regularly host fishing tournaments, are particularly at risk.



Moreover, the movement of boats from infested waters to uninfected areas during these tournaments poses a high risk of spreading northern hydrilla.



Foley highlighted the specific dangers associated with these movements: “Of particular concern are tournaments that involve travel from infested waterbodies to non-infested ones.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-crucial-fight-against-northern-hydrilla">The crucial fight against northern hydrilla</h2>



Given the situation, Foley emphasized the importance of research into how angling tournaments might contribute to the spread of hydrilla. 



“Management efforts should prioritize early detection and prevention strategies, such as increased monitoring at boat-launch ramps and enhanced education for boaters to mitigate the spread of this invasive species.”



The battle against the spread of northern hydrilla is crucial for preserving our aquatic ecosystems. 



The detailed findings and recommendations from this study are available in an article published by <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cambridge University Press</a> in a journal of the Weed Science Society of America. 



The publication not only raises awareness but also serves as a call to action for all stakeholders involved in the health of our water bodies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">More about northern hydrilla&nbsp;</h2>



Northern hydrilla, also known as Hydrilla verticillata, is a submersed <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">aquatic plant</a> that has garnered attention due to its invasive nature and rapid growth in freshwater environments. Originally native to Asia, it has spread across various regions including North America and Europe, thriving in lakes, rivers, and canals.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Characteristics</h3>



This plant is characterized by its dense, mat-like growth which can dominate water bodies, blocking sunlight and depleting oxygen levels, thus outcompeting native species and altering aquatic ecosystems.&nbsp;



Hydrilla has slender stems that can grow up to 25 feet long, depending on water depth, and it features small, pointed leaves that grow in whorls of four to eight around the stem. It also reproduces prolifically not only through seeds but also vegetatively through fragments, tubers, and turions, making it particularly difficult to control once established.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading">Management of northern hydrilla&nbsp;</h3>



Due to its aggressive growth and resilience, managing hydrilla often involves a combination of mechanical harvesting, chemical herbicides, and biological control, such as introducing specific fish species that feed on it. Despite control efforts, hydrilla remains a challenging and costly invasive species to manage in affected water bodies.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/invasive-plant-science-and-management/article/abs/northern-hydrilla-hydrilla-verticillata-ssp-lithuanica-discovery-and-establishment-outside-the-connecticut-river/00B45505BAB20976FE34BCCF12E75E69" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Invasive Plant Science and Management</a>.



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Invasive aquatic weed  is spreading rapidly in the northeastern U.S.

The northeastern United States is witnessing a growing environmental challenge...

A new study led by <a href="https://www.vt.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Virginia Tech</a> suggests that monitoring the soundscape of an ecosystem - a composite of all its acoustic elements - could offer a new method to detect changes brought about by invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-many-invasive-plant-species-are-in-the-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">non-native plants</a>. Thus, rather than focusing solely on individual species, scientists should explore the holistic sounds of ecosystems.



The pioneering study was led by Grace O’Malley, a Ph.D. candidate in biological sciences, and Gabrielle Ripa, a Ph.D. student in plant and environmental sciences.&nbsp;



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-underappreciated-element-of-the-natural-world">Underappreciated element of the natural world</h2>



“Soundscapes, or the acoustic patterns of a landscape through space and time, encompass both biological and physical processes. Yet, they are often an underappreciated element of the natural world and the ways in which it is perceived,” wrote the researchers.



“Scientists are only beginning to quantify changes to soundscapes, largely in response to anthropogenic sounds, but soundscape alteration is likely linked to many dimensions of global change.”&nbsp;



“For example, invasive non-native species are near-ubiquitous members of ecosystems globally and threaten both natural and managed ecosystems at great expense. Their impacts to soundscapes may be an important, yet largely unknown, threat to ecosystems and the human and economic systems they support.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparing-acoustic-environments-nbsp">Comparing acoustic environments&nbsp;</h2>



To investigate the impact of invasive species on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-have-altered-the-soundscape-of-glacier-national-park/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">soundscapes</a>, the team utilized small recording devices strategically placed across 66 locations near Virginia Tech’s campus to capture the environmental sounds at various times. 



The goal was to compare the acoustic environments of areas overrun by invasive plants with those restored to their native conditions.



“We use these teeny recorders with an SD card that are specifically designed for recording wildlife acoustics,” Ripa explained. “The volume of data we collected was overwhelming.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-plants-change-the-soundscape-nbsp">Invasive plants change the soundscape&nbsp;</h2>



The initial findings from a brief two-week pilot study were promising. “I was surprised that we were able to observe differences between the two habitats in such a short amount of time,” O’Malley said. “The invasive plants may actually be changing the soundscape.”



The study areas included Jefferson National Forest and several local parks where restoration efforts to remove invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/time-bombs-invasive-plants-can-lie-dormant-for-centuries/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> like autumn olive are underway. This research not only contributes to ecological acoustic studies but also supports broader environmental research efforts.



“This is a call to other scientists that this is something that we think could be going on,” Ripa added. “We offer suggestions as to what we think could be reasons why invasive plants might be impacting soundscapes and some potential mechanisms that maybe we should be looking into.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-the-acoustic-impact-of-invasive-species">Studying the acoustic impact of invasive species </h2>



The concept of studying invasive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hundreds-of-invasive-species-are-for-sale-as-garden-plants-in-the-u-s/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> through their acoustic impact was initially proposed by Jacob Barney, a professor of invasive plant ecology. He, along with Meryl Mims, an associate professor who specializes in acoustic studies of bullfrogs, initiated this approach. Their collaboration has since expanded, incorporating art and multimedia through connections with David Franushich at the Institute for Creativity, Arts, and Technology.



“This project has been exciting, inspiring, and above all else, fun. Sound is an integral part of how we and other organisms experience and understand our surroundings. The study of the soundscape - and how we are changing it through the introduction of invasive species - is something people connect with,” Mims expressed. 



“The formal research is important, but the opportunity to extend the research and ideas to a broader audience through our science-art collaboration has been very rewarding.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-new-understanding-of-ecosystem-dynamics-nbsp">A new understanding of ecosystem dynamics&nbsp;</h2>



Supported by a second grant from the Global Change Center in 2023, the research continues to evolve. The preliminary results have significant implications, pointing to a largely unexplored area of study that could reshape our understanding of ecosystem dynamics.



“No one’s asked this type of question in this type of system. It’s a completely novel area, and it’s not really being studied,” said Ripa.



Through this unique lens, the Virginia Tech team is pioneering a method that could potentially transform how we detect and understand the subtle yet profound changes invasive species impart on ecosystems - simply by listening.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fee.2729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment</a>.



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Nature's chorus: Invasive plants change the soundscape 

A new study led by Virginia Tech suggests that monitoring...

Algae,Research,In,Laboratories,,Biotechnology,Science,Concept

Approximately 550 million years ago, the first terrestrial plants evolved from algae and began to transform the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/terrestrial-plants-changed-how-earth-regulates-its-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's landscape</a>, drastically altering the planet's surface and atmosphere..



A significant breakthrough in understanding these origins has been achieved through the collaborative efforts of an international research team, which includes a computational biologist from the <a href="https://www.unl.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a>. 



This team has successfully decoded the genomic sequence of Zygnema algae, the closest living relatives to these pioneering <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/marine-algae-genes-chlorophyll-boost-crop-yields-land-plants/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">land plants</a>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cracking-the-genomic-code">Cracking the genomic code</h2>



The recent research published in Nature Genetics brought together approximately 50 scientists from eight different countries. This collaboration led to a significant achievement: the first complete genomic sequencing of four different strains of Zygnema algae. 



By accomplishing this, the team has provided crucial insights into the evolutionary adaptations that enabled aquatic plants to transition and thrive on land, marking a pivotal development in our understanding of plant evolution.



“This is an evolutionary story,” explained Yanbin Yin, the lead researcher from Nebraska. “It answers the fundamental question of how the earliest land plants evolved from aquatic freshwater algae.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-significance-of-zygnema-algae-in-plant-evolution">Significance of Zygnema algae in plant evolution</h2>



Zygnema algae are not just another type of plant; they represent a crucial link between aquatic and terrestrial life. The four strains studied -- two from a culture collection in the United States and two from Germany -- have revealed significant insights into the genomic adaptations necessary for life on land.



Furthermore, advanced DNA sequencing technologies allowed the team to map out the entire genomes, achieving a level of detail previously unattainable for this group. A standout feature identified through this genomic research is the thick, sticky mucilage layer outside the cell walls of the algae.



"It is fascinating that the genetic building blocks, whose origins predate land plants by millions of years, duplicated and diversified in the ancestors of plants and algae, enabling the evolution of more specialized molecular machinery," noted Iker Irisarri, co-first author of the paper.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-genome-insights-from-zygnema-algae">Plant genome insights from Zygnema algae</h2>



The findings from this study do not just expand our understanding of plant <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-species-holds-valuable-evidence-of-plant-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>; they also provide a robust resource for the scientific community at large. 



Researchers can now delve into these genomic data to explore further connections between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/these-plants-have-maintained-genetic-stability-for-350-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant genetics</a> and environmental responses.



“The entire plant scientific community now has a valuable, high-quality resource to explore these genome data. Our analyses uncovered intricate connections between environmental responses,” said Jan de Vries, another co-leader of the research team.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-foundation-for-future-discoveries">Foundation for future discoveries</h2>



The research aligns with the National Science Foundation’s "<a href="https://www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/big_ideas/life.jsp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Understanding the Rules of Life</a>" initiative, which aims to tackle societal challenges such as climate resilience and clean water. 



The gene network analyses from this study reveal that co-expression of genes related to cell wall synthesis and modifications played a crucial role in the evolutionary success of these organisms.



“Our gene network analyses reveal co-expression of genes, especially those for cell wall synthesis and remodifications that were expanded and gained in the last common ancestor of land plants and Zygnematophyceae,” Yin remarked. “We shed light on the deep evolutionary roots of the mechanism for balancing environmental responses and multicellular cell growth.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genomic-advances-propel-plant-science-forward">Genomic advances propel plant science forward</h2>



This research on Zygnema algae marks a significant advance in our genomic understanding of plant life’s origins on land. 



The collaborative effort underscores the importance of international cooperation in scientific research, uniting diverse expertise to unravel complex biological puzzles. 



The genomic insights gained extend beyond academia, impacting fields such as bioenergy, water sustainability, and carbon sequestration. 



This work not only deepens our comprehension of our planet's ecological history but also equips us with the knowledge to better tackle some of the most pressing environmental issues of our time.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41588-024-01737-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Genetics</a>.



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Plants emerged from 'star algae' to conquer Earth's landmass

Approximately 550 million years ago, the first terrestrial plants evolved...

Super,Macro,Photo,Closeup,Of,Group,Of,Red,Spider,Mite

The microscopic two-spotted spider mite, with its insatiable appetite for over 1,000 plant species, ranks among agriculture's most formidable foes. 



But recent research reveals that plant hormones aren't defenseless victims. They've cunningly adapted a drought-<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-a-fight-or-fix-response-to-injury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">survival</a> mechanism to turn the tables on these pests, hindering their ability to feed and wreak havoc.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stomata-battleground-for-survival">Stomata: Battleground for survival</h2>



Stomata act like the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-breathe-drought-resistant-crops/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breathing pores of a plant</a>. They are microscopic openings that allow essential gas exchange to occur. Carbon dioxide, needed for photosynthesis (the process by which plants turn sunlight into energy), enters through the stomata. 



At the same time, oxygen, a byproduct of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/key-to-life-on-earth-photosynthesis-begins-on-the-quantum-level-with-a-single-photon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">photosynthesis</a>, exits through these pores. Stomata also play a critical role in regulating water loss from the plant.



Under normal conditions, stomata remain open to facilitate gas exchange. However, during a drought, when water conservation becomes a priority, plants have a clever trick up their sleeves. 



A hormone called abscisic acid (ABA) is produced. This hormone acts as a signal to the stomata, instructing them to close. By shutting these tiny pores, the plant significantly reduces water loss through its leaves.



Interestingly, this same mechanism that helps <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-fruit-warns-the-rest-of-the-plant-when-attacked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plants</a> survive drought also serves as a defense against harmful pests like spider mites. These tiny, sap-sucking creatures prefer to enter plant tissues through open stomata. 



When stomata close in response to ABA, they essentially slam the door shut on these unwelcome visitors, making it much more difficult for spider mites to feed and damage the plant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-abacus2-biosensor-plant-responses-and-spider-mite">ABACUS2 biosensor: Plant responses and spider mite</h2>



This research was made possible through the combined efforts of scientists from two leading institutions: the <a href="https://www.cam.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge</a> in the UK and the <a href="https://www.upm.es/recursosidi/en/map/en_centre-for-biotechnology-and-plant-genomics-cbpg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Genomics</a> in Spain.



The team employed a sophisticated tool called the ABACUS2 <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sensors-that-detect-plant-stress-could-revolutionize-farming/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biosensor</a> to investigate the plant's defense response. This advanced technology allowed them to measure precise changes in the levels of abscisic acid (ABA) within individual plant cells as they were being attacked by spider mites. 



The ABACUS2 biosensor provided an incredibly detailed view of the plant's internal defense mechanisms during the pest infestation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plant-s-rapid-reaction-against-spider-mite">Plant's rapid reaction against spider mite</h2>



"Open stomata are natural openings where pests like mites insert their specialized feeding structures, called stylets, to pierce and then suck out the nutrient-rich contents from individual sub-epidermal cells”, elaborated Irene Rosa-Díaz, a researcher involved in the study.



The team discovered that plants waste no time in mounting their defense. Within hours of infestation, ABA levels spike, triggering stomatal closure. This swift action throws a wrench in the spider mites' feeding plans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-of-effectiveness">Evidence of effectiveness</h2>



The researchers conducted several experiments to test their hypothesis, and the results were remarkably clear. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-reprogram-their-cells-to-fight-pathogens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plants</a> that were pre-treated with ABA – the hormone associated with drought response – had less damage from the spider mites. This suggests that preemptively triggering stomatal closure can make plants less vulnerable to attack.



Plants with naturally impaired production of ABA or with an abnormally high number of stomata proved to be much easier targets for the spider mites. This finding highlights the crucial role of both the ABA hormone and stomatal regulation in pest defense.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-search-for-the-trigger">The search for the trigger</h2>



While the link between spider mite infestation and the plant's defensive ABA response is established, scientists are still searching for the exact trigger. How does the plant initially sense that it's under attack? This remains a key area of active research.



Researchers are exploring a range of intriguing possibilities to explain how a plant might detect the presence of spider mites. 



Could the plant sense the tiny vibrations caused by the mites' movements across its leaves as they feed? Do spider mites leave behind unique chemical traces in their saliva or elsewhere that act as a recognizable "scent" for the plant? Is it possible that the plant can directly detect the cellular damage caused by the mites' feeding?



Answering this fundamental question will significantly advance our understanding of plant defense mechanisms and could open new avenues for developing targeted pest control strategies.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-natural-pest-control">Natural pest control</h2>



If scientists pinpoint the initial mite-produced signal, a new era of pest control could unfold. Imagine treatments that pre-arm plants, mimicking the early stages of a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-leaves-send-signals-to-their-roots-on-dry-days-telling-them-to-keep-digging-deeper-for-water/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">drought response</a>, and making them less attractive to invading pests. Breeding programs could also prioritize plants with favorable stomatal traits to boost resilience.



This research spotlights how even the most unassuming plants possess sophisticated survival strategies. By understanding the interplay between drought resistance and defense against biotic threats like spider mites, we stand to unlock a treasure trove of insights that could revolutionize agriculture.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/plphys/advance-article/doi/10.1093/plphys/kiae215/7658819" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Plant Physiology</a>.



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Plants use special hormones to defend against spider mites

The microscopic two-spotted spider mite, with its insatiable appetite for...

Researchers have deciphered a surprising genetic mystery centered around the sugary substance found in what gardeners commonly refer to as "tomato tar." This sticky, gold-black substance, which often clings to the fingers of those who have pruned <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-talk-to-one-another-to-signal-danger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tomato plants</a> barehanded, is actually made up of acylsugars and acts as a natural flypaper for potential pests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-to-the-root-of-the-acylsugar-tomato-enigma">Getting to the root of the acylsugar tomato enigma</h2>



<a href="https://directory.natsci.msu.edu/Directory/Profiles/Person/100372" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robert Last</a>, a researcher at Michigan State University (<a href="https://www.msu.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MSU</a>), led the team that made these fascinating discoveries. The Last lab specializes in acylsugars and the tiny, hair-like structures called trichomes, where they are produced and stored. 



Recently, other researchers reported finding acylsugars in tomato roots, which came as a surprise to the plant science community. The MSU team wanted to investigate how these root acylsugars functioned and where they originated from.



The researchers found that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-plants-use-their-roots-to-ration-water-during-drought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tomato plants</a> synthesize chemically unique acylsugars in their roots and trichomes through two parallel metabolic pathways. 



"What's so remarkable about these specialized metabolites is that they're typically synthesized in highly precise cells and tissues," said Rachel Kerwin, a postdoctoral researcher at MSU and first author of the latest paper. 



"Take for instance acylsugars. You won't find them produced in the leaves or stems of a tomato plant. These physically sticky defense metabolites are made right in the tip of the trichomes," she continued.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-knocking-out-genes-to-find-tomato-acylsugar-secrets">Knocking out genes to find tomato acylsugar secrets</h2>



To tackle this evolutionary enigma, the lab members collaborated with specialists at MSU's <a href="https://rtsf.natsci.msu.edu/mass-spectrometry/index.aspx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core</a> and staff at the Max T. Rogers Nuclear Magnetic Resonance facility (<a href="https://nmr.natsci.msu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NMR</a>). 



They compared metabolites from tomato seedlings' roots and shoots and found noticeable differences in the chemical make-up of aboveground and belowground acylsugars, defining them as different classes of acylsugars entirely.



Robert Last offers a useful analogy to explain the geneticist's approach to biology: "Imagine trying to figure out how a car works by breaking one component at a time. If you flatten a car's tires and notice the engine still runs, you've discovered a critical fact even if you don't know what the tires exactly do." 



By knocking out candidate genes, the researchers proved the existence of two parallel metabolic pathways in the same plant.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-genes-cluster-for-a-purpose">When genes cluster for a purpose</h2>



Jaynee Hart, a postdoctoral researcher and second author on the paper, investigated the functions of trichome and root enzymes. 



She found a promising link between root enzymes and the root acylsugars, further proving the parallel metabolic pathways in a single <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/tomato-fruit-warns-the-rest-of-the-plant-when-attacked/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tomato plant</a>.



The paper also reports an unexpected twist concerning biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs), which are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-find-genes-that-help-fruit-adapt-to-droughts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">collections of genes</a> physically grouped on the chromosome and contribute to a particular metabolic pathway. 



The Last lab discovered that the root-expressed acylsugar enzyme resides in the same cluster as the genes linked to trichome acylsugars in tomato plants, despite being expressed in different tissues and under different conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-19-million-years-of-evolution">19 million years of evolution</h2>



Kerwin delved into the evolutionary trajectory of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/breakthrough-plants-emit-sounds-when-they-are-stressed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Solanaceae species</a> to identify when and how these two unique acylsugar pathways developed. 



The researchers highlighted a moment some 19 million years ago when the enzyme responsible for trichome acylsugars was duplicated, eventually leading to the root-expressed acylsugar pathway.



"Plants have evolved to make so many amazing poisons and other biologically active compounds," said Last. "From pharmaceuticals, to pesticides, to sunscreens, many small molecules that humans have adapted for different uses come from the arms race between plants, microbes and insects."



These breakthroughs also emphasize the importance of natural pesticides, which defense metabolites like acylsugars ultimately represent. 



Last raises the question, "If we find that these root acylsugars are effective at repelling harmful organisms, could they be bred into other nightshades, thereby helping plants grow without the need for harmful synthetic fungicides and pesticides? These are questions at the core of humanity's pursuit of purer water, safer food and a reduced reliance on harmful synthetic chemicals."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-acylsugars-tomato-plants-and-the-quest-for-safer-food">Acylsugars, tomato plants, and the quest for safer food</h2>



In summary, the discoveries made by the Last lab at Michigan State University reveal the fascinating world of acylsugars and the complex evolutionary history of tomato plants. 



By unraveling the mysteries of tomato tar and identifying the parallel metabolic pathways responsible for acylsugar production in trichomes and roots, these researchers have opened up new avenues for exploring the potential of natural pesticides. 



Their work contributes to our understanding of plant biology and raises important questions about the future of sustainable agriculture and the role that acylsugars could play in reducing our reliance on harmful synthetic chemicals. 



As we continue to explore the secrets hidden within the Solanaceae family, we move closer to achieving the goal of safer food, purer water, and a greener future for all.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adn3991" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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Tomatoes live in their own ‘parallel universe’ in the plant kingdom

Researchers have deciphered a surprising genetic mystery centered around the...

For the first time in over a century, a new species of Japanese <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fossilized-lily-115-million-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lily</a>, known locally as sukashiyuri, has been identified by Dr. Seita Watanabe and his team from the Botanical Gardens and the Graduate School of Science at <a href="https://www.omu.ac.jp/en/">Osaka Metropolitan University</a>. 



This discovery marks the first addition to the sukashiyuri species list since 1914, challenging these visually striking flowers’ traditional classifications.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-japanese-lily-species-diversity-nbsp">Japanese lily species diversity&nbsp;</h2>



Previously, sukashiyuri, typically recognized for their vibrant orange blossoms, were grouped into four taxonomic categories. These lilies are highly prized for ornamental use and have been a popular export from Japan for over two centuries.&nbsp;



However, Watanabe believed that the existing classification did not accurately reflect the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-diversity-will-decline-along-with-rainfall-in-dry-regions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">diversity</a> within the species. To investigate this hypothesis, he and his research team embarked on a detailed exploration across Japan.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-japanese-lily-species-nbsp">New Japanese lily species&nbsp;</h2>



The team's journey involved observing the lilies in their natural habitats, capturing images, collecting specimens, and extracting DNA from the plants for analysis. Through meticulous examination of both the physical form and genetic makeup of these lilies, the researchers have expanded the classification to include eight distinct taxons.&nbsp;



Among these, they identified a new species named Lilium pacificum, which thrives along the Pacific coastlines from Ibaraki Prefecture in the north to Shizuoka Prefecture and the Izu Islands in the south.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unique-traits-and-adaptations-nbsp">Unique traits and adaptations&nbsp;</h2>



“It has an interesting characteristic: the tips of its leaves are curved into a claw-like shape,” Watanabe explained. “Based on the new understanding of these eight taxonomic groups, we found that seven are endemic to Japan, each adapted to its environment, whether coastal or mountainous, and evolving unique traits.”



“Our research shows that these plants have differentiated through complex processes, and we hope that our work will provide clues for speciation studies. In the past, individual differences may have been overlooked because of the apparent simplicity of the plants. Through this research, I was reminded of the importance of morphological observation.”



This breakthrough not only enriches our understanding of the biodiversity within the sukashiyuri lilies but also underscores the significance of detailed taxonomic research in uncovering the hidden complexities of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plant-evolution-drastically-changed-earths-composition/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant evolution</a> and adaptation.



&nbsp;Japanese lilies



Japanese lilies are renowned for their beauty and variety, featuring prominently in both cultivation and cultural symbolism in Japan.&nbsp;



One of the most iconic species is the Lilium auratum, often called the "golden-rayed lily of Japan," which is celebrated for its large, fragrant white flowers that have golden rays and speckled burgundy markings. Another important species is Lilium speciosum, or the "Japanese lily," which is admired for its striking pink to red petals and heavy scent.



Lilium japonicum, also known as "Yamayuri," is native to the cool mountain regions of Japan and bears elegant, trumpet-shaped flowers. This species tends to thrive in forest environments. The red spider lily, Lycoris radiata, is another visually striking species, famous for its red flowers that bloom in late summer and early autumn, often associated with the end of the Buddhist Bon Festival.



These lilies not only contribute to the biodiversity of Japan's flora but also hold significant places in Japanese gardening and festival celebrations, embodying themes of purity, renewal, and transition.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-flowers-in-japanese-culture-nbsp">Flowers in Japanese culture&nbsp;</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-orchid-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-in-japan/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flowers</a> hold a profound significance in Japanese culture, permeating various aspects of life, art, and rituals with a deep-rooted symbolism and aesthetic importance. The appreciation of flowers is so integral that it has its own traditional practice known as "hanami," which is the seasonal viewing of flowers, primarily cherry blossoms. 



This practice is not just about enjoying the transient beauty of blooms but also reflects deeper themes of impermanence and the graceful acceptance of life and death cycles, as symbolized by the brief yet spectacular blooming period of the sakura.



Floral motifs are prevalent in Japanese art and design, including kimono fabrics, ceramics, and classical paintings. These motifs often carry symbolic meanings; for example, the cherry blossom represents beauty and the ephemeral nature of life, while the plum blossom stands for perseverance and renewal, often blooming vibrantly even in cold winter.



In the realm of traditional Japanese tea ceremonies, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-reveals-that-90-of-flowering-plant-species-rely-on-animal-pollinators/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flowers</a> play a subtle yet essential role, where they are carefully chosen to complement the season and setting, enhancing the spiritual and aesthetic experience. This practice underscores the Japanese philosophy of harmony between nature and human-made beauty.



The study is published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.13141" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Taxon</a>.



Image Credit: Osaka Metropolitan University



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Japanese lily species discovered after more than a century

For the first time in over a century, a new...

Aerial,Top,View,Green,Forest,With,Earth,,Green,Planet,In

Earth, our vibrant planet, has witnessed countless climatic shifts throughout its history, each one leaving an indelible mark on the landscape and the life it sustains. At the heart of this intricate dance between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/good-news-plants-are-absorbing-more-human-produced-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate and life lie plants</a>, the silent architects of Earth's atmosphere and the key to understanding our planet's response to the pressing issue of global warming. 



As researchers delve deeper into the field of biogeodynamics, they uncover the fascinating interplay between <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-triggers-epic-plant-migration-in-brazils-cerrado/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation and climate</a>, revealing how Earth's flora has not only adapted to changing conditions but also played an active role in shaping the very climate that sustains them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interplay-of-plant-life-and-earth-s-climate">Interplay of plant life and Earth's climate</h2>



Julian Rogger, a researcher at the Institute of Geophysics at <a href="https://ethz.ch/en.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ETH Zurich</a>, is fascinated by the interplay of plant life and climate. 



Earth is the only known planet in the universe capable of supporting living organisms, thanks to its climatic conditions that allow for the presence of liquid water. Rogger explains, "We're trying to understand processes relevant to the present using the geological past."



When the planet's climate shifts, it impacts <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trees-struggling-to-breathe-store-co2-hotter-climate/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant life</a>, forcing ecosystems to evolve and adapt to changing conditions. "I'm interested in the role of life itself in the whole system," Rogger says. "I find it really fascinating to reconstruct the world as it was millions of years ago."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-plants-as-active-participants-in-earth-s-climate-cycle">Plants as active participants in Earth's climate cycle</h2>



In a recent paper published in the journal Science Advances, Rogger and colleagues from ETH and the <a href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Leeds</a> argue that plants are not just passive participants in Earth's climate cycle, but can play an important role in shaping it. 



"We could assume life is just reacting to changes, but it's also possible it's interacting with the system and regulates it," Rogger says.



Using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-sleap-creating-new-plants-that-help-fight-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computer models</a> that simulate the interplay between climate change, continental movement, and plant life in the deep past, Rogger and his team have shown that plants likely help regulate the Earth's atmosphere by trapping carbon and emitting oxygen, thus controlling CO2 levels. 



They also accelerate the process of mineral weathering in soils, which consumes CO2. The models suggest that the planet's climate and atmosphere are part of a feedback loop, with life itself playing a role in regulating or accelerating climatic changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-speed-of-climatic-change-is-a-critical-factor">Speed of climatic change is a critical factor</h2>



The speed of climatic change is a critical factor in determining the impact on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/beneficial-plant-bacteria-likely-to-decline-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">plant life</a>. When change is slow enough for plants to evolve or spread to new niches over millions of years, plant activity can act as a buffer, preventing temperatures from shifting too rapidly. 



However, the geological record and fossil evidence show that there have been changes that occurred too quickly, resulting in major disruptions of vegetation and even mass extinctions.



"What we want to know is how fast vegetation is able to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-have-a-way-of-telling-us-what-climate-they-can-survive-in/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">change its characteristics</a> when the world suddenly gets 5 or 6 degrees warmer," Rogger says. "The overall goal is to understand the co-evolution of climate, vegetation and tectonics."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modeling-the-past-to-understand-the-present">Modeling the past to understand the present</h2>



Rogger and his interdisciplinary team of geologists, computer scientists, and earth scientists created a computer model of the last 390 million years, taking into account the shifting of continents, climate, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/flowers-blooming-92-days-earlier-due-to-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation's response</a> to these changes. 



Running simulations on powerful supercomputers can take up to a month due to the complexity of the problem and the length of time they represent.



The team uses geological data, such as chemical analysis of sediments and fossils, to make the models as realistic as possible. 



The models show that long periods of stability allow <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hidden-power-plants-impact-climate-ecosystems/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vegetation to flourish</a>, absorbing CO2 and stabilizing the Earth's climate over time. Plants were able to evolve fast enough to adjust to gradual shifts in climate and landscapes due to continental drift.



However, when the climate system is disrupted and changes too rapidly for vegetation to adapt, plants are wiped out and can't act as a buffer to slow down shifts in climate. 



"It's like a feedback effect," Rogger explains. "Because regulation falls away, you could have a stronger increase in CO2 and more climate change than was previously expected."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-resilience-of-earth-s-ecosystems">Resilience of Earth's ecosystems</h2>



At a time when the Earth's climate is changing faster than ever before, Rogger's research has practical implications. Information from the past can help us understand how resilient the Earth's interlocking systems are. 



"How fast are ecosystems able to respond to changes in the climate and landscape? That's one of the major unknowns," he says. "It's an acute question – how resilient is the Earth?"



In summary, as we face the unprecedented pace of climate change today, Rogger's research serves as a vital reminder of the intricate dance between life, plants and Earth's climate.



By studying the past, we gain invaluable insights into the resilience of Earth's ecosystems and their <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-pass-down-memories-to-help-offspring-survive/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ability to adapt</a> to changing conditions. This knowledge arms us with the tools to better understand and respond to the challenges we face in the present and future. 



As we work to protect and preserve our planet's delicate balance, we must remember that we are not mere spectators in Earth's climate dance, but active participants with the power to shape its rhythm for generations to come.



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adj4408" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.



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How plants actively shaped Earth's climate cycle throughout history

Earth, our vibrant planet, has witnessed countless climatic shifts throughout...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.



"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.



The research, published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.



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Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.



This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.



Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.



The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators. Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas. These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.



Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.



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Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.



Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.



The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.



Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."



This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.



Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet Archaeopteris: the first modern tree</h2>



The star of this ancient forest is Archaeopteris – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur Archaeopteryx. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.



William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.



Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.



This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified Eospermatopteris, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.



All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.



Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."



The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.



Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.



Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.



These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.



The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.



The full study was published in the journal Current Biology.



-----



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Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?



The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What was acid rain?</h2>



Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The science behind it</h2>



Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.



While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The crisis at its peak</h2>



During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Environmental devastation</h2>



The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.



By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.



Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Economic impact</h2>



Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The solution: government action and technology</h2>



Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">The Clean Air Act of 1990</h2>



The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Cap-and-trade success</h2>



Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.



The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Technology advances</h2>



Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.



The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today">Why we don't hear about it today</h2>



Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Success doesn't make news</h2>



There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Mission accomplished</h2>



The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone">Is it really gone?</h2>



The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.



EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">What this teaches us</h2>



The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.



Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Conclusion</h2>



Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.



Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.



This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.



Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



Sources: This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Frequently Asked Questions</h2>



1. Is acid rain completely gone? No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.



2. How long did solving take? Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.



3. What made the solution successful? Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.



4. Do other countries have acid rain problems? Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.



5. Could acid rain return? Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.



6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"? The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a>



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The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

Fresh,Radish,Harvest,On,Soil,In,Garden.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex
</div></figure>







Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving fall garden, and this guide lays out the best vegetables and herbs to plant now for a fruitful autumn harvest. 



Fast-growing leafy greens such as spinach, lettuce, kale, and arugula perform especially well in the waning summer heat, with harvests beginning as soon as 30 days. 



These cool-season crops relish the transition into fall, offering repeated yields with cut-and-come-again methods.



Root vegetables like radishes, carrots, and beets also excel during this period. Radishes deliver satisfaction in under a month, while carrots and beets mature in about two months. Employing succession planting ensures a continuous stream of produce deep into the cooler months. 



For a boost of fresh flavor, herbs like cilantro, basil, dill, and chervil are excellent picks. These heat-loving varieties flourish in July’s warmth and are harvest-ready in about 30 days, especially when sown continuously.



Gardeners in zones 6 through 9 can benefit from planting bush beans and snap peas, which don’t require trellising and are ideal for compact plots. 



Maturing in 50–60 days, they’re a smart choice for quick, protein-rich harvests. For those in hotter regions, heat-tolerant crops such as okra and southern peas provide reliable yields and thrive in scorching conditions.



This guide emphasizes more than crop selection—it highlights the importance of timing, soil preparation, and ongoing sowing techniques. 



With thoughtful planning and attention to regional climate needs, even late-summer gardeners can enjoy fresh salads, hearty stews, and the satisfaction of a robust, homegrown harvest well into fall.



-----



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What to plant in your garden in mid-July

https://youtu.be/Fi2OeEwuzRM?si=vTyd2m9FMmtyWkex Mid-July is an opportune time to kick-start a thriving...

Green,Ecoduct,Over,An,Empty,Highway,During,Sunset.

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU
</div></figure>



A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that wildlife tunnels significantly reduce amphibian road mortality during seasonal migrations. 



Frogs and salamanders often cross roads to reach breeding ponds each spring, but many are killed by vehicles. 



Researchers from the <a href="https://www.uvm.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Vermont</a>, in collaboration with local citizens and the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, installed two underpass tunnels in 2015. 



Over a 12-year monitoring period, they observed an 80.2% reduction in amphibian deaths, and up to 94% for non-climbing species like salamanders. 



The study used a before-after-control-impact design and documented more than 5,200 amphibians, highlighting the tunnels’ effectiveness even in nearby buffer zones.



Funded at $342,397 - far cheaper than wildlife crossings for large mammals - the project showcased the power of community-led conservation.



Local groups initiated the effort after observing mass amphibian deaths. Wildlife cameras later captured over 2,200 amphibians using a tunnel in just one spring, along with other species like raccoons and bobcats, indicating wider ecosystem benefits.



This marks the first peer-reviewed, long-term data set in the northeastern U.S. confirming amphibian-specific underpasses work. 



The study urges transportation departments to incorporate these designs into road planning and highlights how community action, thoughtful infrastructure, and persistence can make a real difference for biodiversity.



The full study was published in the <a href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1617138125000780" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Journal for Nature Conservation</a>.



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Wildlife tunnels save millions of amphibians

https://youtu.be/XYgiPzmNBTU?si=eFYY7gPHU1JznLvU A new long-term study in Monkton, Vermont, reveals that...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

[sendtonews key="e4ZG0Jawp3-2374785-12187" type="single"] Astronomers at Johns Hopkins University have created...

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Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky" Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features northwest Lesotho in South Africa.



According to ESA, Lesotho is the only nation in the world that lies completely above 1,000 m in elevation. The country is famous for its tall mountains and narrow valleys, and is known as Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky."



Out of a population of around two million people, about 80 percent live in rural areas. More than 75 percent of these people are engaged in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-will-have-a-global-impact-on-agriculture/">agriculture</a>, including rainfed cereal production and animal grazing.&nbsp;



ESA reports that the country’s agricultural system faces a growing number of issues, with climate-related vulnerabilities such as drought, floods and extreme temperatures occurring more frequently. 



Diamonds are amongst the minerals found in the mountains. Indeed, Lesotho can truly be called the Kingdom in the Sky. Beautiful, culturally rich, safe, affordable, and easily accessible from Durban and Johannesburg, mountainous Lesotho is a vastly underrated travel destination. the Kingdom of Lesotho (Sotho: 'Muso oa Lesotho) is an enclaved country in southern Africa. It is just over 30,000 km2 (11,583 sq mi) in size and has a population of around 2 million.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer 



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Lesotho: Africa's "Kingdom in the Sky"

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

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