For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-think-they-found-two-key-bacteria-that-cause-multiple-sclerosis/">bacteria</a>, make up around 90% of the gut virome.



Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health.



A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/inflammatory-bowel-disease/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IBD</a>), <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/colonoscopy-vs-stool-tests-doctors-found-out-which-is-better-at-detecting-cancer/">colorectal cancer</a>, and Clostridium difficile infection (<a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15548-c-diff-infection" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CDI</a>).



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gut-s-virome-changes-across-life-stages">Gut's virome changes across life stages</h2>



The gut virome changes constantly throughout life. Infants show high <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bacteria-that-eat-forever-chemicals-discovered-in-contaminated-soil/">diversity</a> in gut bacteriophages (also called phages), which is shaped by birth method, diet, and antibiotic exposure.



As individuals grow, diet and hormones refine the virome. In adults, phages and bacteria form a stable, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-021-00536-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">balanced community</a>.



However, aging shifts this balance. Older adults show more lysogenic phages, which integrate into bacterial genomes and potentially alter metabolism and immune interactions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-and-environment-shape-the-virome">Diet and environment shape the virome</h2>



Diet greatly <a href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9455721/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">influences</a> the virome. High-fiber diets support beneficial phages by encouraging helpful bacteria. Western diets, rich in fat and sugar, promote harmful <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-bacteria-breathe-by-creating-electricity/">phages</a>.



Urbanization reduces exposure to natural viruses. Studies show that rural diets which are rich in fiber boost gut virome diversity.



Host genetics and immunity also play roles. Genetic variants can affect viral detection and clearance. Immune defenses, like <a href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/treatments/interferons" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">interferons</a> and <a href="https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/receptors-molecules/immunoglobulin-iga" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">IgA</a>, keep the virome balanced.



However, immune dysfunction can trigger viral imbalances, worsening conditions like HIV and gut inflammation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viruses-and-bacteria-interacting">Viruses and bacteria interacting</h2>



Viruses, including phages, along with bacteria and fungi form a complex and dynamic ecosystem in the gut. The components interact in positive and negative ways, thus affecting host metabolism, immune regulation and resistance to disease. 



The gut virome plays a crucial regulatory role in these intricate interactions. Phages interact with bacteria through lytic, lysogenic, and budding cycles, which regulate bacterial populations and gene flow. 



In a form of microbial arms race, the bacteria defend against phages using <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/crispr-used-to-remove-extra-chromosomes-in-down-syndrome-and-restore-cell-function/">CRISPR systems</a> and the phages evolve escape mechanisms.



Some phages even boost bacterial metabolism and biofilm formation, affecting disease risk. For instance, phages can transfer genes that enhance bacterial survival in acidic conditions.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-influence-on-immunity">Virome’s influence on immunity</h2>



The virome affects gut immunity deeply. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/when-bacteria-get-hungry-they-turn-on-each-other/">Phages</a> can anchor to gut mucus and form a protective barrier. They also shape our own <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459471/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">T and B cell</a> activity and regulate macrophages. In addition, viruses that infect eukaryotic cells affect immune pathways and maintain gut balance.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1m.jpg"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/virome_microbiome_human-gut_graphic_credit-PCM_1s.webp" alt="This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine" class="wp-image-1976450"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">This infographic illustrates four major therapeutic approaches—fecal microbial transplantation (FMT), phage therapy, dietary interventions, and probiotics/prebiotics—that aim to restore gut health by modulating the microbiome and virome. Each strategy offers unique methods, benefits, and challenges in managing gastrointestinal disorders such as IBD, CRC, and CDI, highlighting the growing potential of virome-informed precision medicine. Click image to enlarge. Credit: Precision Clinical Medicine</figcaption></figure>



However, infections and antibiotics can disrupt this harmony and lead to inflammation. Phages can trigger TLR9 pathways, causing excessive immune responses such as those linked to IBD.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virome-s-role-in-disease">Virome’s role in disease</h2>



Imbalances in the gut virome have been linked to several gut diseases. In IBD, specific phages become abundant and worsen inflammation.



Certain groups of phages (such as Caudovirales) amplify immune responses, while norovirus and rotavirus can damage the gut lining. Viral imbalances are also common in IBS and CDI.



In colorectal cancer, phages and eukaryotic viruses like HPV and JC virus (polyomavirus) appear more often. They may promote tumor growth by altering bacterial communities and gene expression.



Studies suggest that some phages directly influence cancer risk by promoting biofilms and transferring harmful genes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-virus-based-treatments">Virus-based treatments</h2>



Several therapies now explore the virome’s potential to treat certain diseases or conditions. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) restores gut balance and reduces inflammation in IBD and CDI.



FMT works not only by shifting bacteria but also by transferring beneficial phages. Studies show that donor phages often align quickly with recipients and promote recovery.



Phage therapy, which uses viruses to kill specific bacteria, is another approach that is gaining traction. It can reduce harmful microbes while preserving beneficial ones.



Researchers have created phage cocktails that target specific gut pathogens like E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and this approach has had promising results in animal models.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-diet-as-a-tool-to-reshape-the-virome">Diet as a tool to reshape the virome</h2>



Dietary strategies also reshape the virome. High-fiber diets boost beneficial phages and support bacterial diversity.



Whey protein has shown potential in managing Crohn’s disease by improving phage-bacteria interactions.



Other interventions, such as exclusive enteral nutrition and low-FODMAP diets, also show benefits in gut diseases.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-probiotics-prebiotics-and-phages">Probiotics, prebiotics, and phages</h2>



Probiotics introduce beneficial bacteria, while prebiotics feed them. Combining them, known as symbiotics, shows promise for restoring and maintaining gut health.



Recent research suggests that adding phages can enhance these effects. Phage-based products, such as PreforPro, have already shown benefits in clinical trials.



These products can reduce populations of harmful bacteria and improve probiotic performance, thereby creating a more stable gut environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-using-gut-viruses-to-detect-diseases-early">Using gut viruses to detect diseases early</h2>



The gut virome is now being studied as a diagnostic tool. Viral patterns are more stable than bacterial ones, making them reliable biomarkers.



Distinct virome signatures can predict IBD and colorectal cancer. Machine learning models already use virome data to detect these diseases early.



Virome profiling may also track treatment responses, such as FMT success in IBD and CDI.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-prospects">Challenges and future prospects</h2>



Despite the excitement over potential new treatments, many hurdles remain. Current methods struggle to capture the full virome due to technical limits.



Many phages are still unculturable, and their roles remain unclear. Researchers are working to improve viral databases and develop targeted therapies. Once these gaps close, virome-based therapies could change how we treat gut diseases.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/pcm/article/8/2/pbaf010/8152264" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Precision Clinical Medicine</a>.



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Move over microbiome, it's time for the human gut's 'virome' to shine

For years, bacteria dominated gut health research. Now, the gut virome is gaining attention as a major player in health and disease. Bacteriophages, which are viruses that infect bacteria, make up around 90% of the gut virome. Though small in biomass, they outnumber bacteria by up to tenfold. These tiny viruses shape microbial communities, influence immunity, and affect gut health. A landmark review published recently in Precision Clinical Medicine reveals how the gut virome links to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colorectal cancer, and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI)....

The captivating world of quantum mechanics is constantly evolving, revealing complexities that challenge our perception of reality. Recent advancements illuminate the puzzling wave functions of entangled photons, providing remarkable insights into the behavior of these fundamental particles.



At the forefront of this research are experts from the <a href="https://www.uottawa.ca/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Ottawa</a> and <a href="https://www.uniroma1.it/en/pagina-strutturale/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sapienza University</a> of Rome. Their innovative approach allows for real-time visualization of entangled photon wave functions, pushing the boundaries of what we thought possible in quantum science.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-entanglement">Understanding entanglement</h2>



<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-discovery-is-a-revolutionary-step-forward/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Quantum entanglement</a> is a mind-boggling phenomenon that underscores the profound interconnectedness of two particles. 



When the state of one particle changes, it can instantly influence the state of the other, regardless of the distance separating them.



Consider the analogy of a pair of shoes: if you pick a left shoe, you immediately know the other has to be the right one. 



This scenario elegantly illustrates the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-entanglement-laws-thermodynamics-follow-entropy-rule/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature of entanglement</a>, where the properties of these particles are intertwined in ways that challenge our conventional understanding of physics.



Central to quantum mechanics is the wave function, which encapsulates the quantum state of a system. Just as knowing a shoe's size and color aids in its identification, the wave function provides essential information -- such as position and velocity -- about quantum particles.



For scientists, grasping the significance of the wave function is crucial, as it empowers them to predict the outcomes of various measurements effectively. 



As physicist Richard Feynman wisely noted, "If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don't understand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/radical-new-theory-finally-unites-gravity-spacetime-and-the-quantum-realm/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum mechanics</a>."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-capturing-entangled-photons">Capturing entangled photons</h2>



Traditionally, visualizing the wave function for complex systems like two entangled photons has necessitated a technique known as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-smallest-quantum-light-detector-now-fits-on-silicon-chip/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> tomography.



This method involves extensive measurements and can be quite time-consuming, often extending over hours or even days. 



Furthermore, results can be compromised by noise and the intricacies of the setup, presenting challenges to accurate measurement.



To illustrate this, think of traditional tomography as reconstructing a 3D object from its 2D shadows cast on different walls -- an elaborate task that demands significant computational resources and time.



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/quantum-entanglement_photons_Biphoton-state-holographic-reconstruction_credit_Nature-Photonics_1s.jpg" alt="A) Coincidence image of interference between a reference SPDC state and a state obtained by a pump beam with the shape of a Ying and Yang symbol (shown in the inset). The inset scale is the same as in the main plot. B) Reconstructed amplitude and phase structure of the image imprinted on the unknown pump. Credit: Nature Photonics" class="wp-image-1940052"/><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">A) Coincidence image of interference between a reference SPDC state and a state obtained by a pump beam with the shape of a Ying and Yang symbol (shown in the inset). The inset scale is the same as in the main plot. B) Reconstructed amplitude and phase structure of the image imprinted on the unknown pump. Credit: Nature Photonics</figcaption></figure>



However, recent advancements have introduced a pioneering technique that addresses these limitations.



Inspired by digital holography in classical optics, the new method involves capturing a single image, known as an interferogram. This image results from the interference of light scattered by an object with a reference beam.



For entangled photons, researchers have enhanced this concept by superimposing a well-known <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/full-chemical-complexity-of-quantum-decoherence-finally-revealed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum state</a> with the unknown one, enabling them to capture the spatial distribution of simultaneous photon arrivals -- referred to as a coincidence image.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-high-tech-photon-visualization">High-tech photon visualization</h2>



The success of this experiment relies on the use of an advanced camera that captures events with nanosecond precision at each pixel.



This high-resolution capability is crucial for revealing the intricate interference patterns that underpin the innovative visualization technique we are exploring.



Dr. Alessio D'Errico, a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Ottawa and co-author of the study, highlighted the remarkable efficiency of this approach.



"This method is exponentially faster than previous techniques, requiring only minutes or seconds instead of days," D'Errico explained.



"Importantly, the detection time remains unaffected by the complexity of the system, providing a solution to the long-standing scalability challenge in projective tomography."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-quantum-technology">Implications for quantum technology</h2>



This breakthrough represents a significant achievement for academic research while holding profound implications for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-quantum-revolution-will-impact-all-aspects-of-society/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future of quantum technology</a>.



By facilitating faster and more accurate characterization of quantum states, this innovative method can propel advancements in quantum communication, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/building-quantum-computers-just-got-easier-with-new-technique/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>, and quantum imaging techniques.



For example, enhancing our understanding and manipulation of entangled states could pave the way for more secure communication channels and advanced computational systems that surpass the capabilities of classical computers.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-entangled-photons-and-the-quantum-future">Entangled photons and the quantum future</h2>



The potential applications are both vast and diverse. In the realm of quantum computing, precise control over quantum states is essential for creating algorithms capable of solving problems deemed impossible by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/traditional-computers-verify-errors-made-by-quantum-computers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traditional computers</a>.



In quantum communication, secure data transmission can be realized by leveraging the unique properties of entangled particles.



Moreover, quantum imaging stands to benefit as well, offering the possibility of high-resolution imaging at previously unattainable scales and sensitivities.



This research not only addresses fundamental questions about the nature of reality at the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/impossibility-paradox-calculating-incalculable-quantum-realm-particles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum level</a>, but it also lays the groundwork for practical applications that have the potential to transform industries and enhance our everyday lives.



The future of quantum technology looks brighter than ever, thanks to the pioneering work of brilliant scientists like Dr. Alessio D'Errico and his international collaborators.



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Quantum dance of entangled photons captured in real-time

The captivating world of quantum mechanics is constantly evolving, revealing...

The rise and decline of western equine encephalitis (WEE) as a lethal disease offers crucial insights into how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/plants-reprogram-their-cells-to-fight-pathogens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">pathogens</a> can gain or lose the ability to jump from animals to humans. 



A newly published study has unraveled the mechanisms through which the WEE virus infected humans and has linked changes in these mechanisms to the reduction in illness and deaths caused by the virus. These findings are significant for public health experts planning for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-forest-cover-linked-to-disease-outbreaks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">outbreaks</a>.



The researchers, led by Professor Jonathan Abraham of the Blavatnik Institute at <a href="https://hms.harvard.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Harvard Medical School</a>, encountered many unexpected findings. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-surprising-changes-in-the-wee-virus">Surprising changes in the WEE virus</h2>



“This was a real scientific detective story,” said Professor Abraham. “The virus kept surprising us and taught us some important lessons about how to study viruses.”



The researchers identified specific proteins on host cells that different WEE virus strains used to infect various animals, including horses, humans, and birds, over the last century.&nbsp;



The team discovered that changes in the viral genome led to the virus losing its ability to target proteins found in humans and horses while maintaining its ability to infect birds and reptiles.&nbsp;



These changes in the virus's capacity to infect different host cells underscore the need to study viruses over time, across different regions, and in various host species to monitor potential outbreaks and emerging <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-new-rna-viruses-identified-in-ocean-waters/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">viruses</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-virus-infects-host-cells">How the virus infects host cells</h2>



WEE, a member of the alphavirus family, typically attaches a spike protein to a compatible receptor on a host cell to gain entry and cause infection.&nbsp;



The researchers created harmless replicas of different viral strains collected over time and tested their ability to infect host cells in lab dishes and mice.&nbsp;



The experts found that early, deadly strains of WEE could attach their spike proteins to multiple receptors on the brain cells of humans and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/all-domestic-horses-have-ancestors-in-russia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">horses</a>, including proteins known as PCDH10 and VLDLR.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-humans-are-no-longer-targeted-by-the-virus">Humans are no longer targeted by the virus</h2>



Despite the virus still circulating between birds, mosquitoes, and other animals, the last significant human outbreak in the United States was in 1987, according to the <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/wee/about/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC). 



Since then, only five cases have been identified. Recent strains of the virus isolated from mosquitoes in California in 2005 were found to be unable to recognize human receptors but could still interact with proteins found in birds.



The researchers propose that the virus may have evolved due to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/covid-vaccines-linked-to-neurological-blood-and-heart-related-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vaccination</a> efforts for horses or simple antigenic drifting, where random mutations cause small changes in the viral genome over time. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-subtle-shifts-in-the-viral-spike-proteins-nbsp">Subtle shifts in the viral spike proteins&nbsp;</h2>



Based on the findings, the researchers hypothesized that the virus evolved due to reduced prevalence of horses, which can be vaccinated and no longer serve as effective amplifiers.&nbsp;



Alternatively, the virus may have undergone antigenic drifting, where random mutations cause minor changes in the viral genome, altering its interaction with hosts.&nbsp;



Subtle shifts in the viral spike proteins changed the cellular receptors it could target. This evolution in host receptors likely caused the virus to “submerge” as a human pathogen in North America. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for predicting potential re-emergence.



“We need to understand what happens to viruses when they submerge, to better prepare for when they re-emerge,” said first author Wanyu Li, a doctoral student at Harvard's Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-dynamic-nature-of-viruses">The dynamic nature of viruses</h2>



The study revealed that certain old WEE strains behaved differently than expected. The researchers used the eastern equine encephalitis virus as a control in some experiments and found that an old strain of WEE could use the same receptor as the eastern virus, which newer WEE strains could not do.&nbsp;



This variability underscores the dynamic nature of viruses and the necessity of studying multiple strains to fully understand them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-recent-wee-outbreak-in-south-america">Recent WEE outbreak in South America </h2>



As Abraham and his team conducted their experiments, a new outbreak of WEE occurred in South America, highlighting the importance of perpetual vigilance.&nbsp;



The South American strain of the virus is genetically distinct from the North American strain and does not persist long enough for migrating birds to transfer it between continents. However, the outbreak emphasizes the need for improved scientific understanding of these viruses.



Abraham and his collaborators are now investigating the strains associated with the recent outbreak in South America.&nbsp;



“One small shift in the viral genome, in the intensity of a rainy season that allows mosquitoes to proliferate, or in the place humans live or work, could trigger an outbreak. The more we know, the better we’ll be able to protect ourselves,” Abraham concluded.



The research is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07740-2#Sec10" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a>.



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-">-----</h3>



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<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h--0">-----</h3>

Subtle changes give a virus the ability to infect humans

The rise and decline of western equine encephalitis (WEE) as...

Ask anyone around you - "Do you believe you have control over your actions?" The chances are high you'll hear a resounding "Yes." Most people cherish the idea that they are the architects of their destiny, exercising sovereignty over their personal decisions and their own free will.



This concept of control, commonly referred to as free will, is a fundamental premise that profoundly shapes our identity and influences how we navigate the world. 



It instills a sense of responsibility for our choices and actions, and it becomes a cornerstone of our moral and ethical frameworks.



However, what if, in reality, we're not the ones truly calling the shots? What if our decisions are influenced by <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-humans-living-in-a-simulated-world/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">factors beyond our awareness</a>?



This unsettling yet thought-provoking idea is the bold hypothesis explored in Robert Sapolsky's <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Determined-Science-Life-without-Free/dp/0525560971" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">latest book</a>, "Determined: A Science of Life Without Free Will."



In it, Sapolsky delves into the intricate interplay of biology, environment, and psychology, challenging our conventional understanding of autonomy and prompting readers to reconsider the essence of human agency.



The book invites us to question the very foundations of how we perceive ourselves and our choices in an increasingly complex world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-s-robert-sapolsky">Who’s Robert Sapolsky?</h2>



A neurobiologist serving <a href="https://www.stanford.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a>, Robert Sapolsky is no stranger to the intricate secrets of the human mind and the biological mechanisms that underpin our behavior.



With over four decades of dedicated research studying both human and primate behavior, his journey has taken him through diverse environments, from the jungles of Africa observing wild baboons to the labs of academia delving into the neurological processes that drive our actions.



Throughout his extensive career, he has explored the interplay between genetics, environment, and neurobiology, leading to a controversial revelation: we may not have control over our behavior any more than we do over a seizure or the rhythmic throb of our heartbeats.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-paradigm-shift-from-common-belief">Paradigm shift from common belief</h2>



The notion seems counter-intuitive, doesn't it? We've always been taught to believe that we control our actions, that our choices define our destinies.



However, the mind-boggling research conducted by <a href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/robert-sapolsky" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Robert Sapolsky</a>, traversing various scientific disciplines such as neuroscience, psychology, and genetics, paints a significantly different picture.



His findings suggest that everything we do, whether it's the most trivial decision or a choice that has transformative consequences, isn’t really a matter of personal choice.



Instead, our actions could be sculpted and influenced by complex neurological processes and environmental factors that operate beneath our conscious awareness, making us mere bystanders in our own lives.



Sapolsky throws down the gauntlet with a stern reality check, stating, "The world is really screwed up and made much, much more unfair by the fact that we reward people and punish people for things they have no control over. We've got no free will. Stop attributing stuff to us that isn't there."



This powerful statement challenges our long-held beliefs about moral responsibility and accountability, urging us to reconsider the implications of our choices in a world where free will may not exist in the way we’ve always imagined.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-free-will-is-handcuffed-by-genetics">Free will is handcuffed by genetics</h2>



On one end of the spectrum, we have large swathes of the population who perceive free will as an undeniable reality, believing that individuals possess the power to make choices that shape their destinies.



This perspective champions the idea that personal agency and decision-making are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/simulation-hypothesis-are-we-living-in-a-computer-simulation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fundamental to human experience</a>.



In stark contrast, the viewpoint articulated by Sapolsky suggests that our actions are not solely a product of our own volition but rather the result of an intricate dance of genetics, environmental conditions, and neurochemistry.



This perspective posits that factors such as our genetic makeup, the circumstances of our upbringing, and even the chemical reactions occurring within our brains significantly influence our decisions and behaviors.



As a result, our failures and successes appear less like achievements or shortcomings of our own doing and more like byproducts of these external elements, challenging the notion of personal responsibility and prompting deeper reflection on the complexities of human behavior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-closer-look-at-determined">Closer look at "Determined"</h2>



Sapolsky's new book, "Determined", builds on the solid foundation laid in his previous bestseller, "Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst".



This thought-provoking book delves deeply into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earth-is-a-virtual-world-and-humans-play-the-roles-of-its-characters-new-study/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">intricate and mysterious elements</a> that influence our behavior, offering readers a comprehensive exploration of the forces at play.



Sapolsky sweeps across the vast panorama of time, examining everything from the immediate moments leading up to decision-making to the centuries-old evolutionary processes that have shaped our brain and behavior.



"Determined" meticulously discusses how genetic, environmental, and social factors intertwine, collaborating to steer our actions in ways we may not even consciously recognize.



With a mix of scientific rigor and engaging storytelling, Sapolsky invites readers to reflect on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/science-behind-predicting-and-changing-human-behavior/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complexities of human behavior</a> and the myriad influences that guide us every day.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reconciling-free-will-with-reality">Reconciling free will with reality</h2>



The concept of dismissing free will significantly rattles the fundamental principles of morality and justice, causing us to question the very foundation upon which our legal and ethical systems are built.



After all, if our choices and actions are not truly within our control, how can society justly hold individuals accountable for them?



This dilemma raises profound questions about responsibility and accountability. Philosopher Gregg Caruso, a faculty member at SUNY Corning, echoes Sapolsky's perspective, suggesting that recognizing our lack of control over our actions could ultimately lead to a fairer and more equitable justice system.



Caruso argues, "Who we are and what we do is ultimately the result of factors beyond our control, and because of this we are never morally responsible for our actions in the sense that would make us truly deserving of praise and blame, punishment and reward."



His vision for justice highlights the need to prevent future harm instead of just pointing fingers or handing out punishments.



By focusing on rehabilitation and exploring the root causes of behavior, Caruso supports a system that prioritizes community safety and personal growth over revenge. This approach creates a more positive environment for individuals and benefits society overall.



As we dive into these concepts, it’s clear that rethinking our justice system could lead to important insights and real change.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-great-divide-among-critics">Great divide among critics</h2>



Not everyone’s on board with Sapolsky's conclusions regarding the nature of free will and the influence of external factors on our behavior.



According to Peter U. Tse, a prominent neuroscientist at <a href="https://www.dartmouth.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dartmouth College</a>, our brain's remarkable capacity for variable responses leaves ample room for the concept of free will, even in the face of significant external influences.



Tse argues that this variability is crucial, as it suggests that individuals can make choices that are not entirely dictated by their environment or biology.



Some critics express concern that eradicating the belief in free will could weaken personal responsibility, potentially leading to a society where accountability diminishes and anarchy could ensue.



Saul Smilansky, a noted philosopher at the <a href="https://www.haifa.ac.il/?lang=en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Haifa</a>, emphasizes the importance of finding a delicate balance between acknowledging the various influences on human behavior and maintaining a robust sense of agency and personal accountability.



He suggests that it is vital for societal cohesion that individuals feel empowered to make choices and are held responsible for those choices, as this fosters a sense of moral integrity and social order.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-interplay-of-science-and-society-in-free-will-debate">Interplay of science and society in free will debate</h2>



The debate about free will goes beyond academic discussions; it’s woven into our personal relationships, social interactions, and public policies.



This conversation raises important questions about human autonomy and moral responsibility, influencing how we see and treat each other in everyday life.



By recognizing the many factors that affect behavior -- like genetics, environment, and social context -- we can move towards a kinder, fairer society.



For example, understanding how trauma impacts brain development can help us adopt more compassionate and forgiving approaches to mental health care and crime.



When we realize that people are often shaped by their experiences, we can create policies that focus on rehabilitation instead of punishment and develop support systems that encourage healing and growth, ultimately building a more empathetic and just society for everyone.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-getting-down-to-the-heart-of-the-matter">Getting down to the heart of the matter</h2>



Sapolsky's work wraps up on a touching note of compassion. He emphasizes the importance of understanding our limits of personal control while also acknowledging the strong impact of external factors on our lives.



"It's not about letting people off the hook; it's about recognizing the shared humanity that connects us all," he concludes, which underscores the need for empathy, especially during tough times.



As we explore the complexities of the brain and what drives human behavior, the debate over free will keeps challenging our traditional views.



This ongoing discussion pushes us to rethink our judgments and encourages a kinder approach toward others, helping us better understand the many influences that shape our choices and actions.



In a time when we're gaining more scientific insights into behavior, the conversation around free will is a crucial way to evaluate how we interact with each other and our society.



The LA Times contributed to this report.



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"Humans don't have free will," according to decades of research by Stanford scientist

Ask anyone around you - "Do you believe you have...

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can aid in preserving the present, it is imperative to take notice. In New Zealand, flightless birds, renowned for their distinctive traits and susceptibility to extinction, are finding sanctuary in regions once inhabited by the now-extinct giant bird, the moa.



Species such as the kiwi and the takahē not only embody a crucial aspect of New Zealand's natural heritage but also underscore the vital importance of conservation efforts. 



By examining the habitats and behaviors of these remarkable birds, researchers can extract valuable insights into the protection and restoration of ecosystems.



How can our understanding of the moa's legacy and today's avifauna inform future conservation strategies? Addressing this question is essential for ensuring that these unique species -- and the ecosystems they inhabit -- thrive for generations to come.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-back-the-layers-of-time">Peeling back the layers of time</h2>



At the forefront of this discovery is an international team of dedicated researchers, spearheaded by the esteemed <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>. 



Associate Professor Damien Fordham, a key figure from the University of Adelaide's Environment Institute, expressed considerable pride and enthusiasm as he unveiled the team's significant findings.



"Our research has successfully navigated past logistical challenges that often impeded progress in this field, allowing us to trace the population dynamics of six moa species at resolutions previously deemed impossible," he noted.



This remarkable achievement not only illuminates the ecological history of these intriguing creatures but also opens new pathways for understanding their interactions with the environment and other species throughout their existence. 



How might these insights reshape our understanding of biodiversity and conservation efforts today?



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-giant-moa-bird-pachyornis-australis">Giant moa bird, Pachyornis australis</h2>



In exploring the lives of the remarkable moa, Pachyornis australis, scientists have uncovered compelling insights into their habitats, which notably align with the current environments of several endangered <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggshells-of-flightless-birds-evolved-on-different-tracks/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> in New Zealand. 



Species such as the vibrant takahē, the uniquely patterned weka, and the iconic great spotted kiwi now share these landscapes that were once dominated by the moa.



Dr. Sean Tomlinson, a prominent contributor to this extensive study, highlighted the importance of these findings.



"Populations of moa likely vanished first from the most desirable lowland habitats favored by Polynesian settlers due to their rich resources and biodiversity," Tomlinson explained. 



This connection not only sheds light on New Zealand's ecological history but also prompts critical questions regarding contemporary conservation efforts for today's vulnerable bird species.



How can we apply these historical insights to better protect our unique avian inhabitants? 



This understanding emphasizes the urgency of addressing conservation challenges, bridging the past and present as we strive to safeguard the natural world.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-present-moa-bird-conservation-efforts">Present moa bird conservation efforts</h2>



The story of New Zealand's flightless birds, like Pachyornis australis, is one marked by significant challenges and obstacles. 



It began with the arrival of the Polynesians, who not only hunted these unique avian species for sustenance but also dramatically altered their natural habitats through land clearing and the introduction of invasive vegetation. 



This initial disruption sparked a series of ecological challenges that these birds continue to face.



The situation intensified with the arrival of European settlers in the 19th century, who introduced new predators -- such as rats, cats, and stoats -- that preyed on native birds and their eggs, further threatening their populations.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-preventing-another-extinction-like-pachyornis-australis">Preventing another extinction like Pachyornis australis</h2>



Additionally, extensive landscape modifications transformed forests into agricultural land and urban areas, resulting in the loss of crucial habitats for these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/eggs-eaten-by-early-australians-were-from-huge-flightless-birds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless species</a>.



Dr. Jamie Wood, a leading researcher in this field, sheds light on a vital insight regarding the survival of these birds. 



“The key commonality among past and current refugia is not that they are optimal habitats for flightless birds, but that they continue to be the last and least impacted by humanity," noted Wood.



This underscores the critical importance of safeguarding the remaining natural spaces that have escaped human interference; these areas may hold the key to the survival of New Zealand's unique avian fauna.



Understanding this historical context is essential for informing conservation efforts aimed at ensuring a future for these remarkable creatures. 



By exploring the complex interplay between human activity and ecological resilience, we can foster a greater appreciation for the natural world and the urgent need to protect it.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-dedicated-to-moa-bird-research">Scientists dedicated to moa bird research</h2>



The dedicated efforts of scientists like Associate Professor Fordham, Dr. Tomlinson, and Dr. Wood are crucial for uncovering the hidden patterns in nature that have long puzzled us. 



Their innovative research not only deepens our understanding of historical ecological dynamics but also equips us with valuable tools for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dinosaur-bird-may-soon-go-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of endangered species</a> facing urgent threats.



By meticulously analyzing various species, they reveal the interconnectedness of ecosystems and the significant impact of human activities on biodiversity. 



As Dr. Fordham insightfully pointed out, “Our research shows that despite large differences in the ecology, demography, and timing of extinction of moa species, their distributions collapsed and converged on the same areas on New Zealand's North and South Islands.” 



This finding highlights the pressing need for informed conservation strategies that consider these intricate patterns and support the recovery of vulnerable species.



This ongoing research is not just academically intriguing; it is essential for fostering a sustainable future for wildlife and preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems. 



How can we apply these insights to ensure the survival of our natural world? Engaging with these complex issues invites us to think critically about our role in conservation and the well-being of our environment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moa-birds-flightless-birds-and-extinction-events">Moa birds, flightless birds, and extinction events</h2>



The story of New Zealand's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-largest-bird-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">flightless birds</a> serves as a poignant reminder of the complex conservation challenges that intertwine the past and present for these unique species. 



Birds like the iconic kiwi have evolved in isolation, developing exceptional traits that also render them vulnerable to environmental shifts and introduced predators.



This study, which cleverly employs fossils and advanced computational models, opens new pathways for understanding and addressing threats to biodiversity. It allows researchers to reconstruct historical habitats and gain insights into how these birds have adapted over time.



But how can we ensure their survival? It requires a united effort from scientists, conservationists, and the public alike. 



This underscores the critical importance of raising awareness and taking action not only to protect these remarkable birds but also to safeguard the ecosystems they inhabit.



By fostering community engagement and embracing scientific innovation, we can collectively strive for a more sustainable future for New Zealand's wildlife. What steps will you take to contribute to this vital mission?



The full study was published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02449-x">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Endangered birds are moving to area where giant moa went extinct

When the mysteries of the past reveal secrets that can...

In the vast and diverse world of biodiversity, unexpected alliances sometimes form. In Australia's wilderness, a curious bond has developed between an endangered rat and an invasive weed.



Off the coast of Port Lincoln, South Australia, lies Reevesby Island. It is home to an endangered creature, the greater stick-nest rat, and an invasive weed, the African boxthorn. 



A recent study reveals an intriguing twist to this survival narrative - our threatened rodent seems to prefer the invasive weed to native vegetation.



The research was led by Annie Kraehe, a Ph.D. candidate at the College of Science and Engineering, <a href="https://www.flinders.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flinders University</a>. 



Together with scientists from both Flinders University and the <a href="https://www.adelaide.edu.au" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Adelaide</a>, she unearthed this surprising secret.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invasive-weed-in-rat-feces">Invasive weed in rat feces</h2>



Kraehe spent weeks examining the fecal pellets of the stick-nest rat. It was here she discovered the key evidence - plant remnants from the boxthorn shrub. 



This small, inconspicuous animal was feeding on one of Australia's most invasive weeds.



Despite the boxthorn accounting for just over a tenth of available vegetation, it made up over half of the rat's diet. 



Further observations revealed that the stick-nest rat's presence was more predominant in areas with higher boxthorn abundance. 



The timid rodent wasn't just dining on the boxthorn, it was using it for nesting and shelter too.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-bittersweet-revelation">A bittersweet revelation</h2>



Flinders University Associate Professor Vera Weisbecker, a co-author on the study, underscores the strangeness of this discovery. 



Invasive weeds like the boxthorn pose a significant threat to Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-are-the-biggest-drivers-of-biodiversity-loss/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">biodiversity</a>. It's certainly unexpected to find our endangered rodent thriving in this supposedly degraded habitat.



Greater stick-nest rats build large communal homes out of sticks and stones. These guinea pig-sized rodents were declared extinct on mainland Australia by 1930, primarily due to invasive predators like cats and foxes. 



Now, the only existing wild populations are confined to offshore islands, out of the reach of such predators. But danger still lurks in the form of predatory <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/urbanization-is-a-threat-to-78-of-the-worlds-bird-species/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>.



With its dense foliage, the African boxthorn provides excellent cover from these raptors. This, according to Weisbecker, might be why the rats prefer nesting in boxthorn thickets. 



It's a survival strategy that's not just limited to our furry friend - the little penguins of South Australia also find better protection from predators in boxthorn vegetation.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-benefit-or-detriment">Benefit Or detriment?</h2>



As one of Australia's most notorious weeds, African boxthorn disrupts wildlife and livestock movement and often prevents access to water sources due to its formidable thorns and dense, impenetrable thickets. 



But perhaps these exact characteristics make it appealing to the greater stick-nest rat?



Yet, the researchers caution against seeing this as some sort of redemption for the invasive weed. Their findings merely depict the rat's use of the boxthorn. 



"We merely show that African boxthorn is being used by stick-nest rats. Further research is needed to understand if the animal actually benefits from the&nbsp;weed, and how this potential benefit compares to the&nbsp;destructive effects&nbsp;on the rest of the ecosystem," says Kraehe.



"The fact that the stick-nest rat is flexible enough in its food choices to thrive on African boxthorn is encouraging for efforts to re-establish the species elsewhere.



There's also the significant concern that the continued spread of the boxthorn could displace native vegetation, leading to the collapse of the island's ecosystem, and ultimately affecting the rats themselves.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-balance-between-rats-and-invasive-weed">Balance between rats and invasive weed</h2>



As researchers delve deeper into this dynamic, the relationship between the greater stick-nest rat and African boxthorn serves as a compelling case study in ecosystem interactions. 



The delicate balance between an endangered species and an invasive plant highlights the complexities of ecological systems, where species adapt to their surroundings in unexpected ways.



The boxthorn provides shelter and food. However, its rapid growth could endanger the stick-nest rat's survival. This proliferation also threatens other native plants and animals that depend on indigenous vegetation.



Understanding these complex relationships is essential for creating <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chemists-could-be-key-to-prevent-animal-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation strategies</a> that protect biodiversity.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-ahead">Looking ahead</h2>



Flexibility in dietary choices, according to Kraehe, is a positive sign for the stick-nest rat. It opens up possibilities for re-establishing the species elsewhere. 



However, more research is needed to understand the ideal food plants and habitats for this rare rodent.



This remarkable partnership between a threatened rat and an invasive weed invites deeper probing into the resilience of Australia's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/boosting-crop-colors-with-gene-editing-can-improve-weed-control/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unique fauna</a>. 



But it also crystallizes the sheer unpredictability and complexity of ecosystems and the creatures that inhabit them.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.publish.csiro.au/WR/WR23140" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Wildlife Research</a>.



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Endangered rat strangely uses invasive weed for food and shelter

In the vast and diverse world of biodiversity, unexpected alliances...

You may think the creatures of the sea, especially sharks, are untouchable. You might want to rethink that notion. A recent event between a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shark-diversity-hits-66-million-year-low/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shark</a> and a boat sparks a stern conversation and a call to action in relation to marine life and human interaction.



The event was captured by Taylor Chapple, a shark researcher from <a href="https://oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Oregon State University</a>'s <a href="https://hmsc.oregonstate.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Hatfield Marine Science Center</a>. 



Chapple, the lead author of the study, recently tagged a basking shark off the Irish coast. Little did the team know, their research would take a turn for the unexpected, bringing to light a significant concern for marine animals globally.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-s-tale-of-survival">Shark's tale of survival</h2>



In the serene waters off the coast of Ireland, a unique event unfolded. The research team tagged a basking shark, intending to study its foraging behavior. 



But within hours, a seemingly invincible marine giant met an unexpected adversary - a boat. The team managed to capture the first-ever video of a shark, or any large marine animal, being struck by a vessel.



<a href="https://youtu.be/IZCA5iFU-qo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">*** Click here to view the video of this shark/boat encounter ***</a>



The incident offered a chilling revelation of the dangers lurking in the open waters, not from natural predators but from human-made ones.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-shark-struck-by-a-boat">Shark struck by a boat</h2>



“This is the first ever direct observation of a ship strike on any marine megafauna that we’re aware of,” Chapple said. “The shark was struck while feeding on the surface of the water and it immediately swam to the seafloor into deeper, offshore waters, a stark contrast to its behavior prior to the strike.”



What does this mean for our marine friends? 



Quite simply, it's a wake-up call. This incident isn't just about a single shark; it's about the larger issue of vessel strikes on marine animals, a rising global concern that needs addressing, and quickly.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-damage-to-sharks-by-boat-strike">Damage to sharks by boat strike</h2>



Unfortunately, the fate of the injured shark remains unknown. Its behavior changed dramatically post-strike, and data revealed it did not resume its normal activities during the monitoring period. 



These are concerning signs that demonstrate the immediate and potentially long-lasting impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/basking-sharks-are-exceptionally-vulnerable-to-ship-strikes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vessel strikes</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-basking-sharks">Basking sharks</h2>



The basking shark, a gentle giant known for its massive size, often reaching lengths over 8 meters, is now globally endangered. 



They're filter feeders, skimming the water’s surface for food just like whales, which leaves them susceptible to boat strikes. 



Furthermore, unlike whales, basking sharks are sinkers when killed, making it challenging to determine their mortality rates.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-from-the-shark-boat-interaction">Lessons from the shark-boat interaction </h2>



Ireland holds a unique place in basking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deepwater-desperation-the-race-to-save-sharks-and-rays/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shark conservation</a>, being one of the only known locations worldwide where these sharks continue to gather in large numbers. 



In light of their importance, the Irish government recently established the nation's first National Marine Park, covered a whopping 70,000 acres of land and sea along County Kerry's coast, a popular hotspot for basking sharks.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-need-for-awareness-and-action">Need for awareness and action</h2>



“The fact that a shark we fitted our ‘Fitbit’ to was struck in this area within a few hours underlines just how vulnerable these animals are to boats and highlights the need for greater education in how to mitigate against such strikes,” said co-author Nicholas Payne, an assistant professor at <a href="https://www.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Trinity College Dublin</a>’s <a href="https://naturalscience.tcd.ie" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">School of Natural Sciences</a>. 



“Basking sharks filter feed at the surface, like some whales, and this behavior makes them similarly susceptible to strikes.”



So what's next? More research, awareness, and action are needed. We have to understand the circumstances under which these interactions occur and learn how to prevent them.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-significance">Study significance</h2>



“This research raises additional questions about whether and how often the sharks are actually occupying such habitats when they are not clearly visible at the surface,” said co-author Alexandra McInturf, a research associate in Chapple’s <a href="https://hmsc.oregonstate.edu/marine-science-day/research-and-discovery/fisheries/big-fish-lab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Big Fish Lab</a> at OSU and co-coordinator of the Irish Basking Shark Group.



“Given that Ireland is one of the only locations globally where basking sharks are still observed persistently, addressing such questions will be critical to informing not only our ecological understanding of the basking shark, but also the conservation of this globally endangered species.”&nbsp;



We all have the power to make a difference. Be aware of your surroundings when you're out on the water, respect our marine neighbors, and stay informed about the latest research and conservation efforts. 



It's time for action. For basking sharks and all other marine life, let's make their ocean home a safer place.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/marine-science/articles/10.3389/fmars.2024.1430961/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Marine Science</a>.



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First-ever video footage of a shark being struck by a boat

You may think the creatures of the sea, especially sharks,...

At first glance, sea lampreys may be viewed as creatures of horror, notorious for their invasive traits and blood-sucking habits. However, these creatures might just hold scientific secrets about stem cells and some of life’s biggest mysteries.



Stemming from <a href="https://www.northwestern.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Northwestern University</a> is a study that reveals how these lampreys are aiding scientists in decoding the origins of two crucial stem cells, playing a pivotal role in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lifes-rules-natural-selection-change-significantly-often-daphnia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vertebrate evolution</a>.



Leading the study is Northwestern’s Carole LaBonne, a professor of molecular biosciences who has been exploring the intriguing links between pluripotent blastula cells, embryonic stem cells, and neural crest cells.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lampreys-hold-stem-cell-secrets">Lampreys hold stem cell secrets</h2>



These jawless, intimidating vertebrates are particularly infamous in Midwestern fisheries for the damage they inflict. 



But when it comes to understanding our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rna-world-unraveling-mysteries-life-origin/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolutionary origins</a>, comparing the biology of jawless and jawed vertebrates is a promising approach. 



"Lampreys may hold the key to understanding where we came from," says LaBonne, an expert in developmental biology.



In this study, lamprey genes were laid side by side with those of Xenopus, a jawed aquatic frog. This comparison revealed a remarkably similar pluripotency gene network even in terms of transcript abundance for major regulatory elements. However, scientists also stumbled upon a key difference.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-missing-piece-pou5-gene">The missing piece: pou5 gene</h2>



Every bit of the puzzle counts when it comes to genetics. Lampreys possess the crucial pou5 gene, a powerful stem cell regulator, in their blastula cells. 



However, in their neural crest stem cells, this gene's expression was notably missing. This lack might be the reason behind lampreys' absence of mandibles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-insight-into-the-first-vertebrates">An insight into the first vertebrates</h2>



Given this discovery, it's plausible that the loss of this gene limited the evolution of lampreys, leaving them jawless. 



This realization helped researchers hypothesize that the absence of this gene in certain creatures wasn't something that jawed vertebrates developed later on.



"Even though pou5 isn't expressed in a lamprey's neural crest, it could promote neural crest formation when we expressed it in frogs," said Joshua York, Northwestern postdoctoral fellow and the study's first author.



This compelling premise suggests that the gene is part of an ancient pluripotency network that was present in our earliest vertebrate ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-regenerative-medicine">Implications for regenerative medicine</h2>



The findings of this study not only shed light on the evolutionary past of vertebrates but also hold significant potential in the realm of regenerative medicine. 



Understanding how the pou5 gene influences stem cell behavior in lampreys can pave the way for new therapies utilizing pluripotent cells.



If researchers can harness similar mechanisms in other species, including humans, it could open doors to novel treatments for injuries and degenerative diseases. 



Enhancing our understanding of gene regulation may lead to breakthroughs in tissue repair and regeneration.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-lampreys-and-stem-cells">Future research on lampreys and stem cells</h2>



Moving forward, researchers are eager to delve deeper into the genetic mechanisms that distinguish lampreys from their jawed counterparts. 



By exploring the function and regulation of the pou5 gene, scientists aim to uncover additional genetic factors that contribute to the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolution-is-not-as-random-as-we-thought/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a> of jaw structures in vertebrates. 



Future studies will not only focus on lampreys but may also incorporate comparative analyses with other jawless and jawed species to create a comprehensive framework for understanding vertebrate evolution and the genetic underpinnings of life forms. 



This ongoing research is critical in tracing the evolutionary journey that resulted in the diversity of vertebrate life observed today.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conserved-genetic-blueprint">Conserved genetic blueprint</h2>



Intriguingly, even after 500 million years of evolution, there is a strong <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-asexual-ants-maintain-genetic-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conservation of expression</a> levels of genes needed to promote pluripotency. 



“Another remarkable finding of the study is that even though these animals are separated by 500 million years of evolution, there are stringent constraints on expression levels of genes needed to promote pluripotency.” LaBonne said. “The big unanswered question is, why?”



With every discovery, we take a step closer to understanding ourselves, our history, and maybe in the process, our future as well. 



From decoding the mysteries of genetic evolution to discerning our own origins, every creature, even a seemingly harmful lamprey, holds a piece of the puzzle.



This incredible research on stem cell origins, dedicated to the memory of Dr. Joseph Walder, offers a glimpse into the past, aiding our understanding of our present, and potentially shaping the future. 



As we gaze upon the sea lamprey, let's remember not just its invasive nature, but also its invaluable contribution to our understanding of life’s deepest secrets.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02476-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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Sea lampreys help scientists decode stem cell origins

At first glance, sea lampreys may be viewed as creatures...

Have you ever wondered if the answer to hair loss could be as simple as a sugar cube? Well, you might not be too far off. 



A recent study has revealed that a specific sugar compound, known as 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR), may hold the key to treating male pattern baldness or androgenic alopecia as it's scientifically referred to.



Now, that's sweet news for the millions of men around the world affected by this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-anti-aging-drug-interleukin-11-boosts-lifespan-prevents-cancer-gray-hair/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">common condition</a>.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2ddr-sugar-vs-male-baldness">2dDR sugar vs. male baldness</h2>



This surprising discovery comes from the dedicated efforts of Professor Sheila MacNeil, Emeritus Professor of Tissue Engineering at the <a href="https://www.sheffield.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sheffield</a>, and her team of international scientists from <a href="https://www.comsats.edu.pk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COMSATS University</a> in Pakistan.



Their joint research has brought this naturally occurring sugar into the spotlight, thanks to its ability to promote angiogenesis - the growth of new blood vessels.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-how-the-2ddr-sugar-works">How the 2dDR sugar works</h2>



2dDR isn't your run-of-the-mill table sugar; it's a molecule that has a profound role in various biological processes in both animals and humans.



When applied to the skin of bald mice, the researchers noted a substantial regrowth of hair. Interestingly, this was akin to the effects seen with minoxidil, one of the only two FDA-approved drugs for treating baldness.



"Male pattern baldness is such a common condition, affecting men all over the world", says Professor MacNeil. 



"Our research suggests that the answer to treating hair loss might be as simple as using a naturally occurring deoxy ribose sugar to boost the blood supply to the hair follicles to encourage hair growth."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sweet-side-of-science">Sweet side of science</h2>



We're all aware of the crucial role hair follicles play in producing hair. These tiny skin organs require a robust blood supply to perform their function correctly. 



By encouraging the formation of new blood vessels around these follicles, the sugar compound creates an environment conducive to hair growth, prolonging the active growth phase of the hair cycle in baldness. 



This method directly contrasts with existing treatments like minoxidil and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finasteride-regrows-hair-heals-prostate-boosts-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">finasteride</a>, which work by widening blood vessels or blocking hormones involved in hair loss.



The researchers stumbled upon 2dDR's potential while studying how the sugar could aid wound healing through the formation of new blood vessels.



They observed accelerated hair growth around the healing wounds when compared to untreated areas. This realization spurred them to explore 2dDR's potential for hair loss treatment.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-2ddr-sugar-compound-for-baldness">2dDR sugar compound for baldness</h2>



While the results are indeed promising, it's crucial to remember this study was conducted on mice. Human trials still need to be undertaken to ascertain the effectiveness and safety of 2dDR for hair regrowth in people. 



Nevertheless, the researchers are hopeful about this sugar compound's potential to offer a fresh approach to treating hair loss.



"This pro-angiogenic deoxy ribose sugar is naturally occurring, inexpensive and stable", notes Muhammed Yar, an associate professor at COMSATS University Pakistan. "This makes it an attractive candidate to explore further for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/finally-a-cure-for-baldness-scientists-regrow-hair-using-stem-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatment of hair loss</a> in men."



Should these studies stand the test of further experiments, 2dDR could provide a unique option for struggling men worldwide, offering hope for an effective solution potentially free from the side effects associated with current treatments.



"The research we have done is very much early stage, but the results are promising and warrant further investigation", adds MacNeil. "This could offer another approach to treating this condition which can affect men's self-image and confidence."



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-chapter-in-baldness-treatment">New chapter in baldness treatment</h2>



This study indeed opens up fresh avenues for hair loss treatment. The advantages of 2dDR, if it can be established in humans, are many. It could be as effective as minoxidil but with potentially less side effects. 



Its mechanism to promote blood vessel growth stands distinct from existing treatments, which could make it beneficial for individuals who do not respond to existing options. 



As it is naturally occurring, it may prove safer and more tolerable. Additionally, the affordability and stability of the sugar compound might make it more accessible than current baldness <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fat-injection-therapy-offers-hope-for-reversing-baldness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">treatments</a>.



However, a good deal more research is necessary to fully understand 2dDR’s potential as a hair loss treatment. The next crucial step is human trials to determine its effectiveness and safety.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1370833/full">Frontiers in Pharmacology</a>.



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Reversing male baldness is closer to reality with natural new treatment

Have you ever wondered if the answer to hair loss...

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals, our sturdy, ancient relatives? Specifically, how they managed to feast on birds -- a fare far removed from their infamous big-game hunting repertoire? 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-food-processing">Neanderthal food processing</h2>



The guide on this prehistoric gastronomical tour is Dr. Mariana Nabais of the <a href="https://www.iphes.cat" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social</a> in Spain, lead author of this intriguing study.



Dr. Nabais offers an enlightening perspective on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-provides-insights-into-the-lives-of-neanderthals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nuanced world of Neanderthal</a> food processing and cooking.



“Using a flint flake for butchering required significant precision and effort, which we had not fully valued before this experiment. The flakes were sharper than we initially thought, requiring careful handling to make precise cuts without injuring our own fingers," Dr. Nabais explained.



"These hands-on experiments emphasized the practical challenges involved in Neanderthal food processing and cooking, providing a tangible connection to their daily life and survival strategies.”



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-bird-cuisine-and-neanderthals-cooking">Bird cuisine and Neanderthals cooking</h2>



Despite the well-known big-game hunting <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-had-multiple-waves-of-contact/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">practices of Neanderthals</a>, their taste for winged meals remains a facet under a shroud of mystery.



However, thanks to recent discoveries and new techniques, we are now able to delve into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-and-humans-lived-side-by-side-45000-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">secrets of prehistoric</a> bird hunting and butchering methods.



Scientists embarked on a culinary journey into the past, replicating the cooking methods that our Neanderthal ancestors might have used. 



This resulted in an experimental database, providing key insights when compared with actual archaeological sites.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthals-cooking-nbsp">Neanderthals cooking&nbsp;</h2>



For their experiment, the scientists chose five birds similar to the prehistoric species that the Neanderthals hunted. 



Armed with archaeological evidence and ethnographic data, they brought these ancient culinary arts back to life.



After defrocking the birds, they roasted three over hot coals, and butchered two raw using a flint flake.&nbsp;



“Roasting the birds over the coals required maintaining a consistent temperature and carefully monitoring the cooking duration to avoid overcooking the meat,” Dr. Nabais explains.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clues-from-the-past">Clues from the Past</h2>



Upon inspection, the scientists discovered intriguing traces of their prehistoric cooking experiment. The raw birds processed with the flint flake offered considerable evidence, including half-moon scars on the tool’s edge and cut marks on the bones.



Roasting turned out to be a double-edged sword. Although it made the meat more accessible, it also increased the brittleness of the bones, leading to their breakage and subsequent loss from the archaeological record.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-neanderthal-cooking-diversity">Neanderthal cooking diversity</h2>



The findings from this culinary experiment suggest that the Neanderthal diet was far more diverse than previously assumed.&nbsp;



They didn't solely rely on large mammals; instead, they incorporated a variety of birds into their meals, which indicates adaptability and a more intricate understanding of their environment.&nbsp;



Birds provided not only a source of protein but also essential nutrients that were critical for survival. This dietary flexibility may have allowed Neanderthals to thrive in diverse habitats, showcasing their resourcefulness in the face of changing climates and landscapes.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-modern-cooking">Implications for modern cooking</h2>



The implications of these ancient butchering methods extend beyond historical curiosity; they resonate with contemporary cooking practices.&nbsp;



Learning about the precision required in flint flaking and the careful roasting techniques used by Neanderthals can inspire modern chefs to appreciate traditional methods of food preparation.&nbsp;



By reconnecting with these fundamental skills, we can cultivate a deeper appreciation for the food we consume and the efforts that go into sourcing and preparing it.&nbsp;



Emphasizing a return to simpler, more intentional cooking methods provides not only a culinary challenge but also a meaningful way to honor our ancient ancestors.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions">Future Directions</h2>



While this pilot study provides a fascinating look into the diet of Neanderthals, there's plenty more to unearth.&nbsp;



"Further research with larger samples, varied species, and more diverse experimental conditions is necessary to expand upon these results,” Dr. Nabais notes.



As we continue to explore Neanderthal dietary practices, integrating innovative technologies with archaeological methodologies could reveal even more about their culinary heritage. 



This could lead to a deeper understanding of their survival strategies and cultural practices.



The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/environmental-archaeology/articles/10.3389/fearc.2024.1411853/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Environmental Archaeology</a>.



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Eat like a Neanderthal: Unpacking ancient cooking methods

Have you ever wondered about the cooking methods of Neanderthals,...

3d,Blue,Earth,Background,With,Moon.(elements,Of,This,Image,Furnished

Has it ever crossed your mind that the moon you gaze at today is not in the same spot it was millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years ago? The idea might seem far-fetched, but science tells us that our moon is slowly, but surely, drifting away.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-billions-of-years-of-moon-drift">Billions of years of Moon drift</h2>



Ancient astronomical footsteps tell us that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-has-launched-a-spacecraft-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">our moon</a> has been slowly retreating from Earth's orbit for a staggering 2.5 billion years.



It's an imperceptibly slow journey, of course, with the moon creeping approximately 3.8 cm away from us each year.



If you roll back this snail-paced lunar retreat, you'd witness an unlikely event -- the collision of Earth with its moon around 1.5 billion years ago.



However, the moon's creation happened way earlier, around 4.5 billion years ago. Cracking this mismatch has led scientists on a thrilling chase, igniting sparks of insight into our solar system's ancient secrets.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-milankovitch-cycles-and-moon-drifting">Milankovitch cycles and Moon drifting</h2>



Where do we commence this time-traveling story? 



At the heart of it are the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/days-are-getting-longer-as-the-moon-drifts-away-from-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milankovitch cycles</a>, crucial to understanding the moon's migration. These cycles sketch how trifling, periodic variations in the Earth's orbit and its axis orientation affect the incoming sunlight.



Some of these are tweaked every 400,000 years, some every 100,000, others every 41,000, and 21,000 years. These tweaks, in turn, decisively mold our climate over considerable spans.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-australian-evidence-on-moon-drifting">Australian evidence on Moon drifting</h2>



Cue in the <a href="https://exploreparks.dbca.wa.gov.au/park/karijini-national-park" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Karijini National Park</a> in western Australia. Its gorges guard 2.5 billion-year-old layered sediments. 



These alternations of reddish-brown iron formations and darker, thinner horizons capture unique signatures of these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/one-full-day-on-earth-lasted-just-19-hours-for-about-one-billion-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Milankovitch cycles</a>.



The distance between the Earth and the moon influences one particular Milankovitch cycle- the climatic precession cycle. This cycle springs from the periodic wobble or changing orientation of the Earth's spin axis. 



Currently pegged at ~21,000 years, this duration would have been a tad shorter when the moon was closer. 



Therefore, identifying the precession cycle in fossil sediments could help estimate the Earth-moon distance when the pattern was formed.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coefficients-in-stone">Coefficients in stone</h2>



Joshua Davies and Margriet Lantink, renowned researchers from the Université du Québec à Montréal (<a href="https://uqam.ca" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UQAM</a>) and the <a href="https://www.wisc.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Wisconsin-Madison</a>, respectively, are vehemently pursuing the phenomenon of moon drift.



In their most recent study, Davies and Lantink began analyzing rocks at Karijini National Park to uncover cyclical variations repeating at 4 and 33 inch (10 and 85 cm) intervals. 



Projecting these variations onto the sediment deposition rate revealed these cycles' span -- approximately every 11,000 years and 100,000 years.



They interpreted the first cycle as the climatic precession cycle, significantly shorter than the current ~21,000 years. 



This data gave them an estimate of the moon's location 2.46 billion years ago -- approximately 37,280 miles (60,000 kilometers) closer to Earth. If this held true, a day back then would last merely 17 hours!



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-interesting-moon-facts">Other interesting Moon facts</h2>



As discussed, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon</a> plays a pivotal role in our planet's environment.



It moderates Earth’s axial wobble, which contributes to a stable climate. It also influences ocean tides. These tides create rhythms that have guided human behavior for centuries.



The Moon is about 239,000 miles (385,000 kilometers) from Earth and is tidally locked, so we only see one side. Its surface has impact craters from asteroids and meteoroids, and it has a very thin atmosphere called an exosphere, which cannot support life.



Interestingly, water ice has been discovered at the lunar poles, hinting at <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/earths-new-quasi-moon-will-stick-around-for-hundreds-of-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential resources</a> for future human exploration and colonization.



The Moon's formation is thought to have come from a massive impact. This collision occurred between Earth and a Mars-sized body. Over billions of years, this event shaped the Moon's rocky landscape.



Despite its inhospitable conditions, the Moon remains a focal point for scientific inquiry, with more than 105 robotic missions sent to study its geology and history.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moon-drift-is-real-so-enjoy-it-while-you-can">Moon drift is real, so enjoy it while you can</h2>



To sum it all up, the Moon's gradual drift away from Earth is a fascinating result of the gravitational interplay between these two celestial bodies. 



As the Moon orbits our planet, it creates the tides we observe through its gravitational influence. These tidal forces contribute to a slow down in Earth's rotation. To maintain balance in the Earth-Moon system, the Moon drifts away from Earth at about 3.8 centimeters per year.



This subtle separation has significant implications for both bodies. Over time, the increasing distance alters Earth's day length and the Moon's orbit, leading to longer days and a larger orbit for the Moon as the effects of this gravitational relationship become evident.



While such insights are sincerely thrilling, they only represent a tiny piece of the colossal cosmic puzzle. To fully grasp our solar system's evolution, we need to gather further reliable data and develop innovative modeling approaches.



These phenomena highlight the intricate dynamics of our planetary system. By exploring these processes, we gain a deeper appreciation for celestial mechanics and the interconnectedness of our universe.



How might these gradual changes continue to shape our world? The answers lie in our ongoing quest for knowledge.



So, next time when you find yourself under the serene lunar glow, remember that the moon you're looking at is a tireless traveler, drifting away from us with each passing moment. 



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Our moon is drifting away, and Earth will never be the same without it

Has it ever crossed your mind that the moon you...

Ever found yourself staring at the vibrant, iridescent feathers of tropical <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds</a>, wondering if there's more to it than meets the eye? Well, a team of scientists has been pondering the same question, and they've finally lifted the veil on this mystery.



The driving force behind this research is Chad Eliason, a dedicated research scientist stationed at the <a href="https://www.fieldmuseum.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Field Museum</a> in Chicago. 



With a passion for understanding the nuances in nature's tapestry, Eliason set out to demystify the riddle of bird feather hues, particularly those of tropical feathered friends.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-colorful-mystery-of-tropical-birds">Colorful mystery of tropical birds</h2>



The closer you live to the Equator, the more brightly colored, iridescent birds you're likely to see. This trend towards <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-behavior-productivity-being-directly-impacted-by-climate-change/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">birds with vibrant hues</a> in tropical regions had scientists scratching their heads.



They wondered if these colors originated in the tropics or if our feathered friends brought their colorful ancestors' hues with them from other regions.



Eliason and his crew embarked on a feathered journey, where they examined photographs, videos, and scientific illustrations of a staggering 9,409 bird species. 



Their primary focus was to identify which of these species boast iridescent feathers and where those birds are found.



Thus, armed with a database of bird species and their enviable color palettes, the team set out to enlighten themselves and the world on how bird colors spread across the globe.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-iridescent-bird-feathers">Iridescent bird feathers</h2>



Now, before we delve deeper, let's clear up what "iridescence" is all about. In essence, it's the rainbow shimmer we see on certain surfaces that changes with the viewing angle. 



Feathered creatures can generate such hues using two main strategies: pigments and structures. Cells make pigments like melanin for black and brown shades, while iridescence results from light bouncing off particular cell arrangements.



Enter Eliason's research, centered around this phenomenon of structural color. His study combined data on bird coloration, global distribution, DNA relationships, and some serious math to model how these colorful feathers spread through time and space.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-and-where-it-all-began">When and where it all began</h2>



It turns out that birds are descendants of dinosaurs -- with the earliest known bird, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chinese-fossil-provides-a-new-glimpse-into-early-bird-evolution/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Archaeopteryx</a>, dating back to 140 million years ago.



Among these ancient birds, a subgroup called Neornithes appeared 80 million years ago, and they became the only birds to survive a mass extinction event 66 million years ago. 



All our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/modern-bird-feathers-contain-traces-of-dinosaur-feathers/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modern birds are descendants</a> of this feathery lineage, Neornithes.



Eliason's research suggests that the common ancestor of all Neornithes, which started its journey 80 million years ago, sported iridescent feathers. 



These ancient birds were probably shimmering, and their sparkle still glows among their descendants.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-evidence-of-iridescent-bird-feathers">Fossil evidence of iridescent bird feathers</h2>



Supporting this theory of an iridescent ancestor are fossil records showing iridescent birds and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/feathered-dinosaurs-had-scaly-skin-like-modern-day-lizards/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feathered dinosaurs</a> from the Cretaceous period. 



This evidence bolsters the idea that iridescence in modern birds harks back to their shimmering ancestors.



Eliason's research suggests that paleontologists will likely uncover more iridescence in bird-related fossils.



Understanding the origins of bird coloration, particularly among iridescent species, has significant implications for bird conservation efforts. 



As habitats undergo changes due to climate change, deforestation, and urbanization, the intricate systems that support these vibrant ecosystems are at risk. 



Protecting areas where <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-urban-spaces-support-bird-diversity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">colorful birds</a> thrive becomes paramount, as it ensures the continuation of not only their aesthetic appeal but also their ecological roles.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-iridescent-feathers-benefit-birds">Why iridescent feathers benefit birds</h2>



While this research has significantly advanced our understanding of avian iridescence, some big questions remain. Primarily, why did iridescence <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/island-bird-communities-are-changing-in-unexpected-ways/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolve</a> in the first place?



Birds often use iridescent feathers to attract mates, but other aspects of a bird's life are also linked to this dazzling feature. 



For example, tree swallows change color with humidity changes, so their iridescence might be tied to the environment or to other <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-birds-use-sophisticated-thermoregulation-strategies/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">physical properties</a> of feathers, like water-resistance.



So, the journey isn't over yet. As we get closer to understanding why the tropics are brimming with shimmering birds, we might also discover why iridescence evolved in the first place. 



So, stay tuned as Chad Eliason and his team continue to dig deeper into the colorful mysteries of bird evolution!



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/natecolevol/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution</a>.



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How and why tropical birds are so strikingly colorful and iridescent

Ever found yourself staring at the vibrant, iridescent feathers of...

Beneath the skin of Mercury, the smallest planet in our solar system, expect the unexpected. Reaching out across the cosmos with this fascinating revelation is a new study that points to a 9-mile-thick layer of diamonds concealed beneath the planet's surface.



While instance of such valuable encrustation might sound tantalizing, turning these precious stones into fashionable jewelry remains an impossibility due to their inaccessible location deep within the planet. 



However, these gems could hold the key to unraveling some of the big unanswered questions circling around Mercury' composition and its rather <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/milky-way-galaxy-is-surrounded-by-massive-magnetic-fields/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">curious magnetic field</a>.



The scientist leading the charge is Yanhao Lin, a staff scientist based out of the <a href="http://www.hpstar.ac.cn" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research</a> in Beijing. 



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-s-hidden-diamond">Mercury’s hidden diamond</h2>



Oddly enough, for a planet its size, Mercury has a magnetic field. It is weaker than its Earth counterpart, but is still intriguing considering the planet's overall inactivity in geological terms. 



What truly sparked Lin's interest, however, were the unusually dark patches on the surface of Mercury that were identified as graphite by NASA's <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/messenger/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Messenger mission</a>. 



This revelation triggered exploration into the possibility of something unique brewing within the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/thousands-of-worlds-do-not-fit-the-definition-of-a-planet/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>'s interior.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-birth-of-mercury-s-diamond-layer">Birth of Mercury's diamond layer</h2>



Utilizing a team comprised of Chinese and Belgian researchers, Lin sought to explore the possibility of diamond formation deep in Mercury’s core. 



The team began by creating chemical mixtures that replicated Mercury's magma ocean. The concoction included iron, silica, and carbon, elements similar to certain kinds of meteorites, and was subjected to crushing pressures and extreme temperatures.



The team's rigorous experiments and computer simulations confirmed that Mercury's mantle would indeed be conducive to forming diamonds, especially under the revised conditions that the team established. 



If these diamonds do exist, they could form a 9-mile average thick layer at the core-mantle boundary of Mercury, which is approximately 300 miles below the surface.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mercury-s-magnetism">Mercury's magnetism</h2>



The hypothesized existence of this layer of diamonds is more than just an intriguing fact. It could potentially explain the origin of Mercury’s magnetic field. 



These diamonds may facilitate heat transfer between the core and mantle, thereby creating temperature differences and causing liquid iron to circulate – a process that would kickstart the creation of a magnetic field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-research">Implications for future research</h2>



The discovery of a potential diamond layer within Mercury opens new avenues for planetary research and composition studies not only of Mercury but also of other celestial bodies. 



Understanding the unique geological characteristics of Mercury could provide deeper insight into the formation and evolution of the solar system. 



Future missions to Mercury may focus on directly exploring its interior structure through advanced geophysical measurements and remote sensing techniques to verify the existence of this diamond layer and its impact on the planet's magnetic field.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-planetary-formation-and-mercury-s-diamonds">Planetary formation and Mercury's diamonds</h2>



This revelation also prompts a reconsideration of the processes involved in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planet-formation-new-insights-mechanics-physics/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary formation</a>. 



Diamonds are typically associated with high-pressure environments, suggesting that similar conditions may exist in other distant rocky <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-discovery-nasa-identifies-over-5500-distant-worlds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanets</a> and moons within our solar system. 



Lin and his team's findings underline the importance of studying extreme planetary conditions, which can reveal not only the composition of these bodies but also the historical processes that formed them, leading to a more comprehensive understanding of geology across the cosmos.



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-exoplanets">Evolution of exoplanets</h2>



The potential discovery casts a new light on the evolution of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/exoplanet-discovery-nasa-identifies-over-5500-distant-worlds/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon-rich exoplanets</a>. According to Lin, the process that led to the formation of a diamond layer on Mercury could also be at play on other planets, possibly leaving similar traces.



The arrival of the <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/bepicolombo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BepiColombo</a> spacecraft, a joint mission of the European Space Agency and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, in 2025 will provide better opportunities to delve deeper into this intriguing discovery.



Mercury, it seems, continues to dazzle us with new surprises, keeping the scientific community and general public on their toes. 



Who'd have thought that this small, seemingly quiet planet could hold such vast volumes of precious stones deep within its confines?



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-49305-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Communications</a>.



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Planet Mercury is covered with 9-mile thick layer of diamonds

Beneath the skin of Mercury, the smallest planet in our...

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. 



The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.



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Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. 



Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.



Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. 



They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).



Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.



Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.



This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.



The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.



"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.



"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.



"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.



To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.



Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;



"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.



"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."



"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."



Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="http://csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Staff Writer

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;



The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;



Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.



Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.



In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;



According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;



Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. 



Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.



Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. 



Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;



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Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.



“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. 



The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.



“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;



“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”



The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;



The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.



Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Designing crops that can beat the heat

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?



One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;



While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;



Video Credit: ACS Reactions



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How does salt makes things taste better?

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;



'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."



"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Santiago, Chile in South America

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Spiral,Galaxy,,Illustration,Of,Milky,Way

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Astronomers at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/">Johns Hopkins University</a> have created an interactive map of the universe, including the actual position and real colors of 200,000 galaxies. The map allows the public to access data that was previously only available to scientists.



The map was developed using data collected by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. For over two decades, a telescope in New Mexico was aimed at slightly different locations to capture the night sky.&nbsp;



"Growing up I was very inspired by astronomy pictures, stars, nebulae and galaxies, and now it's our time to create a new type of picture to inspire people," said map creator Brice Ménard, a professor at Johns Hopkins. "Astrophysicists around the world have been analyzing this data for years, leading to thousands of scientific papers and discoveries. But nobody took the time to create a map that is beautiful, scientifically accurate, and accessible to people who are not scientists. Our goal here is to show everybody what the universe really looks like."



"In this map, we are just a speck at the very bottom, just one pixel. And when I say we, I mean our galaxy, the Milky Way which has billions of stars and planets. We are used to seeing astronomical pictures showing one galaxy here, one galaxy there or perhaps a group of galaxies. But what this map shows is a very, very different scale."



"From this speck at the bottom, we are able to map out galaxies across the entire universe, and that says something about the power of science."



The <a href="https://mapoftheuniverse.net/">interactive map</a> is available online, where it can be downloaded for free.



Video Credit: Johns Hopkins&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Interactive map of the universe includes 200,000 galaxies

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes the first comprehensive estimate of carbon density in the Saharan, Sahel, and Sudanian zones of Africa. In an effort to measure the amount of carbon stored across these drylands, a team of scientists used high-resolution satellite images and artificial intelligence to map nearly 10 billion individual trees. 



"The high spatial resolution (50 cm) combined with AI and field measurements used in this study is key to improving tree inventories in drylands," said Pierre Hiernaux, a French researcher working for NASA. "The ever-increasing availability of very high-resolution satellite imagery will make it possible to assess carbon pools and their dynamics at the individual tree level on a global scale."



"This study is exceptional because it is pioneering a type of approach that will revolutionize the monitoring of trees and forests on a global scale: in the short term, it will be possible to map the world's trees from the centre of the Amazon to our schoolyards," said <a href="https://www.inrae.fr/en">INRAE</a> researcher Jean-Pierre Wigneron.



"Many fields of application will become much more efficient and accurate, such as tracking carbon stocks, biodiversity, monitoring logging and protection against illegal forest degradation, in near real time.”



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Remote sensing will revolutionize the way we monitor trees

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Dublin, the capital and largest city of Ireland. Beyond its pub culture, Dublin is known as a modern culinary destination and a UNESCO City of Literature.



"Dublin is located near the midpoint of Ireland’s east coast in the province of Leinster. The city, which covers an area of around 115 square kilometers, is bordered by the Dublin Mountains, a low mountain range to the south, and is surrounded by flat farmland to the north and west," says ESA.



"The city straddles the River Liffey, which rises in the Wicklow Mountains and flows around 80 kilometers eastwards through the city of Dublin, in which it is canalised and bordered with quays. It then empties into Dublin Bay, an arm of the Irish Sea."



Dublin has an abundance of green spaces, including one of the largest enclosed public parks in any European capital city. Phoenix Park, which was originally formed as a royal hunting park in the 1660s, includes 707 hectares of green space.



Video Credit: ESA&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The city of Dublin on Ireland's east coast

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Today's Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain. The image was captured by the Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission.



"Together with the provinces of Huesca and Teruel, Zaragoza formed the old kingdom of Aragon. Its capital, also called Zaragoza (not visible in this image) is home to around half of Aragon’s population," says ESA.



"The Ebro River can be seen winding its way through the province from west to east in this image. Between its source in the Cantabrian Mountains in the northwest and its delta on the Mediterranean coast, the Ebro River is fed by more than 200 tributaries as it flows 910 km across much of northern Spain."



Since rainfall is very scarce in this region, irrigation in the Ebro basin is critically important. In the valleys surrounding the Ebro River, many fields are used for growing crops such as corn, wheat, and barley.



Video/ Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The province of Zaragoza in northeast Spain

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> features a visual dataset of.methane emissions from wetlands across the globe. Atmospheric methane levels have reached record highs in recent years, and wetlands are a major source of these emissions.&nbsp;



"Methane is an important greenhouse gas that contributes substantially to global warming. On a molecule by molecule basis, methane is much more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxide, the main driver of warming," says NASA.



"Though human activities, including agriculture, oil and natural gas production and use, and waste disposal, collectively contribute the majority of methane to the atmosphere, about a third of total methane emissions comes from wetlands."&nbsp;



According to NASA, understanding methane emissions from wetlands and other natural sources is critically important for scientists and policymakers who are working to combat climate change by reducing emissions from human activities.



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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Wetlands are a major source of methane emissions

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/">NASA Earth Observatory</a> reveals the evolution of the Columbia Glacier in southeastern Alaska. Columbia is among the fastest shrinking glaciers in the world, and the video documents its rapid retreat over the years.&nbsp;



Columbia Glacier is a large, multi-branched calving glacier that flows out of the Chugach Mountains to the Prince William Sound.&nbsp;



According to USGS, Columbia had a long history of stability prior to 1980, with a length 41 miles, and small, short-lived advances or retreats.



In the years since 1980, however, satellite images have captured Columbia’s alarming retreat. By using false-color images, scientists can distinguish between snow and ice, open water, vegetation, and rocky debris on the glacier’s surface.



The series of false-color images featured in today's video were acquired over the span of 35 years. You can see that by 2021, the glacier’s main branch had retreated about 15 miles from its initial position.



The Columbia Glacier has also lost more than 50 percent of its volume, mostly due to calving. <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/nasa-reveals-3d-visual-of-an-atmospheric-river/">NASA</a> reports that while climate change likely started the retreat, mechanical processes kept the disintegration going.



The NASA images are provided by Jesse Allen, Robert Simmon, Joshua Stevens, and Lauren Dauphin using data from Landsat satellites, from the U.S. Geological Survey, and data from MODIS on NASA’s Terra satellite. The structure of Columbia’s moraine played a large role in the stability of the glacier before 1980. 



Like other tidewater glaciers, the Columbia built up a moraine over time, and the mixture of ice and rock functioned like a dam keeping out the sea. It was supported on one end by the shoreline and by the underwater terminal moraine at the other.



Video Credit: NASA Earth Observatory/&nbsp; NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



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The rapid retreat of the Columbia Glacier

[sendtonews key="0879czfG3k-1785905-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from NASA...

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Today’s Video of the Day from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features the Pyrenees Mountains, which form a natural boundary between France and Spain in southwest Europe.



The mountain range is 430 kilometers in length. It stretches from the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Atlantic Ocean on the west.



At an elevation of 3404 meters, Pico de Aneto is the highest mountain peak in the Pyrenees, and the third-highest peak in Spain. Pico de Aneto is located in the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park, which spans more than 82,000 acres.&nbsp;



"Geological studies have revealed that the Pyrenees Mountains have been around for longer than the Alps, with their sediments first deposited in coastal basins during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras," reports ESA.



"The entire mountain range formed due to the upwelling of large sedimentary rocks by the collision of the Iberian and the Eurasian plate around 100 to 150 million years ago, followed by intense erosion from ice and water."



The western Pyrenees receive more precipitation due to moisture blowing in from the Atlantic Ocean. The mountain range contains many lakes, several small glaciers, and some of the highest waterfalls in Europe.



Video &amp; Image Credit: ESA



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

The Pyrenees Mountains in southwest Europe

[sendtonews key="6HyfrAJTBI-1831843-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

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Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.stowers.org/">Stowers Institute for Medical Research</a> describes why experts are studying zebrafish to gain a better understanding of how the immune system responds to injury. Zebrafish have the ability to repair and regenerate organs.



“Organ regeneration offers an exciting opportunity for studying the immune system and to inquire why some species can regenerate organs like the heart or missing limbs while others like humans cannot,” explained Dr. Tatjana Piotrowski.



Zebrafish sensory organ hair cells are an ideal system to investigate the pathways and cell types involved in regeneration since they are easily destroyed with antibiotics and begin regenerating within five hours. This enabled the researchers to identify the exact timing and genetic programs for each anti-inflammatory macrophage activation state.&nbsp;



“Our hypothesis is that human macrophages do not receive the proper chemical activation 'cocktail' to instruct pro-regenerative processes,” said Dr. Nicolas Denans. “Identifying the molecular recipe of macrophage activation in zebrafish may one day enable us to design regenerative immunotherapies in humans.”&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;



“The new evidence is a valuable resource for comparative studies on the genetic programs involved in macrophage-mediated repair and regeneration. In other words, different types of injuries may induce different kinds of inflammatory responses. We want to decipher whether this 'language' is universal or if there are a variety of dialects."



Video Credit: Stowers Institute for Medical Research&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

How the immune system responds to injury

[sendtonews key="0dEcERCq61-2283382-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Stowers...

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes how record-breaking heat expressed itself around the world in 2022.



Scientists have determined that 2022 was the 5th warmest year since 1880. Furthermore, the last nine consecutive years have been the warmest on record.



From devastating floods and wildfires to natural disasters like Hurricane Ian, 2022 showed us yet again how a warming climate affects people across the globe.&nbsp;



"As we look back at 20:22 and years past, we see that each year we better understand the challenges we face and how important it is to meet them," says NASA.



Video/ Image Credit: NASA Goddard



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

2022 illustrated the consequences of a warming climate

[sendtonews key="3UUsNkFOuS-2487333-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

Earth,Like,Exoplanet,3d,Render

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Today's Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes two exoplanets that are orbiting a star 218 light-years away. A team of researchers led by the University of Montreal has found evidence that these planets are "water worlds."



The experts used data from NASA’s Hubble and Spitzer Space Telescopes. They discovered that exoplanets Kepler-138 c and Kepler-138 could be composed largely of water.



"We previously thought that planets that were a bit larger than Earth were big balls of metal and rock, like scaled-up versions of Earth, and that's why we called them super-Earths," explained study co-author Björn Benneke.&nbsp;



"However, we have now shown that these two planets, Kepler-138 c and d, are quite different in nature and that a big fraction of their entire volume is likely composed of water. It is the best evidence yet for water worlds, a type of planet that was theorized by astronomers to exist for a long time."



Video Credit: NASA Goddard



Image Credit: NASA, ESA, and Leah Hustak (STScI)



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Two distant planets may be "water worlds"

[sendtonews key="QIoVYJqRBi-2434608-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from NASA...

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Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected Today’s Video of the Day from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/goddard">NASA Goddard</a> describes Earth’s interconnected systems, and how this network is affected by rising temperatures.&nbsp;



During 2020, average global temperatures matched the hottest year on record. The hurricane season was also record-breaking, with many of the storms intensifying at extraordinary speeds. Hot water in the ocean is fuel for hurricanes. The satellite data shows that it's all one interconnected system showing how Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected.



According to NASA, dust swept up from Northern Africa plays a major role in the formation of hurricanes, and is also a key source of fertilization in the Amazon rainforest. As a result of<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/seagrass-wasting-disease-is-fueled-by-climate-change/"> climate</a> change, dust plumes are expected to decline, which will have an effect on vegetation far away.&nbsp;



Images from Earth-observing satellites show how the world’s plant life is affected by natural disasters, fires, and deforestation. Satellites also reveal how widespread changes in vegetation impact waterways,&nbsp; the climate, air quality. Satellites communicate by using radio waves to send signals to the antennas on the Earth. "Earth From Space" is a groundbreaking two-hour special that reveals a spectacular new space-based vision of our planet. 



Video Credit: NASA Goddard&nbsp;



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By <a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com">Chrissy Sexton</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/">Earth.com</a> Editor



Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.

Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected

[sendtonews key="JbW4VsY53O-1632195-12187" type="single"] Satellites reveal how Earth's systems are interconnected...

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