<p>A small, cool star 40 light-years away has a planet that just might hold on to an atmosphere. Astronomers used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to watch that world, TRAPPIST-1e, pass in front of its star four times and extract the planet’s faint atmospheric fingerprint.</p>



<p>A new paper reports those observations and what they can - and cannot - show about the gases above this rocky surface. </p>



<p>The team can already reject a thick, hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, but the data are not yet strong enough to prove what is there on the planet instead.</p>



<p>Néstor Espinoza from the <a href="https://www.stsci.edu/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Space Telescope Science Institute</a> (STScI) led the analysis with the JWST Telescope Scientist Team.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-star-activity-masks-trappist-1e">Star activity masks TRAPPIST-1e</h2>



<p>TRAPPIST-1 is a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/planets-orbiting-red-dwarf-stars-may-not-be-habitable-ultraviolet-uv-radiation/">red dwarf star</a>, a compact and relatively cool star type that often flares and develops spots in ways that upset precise measurements. </p>



<p>That activity complicates the search for air around its planets because changes from the star can masquerade as signs from a planet’s atmosphere.</p>



<p>TRAPPIST-1e sits in the star’s habitable zone - the region where a planet could support liquid water on its surface if pressure and temperature are suitable. </p>



<p>That alone does not make it hospitable, since the star’s outbursts could strip or scramble any atmosphere over time.</p>



<p>Earlier Webb data on the inner siblings, such as TRAPPIST-1b, found little evidence of a substantial atmosphere. </p>



<p>That result keeps expectations in check and places more weight on careful, repeated measurements for the middle worlds.</p>



<p>NASA shared a technical feature explaining that the first four TRAPPIST-1e observations are not enough to confirm an atmosphere. </p>



<p>The figure shows that models with and without an atmosphere still overlap in the range allowed by today’s data.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-the-telescope-actually-measured">What the telescope actually measured</h2>



<p>TRAPPIST-1e is an exoplanet, a planet beyond our solar system. When it crosses the star, a tiny bit of starlight filters through any air at the planet’s edge, and that light carries molecular fingerprints.</p>



<p>This method is called transmission spectroscopy, and it spreads the light into wavelengths to see where particular gases absorb. </p>



<p>Webb’s NIRSpec instrument recorded four such transits in 2023, covering wavelengths where gases like water vapor, methane, and carbon dioxide could show up clearly.</p>



<p>Because the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/interstellar-tunnel-cosmic-channel-discovered-connects-our-solar-system-to-other-stars/">star</a> itself has features that can change over minutes to hours, the team built models to separate stellar effects from any possible planetary signals. </p>



<p>They also combined the four events to reduce random noise while being careful not to blur out real, repeatable features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-no-primary-atmosphere-detected">No primary atmosphere detected</h2>



<p>A hydrogen-rich atmosphere on the planet would have produced large, easily seen features in the spectrum. </p>



<p>The team reports that such primary atmospheres - dominated by hydrogen at levels above roughly 80 percent by volume - are inconsistent with the data.</p>



<p>Ana Glidden is a postdoctoral researcher in MIT's Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences and the MIT <a href="https://www.space.mit.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research.</a></p>



<p>“The idea is: If we assume that the planet is not airless, can we constrain different atmospheric scenarios? Do those scenarios still allow for liquid water at the surface?” she said. </p>



<p>Glidden noted that the results rule out a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere and tighten limits on several secondary-atmosphere scenarios.&nbsp;</p>



<p>A warm, nitrogen-rich mix remains possible, along with other secondary atmospheres that could arise from volcanic outgassing. </p>



<p>Those would appear much subtler in the data than hydrogen and require more than four transits to emerge from the noise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-stellar-flares-complicate-tests">Stellar flares complicate tests</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/trappist-1-has-seven-earth-like-planets-that-may-support-life/">TRAPPIST-1</a>’s surface has star spots and frequent flares that change its spectrum over time. </p>



<p>That “stellar contamination” can either add or remove features in the planetary spectrum and, if not modeled correctly, can be misleading.</p>



<p>To tackle that, the authors used Gaussian processes, a flexible statistical tool that learns the typical shape and size of the star’s variations and then subtracts them. </p>



<p>That approach does not assume a perfect star model, which is wise when the star is as active as this one.</p>



<p>The goal is to treat any wiggles that change from one visit to the next as coming from the star, and any persistent pattern as likely belonging to the planet. Webb’s stability helps here, but the source star’s behavior still sets the pace.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-trappist-1e-air-circulation">TRAPPIST-1e air circulation</h2>



<p>A nitrogen-rich atmosphere would resemble Earth in broad strokes, though details such as oxygen, water vapor, and methane would matter greatly. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nitrogen-was-plentiful-for-early-life-on-earth/">Nitrogen</a> alone does not prove anything about life on the planet, but it suggests a heavier, secondary atmosphere capable of maintaining surface pressure.</p>



<p>“We are seeing two possible explanations," said Ryan MacDonald, Lecturer in Extrasolar Planets in the School of Physics and Astronomy at the <a href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of St Andrews</a>.</p>



<p>"The most exciting possibility is that TRAPPIST-1e could have a so-called secondary atmosphere containing heavy gases like nitrogen. But our initial observations cannot yet rule out a bare rock with no atmosphere.” </p>



<p>Independent of biology, an atmosphere changes surface temperature and how heat moves from day to night. On a tidally locked world, that could be the difference between an ice cap and a stable ocean.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-webb-and-trappist-1e">Webb and TRAPPIST-1e</h2>



<p>The team plans many more transits to shrink error bars and test for specific gases. More visits let the statistics work, and they also average over the star’s mood swings.</p>



<p>“In the coming years we will go from four JWST observations of TRAPPIST-1e to nearly twenty," said MacDonald. </p>



<p>"We finally have the telescope and tools to search for habitable conditions in other star systems, which makes today one of the most exciting times for astronomy.”</p>



<p>As the dataset grows, scientists can check for methane and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-dioxide-hydrogen-peroxide-discovered-on-plutos-moon-charon/">carbon dioxide</a> together and run climate models that test whether liquid water could persist at the surface. </p>



<p>Caution remains the watchword until a clear atmospheric pattern repeats across many passes.</p>



<p>The study is published in <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/adf42e" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/"> Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/"> EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/"> Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Nearby rocky planet may hold an atmosphere fit for life

A small, cool star 40 light-years away has a planet that just might hold on to an atmosphere. Astronomers used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to watch that world, TRAPPIST-1e, pass in front of its star four times and extract the planet’s faint atmospheric fingerprint. A new paper reports those observations and what they can - and cannot - show about the gases above this rocky surface. The team can already reject a thick, hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, but the data are not yet strong enough to prove...

<p>An unexpected and obscure phenomenon in the Arctic could dramatically accelerate climate change: the weathering of rocks.</p>



<p>This natural process in the Canadian Arctic could potentially trigger a feedback loop, accelerating the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere as global temperatures continue to rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-arctic-rock-weathering">Arctic rock weathering</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/natural-rock-weathering-is-a-co2-source-comparable-to-volcanoes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rock weathering</a> is a process where certain minerals and rocks react with oxygen in the atmosphere. This results in a series of chemical reactions that ultimately release CO2.</p>



<p>As an example, the weathering of sulfide minerals - like fool's gold - produces an acid that forces <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/met-office-2024-co2-levels-will-surpass-the-point-of-no-return/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CO2</a> out of other rock minerals.</p>



<p>The scary part? This largely overlooked weathering process is increasing in the Arctic because of rising temperatures.</p>



<p>The Arctic is warming nearly four times faster than the global average, which means we urgently need to understand the potential contribution of CO2 emissions from rocks.</p>



<p>Until recently, our knowledge about the response of rock weathering to changing temperatures. as well as the amount of additional CO2 that could be released. was quite limited.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-alarming-acceleration-of-arctic-weathering">Alarming acceleration of Arctic weathering</h2>



<p>A recent study has provided some fascinating insights. The investigation focused on 23 sites across the Mackenzie River Basin, Canada's largest river system.</p>



<p>The researchers examined the sensitivity of sulfide weathering - the process behind these CO2 emissions - to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/arctic-biodiversity-will-get-a-boost-from-rising-temperatures/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rising temperatures</a>. They used records of sulfate, a product of sulfide weathering, to trace the speed of the process.</p>



<p>The findings were alarming. Over the past 60 years, from 1960 to 2020, as temperatures increased by 2.3°C, sulfide weathering increased by 45 percent. This suggests that the CO2 released could trigger a feedback loop, accelerating warming in the Arctic.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dramatic-increases-in-sulfide-oxidation">Dramatic increases in sulfide oxidation </h2>



<p>Drawing from past river records, the researchers forecasted that by 2100, carbon dioxide released from the Mackenzie River Basin could double to 3 billion kg/year under a moderate emission scenario.</p>



<p>To put this into perspective, this would be equivalent to half the total annual emissions from Canada's domestic aviation sector.</p>



<p>"We see dramatic increases in sulfide oxidation across the Mackenzie with even moderate warming," said study co-author Dr. Ella Walsh.</p>



<p>"Until now, the temperature sensitivity of CO2 release from sulfide rocks and its main drivers were unknown over large areas and timescales.”</p>



<p>What's more, not all parts of the river catchment were affected equally. Weathering was much more sensitive to temperature in rocky mountainous areas and those covered with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/abrupt-permafrost-thaw-releases-more-co2-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">permafrost</a>. </p>



<p>Conversely, regions blanketed with peatland showed lower increases in sulfide oxidation with warmth because the peat protects the bedrock.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sulfide-weathering-and-climate-models">Sulfide weathering and climate models</h2>



<p>The implications of this study, conducted by experts in the Department of Earth Sciences at the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, are far-reaching beyond the Mackenzie River Basin.</p>



<p>Similar environments across the Arctic - characterized by rock types, high proportions of exposed bedrock, and extensive permanently frozen ground - could also see rapid increases in sulfide weathering.</p>



<p>According to the researchers, this highlights the urgent need to consider sulfide weathering in large-scale emission models, which are extremely useful for making <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-experts-predict-global-warming-will-far-exceed-paris-goals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">climate change predictions</a>. </p>



<p>As we continue to grapple with the impacts of climate change, understanding these lesser-known factors and their potential to accelerate the process is more important than ever.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-building-ecosystem-resilience-in-the-arctic">Building ecosystem resilience in the Arctic </h2>



<p>Given the potentially widespread effects of sulfide weathering, leveraging the natural resilience of Arctic ecosystems may provide a partial solution. </p>



<p>Arctic regions contain unique biomes, like tundra and peatland, which can act as natural carbon buffers. These ecosystems not only absorb CO2 but also moderate temperatures and shield underlying bedrock from rapid warming. </p>



<p>Expanding conservation efforts to protect these areas could help slow down the feedback loop triggered by sulfide weathering.</p>



<p>Addressing the issue also requires international cooperation. The Arctic spans multiple countries, each facing unique challenges as climate change accelerates. </p>



<p>Collaborative research initiatives, involving Arctic nations and global scientific organizations, could help standardize monitoring practices and improve data-sharing on sulfide weathering. </p>



<p>By pooling resources and expertise, these partnerships can enhance predictive models, leading to more effective climate policies.</p>



<p>Furthermore, an increased focus on reducing global greenhouse gas emissions remains essential. While the impact of sulfide weathering is significant, its long-term consequences will depend on the overall trajectory of global warming. </p>



<p><br>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adq4893" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Rock weathering drives further warming in the Arctic

An unexpected and obscure phenomenon in the Arctic could dramatically...

<p>The potential role of climate change in escalating harmful emissions worldwide has expanded into the Amazon rainforest.</p>



<p>Climate extremes predicted for the Amazon region, such as excessive rain and prolonged drought, could significantly impact the emission and uptake of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-emissions-from-amazon-floodplains">Methane emissions from Amazon floodplains</h2>



<p>For half the year, steady rainfall and rising river levels result in over 800,000 square kilometers of Amazon rainforest's floodplains being submerged. These swaths of land comprise 20 percent of the total <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/amazon-animals-will-suffer-as-the-rainforest-turns-into-savanna/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rainforest</a> area.</p>



<p>The submerged organic matter, broken down by microbial communities, increases methane production. Shockingly, Amazon's floodplains contribute almost a third of methane emissions from global wetlands. </p>



<p>In stark contrast, the forested regions of higher ground, or "upland forests," operate as methane sinks. They make an invaluable contribution to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions by removing methane from the atmosphere. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-functionality-of-soil-microbial-communities">Functionality of soil microbial communities </h2>



<p>The research, led by experts at the University of São Paulo (<a href="https://www5.usp.br/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">USP</a>) in Brazil, is published in the journal <em><a href="https://environmentalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-024-00596-z" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Environmental Microbiome</a></em>.</p>



<p>"Seasonal floodplains in the Amazon basin are important sources of methane (CH<sub>4</sub>), while upland forests are known for their sink capacity," explained the study authors.</p>



<p>"Climate change effects, including shifts in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, may alter the functionality of soil microbial communities, leading to uncertain changes in CH<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;cycling dynamics."&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings highlight the urgent need for conservation and management plans that account for Amazon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-methane-emissions-threaten-earths-habitability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> emissions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-methane-flow-in-the-amazon">Methane flow in the Amazon</h2>



<p>Júlia Brandão Gontijo, the study's first author, is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Davis.</p>



<p>"Although it’s already been shown that factors such as air temperature and seasonal flooding can influence the composition of microbial communities and hence affect the flow of methane in these environments, what should we expect in the context of climate change and the projected alterations in rainfall and temperature patterns, with more intense extremes?" said&nbsp;Brandão Gontijo.</p>



<p>The research team designed a 30-day experiment to find answers, testing soil samples from two floodplains and an upland forest in two municipalities located in the west of Pará state.</p>



<p>"To investigate the microbial feedback under climate change scenarios, we performed a microcosm experiment," noted the researchers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-amazon-s-methane-balance">The Amazon's methane balance</h2>



<p>The samples were subjected to extreme temperatures and humidity. The findings revealed that the number of methane-producing microorganisms increased in both floodplains, potentially indicating future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/melting-arctic-glaciers-are-releasing-a-new-source-of-potent-methane-emissions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a> emission concerns.</p>



<p>Additionally, methane consumption by the upland forest soil plummeted by 70 percent during warm and dry conditions. </p>



<p>On the contrary, methane production surged significantly during periods of heavy rain. Since the soil is not routinely exposed to extreme humidity, the research shed light on its responsiveness to these conditions. This scenario is particularly concerning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-of-the-study">Implications of the study</h2>



<p>"Taken together, our data indicate that CH<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;cycle dynamics and microbial communities in Amazonian floodplain and upland forest soils may respond differently to climate change effects," wrote the study authors. </p>



<p>"We also highlight the potential role of CH<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;oxidation pathways in mitigating CH<sub>4</sub>&nbsp;emissions in Amazonian floodplains."</p>



<p>The floodplain microbiome could adapt to climate change, while the upland forest microbiome appears sensitive to its effects. This potential disparity could seriously disrupt the balance of greenhouse gas emissions in the Amazon region in the future. </p>



<p>Considering the enormous significance of the Amazon rainforest biome on a global scale, this could pose a severe problem.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complex-interactions-in-the-amazon">Complex interactions in the Amazon</h2>



<p>The study also revealed a glimmer of hope - methanotrophic microorganisms. These methane-consuming life forms use methane as an energy source, giving them the potential to offset an increase in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rapid-reductions-in-methane-emissions-are-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane emissions</a>.</p>



<p>This is just the beginning. The team is planning to conduct field experiments and laboratory trials with these microorganisms to deepen their understanding of methane cycling dynamics. </p>



<p>The experts noted that the findings emphasize the importance of considering both environmental factors when assessing the dynamics of methane&nbsp;in these distinct ecosystems.</p>



<p>This contributes to our understanding of the complex interactions between climate, hydrology, and microbial processes in the Amazon region, concluded the researchers.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Climate extremes will boost methane emissions in the Amazon

The potential role of climate change in escalating harmful emissions...

<p>Let's talk about caffeine, that wonderful elixir we clutch onto dearly from our morning coffee cup, afternoon tea break, or even that comforting mug of hot chocolate in the winter. Caffeine consumption is apparently doing more than just keeping our eyes peeled open, it's also improving heart health.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Rheumatology</em> by Oxford University Press show that this familiar friend might actually be doing our hearts a favor by improving vascular and heart health. Here's the scoop on this refreshing revelation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-disease-and-caffeine">Heart disease and caffeine</h2>



<p>Vascular disease, or the harming of our blood vessels, and its grim companions -- heart attacks and strokes -- rank high on the mortality chart for the global population.</p>



<p>For those battling inflammatory rheumatic diseases, such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis, the stakes are even higher. </p>



<p>Their diseases, coupled with certain treatments like cortisone derivatives, make them vulnerable to aggravated vascular risks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-doctor-recommendations">Doctor recommendations</h2>



<p>Until now, doctors often advised patients to evade these vascular and heart health risks by essentially shunning risk factors, such as caffeine intake.</p>



<p>This meant dialing down inflammation, reducing cortisone medications, and adhering to the age-old healthy lifestyle mantras -- no smoking, less cholesterol, and keeping high blood pressure in check.</p>



<p>But here's the exciting part. Scientists from <a href="https://www.uniroma1.it/en/pagina-strutturale/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sapienza University of Rome</a>, Italy, believe they've stumbled onto something truly unique. </p>



<p>How about improving your vascular health with something enjoyable, something as simple as sipping on your favorite cup of joe?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-and-vascular-growth">Caffeine and vascular growth</h2>



<p>The research team led by Fulvia Ceccarelli found that caffeine, a key component in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caffeine-has-a-protective-effect-on-heart-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee</a>, tea, and cocoa, plays an active role in boosting endothelial progenitor cells. </p>



<p>These cells are the good guys, regenerating the lining of our blood vessels, and taking part in vascular growth.</p>



<p>We're all pretty tuned into caffeine's stimulant prowess. But it turns out, it's been holding out on us. </p>



<p>Caffeine also flexes its muscles in the anti-inflammatory department, thanks to its knack for bonding with receptors on the surface of immune cells.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lupus-patients">Lupus patients</h2>



<p>To substantiate this hypothesis, the researchers conducted a study involving 31 lupus patients, all devoid of traditional cardiovascular risks. </p>



<p>Across a span of a week, the investigators gauged their food intake using a questionnaire. Post this, they proceeded to examine the patient's blood to evaluate their vascular health.</p>



<p>So, what did they find? </p>



<p>Patients who had consumed caffeine exhibited improved vascular health. This was measured via the endothelial cells, the vital inner layer of blood vessels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-and-heart-health-research">Caffeine and heart health research</h2>



<p>“The present study is an attempt to provide patients with information on the possible role of diet in controlling the disease,” said the paper’s lead author, Fulvia Ceccarelli. </p>



<p>“It will be necessary to confirm the results through a longitudinal study, aimed at assessing the real impact of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/caffeine-consumption-may-lower-the-risk-of-dementia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">coffee consumption</a> on the disease course.”</p>



<p>However, there's more to this story that needs uncovering. A longitudinal study is necessary to validate these findings and assess the actual impact of coffee consumption on the course of the disease.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-rheumatic-disease">Implications for rheumatic disease</h2>



<p>For individuals suffering from rheumatic diseases, this caffeine connection could herald a transformative shift in daily management strategies. </p>



<p>While avoiding known vascular risk factors remains crucial, adding caffeine into the mix provides a potentially natural and enjoyable way to fortify vascular health. </p>



<p>This discovery calls for a reassessment of dietary guidelines, encouraging patients and healthcare providers to consider how integrating caffeine could complement existing treatment protocols. </p>



<p>However, as promising as these findings are, patients should consult with their healthcare providers before making any significant lifestyle changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-impact-on-public-health">Broader impact on public health</h2>



<p>Beyond the immediate circle of those with rheumatic conditions, the broader implications of this study invite us to rethink our societal <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-coffee-good-for-you-it-may-depend-on-your-genes/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">relationship with caffeine</a>. </p>



<p>A staple in global cultures, from bustling urban coffee shops to tranquil tea ceremonies, caffeine emerges as more than a simple daily ritual. </p>



<p>Its potential role in promoting cardiovascular health could thereby influence public health policies, inspiring further research into dietary components that foster well-being. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-caffeine-beyond-vascular-and-heart-health">Caffeine beyond vascular and heart health</h2>



<p>As scientific investigation continues to uncover the myriad effects of diet on health, caffeine stands out as a compelling candidate for further exploration, promoting a vision of everyday choices that significantly enhance life quality.</p>



<p>While the quest for understanding caffeine's impact on cardiovascular health has encountered mixed results thus far, this new piece of the puzzle surely gives us food for thought. </p>



<p>So, the next time you're enjoying a steaming cup of coffee, give a nod to those endothelial progenitor cells it might be helping out.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/rheumatology/keae453/7814667?redirectedFrom=fulltext" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Rheumatology</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Caffeine is proven to boost heart health in many people

Let's talk about caffeine, that wonderful elixir we clutch onto...

<p>Our human expressions hold the key to understanding emotions. A fascinating study reveals that recognizing emotions is not just a standalone act; it’s part of a larger process that includes our physical traits, cultural backgrounds, and the context we’re in. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotions-beyond-facial-expressions">Emotions: Beyond facial expressions</h2>



<p>These insights come from a study led by Dr. Leda Berio and Professor Albert Newen of the Institute of Philosophy II at Ruhr University Bochum in Germany.</p>



<p>In the 1970s, a theory emerged proclaiming the face as our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/people-with-many-facial-expressions-seem-more-social-and-likeable/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">emotional gateway</a>. </p>



<p>Renowned researcher Paul Ekman labelled basic emotions like fear, anger, joy, and sadness with typical facial expressions, remarkable for their cross-cultural uniformity.</p>



<p>However, as Berio and Newen point out, this isn't the full picture.</p>



<p>Take for instance a person whose reservation at a restaurant gets disregarded. Despite showing a facial expression typical of fear, most people would perceive the person as angry due to the situation. Emotion perception, they found, is deeply entrenched in context.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-it-s-not-always-in-the-face">It's not always in the face</h2>



<p>Berio explains further that emotions can also reveal themselves without a facial guise. Consider a person in a defensive posture, being cornered by a growling dog. </p>



<p>Even if their face is out of sight, fear is the emotion we readily infer from the situation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotion-recognition-vs-expressions">Emotion recognition vs expressions</h2>



<p>The researchers propose that emotion recognition is a mere sub-process of our knack for forming a holistic impression of a person. </p>



<p>This broader process considers not just facial expressions but an array of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/humans-brains-can-subconsciously-respond-to-verbal-communication-while-sleeping/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">characteristics</a> including physical traits such as skin color, age, and gender, cultural cues like clothing, attractiveness, gestures, and posture.</p>



<p>Snap judgments, they argue, are shaped by these myriad factors. </p>



<p>"If we perceive a person as a woman and they show a negative emotion, we're more likely to attribute the emotion to fear, whereas with a man it's more likely to be read as anger," Newen notes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-background-information-vs-emotion">Background information vs. emotion</h2>



<p>Moving beyond immediate perceptions, our assessment of emotions also taps into a reservoir of background knowledge about the person. </p>



<p>“If a family member suffers from Parkinson’s, we learn to assess the typical facial expression of this person, which seems to indicate anger, as neutral, because we are aware that a rigid facial expression is part of the disease,” says Berio.</p>



<p>Stereotypical assumptions about various social roles also color our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/happiness-influences-online-shopping-habits/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">perceptions</a>. </p>



<p>“If we perceive a person as a woman and they show a negative emotion, we’re more likely to attribute the emotion to fear, whereas with a man it’s more likely to be read as anger,” Berio points out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-artificial-intelligence">Implications for Artificial Intelligence</h2>



<p>In essence, humans draw from a rich pool of characteristics and background knowledge to decode the emotions of others. </p>



<p>This complex process cannot be replicated accurately by artificial intelligence if it relies solely on facial expressions, as most systems do today, warns Newen.</p>



<p>So, the eyes may be the window to the soul, but we must not forget that the drapes, the walls, and the surrounding neighborhood also tell a captivating story. </p>



<p>Is it time you looked beyond the obvious expressions in reading emotions?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-cultural-differences">Role of cultural differences</h2>



<p>Navigating a multicultural landscape, one's ability to understand emotions becomes even more nuanced when acknowledging cultural variances. </p>



<p>Different cultures can interpret facial expressions and situational cues in divergent ways, as highlighted in the study by Berio and Newen. </p>



<p>For example, a subtle smile may signal happiness in Western cultures but could indicate embarrassment or even disapproval in some East Asian contexts. </p>



<p>This suggests that our emotional interpretation mechanisms are not universally fixed but are instead malleable, shaped significantly by our societal contexts and cultural upbringing. </p>



<p>Such understanding highlights the necessity for cross-cultural awareness in global communications, impacting fields from international business to multicultural social settings.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-potential-for-neurological-research">Potential for neurological research</h2>



<p>The findings from <a href="http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Ruhr University Bochum</a> open enticing avenues for further exploration in neuroscience. </p>



<p>The interplay between emotion recognition and broader impression formation invites questions about the specific neural pathways and regions of the brain engaged in this process. </p>



<p>Investigating these biological underpinnings could enhance our understanding of neurological conditions and the emotional interpretation skills of individuals with autism spectrum disorders. </p>



<p>Moreover, by going into how the brain processes these layers of emotional cues, scientists could advance technologies designed to better mimic human-like understanding of emotions, refining the development of more sophisticated, empathetic artificial intelligence systems. </p>



<p>Such advancements hold promise for revolutionizing mental health diagnoses and interpersonal assistive technologies, ultimately fostering deeper connections within human societies.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reading-emotions-and-expressions">Reading emotions and expressions</h2>



<p>Decoding emotions, it seems, is far from being a cut-and-dry process. In this complex pattern, our ability to form a holistic impression plays a critical role. </p>



<p>From immediate physical and cultural cues to deep-seated background knowledge, we leverage a diverse array of information to recognize emotions -- a process that artificial intelligence has yet to master fully.</p>



<p>While significant strides have been made in understanding and mimicking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/live-music-evokes-stronger-emotions-than-streamed-music/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human emotional recognition</a>, it appears there's still a long path ahead before AI can truly 'read' us like we read one another.</p>



<p>Always remember, the next time you find yourself puzzled over someone's emotions, you might just need a broader perspective.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/phpr.13113" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Philosophy and Phenomenological Research</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Facial expressions aren't enough to understand human emotions

Our human expressions hold the key to understanding emotions. A...

3d,Rendering,,Meteor,Shower,,Aseroids,Burning,In,Earth,Atmosphere,Cinematic

<p>Recent research brings us one step closer to understanding how Earth got the building blocks that were responsible for sparking life on the planet, and how were are all here now reading this article. </p>



<p>The crux of the matter? Scientists recently discovered that zinc contained in meteorites and other 'unmelted’ asteroids, also known as planetesimals, holds the key to solving this puzzle.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-volatiles-like-zinc-hitched-a-ride">Volatiles like zinc hitched a ride</h2>



<p>Volatiles are substances that easily turn into gases at relatively low temperatures. Think of things like water, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/carbon-dioxide-hydrogen-peroxide-discovered-on-plutos-moon-charon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rising-methane-emissions-threaten-earths-habitability/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">methane</a>, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/is-there-life-on-venus-the-possibility-cant-be-ruled-out/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ammonia</a>. </p>



<p>In planetary science, we often refer to volatiles as elements or compounds with low boiling points that are key to the makeup of atmospheres and oceans. </p>



<p>When planets form, they tend to trap these volatiles in their rocks or ice. Over time, heat and geological activity can release them, causing events like volcanic eruptions or even helping to form atmospheres.</p>



<p>Studying volatiles is super important for understanding planetary systems, including our own Earth. These substances can affect everything from climate to surface chemistry and are crucial for the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dragonfly-space-mission-saturn-moon-titan-gets-greenlight/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">potential of life</a>. </p>



<p>That's why scientists search for volatiles when looking for signs of life on other planets -- they're usually tied to biological processes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-life-s-building-blocks-and-zinc">Life's building blocks and zinc</h2>



<p>Pinning down the origin of these volatile elements on Earth is no small feat. Still, our scientists aren't afraid of a good mystery. </p>



<p>They've found that a particular composition of zinc, unique to meteorites, can help identify the sources of Earth's volatiles. </p>



<p>Going into the complexities of our Solar System, scientists discovered that Earth's zinc has an intriguing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/did-the-building-blocks-of-life-replicate-on-their-own/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">origin story</a> of its own. </p>



<p>“One of the most fundamental questions on the origin of life is where the materials we need for life to evolve came from,” said Dr Rayssa Martins from Cambridge’s <a href="https://www.esc.cam.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Department of Earth Sciences</a>.</p>



<p>“If we can understand how these materials came to be on Earth, it might give us clues to how life originated here, and how it might emerge elsewhere.”</p>



<p>As it turns out, the answers to life's origins may lie in zinc and the tiny bodies that make up our rocky planets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-role-of-planetesimals">Role of Planetesimals</h2>



<p>Planetesimals, the compact bodies formed through a process known as accretion, are the unsung heroes in the formation of rocky planets like ours. </p>



<p>However, they are not all created equal. Early planetesimals exposed to high levels of radioactivity melted, losing their precious volatiles. </p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/life-building-blocks_iron-metorite_chondrite-meteorite_planetesimal_credit-Martins-Findlay_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/life-building-blocks_iron-metorite_chondrite-meteorite_planetesimal_credit-Martins-Findlay_1s.webp" alt="An iron meteorite from the core of a melted planetesimal (left) and a chondrite meteorite, derived from a 'primitive', unmelted planetesimal (right). Credit: Rayssa Martins/Ross Findlay" class="wp-image-1947212"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>An iron meteorite from the core of a melted planetesimal (left) and a chondrite meteorite, derived from a 'primitive', unmelted planetesimal (right). Credit: Rayssa Martins/Ross Findlay</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>But some planetesimals, the late bloomers that formed after the peak of radioactivity, survived the melting process, thereby preserving their volatile elements.</p>



<p>In a study published in <em>Science Advances</em>, Dr. Martins and her colleagues delved into the varying forms of zinc that arrived on Earth from these planetesimals.</p>



<p>Their research involved measuring the zinc content of a vast sample of meteorites from different planetesimals and tracing the path of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rainwater-may-have-played-a-key-role-in-the-origin-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth's</a> accretion, a journey spreading over tens of millions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-zinc-s-tale-of-life-s-origins">Zinc's tale of life's origins</h2>



<p>Their findings are nothing short of fascinating. The melted planetesimals, despite contributing about 70% to Earth's overall mass, seemed to have provided only around 10% of its zinc. </p>



<p>Where did the rest come from? It appears that materials that did not melt and lose their volatile elements were rich in zinc. These unmelted, or 'primitive' materials, as they are called, were vital sources of volatiles for Earth.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/life-building-blocks_iron-metorite_chondrite-meteorite_planetesimal_credit-UCambridge_1m.webp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/life-building-blocks_iron-metorite_chondrite-meteorite_planetesimal_credit-UCambridge_1s.webp" alt="An iron meteorite from the core of a melted planetesimal (left) and a chondrite meteorite, derived from a 'primitive', unmelted planetesimal (right). Credit: Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge." class="wp-image-1947214"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>An iron meteorite from the core of a melted planetesimal (left) and a chondrite meteorite, derived from a 'primitive', unmelted planetesimal (right). Credit: Sedgwick Museum of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge.</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>“We know that the distance between a planet and its star is a determining a factor in establishing the necessary conditions for that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/microbes-laid-the-foundation-for-early-life-on-earth/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a> to sustain liquid water on its surface,” said Martins, the study’s lead author. </p>



<p>“But our results show that there’s no guarantee that planets incorporate the right materials to have enough water and other volatiles in the first place – regardless of their physical state.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-study-implications">Study implications</h2>



<p>The implications of this research are far-reaching. Understanding the movement of elements like zinc through millions or even billions of years could be a critical instrument in the search for life elsewhere, such as on Mars or planets outside our Solar System. </p>



<p>"The roles these different materials play in supplying volatiles is something we should keep in mind when looking for habitable planets elsewhere," Martins emphasized.</p>



<p>This research pushes us closer to understanding the complex interplay of elements that kick-started life on Earth. And, eventually, it might even lead us to discovering life in the vast expanse of the cosmos.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>This important study was supported in part by both <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a> and the European Research Council (<a href="https://erc.europa.eu/homepage" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ERC</a>), along with UK Research and Innovation (<a href="https://www.ukri.org" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">UKRI</a>), </p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.ado4121" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

How the building blocks of life reached the early Earth

Recent research brings us one step closer to understanding how...

<p>According to widely accepted models, a dramatic cooling event and significant drop in sea levels roughly 34 million years ago, during the Eocene-Oligocene transition, should have resulted in widespread erosion across the continents. This would have deposited vast amounts of sandy material onto the ocean floor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Eocene-Oligocene transition marked one of the most extreme climate shifts since the extinction of the dinosaurs, transforming Earth’s climate from a “greenhouse” into an “icehouse” one. </p>



<p>Yet, a new review from <a href="https://www.stanford.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Stanford University</a> reveals a surprising contradiction: across the margins of all seven continents, there is little to no <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-sediments-predict-future-stressors-for-cold-water-corals/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sediment</a> from this period to be found.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-clues-in-the-geologic-record-nbsp">Climate clues in the geologic record&nbsp;</h2>



<p>This unexpected finding, published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012825224002393" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Earth-Science Reviews</em></a>, uncovers a puzzling global gap in the geologic record. </p>



<p>“The results have left us wondering, ‘where did all the sediment go?’” said senior author Stephan Graham, a professor in the Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Answering that question will help us get a better fundamental understanding about the functioning of sedimentary systems and how climatic changes imprint on the deep marine sedimentary record.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-effects-of-climate-shifts">Environmental effects of climate shifts</h2>



<p>The discovery challenges existing models of sediment deposition and erosion and offers new insights into the global environmental effects of significant climate shifts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings may also provide a clearer understanding of how today’s <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/climate-change-is-happening-too-fast-for-some-species-to-adapt/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">rapid climate change</a> might reshape Earth’s surface.</p>



<p>“For the first time, we’ve taken a global look at an understudied response of the planet’s largest sediment mass-movement systems during the extreme transition of the Eocene-Oligocene,” explained lead author Zack Burton, now an assistant professor of Earth sciences at Montana State University.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Eocene-Oligocene transition was a period of profound <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/global-cooling-wont-be-a-quick-fix-for-the-state-of-our-oceans/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary cooling</a>. Large ice sheets formed in Antarctica, which had previously been ice-free, global sea levels fell sharply, and there were significant die-offs among both marine and terrestrial species. </p>



<p>Before this period, Earth had experienced some of the highest temperatures and sea levels since the age of the dinosaurs, according to climate proxy records. Burton and his colleagues initially set out to investigate the effects of these early Eocene warm conditions on deep-sea depositional systems. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detailed-analysis-of-the-climate-shift">Detailed analysis of the climate shift</h2>



<p>In a 2023 study published in <a href="https://sustainability.stanford.edu/news/climate-patterns-shape-sand-deposits-deep-sea" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Scientific Reports</em></a>, they found evidence of abundant sand-rich deposits along Earth's continental margins, which they attributed to intensified weather conditions that increased <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/changes-in-climate-and-land-use-could-lead-to-catastrophic-levels-of-soil-erosion/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">erosion</a> from land. </p>



<p>The team then decided to extend their study to cover the later Eocene and early Oligocene, during which Earth rapidly cooled and entered an “icehouse” climate.</p>



<p>To do this, the researchers conducted a meticulous review of hundreds of scientific papers spanning over a century. They analyzed studies that documented ancient sediment, often buried several kilometers beneath the ocean floor.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This comprehensive review included findings from offshore oil and gas drilling, onshore rock outcrops, and seismic data interpretations. Altogether, the study examined over 100 geographical sites worldwide, providing a detailed look at the geologic records from the margins of all continents.</p>



<p>As the team combed through the collected data, they found a baffling absence of sand-rich sediments from the Eocene-Oligocene transition.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-missing-sediments-in-the-geologic-record-nbsp">Missing sediments in the geologic record&nbsp;</h2>



<p>“We didn’t see abundant sand-rich deposition, as in our study of warm climates of the early Eocene,” Burton said.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Instead, we saw that prominent, widespread erosional unconformities - in other words, gaps in the rock record - had developed during the extreme climatic cooling and oceanographic change of the Eocene-Oligocene.”</p>



<p>The researchers propose several theories to explain the missing sediments. One idea is that strong ocean bottom currents, driven by changes in temperature and salinity triggered by the climate shift, could have scoured the ocean floor, eroding sediments that flowed off the continents.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Another possibility is that the rapid drop in sea levels exposed continental shelves, allowing sediments to bypass nearer sedimentary basins and be deposited much farther out on the ocean's abyssal plains. Additionally, glacial erosion around Antarctica may have played a role in redistributing sediments.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-profound-changes-across-land-and-sea">Profound changes across land and sea</h2>



<p>These processes appear to have operated across the globe, suggesting that the sedimentary record was influenced by global climatic controls. The researchers believe that this global impact points to the profound climatic changes felt not only on land but also in the deepest oceanic basins.</p>



<p>The study’s findings provide a valuable perspective on how Earth's surface can respond to significant climate shifts.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The Eocene-Oligocene transition offers a window into the large-scale environmental transformations that can result from rapid climate change, something that is highly relevant to understanding today’s human-driven climate shifts.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-radical-changes-with-rapid-climate-change-nbsp">Radical changes with rapid climate change&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Although the current climate change crisis is smaller in overall magnitude compared to the Eocene-Oligocene transition, it is unfolding at a much faster pace.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The researchers believe that studying these past events can help scientists better predict the kinds of drastic changes that may occur as Earth’s climate continues to change rapidly.</p>



<p>“Our findings can help inform us of the kinds of radical changes that can happen on the Earth’s surface in the face of rapid climate change,” Graham said. “The geologic past informs the present, and particularly the future.”</p>



<p>By reexamining past climatic events and sedimentary responses, scientists hope to gain insights that could guide our understanding of the challenges posed by modern climate change, and potentially help mitigate its effects on Earth's ecosystems and surface environments.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----<br></p>

Ancient climate shift sheds light on future global warming

According to widely accepted models, a dramatic cooling event and...

<p>The human-driven extinction of hundreds of bird species over the past 130,000 years has led to a significant depletion in avian functional diversity, according to a new study.</p>



<p>But what does the term "functional diversity" mean? Simply, it refers to the various roles and functions that birds undertake within their environment. From pest control to pollination, our feathered friends play a critical part in maintaining a healthy planet.</p>



<p>The study further reveals that this extinction wave eradicated approximately 3 billion years of unique evolutionary history. That's like cutting off a limb from the tree of life, noted the researchers. But what does this mean for us?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-layers-of-bird-extinction">Layers of bird extinction</h2>



<p>While it's true that humans have been <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/bird-species-extinctions-are-far-more-impactful-than-we-realized/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">chipping away at the richness of species</a> for centuries, the knock-on effects of these extinctions are less understood.</p>



<p>Recent research led by the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> sheds light on the severe implications of the ongoing biodiversity crisis and the need to recognize the environmental roles we're losing due to extinction.</p>



<p>Remember the Dodo? Or the more recent Kaua'i ōō songbird declared extinct in 2023? Scientists have verified at least 600 bird species lost due to human interference since the Late Pleistocene when modern humans began to disperse globally.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-loss-of-functional-diversity">Loss of functional diversity </h2>



<p>Dr. Tom Matthews from the <a href="https://www.birmingham.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Birmingham</a> is the lead author of the study.</p>



<p>"The sheer number of bird species that have become extinct is of course a big part of the extinction crisis but what we also need to focus on is that every species has a job or function within the environment and therefore plays a really important role in its ecosystem," said Dr. Matthews.</p>



<p>From insects-eating birds controlling pests to scavenger birds recycling dead matter - these are just some of the functions birds perform in their respective ecosystems.</p>



<p>Some birds like hummingbirds are important pollinators. When they go <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/what-was-the-cause-of-earths-largest-mass-extinction/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">extinct</a>, these valuable contributions (the functional diversity) go with them.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cascading-impacts-of-bird-extinction">Cascading impacts of bird extinction </h2>



<p>With the extinction of bird species, we're losing more than just unique creatures. </p>



<p>The researchers found that the scale of human-induced bird extinctions has led to a loss of approximately 3 billion years of unique evolutionary history and 7% of global avian functional diversity - a significantly larger amount than suggested by the number of extinctions alone.</p>



<p>These losses may trigger a domino effect, leading to reduced flower pollination, weakened seed dispersal, an upsurge in pest populations, and disease outbreaks due to reduced consumption of carrion.</p>



<p>Moreover, the shrinking global bird population might hamper the ability of many plant species to adapt to current and future climate changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-importance-of-public-awareness">Importance of public awareness</h2>



<p>To truly address the crisis of bird extinction and its broader ecological impact, we must first tackle the knowledge gap surrounding biodiversity. Many people remain unaware of the complex ecological functions that birds fulfill and the implications of their loss. </p>



<p>Public education and widespread dissemination of scientific findings are crucial in transforming how we approach biodiversity conservation. </p>



<p>Informative campaigns and community engagement can foster an understanding of how interconnected our survival is with the natural world, prompting more support for conservation efforts. </p>



<p>As awareness grows, so too does the potential for policy change and increased funding for conservation projects aimed at preserving our planet's natural heritage.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-reversing-the-course">Reversing the course</h2>



<p>In response to this crisis, scientists and conservationists are developing innovative strategies to halt further extinctions and restore avian biodiversity. Habitat restoration and the creation of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-birds-moving-area-where-giant-moa-pachyornis-australis-went-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bird-friendly environments</a> are critical components of these efforts. </p>



<p>Policies that protect critical habitats from development and pollution are essential, as well as the restoration of degraded environments to support bird populations.</p>



<p>Additionally, breeding programs and wildlife corridors can encourage the reintroduction and dispersal of endangered bird species across regions. </p>



<p>Technology also plays a significant role, with advancements in data collection and analysis helping identify priority areas for conservation. </p>



<p>Collaborative international efforts are required to address the global nature of this crisis, emphasizing that a diverse and thriving avian population is vital for the health of our planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-conservation-and-restoration">Conservation and restoration</h2>



<p>“These results are a timely reminder that the current extinction crisis is not just about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/endangered-birds-moving-area-where-giant-moa-pachyornis-australis-went-extinct/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">species</a> numbers," said Dr. Matthews.</p>



<p>"By identifying declines in avian functional and phylogenetic diversity driven by human actions, our findings highlight the urgent need to understand and predict the impacts of past anthropogenic extinctions on ecosystem function in order to prepare for the magnitude of expected future loss from the projected 1,000 bird species that are expected to die out completely over the next two centuries."</p>



<p>"This information is vital for setting effective targets for global conservation strategies, as well as ecosystem restoration and rewilding efforts.”&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk7898" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Science</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Bird extinctions shatter the harmonious balance of nature

The human-driven extinction of hundreds of bird species over the...

<p>Picture this: An organism without a brain, making decisions. Sounds impossible? Scientists have proven that this is not some science-fiction fantasy, but a reality. They've been examining the fascinating world of fungi and their uncanny ability to display basal cognition, even without having a brain. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unseen-intelligence-of-fungi">Unseen intelligence of fungi</h2>



<p>How does an organism without a brain exhibit signs of intelligence? The answer lies in their intricate network of mycelium - long, spidery threads that fungi use to grow. </p>



<p>Most people only see the tiny mushrooms sprouting above the ground and are oblivious to the extensive network that lies beneath. </p>



<p>"You'd be surprised at just <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fungi-fusion-turning-food-waste-into-culinary-delights/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">how much fungi are capable of</a>," said Yu Fukasawa of Tohoku University. "They have memories, they learn, and they can make decisions."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-who-knew-fungi-have-memories">Who knew? Fungi have memories</h2>



<p>Believe it or not, fungi have memories. They learn and make critical decisions. They're out here solving problems in ways that are so unique, it boggles the mind. </p>



<p>"Quite frankly, the differences in how they solve problems compared to humans is mind-blowing," said Fukasawa. It's almost like they're playing a game of chess against nature, and they're winning.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decision-making-in-fungi">Decision-making in fungi</h2>



<p>The researchers engaged in a curious experiment. They wanted to see how a wood-decaying mycelial network would respond to two different scenarios: wood blocks placed in a circle versus a cross arrangement. The question was simple - How would the fungi <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-fungi-diversity-can-be-pulled-out-of-thin-air/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">behave</a>?</p>



<p>In the cross arrangement, the outermost four blocks were the most populated. The researchers believe this is because the fungi see these outer blocks as outposts, helping the mycelial network branch out into further areas. Hence, denser connections were noticed here.</p>



<p>When it came to the circle arrangement, there was equal connection at all blocks, but the center remained untouched. The fungi did not see a benefit in extending its network into an area that already had plenty of company.</p>



<p>These actions suggest that fungi communicate information across the entire mycelial network, adjusting their growth direction depending on their surrounding shape.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-enigmatic-world-of-fungi">Enigmatic world of fungi</h2>



<p>Our understanding of fungi pales in comparison to our knowledge about plants and animals. These underground organisms, with their intricate neural-like networks, are a mystery waiting to be solved. </p>



<p>Their behavior paints a tantalizing picture of how different types of cognition evolved in organisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fungi-and-resource-optimization">Fungi and resource optimization</h2>



<p>Fungi exhibit <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-all-fungi-matter-not-just-mushrooms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">remarkable efficiency</a> when it comes to resource optimization, a skill essential for their survival and growth. </p>



<p>This ability to allocate resources is a result of intricate feedback mechanisms and environmental assessments conducted by the mycelial network. </p>



<p>Researchers assert that fungi prioritize areas with abundant resources, indicating an advanced understanding of their surroundings. In resource-rich zones, mycelium growth accelerates, capturing nutrients and storing them for future use. </p>



<p>This practice not only ensures the fungi thrive in fluctuating environments but also highlights their ecological significance as decomposers and nutrient recyclers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-human-technology">Implications for human technology</h2>



<p>The unique problem-solving abilities and efficient networking strategies of fungi have inspired innovations in human technology. Scientists are exploring mycelial algorithms to develop more efficient networks, such as urban planning and telecommunications systems.</p>



<p>The fungi’s extraordinary capacity to communicate and coordinate across their networks offers insights into creating sustainable and resilient systems. </p>



<p>By mimicking their resource allocation methods, researchers aim to devise solutions that enhance human infrastructure, leading to smarter and more adaptive frameworks.</p>



<p>This merging of biology and technology highlights the untapped potential within <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/intro-to-the-fungi-life-cycle/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nature's vast repository of knowledge</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-wonders-of-nature">The wonders of nature</h2>



<p>The findings from this research fill a significant gap in our understanding of biotic ecosystems and how they function. They open up a whole new world of possibilities for us to explore.</p>



<p>Who would have thought that these small, often overlooked organisms could teach us so much? It's a testament to the wonders of nature and how much more we've got to learn.</p>



<p>So the next time you see a mushroom growing in your garden, remember there's a lot more than meets the eye. These tiny organisms are making decisions, sharing information and solving problems - all without a brain.</p>



<p>The research is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1754504824000588?via%3Dihub" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Fungal Ecology</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Fungi can think and make smart decisions without a brain

Picture this: An organism without a brain, making decisions. Sounds...

<p>A concerning number of Americans, approximately 130 million, suffer from various heart conditions. </p>



<p>These conditions, beyond their immediate threats, may be secretly escalating a surge of dementia cases in the country, posing a severe health threat.</p>



<p>According to the American Heart Association, diseases such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation could be a root cause of dementia.</p>



<p>These illnesses inhibit proper blood flow, inevitably leading to the demise of brain cells and tissues.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heart-conditions-and-dementia">Heart conditions and dementia </h2>



<p>Over 130 million Americans battle some form of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/your-diet-may-save-your-life-six-key-foods-lower-the-risk-of-heart-disease/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart disease</a>, making immediate prevention even more pertinent, especially considering the millions of dementia cases that emerge each year.</p>



<p>"Dementia is commonly seen as an incurable and relentless disease that cannot be prevented," said Dr. Fernando Testai, an expert affiliated with the <a href="https://illinois.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Illinois</a>. </p>



<p>"Evidence shows, however, that adopting a healthy lifestyle and identifying and treating vascular risk factors early may help preserve normal brain function and reduce the burden of Alzheimer’s disease and other related dementias."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-common-heart-condition-contributes-to-dementia">Common heart condition contributes to dementia </h2>



<p>In a paper published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/STR.0000000000000476">Stroke</a></em>, the experts noted that coronary artery disease - the most common of American heart conditions and a leading cause of death - is a significant factor contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dementia-was-extremely-rare-in-ancient-times-so-why-is-it-now-so-prevalent/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dementia</a>.</p>



<p>Essentially, the buildup of plaque inhibits blood flow to major organs, including the brain, ultimately leading to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/having-a-pet-leads-to-a-much-slower-rate-of-cognitive-decline/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cognitive function deterioration</a>. </p>



<p>Studies show that coronary artery diseases escalate dementia risk by 27 percent. This emphasizes the critical connection between a healthy <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/study-finds-strong-correlation-between-heart-and-brain-health/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">heart and brain</a>.</p>



<p>Heart failure also adds to the growing list of culprits, potentially leading to cognitive decline affecting memory, language, and planning abilities. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-markers-of-heart-disease">Brain markers of heart disease </h2>



<p>In an interview with CNN, Dr. Testai noted that the conditions that lead to heart failure, such as diabetes and coronary artery disease, can increase the levels of beta-amyloid in the brain. This protein is recognized as a key marker of Alzheimer's disease.</p>



<p>Atrial fibrillation (A-fib), a disease affecting millions of Americans with numbers on the rise, has also been linked to dementia. </p>



<p>This condition may cause cerebral microhemorrhages - tiny brain bleeds that could potentially lead to a stroke. The risk of memory or thinking problems increases by 39 percent for those with A-fib.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-adopting-a-heart-healthy-lifestyle">Adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle </h2>



<p>"This call to action is especially critical right now because so many Americans have some form of heart disease and people are getting sicker and sicker earlier in life," said Dr. Andrew Freeman, an expert at National Jewish Health who was not involved in the study. </p>



<p>To combat this, Dr. Freeman advises adopting a heart-healthy lifestyle before it's too late. This involves consuming anti-inflammatory nutrients as part of the Mediterranean diet, maintaining an adequate exercise regime, and ensuring rest and connection with others. </p>



<p>Walking briskly for 30 minutes daily, for instance, can reduce dementia risk by a staggering 62 percent.</p>



<p>"<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/any-type-of-physical-activity-can-help-protect-the-brain/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physical activity</a> is just absolutely magnificent. And when if you blend that with eating a more plant-based diet, de-stressing, sleeping enough and connecting with others - that’s your magic recipe. It’s the fountain of youth, if you will," said Dr. Freeman. </p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-regular-screening-for-early-risk-detection">Regular screening for early risk detection</h2>



<p>Preventing heart disease and dementia begins with the early identification and management of risk factors. </p>



<p>Regular screenings for key health indicators such as blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and blood sugar are crucial as they can uncover underlying health issues that might otherwise remain hidden. </p>



<p>These assessments play a pivotal role in diagnosing conditions like hypertension and diabetes, which have profound impacts on both cardiac and cerebral health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-prevention-and-awareness">Prevention and awareness</h2>



<p>For individuals already dealing with heart-related conditions, consistent monitoring and adherence to prescribed treatment regimens are vital. </p>



<p>Medications aimed at controlling blood pressure, cholesterol, or heart rhythm can serve to maintain optimal blood flow and alleviate cardiac stress. </p>



<p>This forward-thinking approach not only mitigates the risk of cardiovascular events but also protects the brain from the chronic effects of reduced blood supply.</p>



<p>Additionally, engaging in discussions about lifestyle practices with healthcare providers allows individuals to establish attainable goals for heart health improvement. </p>



<p>By prioritizing routine health evaluations, individuals can significantly diminish the likelihood of developing dementia associated with heart disease.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Heart conditions propel the rise of dementia

A concerning number of Americans, approximately 130 million, suffer from...

<p>Cast your mind back to the year 1988. The Koster archipelago, a cluster of islands off the Swedish west coast near Norway, suffered a harsh attack from a significant bloom of toxic algae. This occurrence left an indelible mark on the marine snail populations residing in these islands - driving an impact on their evolution, and pushing them to near extinction.</p>



<p>But why should this matter to anyone but marine biologists or environmentalists? Well, this unfortunate turn of events would provide an opportunity to observe the fascinating process of evolution in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-decades-long-experiment-with-snails">Decades-long experiment with snails</h2>



<p>The Koster islands and the encompassing rocky islets known as skerries were habitats for dense and diverse populations of marine snails, specifically the species Littorina saxatilis. </p>



<p>While the snail populations bounced back on the larger islands within two to four years, the populations on smaller skerries couldn't recover from this <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/pest-control-product-nemaslug-could-harm-beneficial-snails/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">catastrophic event</a>.</p>



<p>Kerstin Johannesson, a marine ecologist at the <a href="https://www.gu.se/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Gothenburg</a>, Sweden, saw an opportunity amidst this disaster. In 1992, she reintroduced the L. saxatilis snails to their original skerry habitat, thus initiating an experiment with profound implications that researchers could witness over three decades later.</p>



<p>Ultimately, the experiment enabled an international team led by the Institute of Science and Technology Austria (<a href="https://ista.ac.at/en/home/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ISTA</a>) to observe and predict evolution of snails in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snails-evolved-to-fit-their-environment">Snails evolved to fit their environment </h2>



<p>The marine snail species L. saxatilis is spread across the North Atlantic shores. Evolved to adapt to their environment, these snails exhibit differences in size, shell shape, shell color, and behavior. </p>



<p>The two distinct types that develop, most prominently known as the Crab- and Wave-ecotype, are particularly intriguing. The Wave snails tend to be smaller, with thin shells of unique colors and patterns, a large and rounded aperture, and bold behavior. </p>



<p>In contrast, the Crab snails are noticeably larger, possess thicker shells without patterns, a smaller and more elongated aperture, and exhibit wary behavior due to their predator-filled environment.</p>



<p>Remarkably, the Koster archipelago served as a home to both these types of L. saxatilis. Following the deadly algae bloom, Wave snails perished, leaving the shores desolate. </p>



<p>However, Crab snails were still abundant nearby. Capitalizing on this proximity, Johannesson decided to reintroduce the Crab snails to the wave snail’s old abode in 1992.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-snails-reclaim-lost-traits-through-evolution">Snails reclaim lost traits through evolution</h2>



<p>Johannesson's decision turned out to be a masterstroke. With the snails churning out one to two generations every year, scientists could witness the Crab snails adapt to their new environment in real-time. </p>



<p>“Our colleagues saw evidence of the snails’ adaptation already within the first decade of the experiment,” said Diego Garcia Castillo, a graduate student in the <a href="https://ista.ac.at/en/research/barton-group/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barton Group at ISTA</a> and a leading author of the study.</p>



<p>“Over the experiment’s 30 years, we were able to predict robustly what the snails will look like and which genetic regions will be implicated. The transformation was both rapid and dramatic."</p>



<p>But this evolution and transformation wasn't a case of the snails developing their traits from scratch. Some of the genetic diversity was already available in the starting Crab population, though at low prevalence. These findings indicate that access to a large gene pool can hasten the process of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/slugs-and-snails-prefer-los-angeles-city-life-over-rural-areas/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evolution</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-diversity-in-snail-evolution">Genetic diversity in snail evolution</h2>



<p>Over the duration of the experiment, the team examined the snails' phenotype, individual gene variabilities, and larger genetic changes that affect entire regions of the chromosomes called "chromosomal inversions."</p>



<p>They observed a rapid selection of traits already present at a low frequency in the transplanted Crab snail population, which may be further bolstered by gene flow from neighboring Wave snails.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-the-future">Implications for the future</h2>



<p>This research on snail evolution opens a window into understanding how species can adapt to modern environmental challenges such as pollution and climate change. Not all species have access to large gene pools, and evolving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/deadly-snail-venom-possible-key-to-improving-diabetes-medicine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">new traits</a> from scratch is slow. </p>



<p>Anja Marie Westram, a former postdoc at ISTA, now a researcher at Nord University, expressed her hope for the future. "Perhaps this research helps convince people to protect a range of natural habitats so that species do not lose their genetic variation."</p>



<p>Fast forward to the present day, and the snails Johannesson brought to the skerry in 1992 now have a thriving population of around 1,000 individuals. These humble snails, once victims of an environmental catastrophe, are now helping us understand the wonders of nature and evolution.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp2102" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a>.</em></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Snails defy death and revive through evolution

Cast your mind back to the year 1988. The Koster...

<p>Ever wondered where your energy comes from? Believe it or not, it's not from your morning coffee or your daily workout. It's from something far more deeply rooted - your mom's DNA.</p>



<p>One of the core principles of biology is that we inherit our DNA from our parents. However, the DNA inheritance from dad and mom isn't evenly split.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-mitochondrial-mystery">The mitochondrial mystery</h2>



<p>A peculiar exception to the rule of inheritance has intrigued scientists for ages: the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dna-mystery-50000-knots-found-in-the-human-genome/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DNA</a> found within mitochondria - the cell's powerhouses - is passed down exclusively from mothers.</p>



<p>In the event of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-body-prevents-multiple-sperm-from-fertilizing-an-egg/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">egg fertilization</a>, any remnants of the father's mitochondrial genome are immediately eliminated.</p>



<p>Recent findings from a study at the <a href="https://www.colorado.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Colorado Boulder</a> are shedding new light on this fascinating phenomenon.</p>



<p>Published in the journal <em>Science Advances</em>, the study also pointed to potential consequences if this maternal inheritance was disturbed.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-deeper-understanding-of-mitochondrial-disorders">Deeper understanding of mitochondrial disorders</h2>



<p>When <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/fathers-diet-impacts-the-health-of-his-future-children/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">paternal mitochondrial DNA</a> sneaks into an embryo, the child may face serious neurological, behavioral, and reproductive issues as an adult. </p>



<p>This research, carried out on roundworms, paves the way for a deeper understanding of mitochondrial disorders affecting around 1 in 5,000 people. It also introduces a promising treatment approach using a simple vitamin - Vitamin K2.</p>



<p>Study senior author Ding Xue is a professor in the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology at the University of Colorado Boulder.</p>



<p>“These findings provide important new insights into why paternal mitochondria must be swiftly removed during early development," noted Professor Xue. He also expressed optimism about potential treatments for diseases caused by the compromise of this process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-energy-comes-from-mom">Cellular energy comes from mom</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mitochondria-cells-batteries-leaking-causes-inflammation-diseases/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Mitochondria</a>, often referred to as cellular batteries, are responsible for producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - the powerhouse that fuels all cellular functions.</p>



<p>It was in 2016 when Professor Xue uncovered the mechanism of fathers' DNA elimination, known as “paternal mitochondria elimination."</p>



<p>"Our stuff is so undesirable that evolution has designed multiple mechanisms to make sure it is cleared during reproduction," joked Professor Xue.</p>



<p>Interestingly, some believe that sperm mitochondria are utterly drained and genetically harmed after the grueling process of fertilization, which might explain why evolution discards paternal mitochondrial DNA.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-impact-of-paternal-intrusion">The impact of paternal intrusion</h2>



<p>Professor Xue, in his quest to understand the potential impact of paternal mitochondrial survival, examined C. elegans – a transparent worm with similar tissue structure to humans. </p>



<p>His team could only delay, not halt, paternal mitochondria elimination (PME), thereby demonstrating the resilience of this evolutionary process.</p>



<p>Any delay in the elimination process led to a drastic decrease in ATP levels and impaired cognitive, motor and reproductive abilities in the worms.</p>



<p>However, treatment with Vitamin K2 (MK-4) brought ATP levels back to normal and improved the adult worms' cognitive, motor, and reproductive functions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hope-for-mitochondrial-disorders">Hope for mitochondrial disorders</h2>



<p>Only a few cases have been documented where paternal mitochondrial DNA was found in adults. </p>



<p>But, as the research indicates, even slight delays in PME could potentially cause hard-to-diagnose human diseases. "If you have a problem with ATP it can impact every stage of the human life cycle," said Professor Xue.</p>



<p>This research opens up new possibilities for diagnosing and treating mitochondrial disorders. Professor Xue envisions a future where families with mitochondrial disorders could take Vitamin K2 prenatally as a preventive measure.</p>



<p>"There are a lot of diseases that are poorly understood. No one really knows what is going on. This research offers clues."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-energy-producing-machinery-comes-from-mom">Energy-producing machinery comes from mom</h2>



<p>Every heartbeat, thought, and movement relies on energy generated by the mitochondria within our <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/anthrobots-scientists-create-tiny-biological-robots-from-human-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cells</a>. These tiny organelles convert nutrients into ATP, the essential fuel that powers all bodily functions. </p>



<p>Fascinatingly, this energy-producing machinery is inherited solely from moms, linking our daily vitality to our maternal lineage.</p>



<p>The study highlights the importance of maintaining this mitochondrial inheritance pattern. Any disruption to this process could interfere with our cells' ability to generate energy, potentially leading to neurological or metabolic issues. </p>



<p>By focusing on the energy link between mitochondria and cellular health, researchers aim to uncover therapies that could help those affected by mitochondrial disorders, offering new hope for maintaining optimal cellular energy levels.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adp8351" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

All of your energy comes from mom - not dad

Ever wondered where your energy comes from? Believe it or...

Moon,Structure,In,Front,Of,Planet,Earth,And,The,Milky

<p>We've all spent countless nights gazing at the Moon, lost in its tranquility and splendor. But have you ever wondered what lies beneath the surface at the Moon's core? </p>



<p>The answer is starting to come into focus, thanks to the work of French Astronomer Arthur Briaud and his team at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (<a href="https://www.cnrs.fr/en/the-cnrs" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CNRS</a>).</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-peeling-back-the-lunar-layers">Peeling back the lunar layers</h2>



<p>Instead of old wives' tales about it being made of green cheese, the Moon's core, as Briaud's research shows, is a ball of solid metal encased by a liquid outer layer. </p>



<p>But how did they ascertain this? </p>



<p>They worked with existing data from NASA's Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (<a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/grail/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">GRAIL</a>) mission paired with Lunar Laser Ranging (<a href="https://ilrs.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/scienceContributions/lunar.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LLR</a>), which provides accurate measurements between Earth and specific lunar regions. </p>



<p>This combination unveiled the Moon's interior with unmatched precision -- it has a core very similar to the Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-does-the-moon-s-core-matter">Why does the Moon's core matter?</h2>



<p>This isn't a run-of-the-mill discovery. The existence of a molten outer layer and solid core inside the Moon forces us to rethink our understanding of the moon's magnetic field. </p>



<p>"Our results question the evolution of the Moon’s magnetic field thanks to its demonstration of the existence of the inner core and support a global mantle overturn scenario that brings substantial insights on the timeline of the lunar bombardment," Briaud explained.</p>



<p>These revelations lay the groundwork for fresh insights into the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/the-moon-had-active-volcanoes-just-120-million-years-ago/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon's formative years</a>. Interestingly, the Moon's inner core has a density similar to iron. </p>



<p>Measuring approximately 160 miles in radius with an outer core roughly 225 miles, the findings seem to suggest that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Moon</a> and Earth are more closely related than we previously thought.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploration-and-future-lunar-colonies">Exploration and future lunar colonies</h2>



<p>Understanding the Moon’s core is practical knowledge that’s essential for planning <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">future lunar expeditions</a>. </p>



<p>This is especially true as more nations and businesses show interest in exploring, and possibly inhabiting, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moons-entire-surface-is-covered-with-water-and-hydroxyl-not-just-the-poles/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">the Moon's surface</a>. </p>



<p>As Briaud points out, “knowing what is on the moon is a giant step in the right direction, both for the present and the future.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-understanding-earth-by-studying-the-moon">Understanding Earth by studying the Moon</h2>



<p>These findings could also impact our understanding of the solar system. By comparing Earth's and the Moon's cores, we can recognize patterns and differences that help unravel the secrets of planetary formation. </p>



<p>This raises intriguing questions about the composition of other celestial bodies. What does their internal structure look like, and how does it influence their geological behavior or life-supporting potential?</p>



<p>This research opens up new directions for <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evidence-magma-ocean-molten-rock-found-moons-surface-south-pole-chandrayaan-3/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">further lunar studies</a>. With an accurate model of the Moon's core on their hands, scientists can dive deeper into unanswered questions and polish existing theories. </p>



<p>Looking forward, there's excitement about more detailed lunar mapping and confirming the solidity of Briaud's conclusions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moon-s-core-compared-to-earth-s-core">Moon's core compared to Earth's core</h2>



<p>The Moon's core is a lot smaller and less dense than Earth's, which highlights a major difference in their make-up and thermal activities. </p>



<p>While Earth has a molten, metallic core that helps create its strong magnetic field, the Moon's core is mostly solid with just a tiny molten layer.</p>



<p>Scientists think the Moon's core is only about 1-2% of its total mass, whereas Earth's core makes up around 15%. Both cores are mostly made of iron, but the Moon has less nickel and other metals.</p>



<p>Because its core is smaller and mostly solid, the Moon doesn’t experience the same geological activity as Earth. It doesn't have a <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/earths-magnetic-field-origin-structure-and-impact-on-humanity/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">significant magnetic field</a>, which affects things like surface temperature and how it interacts with solar radiation.</p>



<p>Earth’s core drives plate tectonics and volcanic activity, shaping the landscape and supporting life. In contrast, the Moon’s core is pretty much inactive, leaving it geologically quiet and ancient, with surface features that have barely changed over billions of years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-on-the-moon-s-core">Future research on the Moon's core</h2>



<p>Why should you, as a layperson, care about these discoveries? </p>



<p>Apart from satisfying your intellectual curiosity, these findings could bolster technological advancement, improve our space exploration capabilities, and maybe even inspire innovations that directly benefit life on Earth.</p>



<p>Plus, the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/our-moon-is-drifting-away-and-earth-will-never-be-the-same-without-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon plays a pivotal role</a> in maintaining our planet's stability -- influencing tides and potentially impacting climate patterns.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-inside-matters">Why the inside matters</h2>



<p>To sum it all up, the Moon has a complex core, remarkably similar to Earth's own. Arthur Briaud's research, utilizing NASA's GRAIL data and advanced laser ranging techniques, has given us a clearer view of what lies beneath the moon's surface. </p>



<p>These discoveries have significant implications for future space exploration, technological advancements, and our understanding of the Moon and beyond. </p>



<p>So the next time you look up at the moon, remember -- there's a world of wonders hidden beneath its silent façade.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05935-7%5C" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

What's inside the Moon's core has long been a mystery, until now

We've all spent countless nights gazing at the Moon, lost...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic pollution.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-invisible-threat-in-urban-air"><strong>Invisible threat in urban air</strong></h2>



<p>City dwellers face an unseen danger with every breath. New findings from Emory University researchers suggest that fine particulate matter from <a href="http://earth.com/news/traffic-related-air-pollution-might-increase-alzheimers-risk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">vehicle emissions may significantly elevate the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease</a>. The study examined brain tissue samples from 224 individuals who had confirmed diagnoses and volunteered their brains for scientific research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-disturbing-connections-emerge"><strong>Disturbing connections emerge</strong></h2>



<p>Scientists analyzed neuritic plaques — protein clusters that characterize Alzheimer's — while mapping each participant's exposure to PM2.5 particles based on residential location and surrounding traffic density. The correlation proved more alarming than anticipated. Individuals experiencing higher pollution exposure showed nearly double the likelihood of elevated plaque accumulation in brain tissue.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-timing-matters"><strong>Timing matters</strong></h2>



<p>The research team discovered that pollution exposure during the final year before death demonstrated the strongest association with brain changes. This timeline suggests relatively rapid impacts from environmental toxins on neural health. The connection remained robust even after accounting for various demographic and health factors.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-genetic-vulnerability-patterns"><strong>Genetic vulnerability patterns</strong></h2>



<p>Perhaps most concerning, people lacking the APOE gene—which naturally predisposes individuals to Alzheimer's — exhibited more than twice the susceptibility to pollution-related brain damage. Study author Dr. Anke Huels noted this indicates environmental elements like air contamination could trigger the disease in cases where hereditary factors don't explain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-public-health-implications"><strong>Public health implications</strong></h2>



<p>These findings, published in <em><a href="https://www.neurology.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Neurology</a></em>, underscore the critical importance of air quality regulations in urban planning. The research suggests that implementing stricter emission controls and promoting alternative transportation could serve as powerful tools in Alzheimer's prevention.</p>



<p>As cities worldwide grapple with growing traffic congestion and aging populations, this study highlights an urgent need for comprehensive approaches to environmental health that protect both our lungs and our minds.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Traffic fumes may trigger Alzheimer's

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHHxOej4QfE Researchers found a correlation between Alzheimer's disease and traffic...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that scientists never expected.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hidden-waters-beneath-ancient-craters">Hidden waters beneath ancient craters</h2>



<p>Scientists have made a startling discovery that challenges everything we thought we knew about <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/saturn-moon-mimas-has-remarkably-young-ocean/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Saturn's moon Mimas</a>. Beneath the heavily cratered surface that earned it the nickname "Death Star" lies a global ocean that formed just 5 to 15 million years ago—a remarkably young age by cosmic standards.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cassini-data-reveals-orbital-secrets">Cassini data reveals orbital secrets</h2>



<p>The discovery, led by Dr. Valéry Lainey of the <a href="https://observatoiredeparis.psl.eu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Observatoire de Paris</a>, emerged from careful analysis of <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>'s Cassini spacecraft data. By studying subtle irregularities in Mimas's orbit around Saturn, researchers detected the gravitational signature of liquid water hidden 20 to 30 kilometers beneath the moon's icy shell.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-an-unlikely-ocean-world">An unlikely ocean world</h2>



<p>At only 400 kilometers in diameter, Mimas seemed like the least likely candidate to harbor a subsurface ocean. Unlike other ocean moons such as Europa and Enceladus, which show clear surface signs of internal activity, Mimas displays no obvious hints of the liquid water beneath its ancient, crater-scarred exterior.</p>



<p>"Mimas is a small moon, and its heavily cratered surface gave no hint of the hidden ocean beneath," explained Dr. Nick Cooper from <a href="https://www.qmul.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Queen Mary University of London</a>, a study co-author.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-astrobiology">Implications for astrobiology</h2>



<p>The ocean's recent formation makes Mimas a prime target for studying how oceans develop and potentially support life. This discovery adds another member to the exclusive club of ocean worlds in our solar system, each offering unique insights into the conditions necessary for habitability.</p>



<p>The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em> journal, demonstrates how advanced orbital analysis can reveal hidden features of celestial bodies, opening new possibilities for understanding ocean formation throughout the cosmos.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Scientists discover unexpected young ocean on Saturn's cratered moon Mimas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2E0mn5mTvhQ 'Death Star' moon Mimas conceals a 15-million-year-old ocean that...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-when-earth-became-a-frozen-wasteland">When Earth became a frozen wasteland</h2>



<p>Imagine Earth as a giant snowball, frozen solid from the North Pole to the equator. This wasn't the plot of a science fiction movie – it was our planet's reality 700 million years ago during an extreme ice age that has puzzled scientists for decades.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-discovery">The discovery</h2>



<p>Australian researchers from the <a href="https://www.sydney.edu.au/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Sydney</a> have finally cracked one of geology's greatest mysteries: what caused the Sturtian glaciation and why it persisted for an unprecedented 57 million years. This period occurred long before dinosaurs roamed the Earth, when no complex plants or multicellular animals existed.</p>



<p>Dr. Adriana Dutkiewicz, the study's lead author, describes a world completely unlike today's climate. "Imagine the Earth almost completely frozen over," she explained. "The planet was blanketed in ice from poles to equator, and temperatures plunged."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-combination-of-climate-factors">The combination of climate factors</h2>



<p>The research team discovered that this massive freeze resulted from a "double whammy" of geological events. First, plate tectonic activity reduced volcanic carbon dioxide emissions to historically low levels. Volcanic activity typically releases CO2 into the atmosphere, creating a greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm.</p>



<p>Simultaneously, weathering of volcanic rocks in what is now Canada actively absorbed atmospheric CO2, further reducing greenhouse gas concentrations. When atmospheric carbon dioxide levels dropped below 200 parts per million – less than half of today's levels – glaciation engulfed the entire planet.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-climate-implications">Modern climate implications</h2>



<p>Published in the journal <em><a href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geology</a></em>, this research provides crucial insights into Earth's climate system. While geological climate changes occur over millions of years, the study emphasizes that human-induced climate change is happening at a pace ten times faster than previously observed natural changes, highlighting the urgent need to understand our planet's delicate climate balance.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a>&nbsp;for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

What caused the planet's longest ice age

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0DuSr87SHY 57 million-year ice age mystery solved by Australian scientists....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

News coming your way