<p>Grains feed billions every day. Yet people still argue about which ones deserve a spot on the plate. Whole grains often get praise. Refined grains often get the blame. The truth, as a new study shows, is more complicated.</p>



<p>Researchers looked at more than 14,000 Americans and tracked what they ate. They used national survey data collected between 2017 and 2023, combining diet records with health markers such as weight, waist size, and insulin levels.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-analyzing-different-grains">Analyzing different grains</h2>



<p>The team came from the <a href="https://www.washington.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Washington</a> and a French nutrition group. They used national survey data collected between 2017 and 2023. They combined diet records with health markers such as weight, waist size, and insulin levels. </p>



<p>The study also considered cost - an issue that often keeps families from choosing healthier foods. By linking <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-diet-may-protect-cognitive-health/">nutrition scores</a> with affordability, the researchers could see not only which foods improved health but also which ones people could realistically buy.</p>



<p>This practical lens matters, because guidance that ignores price often fails in everyday life, leaving healthier choices out of reach for many households.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scoring-nutrients-in-grains">Scoring nutrients in grains</h2>



<p>The researchers built scoring systems. One focused on whole grain content, fiber, and added sugar. Another measured nine nutrients we need - such as protein, folate, and magnesium - against three we should limit: sugar, sodium, and saturated fat.</p>



<p>Foods that performed well were tagged as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/common-food-nutrition-labels-may-be-based-on-50-year-old-data/">healthy</a> grains, while those lacking balance fell short. </p>



<p>This dual approach gave a sharper view, showing not just which grains are wholesome, but also why certain fortified foods deserve recognition alongside traditional whole grain options.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-grains-with-strong-nutrients">Grains with strong nutrients</h2>



<p>Cooked grains did well. So did cooked cereals and fortified grains in breads. Some ready-to-eat cereals also scored high, but only when sugar stayed low. </p>



<p>Sweet bakery goods, snack bars, and quick breads landed at the bottom. They offered calories but almost no nutrients, highlighting how certain popular items fill stomachs without delivering meaningful health benefits.</p>



<p>The contrast between fortified choices and sugar-heavy products shows why nutrient density, not just grain type, makes the real difference in improving diets.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-eating-patterns-matter">Eating patterns matter</h2>



<p>The study showed who eats these grains. Women and older adults ate more of them. Mexican Americans included them often too. Non-Hispanic Black participants ate the least.</p>



<p>Income made a difference: higher income groups leaned toward healthier grain choices. Regional differences also appeared, with some communities relying more on fortified breads and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/childrens-cereals-now-contain-more-sugar-and-fat-than-ever/">cereals</a>. </p>



<p>Still, even the best groups ate less than one-third of their grains from nutrient-dense foods, showing plenty of room for improvement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-grains-better-nutrition">More grains, better nutrition</h2>



<p>Those who ate more healthy grains had better overall diets. They consumed more fruits and vegetables. They cut down on added sugar, sodium, and saturated fat. </p>



<p>They also got more protein, calcium, potassium, and iron. These benefits grew stronger the more healthy grains people ate.</p>



<p>The gains extended to health outcomes. Adults eating nutrient-rich grains were less likely to have higher body weight. Their insulin levels were lower, indicating stronger metabolic health. Their cholesterol levels also improved in some cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-healthy-grains-don-t-cost-more">Healthy grains don’t cost more</h2>



<p>Nutritious foods often cost more, but that assumption did not hold here. Healthy grains were not more expensive than less nutritious ones. In some cases, fortified cereals and breads even cost less per gram or per calorie.</p>



<p>“Healthy grains are a critical component of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-break-down-the-best-heart-healthy-diets/">healthy diets</a>," said Dr. Adam Drewnowski, Professor of Epidemiology at the University of Washington.</p>



<p>“Our evaluation took whole grain content into account, along with fiber, vitamins and minerals. By delivering key nutrients such as fiber, iron, B vitamins and folate, grain foods can make a meaningful contribution to healthier eating patterns among all population groups.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nutrients-matter-more-than-labels">Nutrients matter more than labels</h2>



<p>This study shows that grain choices are not black and white. <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/that-whole-wheat-bread-youve-been-eating-is-often-a-trap-its-not-what-you-think-it-is/">Whole grains</a> matter, but fortified refined grains can also help. What counts is nutrient density. That shift in perspective makes it easier for people to build healthier diets without higher costs or strict rules.</p>



<p>Grains will remain central to our diets. Choosing nutrient-dense ones - whether whole or fortified - can improve health without draining wallets. Balance matters more than rigid categories, and the study makes that clear. </p>



<p>Eating patterns shaped by variety and affordability work better long term. Rather than avoiding entire grain types, people can focus on smarter selections, building meals that deliver taste, nutrition, and practicality without unnecessary restrictions.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/16/2674" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nutrients</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Some refined grains are surprisingly nutritious

Grains feed billions every day. Yet people still argue about which ones deserve a spot on the plate. Whole grains often get praise. Refined grains often get the blame. The truth, as a new study shows, is more complicated. Researchers looked at more than 14,000 Americans and tracked what they ate. They used national survey data collected between 2017 and 2023, combining diet records with health markers such as weight, waist size, and insulin levels. Analyzing different grains The team came from the University of Washington and...

3d,Rendering,Artificial,Intelligence,Ai,Research,Of,Robot,And,Cyborg

<p>A frontier where computer science meets the mysteries of the human brain, neuromorphic computing represents an exciting crossover between technology and biology.</p>



<p>Designed to mimic the way humans process information, this technology holds the promise to stir a revolution everywhere, from <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-consciousness-and-you-what-happens-when-machines-become-sentient/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a> to robotics. But what exactly is neuromorphic computing and why is it now taking center stage?</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-origins-of-neuromorphic-computing">Origins of neuromorphic computing</h2>



<p>The concept of neuromorphic computing was first coined in the 1980s by scientist <a href="http://www.carvermead.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Carver Mead</a>, who proposed creating electronic systems inspired by the neural structure of the human brain. </p>



<p>Mead, a professor at the <a href="https://www.caltech.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">California Institute of Technology</a>, based this idea on the premise that the brain is, in essence, an extremely efficient and versatile information processor. </p>



<p>Since then, neuromorphic computing has evolved considerably, leveraging advances in neuroscience, engineering, and especially <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/should-robots-be-programmed-to-have-human-consciousness/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hardware-and-software-comprise-the-two-pillars">Hardware and software comprise the two pillars</h2>



<p>Neuromorphic computing relies on two fundamental technological pillars: hardware and software. On the hardware side, specific neuromorphic chips are being developed, such as Intel's famous <a href="https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/research/neuromorphic-computing.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Loihi chip</a></p>



<p>Now in its second generation, Loihi is designed to mimic the structure and functioning of biological neural networks. </p>



<p>These chips use a radically different architecture from traditional processors, allowing for more efficient and adaptive processing.</p>



<p>In terms of software, algorithms and computational models are being developed that seek to replicate aspects of learning and brain processing, such as artificial neural networks and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/using-ai-to-decode-the-legacy-of-the-roman-empire/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">deep learning</a>. </p>



<p>These models are inspired by the structure of the brain and its learning and adaptation mechanisms.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-on-machine-learning-and-neural-networks">Impact on machine learning and neural networks</h2>



<p>Neuromorphic computing has the potential to significantly benefit machine learning in several ways.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-efficient-data-processing-and-power-consumption">Efficient data processing and power consumption</h3>



<p>Neuromorphic chips are designed to process data in a way that mimics the human brain, which is highly efficient at tasks such as pattern recognition, learning, and adaptation. </p>



<p>This can lead to faster and more efficient machine learning algorithms, particularly for tasks that involve large amounts of complex data.</p>



<p>Neuromorphic systems consume significantly less power compared to traditional computing systems. This is because they process information in a highly parallel and distributed manner, similar to the human brain. </p>



<p>Lower power consumption means that machine learning applications can be deployed on a wider range of devices, including mobile and edge devices.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-real-time-learning-and-scalability">Real-time learning and scalability</h3>



<p>Neuromorphic systems can enable real-time learning, where the machine learning model can continuously adapt and improve based on new data. This is particularly useful for applications that require the model to learn and adapt in real-world environments, such as autonomous vehicles or robots.</p>



<p>Neuromorphic computing can enable the development of highly scalable machine learning models. This is because neuromorphic systems can be designed to scale up or down depending on the complexity of the task, without significant increases in power consumption or latency.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-biologically-inspired-learning">Biologically inspired learning</h3>



<p>Neuromorphic systems are designed to be more robust and fault-tolerant compared to traditional computing systems. </p>



<p>This is because they can continue to function even if some of the individual components fail, similar to how the human brain can continue to function even if some neurons die. This can lead to more reliable and robust machine learning applications.</p>



<p>Neuromorphic computing is inspired by the structure and function of biological neural networks. This means that machine learning algorithms developed for neuromorphic systems can incorporate biologically inspired learning mechanisms, such as spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). </p>



<p>This can lead to more efficient and effective learning, particularly for tasks that require unsupervised or semi-supervised learning.</p>



<ol></ol>



<p>Overall, neuromorphic computing has the potential to significantly enhance the capabilities of machine learning, enabling faster, more efficient, and more robust learning systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-hurdles-of-neuromorphic-computing">Challenges and hurdles of neuromorphic computing</h2>



<p>Despite its promise, neuromorphic computing faces several significant challenges. A major one is the inherent complexity of the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/largest-ever-3d-map-of-human-brain-created-by-harvard-and-google/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human brain</a>. </p>



<p>Replicating even a fraction of its functionality is a monumental task that requires a deep understanding of its internal mechanisms, many of which are not yet fully understood.</p>



<p>Integrating these systems into practical applications is also challenging. While neuromorphic chips and algorithms show great potential, their incorporation into existing technologies and their scalability remain major hurdles.</p>



<p>As predicted by <a href="https://www.fundacionbankinter.org/en/programs/ftf/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Future Trends Forum</a> expert Daniel Granados, "the future of computing will be hybrid and different technologies will coexist and communicate with each other. </p>



<p>According to Granados, today's silicon computing and von Neumann architecture will be complemented by neuromorphic computing, photonic computing, and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/quantum-computer-can-instantly-execute-a-task-that-would-normally-take-47-years/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">quantum computing</a>.</p>



<p>Currently, work is being done on three key fronts:</p>



<ol start="1">
<li><strong>Scalability</strong>: Current neuromorphic computers are relatively small and are not capable of performing complex tasks on a large scale.</li>



<li><strong>Efficiency</strong>: Neuromorphic computers are not yet as efficient as traditional computers.</li>



<li><strong>Robustness</strong>: Neuromorphic computers are susceptible to failure, as their components are more sensitive to disturbances than the components of traditional computers.</li>
</ol>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advances-and-applications">Advances and applications</h2>



<p>Despite the challenges, scientists are already seeing significant advances in the field. Neuromorphic chips, for example, are finding applications in areas such as robotics, where they enable greater autonomy and learning capabilities. </p>



<p>In the field of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/lawless-superintelligence-zero-evidence-ai-control-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">artificial intelligence</a>, these chips offer new forms of data processing, facilitating tasks such as pattern recognition and real-time decision making.</p>



<p>In particular, Intel has used Loihi to experiment with autonomous learning systems, such as traffic pattern optimization and advanced <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/robot-trained-to-read-braille-with-remarkable-speed/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">robotic control</a>. </p>



<p>IBM has used its neuromorphic chip <a href="https://research.ibm.com/publications/truenorth-design-and-tool-flow-of-a-65-mw-1-million-neuron-programmable-neurosynaptic-chip" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">TrueNorth</a> in applications such as pattern detection in health data and real-time sensor data processing.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-impact-of-neuromorphic-computing">Future impact of neuromorphic computing</h2>



<p>Looking forward, neuromorphic computing is emerging as a key element in the next generation of intelligent technologies. </p>



<p>Its development is expected to improve the efficiency and capability of today's machines, and to open the door to new forms of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/brainoware-computer-is-one-step-closer-to-merging-man-and-machine/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">human-machine interaction</a>, and even to create systems capable of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psifi-wearable-ai-device-interprets-emotions-people-nearby/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">learning and adapting</a> in a similar way to humans.</p>



<p>The potential impact of neuromorphic computing is immense. In industry, it could lead to greater automation and smarter systems, from manufacturing to services. </p>



<p>Neuromorphic computing, for example, enables robots to process <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-can-decipher-every-possible-facial-expression-outperforming-therapists/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sensory information</a> more efficiently, improving their ability to navigate and interact with complex environments. This could be used for industrial inspection and exploration tasks in environments inaccessible to humans.</p>



<p>Furthermore, neuromorphic systems are significantly improving <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-ai-system-detects-animals-on-roads-to-prevent-accidents/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">computer vision</a> capabilities, enabling machines to process and understand images and videos more efficiently. </p>



<p>This has applications in security, where they are used for real-time detection and analysis of activities. In society, it could transform the way we interact with technology, making interfaces more intuitive and personalized.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dawn-of-a-new-computing-era">Dawn of a new computing era</h2>



<p>As we stand on the cusp of this technological revolution, it's clear that neuromorphic computing is set to reshape our world. </p>



<p>By bridging the gap between biology and technology, it promises to unleash a new era of intelligent systems that can learn, adapt, and interact in ways that were once the sole domain of the human brain.</p>



<p>While challenges remain, the rapid progress in the field is undeniable. As research continues and these technologies mature, we can expect to see increasingly sophisticated applications emerge, transforming industries and shaping the future of computing.</p>



<p>In the words of Carver Mead, the pioneer of neuromorphic computing, "We are at the dawn of a new era, where the boundaries between technology and biology are blurring, and the possibilities are limitless."</p>



<p>This article was adapted from a report by <a href="https://www.fundacionbankinter.org/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">The Bankinter Innovation Foundation</a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Merging AI with the human brain is creating unimaginable technologies

A frontier where computer science meets the mysteries of the...

<p>Space exploration is on the brink of a new era, and NASA's Gateway space station is at the forefront of this exciting frontier. As the first permanent piece of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-aims-to-build-a-train-on-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar infrastructure</a>, Gateway promises to revolutionize our understanding of the lunar environment and pave the way for future crewed missions to Mars.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission/gateway/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">According to NASA</a>, Gateway is a next-generation space station that will orbit the Moon, enabling a wide range of research activities and serving as a vital staging point for deep space exploration. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/people/kathy-lueders-associate-administrator-for-space-operations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Kathy Lueders</a>, NASA's Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, emphasizes the importance of Gateway. </p>



<p>"Gateway is a crucial component of NASA's Artemis missions, which aim to return humans to the lunar surface in preparation for the first crewed missions to Mars," she explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hub-for-scientific-discovery">Hub for scientific discovery</h2>



<p>Gateway will feature habitation and research facilities, crew and payload airlocks, and docking ports for visiting spacecraft, including <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-spacecraft-captures-stunning-photo-of-earth-and-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Orion</a>, lunar landers, and logistics resupply craft. </p>



<p>This unique infrastructure will enable longer stays on and around the Moon, significantly expanding research and exploration opportunities beyond what was envisioned or achievable during the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/the-apollo-program/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Apollo missions</a>.</p>



<p>Dr. Lueders explains that Gateway will accomplish several key objectives crucial to NASA's <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/grow-plants-on-moon-by-2026-nasa-artemis-iii-mission/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Artemis campaign</a>:</p>



<ul>
<li>Enable a sustained presence around the Moon</li>



<li>Support human crewed missions to deep space and the lunar surface</li>



<li>Facilitate scientific research and discovery in a deep space environment</li>



<li>Enable, demonstrate, and validate technologies critical for lunar missions, with applications for Mars and other deep space destinations</li>



<li>Cultivate industry and international partnerships to lead an unprecedented global coalition to the Moon</li>
</ul>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gateway-space-station-s-location">Gateway space station's location</h2>



<p>NASA will locate Gateway in a polar orbit around the Moon. This highly elliptical Near Rectilinear Halo Orbit (<a href="https://engineering.purdue.edu/people/kathleen.howell.1/Publications/Conferences/2018_AAS_WhiDavBurMcCPowMcGHow.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NRHO</a>) will bring Gateway within about 1,000 miles (1,500 km) of the Moon at its closest approach and about 43,500 miles (70,000 km) at its farthest.</p>



<p>Gateway's unique polar orbit will provide Artemis astronauts and their spacecraft access to the entire <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-plans-to-build-house-on-the-moon-by-2040/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar surface</a>, including the critical lunar South Pole region, which the Artemis missions focus on. </p>



<p>It will also ensure uninterrupted communications between the Moon and Earth, provide unique scientific opportunities within the deep space environment, and its high stability will enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs. </p>



<p>Gateway will complete one full orbit around the Moon approximately every 6.5 days.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-one-module-at-a-time">One module at a time</h2>



<p>Gateway will be an incrementally built and deployed spacecraft, similar to the <a href="https://www.nasa.gov/international-space-station/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">International Space Station</a> (ISS). </p>



<p>However, assembling Gateway in lunar orbit will involve just four rocket launches and will take approximately six years, in contrast to the ISS's 42 assembly flights over about 13 years. </p>



<p>This streamlined assembly process for Gateway is made possible by its smaller size and advancements in technology.</p>



<p>The first two modules of Gateway -- the Power and Propulsion Element (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/missions/artemis/gateway/a-powerhouse-in-deep-space-gateways-power-and-propulsion-element/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PPE</a>) and the Habitation and Logistics Outpost (<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasa-northrop-grumman-finalize-moon-outpost-living-quarters-contract/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">HALO</a>) -- are already taking shape on the ground, with hardware fabrication actively underway in facilities worldwide. </p>



<p>These components will be integrated and launched together on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket no earlier than 2025. </p>



<p>Following launch, they will spend about a year traveling to lunar orbit, during which time Gateway will begin its scientific investigations, enabled by autonomous systems and remote operations.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-era-of-human-spaceflight">New era of human spaceflight</h2>



<p>The addition of the Lunar International Habitation module (<a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Human_and_Robotic_Exploration/Gateway_Lunar_I-Hab" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lunar I-Hab</a>) to Gateway, expected no earlier than 2028 as part of the Artemis IV mission, will mark a significant milestone in human spaceflight. </p>



<p>During this mission, a crewed Orion spacecraft will transport the Lunar I-Hab to Gateway and dock it with HALO, marking the first time astronauts enter the space station.</p>



<p>"Astronauts aboard Gateway will conduct scientific research, prepare for lunar surface missions, and perform maintenance tasks to ensure the smooth operation of the station," says Dr. Lueders. </p>



<p>"Gateway will have a minimum 15-year lifespan, with the potential for extension well beyond that initial timeframe."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-gateway-space-station-compared-to-the-iss">Gateway space station compared to the ISS</h2>



<p>While <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/gateway-lunar-space-station_artist_NASA_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Gateway shares some similarities with the ISS</a>, there are notable differences between the two space stations. Gateway will be approximately 1/5 the size of the ISS by volume and 1/6 by mass. </p>



<p>When fully assembled, Gateway will weigh around 63 metric tons (63,000 kilograms) and measure 141 feet tall (43 meters), 62 feet wide (19 meters), and 67 feet long (20 meters), with a habitable volume of about 125 cubic meters.</p>



<p>Unlike the ISS, which orbits at a distance of approximately 250 miles from Earth in <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-articles/what-is-low-earth-orbit-leo/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">low-Earth orbit</a>, Gateway will be located much farther away, in lunar orbit, about 1000 times farther from Earth than the ISS. This means that Gateway will not be visible from Earth like the ISS.</p>



<p>Another key difference between the two stations is their focus. While the ISS has been a cornerstone of space research in low-Earth orbit for over two decades, Gateway expands this legacy into the deep space environment. </p>



<p>Gateway will operate in orbit around the Moon, where radiation is a greater concern due to the lack of Earth's protective magnetosphere. Additionally, while the ISS is permanently inhabited, Gateway will not be. </p>



<p>Instead, Gateway will focus on pushing the boundaries of solar electric propulsion, robotics, and autonomous operations, enabling it to conduct science investigations and support missions even when crew are not present.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-road-to-mars-and-gateway-space-station">Road to Mars and Gateway space station</h2>



<p>NASA has selected <a href="https://www.spacex.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">SpaceX</a> as the initial U.S. commercial provider for Gateway's logistics services. SpaceX will deliver critical pressurized and unpressurized cargo, science experiments, and supplies to Gateway, with one logistics services delivery anticipated for each crewed Artemis mission to Gateway.</p>



<p>This partnership, along with the international collaborations and industry involvement in the development and operation of Gateway, underscores the global effort to advance space exploration and scientific discovery.</p>



<p>Beyond its role in lunar exploration, Gateway is part of a broader strategy for sustained and permanent lunar exploration, playing a vital role in NASA's preparations for future <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/could-a-nuclear-powered-spacecraft-shorten-the-trip-to-mars/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">missions to Mars</a>. </p>



<p>The knowledge and experience gained from operating Gateway will prove invaluable for these endeavors, as NASA continues to push the boundaries of human spaceflight and exploration.</p>



<p>As Dr. Lueders concludes, "Gateway represents a new era in space exploration, one that will not only deepen our understanding of the Moon and its potential but also serve as a stepping stone to even greater adventures beyond, to Mars and the depths of our solar system."</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-artemis-program-and-the-gateway-space-station">Artemis program and the Gateway space station</h2>



<p>As mentioned previously, NASA launched the Artemis program to return humans to the Moon and establish a sustainable presence on the lunar surface by 2028. </p>



<p>The program takes its name from Artemis, the twin sister of Apollo in Greek mythology, symbolizing the agency's goal to land the first woman and the next man on the Moon.</p>



<p>The Artemis program serves as a crucial stepping stone for future crewed missions to Mars. NASA will use the knowledge and experience gained from exploring the Moon to prepare for the challenges of sending humans to the Red Planet.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-to-live-and-work-in-deep-space">Learning to live and work in deep space</h3>



<p>Through the Artemis program, NASA will develop and test new technologies, such as advanced spacesuits, lunar rovers, and habitats, which will be essential for deep space exploration and long-duration missions to Mars.</p>



<p>By establishing a sustainable presence on the Moon, NASA will learn how to live and work in deep space for extended periods. This experience will be invaluable when planning and executing crewed missions to Mars, which will require astronauts to spend months or even years in space.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-international-cooperation">International cooperation</h3>



<p>The Artemis program seeks to build and strengthen international partnerships in space exploration. NASA will collaborate with space agencies from around the world, as well as commercial partners, to achieve its ambitious goals and foster a shared vision for lunar exploration.</p>



<p>In October 2020, NASA and seven partner countries signed the Artemis Accords, a set of principles that will guide cooperation among nations participating in the Artemis program. The Accords cover topics such as peaceful exploration, transparency, interoperability, and the protection of heritage sites on the Moon.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-nasa-s-gateway-to-the-future">NASA's Gateway to the future</h2>



<p>In summary, as NASA forges ahead with the development and assembly of the Gateway space station, the agency is laying the foundation for a sustainable presence on and around the Moon while setting the stage for future crewed missions to Mars and beyond. </p>



<p>Through its innovative design, cutting-edge technologies, and collaborative partnerships, Gateway space station will serve as a testament to human ingenuity and the unwavering spirit of exploration. </p>



<p>As we stand on the brink of this new era in space exploration, Gateway will undoubtedly inspire a new generation of scientists, engineers, and adventurers to push the boundaries of what is possible and continue our journey into the depths of the cosmos.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

NASA's new "Gateway space station" will soon orbit the moon

Space exploration is on the brink of a new era,...

<p>Recent research conducted by the Department of Ethology at <a href="https://www.elte.hu/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eötvös Loránd University</a> (ELTE) has revealed that <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/some-dogs-have-exceptional-learning-capacities/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dogs' learning success</a> improves significantly when they are rewarded with food, praise, and petting. </p>



<p>Published in the journal <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-60166-8" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Scientific Reports</em></a>, this study delves into the relationship between emotions, learning, and sleep in dogs. The findings indicate that incorporating social reinforcement such as praise and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/petting-a-dog-even-when-its-not-your-own-can-boost-your-health-for-months/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">petting</a> can enhance dogs' performance in learning tasks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-emotionally-charged-learning-in-dogs">Emotionally charged learning in dogs</h2>



<p>Earlier research had established that emotionally charged events are better remembered, but these studies were primarily conducted in controlled laboratory settings.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This new research aimed to explore this phenomenon in real-life scenarios involving family dogs learning from their owners or dog trainers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-studying-how-family-dogs-learn">Studying how family dogs learn</h2>



<p>“It is natural and ordinary for family dogs to learn in emotionally charged social situations, either from their owners or from dog trainers. However, our knowledge of this phenomenon so far is mainly based on studies in humans and laboratory rodents (rats, mice),” said study lead author Viviene Reicher, an ethologist at ELTE.</p>



<p>“Our aim was to study the phenomenon in dogs, as it is not only exciting to research the species as a model animal, but also in its own right.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-different-styles-of-training-nbsp">Different styles of training&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The scientists developed a novel methodology wherein dog trainers taught new command words for familiar tricks in the presence of the dogs' owners.&nbsp;</p>



<p>For instance, trainers used the English command “High five” instead of the Hungarian “Pacsi.” Each dog underwent two types of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dog-training-is-more-effective-when-nice-voice-tone-is-used/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">training</a> sessions: a “permissive” style with praise and petting in addition to treats, and a “controlling” style with only treats and scolding for unwanted behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-measuring-the-dogs-learning-success-nbsp">Measuring the dogs’ learning success&nbsp;</h2>



<p>After the training sessions, the dogs' learning success was tested before and after <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/dogs-can-have-sleep-apnea-too/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">sleep</a> in a sleep lab, with EEG scans analyzing brain function related to memory consolidation. </p>



<p>The study found that the controlling style of training induced greater stress in the dogs, leading them to seek proximity to their owners and sleep more after training. This aligns with previous research indicating that sleep plays a crucial role in processing emotions.</p>



<p>Interestingly, the study revealed that learning success was more pronounced the first time regardless of training style, likely due to the well-documented phenomenon that information learned first is easier to remember.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-importance-of-social-reinforcement-nbsp">The importance of social reinforcement<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>However, the most exciting result was observed when dogs initially exposed to controlling training were later trained in a permissive style. The combination of positive surprise and sleep significantly improved their learning success.</p>



<p>Dr. Márta Gácsi, senior research fellow, highlighted the importance of social reinforcement in dogs' well-being and learning. The lack of social reinforcement or the presence of scolding can cause stress, particularly when dogs are being taught by a trainer, which should be considered when selecting teaching methods.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tangible-rewards-and-emotional-support-nbsp">Tangible rewards and emotional support<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>This study not only provides a deeper understanding of dog learning but also offers insights into human learning processes. It underscores the importance of rewarding dogs with both food and social reinforcement, further supporting the view that these practices positively impact dogs' well-being and learning success.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The findings are valuable for dog owners and trainers, emphasizing the need for a balanced approach to training that includes both tangible rewards and emotional support.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-learning-capacity-of-dogs-nbsp">Learning capacity of dogs<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>Dogs have an amazing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/typical-american-dog-knows-18-words-and-love-is-at-the-top-of-the-list/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">capacity to learn</a> through various intriguing methods. One interesting aspect is their ability to understand human gestures and vocal tones almost as naturally as they understand the body language of other dogs. This ability makes them exceptional companions and highly trainable.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-associative-learning">Associative learning</h3>



<p>Dogs also learn through associative learning, where they connect a specific stimulus with a particular outcome. For instance, they quickly learn that the sound of a leash can lead to a walk, or that the rustle of a treat bag means a snack is coming.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This form of learning is why dogs can respond to cues like dinner bells or doorbells with such enthusiasm or anticipation.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-social-learning-nbsp">Social learning<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h3>



<p>Dogs are also capable of social learning. They can observe and imitate the behaviors of other dogs and even humans, learning complex actions without direct training.&nbsp;</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-dog-breed">Dog breed</h3>



<p>Dogs' learning abilities are influenced by their breed as well. Some breeds, like Border Collies, are renowned for their problem-solving skills and quick learning, making them excellent at tasks that require intelligence and agility. In contrast, breeds like Greyhounds might excel in tasks that involve speed and visual cues.</p>



<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-human-emotions">Human emotions</h3>



<p>Moreover, dogs can read human emotions quite well, which affects how they learn from us. They are more likely to learn in a positive, supportive atmosphere where they feel safe.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Stress, fear, or anxiety can hinder their learning processes, demonstrating how sensitive they are to our emotional states.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Dogs learn better with praise and petting

Recent research conducted by the Department of Ethology at Eötvös...

<p>When NASA's Lucy spacecraft whizzed past the asteroid known as "Dinky" in November 2023, it wasn't just a routine flyby. Researchers found that the asteroid was not traversing the cosmos alone; <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/asteroid-selam-dinkinesh-moonlet-baby-very-young/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">a moon</a>, whimsically named "Selam," was orbiting Dinky.</p>



<p>But the surprises didn’t stop there. Further data revealed that Selam itself was no ordinary moon but a contact binary -- essentially, two tiny moons that had merged into one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-complexities-of-asteroid-dinky-and-its-moons">Complexities of asteroid Dinky and its moons</h2>



<p>This revelation, detailed by the Lucy team in a recent study, has intrigued astronomers and challenged our existing theories on the formation of celestial bodies. </p>



<p>The team, including <a href="https://umd.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a>'s Professor Jessica Sunshine, suggests that the internal structure and dynamics of these tiny moons could reshape our understanding of how terrestrial bodies come into existence.</p>



<p>Jessica Sunshine highlighted the complexity uncovered by the spacecraft’s observations. "We’ve seen Dinkinesh’s rotation speed and analyzed Selam’s orbit pattern more closely," she noted. "This helps us hypothesize about their composition and brings us closer to understanding the creation of terrestrial bodies."</p>



<p>The story of how Selam came to be is as dramatic as it is fascinating. </p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/asteroid-Dinkinesh_Selam-satellite_montage_SWRI_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lucy's images showed</a> that about a quarter of Dinky asteroid had broken off, likely due to its fast spinning motion, which might have been influenced by the uneven reflection of sunlight.</p>



<p>This ejection of rocky debris likely helped form Selam. Meanwhile, other fragments fell back onto Dinky, forming visible ridges on the asteroid’s surface.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-broader-implications-for-planetary-science">Broader implications for planetary science</h2>



<p>The study’s lead scientist, Hal Levison from the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/shock-discovery-saturns-moon-enceladus-has-all-of-the-ingredients-necessary-for-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Southwest Research Institute</a>, emphasized the broader significance of these findings.</p>



<p>Understanding the interaction between colliding celestial objects, like asteroids, is crucial for understanding how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/oceans-of-water-vapor-may-be-involved-in-planet-formation/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a>, including Earth, were formed.</p>



<p>"Whether these objects break apart or coalesce during collisions tells us much about their internal strength and structure," Levison explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-comparison-with-other-celestial-bodies">Comparison with other celestial bodies</h2>



<p>The dual moons of Dinkinesh also invite comparisons with similar systems, such as the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-will-crash-a-spacecraft-into-an-asteroid-tomorrow/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Didymos</a> binary system, which is located much closer to Earth.</p>



<p>Despite their distance from each other, these systems may have undergone similar processes. </p>



<p>"I’m personally very excited to compare the two systems," said Sunshine, who also worked on NASA’s DART mission that successfully altered the trajectory of Didymos' moon, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-dart-mission-proves-humanity-can-be-saved-from-asteroid-collision/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dimorphos</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lucy-s-continuing-journey-through-space">Lucy's continuing journey through space</h2>



<p>Dinkinesh and Selam are just the beginning of Lucy's cosmic itinerary. The spacecraft is slated to explore a total of 11 asteroids over its 12-year mission. </p>



<p>After its initial observations, Lucy will utilize a gravity assist from Earth to propel it deeper into space, where it will continue its observations, including a planned encounter with the asteroid Donaldjohanson in 2025, and later, the Trojan asteroids in 2027.</p>



<p>"The goal is to peel back the layers of how planets are formed. By studying these smaller celestial bodies, we gather crucial data on the material interactions that might mirror those that formed larger planetary bodies like <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-discovery-about-earths-formation-raises-probability-of-finding-life-on-other-planets/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>," Sunshine concluded.</p>



<p>The journey of Lucy not only enriches our understanding of the universe but also continues to pose intriguing questions about the very processes that may have shaped our own planet. </p>



<p>The findings from Dinkinesh and Selam serve as a testament to the dynamic and ever-evolving nature of space exploration, providing us with insights that could one day answer some of the most fundamental questions about our place in the cosmos.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-on-dinky-and-asteroid-moon-systems">More on Dinky and asteroid-moon systems</h2>



<p>Asteroid-moon systems, like Dinky and Selam, are of great interest to astronomers as they offer crucial insights into the mechanics of celestial interactions. </p>



<p>These systems are often formed through complex processes such as collisions, gravitational captures, and material ejections.</p>



<p>Studying these systems helps scientists understand the dynamics of binary systems and the evolution of the solar system.</p>



<p>Future research can focus on the detailed dynamics of these systems, exploring how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/moon-is-shrinking-moonquakes-potential-problems-for-astronauts/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">moons influence</a> the rotational and orbital characteristics of their parent asteroids. </p>



<p>Advanced missions could utilize high-resolution imaging, spectroscopic analysis, and even landers to study the surface composition and internal structure of both the asteroids and their moons.</p>



<p>Asteroid-moon systems also provide a natural laboratory for studying the effects of the Yarkovsky and YORP (Yarkovsky–O'Keefe–Radzievskii–Paddack) effects, which influence the spin and orbit of small bodies. </p>



<p>Understanding these processes is critical for predicting the long-term behavior of near-Earth objects, potentially improving our ability to mitigate asteroid impact threats.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><em><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07378-0" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature</a></em></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

How asteroids named 'Dinky' and 'Selam' became bound together forever

When NASA's Lucy spacecraft whizzed past the asteroid known as...

<p>A rare <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-class-of-exoplanets-discovered/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">exoplanet</a>, nicknamed “Phoenix,” has defied expectations by developing a puffy atmosphere despite being bombarded by intense radiation from its nearby host star. This discovery challenges existing theories about how planets evolve and perish in extreme environments.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The study, published in <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ad4149" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>The Astronomical Journal</em></a>, was led by Sam Grunblatt, a <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> astrophysicist.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-hot-neptune-planets">Hot Neptune planets</h2>



<p>“This planet isn’t evolving the way we thought it would, it appears to have a much bigger, less dense atmosphere than we expected for these systems,” he said.</p>



<p>Phoenix, officially named TIC365102760 b, belongs to the rare “<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/neptune-like-exoplanets-atmospheres-interesting-earth-size-neighbors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">hot Neptunes</a>” category, sharing characteristics with Neptune but being much closer to its star and significantly hotter. The planet, which is 6.2 times larger than Earth, orbits its star every 4.2 days, at a distance six times closer than Mercury is to the Sun.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-defying-all-expectations">Defying all expectations</h2>



<p>Despite its age and high temperatures, Phoenix has managed to retain a low-density atmosphere, which has perplexed scientists. They estimate that Phoenix is 60 times less dense than the densest known hot Neptune and predict it will only survive another 100 million years before spiraling into its host star.</p>



<p>“It’s the smallest planet we’ve ever found around one of these red giants,” Grunblatt said. “We don’t know why it still has an atmosphere when other ‘hot Neptunes’ that are much smaller and much denser seem to be losing their atmospheres in much less extreme environments.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-detecting-the-exoplanet-s-puffy-atmosphere">Detecting the exoplanet's puffy atmosphere </h2>



<p>Grunblatt and his team used a new method to analyze data from NASA’s <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/mission/tess/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a>, filtering out unwanted light and combining the data with additional measurements from the <a href="https://www.keckobservatory.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">W.M. Keck Observatory</a> in Hawaii. This approach allowed them to detect the planet’s puffy atmosphere and gain insights into its unusual characteristics.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolution-of-planetary-atmospheres-nbsp">Evolution of planetary atmospheres&nbsp;</h2>



<p>The discovery of Phoenix could improve our understanding of how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/hubble-finds-a-water-rich-planet-with-a-steamy-atmosphere-named-gj-9827d/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary atmospheres</a>, including Earth’s, might evolve. Scientists predict that the Sun will eventually expand into a red giant star, potentially engulfing Earth and other inner planets.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We don’t understand the late-stage evolution of planetary systems very well,” Grunblatt said. “This is telling us that maybe Earth’s atmosphere won’t evolve exactly how we thought it would.”</p>



<p>Puffy planets are rare, with scientists estimating that only about 1% of stars host them. These planets are composed of gasses, ice, or other lighter materials, making them less dense than any planet in our solar system.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The smaller size of exoplanets like Phoenix makes them harder to detect, but Grunblatt’s team is actively searching for more. They have already identified a dozen potential candidates using their new technique.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We still have a long way to go in understanding how planetary atmospheres evolve over time,” Grunblatt concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rare-planets-with-puffy-atmospheres">Rare planets with puffy atmospheres</h2>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/puffy-exoplanets-have-the-density-of-a-marshmallow-but-how-is-it-possible/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Puffy planets</a>, often referred to as "inflated gas giants," are a type of exoplanet notable for their extremely low densities relative to their sizes.&nbsp;</p>



<p>These planets are generally larger than expected for their mass, akin to having the volume of Jupiter but a significantly lesser mass, which makes them less dense and hence "puffy." This characteristic can sometimes result in these <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/new-planet-is-as-light-as-cotton-candy-but-bigger-than-jupiter/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planets</a> having radii much larger than standard gas giants under similar conditions.</p>



<p>The puffiness of these planets is primarily attributed to their proximity to their host stars. They orbit very close to their stars, and the intense stellar radiation they receive can heat their atmospheres to extremely high temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This heat adds energy to the planet's atmosphere, causing it to expand and bloat. In essence, the thermal energy overcomes the gravitational pull of the planet to an extent, leading to a larger radius than would typically be expected for a planet of similar mass.</p>



<p>Another factor contributing to the puffiness could be tidal heating, where gravitational interaction between the planet and its star (or other planets) generates additional internal heat, further causing the atmosphere to expand.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

‘Weird’ exoplanet has puffy atmosphere despite intense radiation

A rare exoplanet, nicknamed “Phoenix,” has defied expectations by developing...

<p>The planet just experienced a “shocking” new milestone, enduring 12 consecutive months of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/world-environment-day-humans-are-warming-the-planet-faster-than-ever-before/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">unprecedented heat</a>, according to <a href="https://www.copernicus.eu/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Copernicus</a>, the European Union’s climate monitoring service. From June 2023 to May 2024, each month set a new record for the hottest such month globally.  </p>



<p>This streak of extreme heat, driven by human-caused climate change, was described as “shocking but not surprising” by Carlo Buontempo, Copernicus' director, who warned of worse to come unless fossil fuel pollution is significantly reduced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Buontempo emphasized that without drastic action, this series of hottest months could be seen as relatively cool in the future.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-on-the-highway-to-climate-hell">On the highway to climate hell</h2>



<p>On the same day, UN Secretary General António Guterres delivered a passionate speech in New York about climate change, criticizing fossil fuel companies as “the godfathers of climate chaos” and for the first time explicitly calling for a global ban on advertising <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/air-pollution-from-fossil-fuels-kills-5-million-people-each-year/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">fossil fuel</a> products. </p>



<p>Guterres urged world leaders to take immediate action to manage the escalating climate crisis. He compared humanity's current trajectory to playing “Russian roulette with our planet” and called for an “exit ramp off the highway to climate hell.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-severe-climate-impacts-to-come">More severe climate impacts to come </h2>



<p>Copernicus data showed that each month since July 2023 has been at least 1.5 degrees Celsius warmer than pre-industrial levels, with the average global temperature over the past year being 1.63 degrees above these levels.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This alarming breach signals progressively more dangerous climate impacts on the horizon.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to Richard Allan, a climate professor at the <a href="https://www.reading.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Reading</a>, this is just a harbinger of more severe impacts to come.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-heat-waves-and-extreme-weather">Heat waves and extreme weather</h2>



<p>The western United States is experiencing its first heat wave of the summer, with temperatures reaching triple digits.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Globally, unprecedented heat has already caused significant mortality and damage this spring. India, Southeast Asia, and Mexico have all faced extreme temperatures leading to deaths, school closures, and crop failures.&nbsp;</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-will-climate-change-affect-extreme-weather-events/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Extreme weather</a> events, such as heavy rainfall and destructive storms, have also battered various countries this year, exacerbated by warmer air and ocean temperatures.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-window-into-the-future-of-our-climate">Window into the future of our climate </h2>



<p>Ben Clarke, a researcher at <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>'s Grantham Institute, argued that the recent heat offers “a window into the future,” with extreme temperatures challenging human survivability. </p>



<p>Clarke stressed the importance of understanding that each tenth of a degree of warming exposes more people to dangerous and potentially deadly heat.</p>



<p>Guterres, in his speech, compared humanity's impact on the planet to the meteor that caused the extinction of the dinosaurs. “We are the meteor. We are not only in danger. We are the danger,” he warned.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-global-warming-trend-will-continue-nbsp">Global warming trend will continue&nbsp;</h2>



<p>Global temperatures are expected to dip below record-breaking levels in the coming months as the natural climate phenomenon <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/el-nino-event-may-push-earth-towards-its-hottest-year-ever/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">El Niño</a> weakens. However, this will not alter the long-term trend of rising temperatures due to continuous fossil fuel combustion. </p>



<p>Carlo Buontempo noted that while the sequence of record-breaking months may be interrupted, the overall trend of climate change remains unaltered.</p>



<p>New data from the <a href="https://wmo.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">World Meteorological Organization</a> (WMO) referenced by Guterres indicates a nearly 86% chance that at least one year between 2024 and 2028 will set a new record for the hottest year. </p>



<p>Additionally, there is almost a 50% chance that the global average temperature over the five-year period will exceed 1.5 degrees above pre-industrial levels, inching closer to breaching the long-term limit set by the Paris Agreement.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-fossil-fuel-companies-are-to-blame-for-the-crisis">Fossil fuel companies are to blame for the crisis</h2>



<p>Guterres blamed fossil fuel companies for the impending climate hell, stating that they “rake in record profits and feast off trillions in taxpayer-funded subsidies” while distorting the truth and deceiving the public. He called for a global ban on fossil fuel ads, similar to bans on advertising harmful products like tobacco.</p>



<p>Guterres concluded by urging world leaders to take immediate action, including drastic cuts in greenhouse gas emissions and an end to new coal projects. He pressed rich countries to commit to phasing out coal by 2030, reducing oil and gas by 60% by 2035, and increasing financial support for the poorest and most climate-vulnerable nations.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“We cannot accept a future where the rich are protected in air-conditioned bubbles, while the rest of humanity is lashed by lethal weather in unliveable lands,” said Guterres.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

UN chief: We are on the ‘highway to climate hell’ 

The planet just experienced a “shocking” new milestone, enduring 12...

<p>NASA's latest venture, the Farside Seismic Suite (FSS), is poised to revolutionize our understanding of seismic activities on the Moon's far side, an area still <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/orion-spacecraft-captures-stunning-photo-of-earth-and-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">shrouded in mystery</a>.</p>



<p>This project utilizes advanced seismometers originally developed for the InSight Mars mission, which detected over a thousand <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/secrets-of-mars-seismic-discoveries-and-the-quest-for-past-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">marsquakes</a>.</p>



<p>These instruments are now being adapted to withstand the Moon’s unique environmental challenges.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-far-side-of-the-moon-still-holds-mystery">Far side of the Moon still holds mystery</h2>



<p>The Moon's far side, often called the "dark side," remains largely uncharted and mysterious. </p>



<p>Unlike the near side, which always faces Earth, the far side is rugged and heavily cratered, with few of the large, flat maria (basaltic plains) that characterize the near side. This terrain results from its unique geological history.</p>



<p>The far side of the Moon was first glimpsed by humanity in 1959, when the Soviet Luna 3 spacecraft transmitted images back to Earth.</p>



<p>Since then, various missions, including those from <a href="https://www.nasa.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NASA</a>, the <a href="https://www.esa.int" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">European Space Agency</a>, and more recently China’s Chang’e missions, have provided additional data.</p>



<p><a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-landing-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Chang’e-4</a>, launched by China, made history by landing the first rover, Yutu-2, on the far side in 2019. This mission has provided valuable information about the far side's surface composition and lunar regolith.</p>



<p>Most recently, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-has-launched-a-spacecraft-to-the-far-side-of-the-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">China's Chang’e-6</a> lunar probe landed on the less-explored far side of the moon. This initiative, a key part of China’s ambitious <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/china-landing-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar agenda</a>, aims to explore and unravel the mysteries of this region hidden from Earth’s view.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-the-moon-s-far-side-is-important">Why the Moon's far side is important</h2>



<p>Research on the Moon’s far side is crucial for several reasons. It offers a pristine environment to study the impact history of the inner solar system. </p>



<p>The far side's lack of maria suggests a different thermal and geological history compared to the near side, which could provide clues about the Moon's formation and evolution.</p>



<p>Furthermore, the far side is a potential site for future radio astronomy. Its location, shielded from Earth's radio interference, makes it an ideal spot to place radio telescopes to observe the universe in ways not possible from Earth.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-mars-to-the-moon">Mars to the Moon</h2>



<p>The suite for studying Moon's far side comprises two highly sensitive seismometers that mark a significant technological leap over their Apollo-era predecessors.</p>



<p>One of these, the Very Broadband (VBB) seismometer, is capable of detecting vibrations smaller than a single hydrogen atom. The other, the Short Period (SP) sensor, captures motion in three dimensions using advanced silicon chip sensors.</p>



<p>Together, these devices will be nestled within a robust cube structure, insulated and protected, ready to endure the harsh lunar conditions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-strategic-lunar-landing-in-moon-s-far-side">Strategic lunar landing in Moon's far side</h2>



<p>Scheduled for deployment in 2026, the FSS will touch down in the Schrödinger basin, a vast impact crater near the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/contact-lost-with-chandrayaan-3-placing-the-moon-mission-in-jeopardy/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Moon's South Pole</a>.</p>



<p>This self-sufficient, solar-powered suite is equipped with its own computer and communications hardware and is engineered to operate through both the scorching lunar days and the freezing nights.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-historic-contributions">Historic contributions</h2>



<p>Upon deployment, FSS will deliver NASA's first seismic data from the Moon's far side in nearly half a century, offering unprecedented insights into lunar internal activity and structure.</p>



<p>This data will not only enhance our understanding of the Moon but also provide valuable comparisons with Earth and Mars, contributing to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/nasa-building-space-station-called-gateway-will-orbit-moon/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">broader planetary science</a>.</p>



<p>Mark Panning, the FSS principal investigator, shared his enthusiasm about the suite's capabilities, saying, “FSS will offer answers to questions we’ve been asking about the Moon for decades. We cannot wait to start getting this data back.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-collaborative-international-efforts">Collaborative international efforts</h2>



<p>The development of FSS was a collaborative effort involving multiple international partners. </p>



<p>The VBB seismometer, originally a backup for the <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/insight" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">InSight Mars mission</a>, was developed by the French space agency, CNES, while the SP sensor was a joint effort by Kinemetrics, the <a href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Oxford</a>, and <a href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Imperial College London</a>.</p>



<p>The robust testing and assembly processes these instruments underwent ensure they are prepared for the challenges of space travel and <a href="https://www.earth.com/video/artemis-launch-a-new-era-of-lunar-exploration/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">lunar exploration</a>.</p>



<p>As the FSS prepares for its lunar mission, the teams involved look forward to the wealth of data it will provide. </p>



<p>Ed Miller, the FSS project manager at JPL, expressed a sentiment shared by many involved, explaining, "We went to Mars together, and now we’ll be able to look up at the Moon and know we built something up there. It’ll make us so proud.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-unraveling-moon-mysteries-with-fss">Unraveling Moon mysteries with FSS</h2>



<p>The deployment of the Farside Seismic Suite represents a significant milestone in <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/future-space-exploration-could-be-shut-down-by-orbiting-debris/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">space exploration</a>, bridging past achievements with future ambitions.</p>



<p>As we await its launch, the potential scientific discoveries hold the promise to illuminate not just the moonquakes of the lunar far side but also the fundamental processes that govern all rocky bodies in our solar system.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

New NASA mission will study the Moon's far side and moonquakes

NASA's latest venture, the Farside Seismic Suite (FSS), is poised...

<p>Adopting methods from the dairy industry, researchers have discovered that a slow-growth diet prior to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-pig-day-honoring-the-role-of-an-underappreciated-animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">breeding</a> can result in more offspring and healthier, longer-lived mother pigs.</p>



<p>This innovative approach appears to offer significant benefits for the reproductive health and longevity of pigs through multiple breeding cycles.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-impact-of-a-slow-growth-diet">Impact of a slow-growth diet</h2>



<p>Charles Maxwell is a professor of animal science for the experiment station, the research arm of the <a href="https://uada.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture</a>. </p>



<p>Maxwell revealed that the slow-growth diet, inspired by practices used for dairy cows since the 1980s, involves reducing the weight gain of female pigs before breeding.</p>



<p>Traditionally, female breeding pigs were fed similarly to non-breeding pigs, often leading to issues of overweight and associated complications during the breeding phase.</p>



<p>The study carried out by Maxwell and his colleagues introduced two distinct diets for young female pigs.</p>



<p>The first, a low-nutrient diet, reduced the intake of lysine, an essential amino acid, and lowered the diet's energy density through the inclusion of wheat middlings and dried corn distiller's grain with solubles. </p>



<p>In contrast, the control group received a standard diet that surpassed typical industry nutritional standards.</p>



<p>The results were telling. Gilts (female pigs pre-breeding) on the low-nutrient diet were allowed to eat as much as they wanted yet ended their 26-week development period about 15 pounds lighter than those on the normal diet. However, at the time of breeding, both groups averaged the same body weight.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-long-term-benefits-observed">Long-term benefits observed</h2>



<p>The low-nutrient diet not only prevented excessive weight gain but also supported better nutritional absorption during lactation. </p>



<p>"The gilts fed a lower nutrient diet retained more backfat at weaning, suggesting they managed their reserves more efficiently than those on a normal diet," explained Maxwell. </p>



<p>Monitoring backfat at the 10th rib provided a simple method to gauge body fat changes, a critical factor in swine health.</p>



<p>Moreover, the low-nutrient group boasted superior reproductive outcomes over four breeding cycles, with significant increases in the number of piglets born and weaned. </p>



<p>"Feeding low-energy and reduced protein diets during gilt development can promote their ability to restore body condition during lactation, which boosted survivability throughout the four parity cycles and thus extended their longevity," Maxwell noted.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-advantages-of-a-slow-growth-diet-in-pigs">Advantages of a slow-growth diet in pigs</h2>



<p>The implications of these findings are vast, particularly for regions like Arkansas, where swine production is a major industry. </p>



<p>The state has developed a robust "sow farm concept," producing high-health replacement females to supply the broader swine industry. </p>



<p>The study, which explored the benefits of a slow-growth diet in collaboration with major industry players like JBS and supported by institutions like the <a href="https://www.usda.gov" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, indicates a potential shift towards more sustainable and efficient breeding practices.</p>



<p>This could revolutionize standard practices and enhance the economic viability of swine production.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-moving-forward-in-swine-research">Moving forward in swine research</h2>



<p>Despite the success, Maxwell acknowledges that the approach is not foolproof. "We're not there yet. Even with that treatment, we didn't have 100% survival. So, we still have a lot of questions to minimize the loss," he admitted. </p>



<p>The ongoing search for improvements in sow longevity underscores the complex challenges in swine nutrition and reproductive health.</p>



<p>This research is part of a broader mission by the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture to connect trusted research with the adoption of best practices in agriculture, aiming to enhance community and family livelihoods through science-driven solutions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-benefits-of-slow-growth-diet-in-pigs">Other benefits of slow-growth diet in pigs</h2>



<p>A slow-growth diet in pigs offers several benefits beyond the immediate findings of this research. Such a diet can improve overall <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animal-welfare-biggest-concern-people-making-food-choices/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animal welfare</a> by reducing the risk of obesity-related health issues, which are common in pigs fed traditional high-energy diets. </p>



<p>This approach can also enhance the immune system, making pigs less susceptible to diseases and reducing the need for antibiotics.</p>



<p>Moreover, a slow-growth diet can lead to better meat quality. Pigs that grow more slowly tend to have better marbling and meat texture, which can result in higher market value. </p>



<p>Environmental benefits also arise, as pigs on this diet produce less waste and require fewer resources, contributing to more sustainable farming practices.</p>



<p>Additionally, implementing slow-growth diets can lead to cost savings for farmers by reducing feed costs and improving the efficiency of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/national-pig-day-honoring-the-role-of-an-underappreciated-animal/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">feed conversion</a>. </p>



<p>Overall, this approach supports healthier pigs, better product quality, and more sustainable and cost-effective farming operations.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Slow-growth diet for pigs increases longevity and productivity

Adopting methods from the dairy industry, researchers have discovered that...

<p>Recent analyses have revealed surprising volcanic activity on Venus, challenging prior assumptions about its geological state. </p>



<p>The discovery was made possible using data from NASA's Magellan mission, which provided comprehensive radar mapping of nearly the entire surface of Venus from 1990 to 1992. These detailed images have shown new rock formations likely caused by lava flows.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-findings-from-magellan-s-radar">Breakthrough findings from Magellan's radar</h2>



<p>The Magellan spacecraft, managed by NASA’s <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a> in Southern California, mapped 98% of Venus's surface, producing the most detailed images available.</p>



<p>Recent studies of these images have identified changes on the surface that suggest active lava flows at two significant locations. </p>



<p>This builds on the groundbreaking 2023 discovery of changes at the Maat Mons volcano, providing the first direct evidence of recent volcanic activity on Venus.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-evidence-of-active-volcanoes-on-venus">New evidence of active volcanoes on Venus</h2>



<p>By comparing radar images taken at different times, scientists have observed increases in radar signal strength that point to the creation of new rock. </p>



<p>Davide Sulcanese, lead researcher from <a href="https://en.unich.it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">d'Annunzio University</a> in Pescara, Italy, noted that Venus "may be far more volcanically active than previously thought."</p>



<p>His team used comparisons with Earth's lava flows to estimate the new rock depth, discovering substantial volumes of new material.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-confirming-volcanic-activity-on-venus">Confirming volcanic activity on Venus </h2>



<p>The researchers analyzed additional data, including surface height measurements, to confirm that these changes were indeed due to volcanic activity.</p>



<p>Marco Mastrogiuseppe from <a href="https://www.uniroma1.it/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Sapienza University of Rome</a> explained: "We interpret these signals as flows along slopes or volcanic plains that can deviate around obstacles like fluid."</p>



<p>The detailed analysis ruled out alternative explanations such as micro-dunes or <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/living-organisms-may-be-transforming-the-clouds-around-venus/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">atmospheric effects</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-future-venus-exploration">Implications for future Venus exploration</h2>



<p>Scott Hensley, senior research scientist at JPL and co-author of the 2023 study, emphasized the significance of these findings.</p>



<p>"This exciting work augments the vent change we reported last year and increases the excitement in the planetary science community for future missions to Venus," said Hensley.</p>



<p>These discoveries underscore the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-has-lost-almost-all-of-its-water-but-why-did-it-disappear/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dynamic nature</a> of Venus's geology and provide crucial data for upcoming missions like NASA's VERITAS.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-veritas-mission">The VERITAS mission</h2>



<p>Scheduled for launch in the early 2030s, the VERITAS mission will employ advanced technologies to create 3D global maps and analyze the surface composition of Venus.</p>



<p>“These new discoveries of recent volcanic activity on Venus by our international colleagues provide compelling evidence of the kinds of regions we should target with VERITAS when it arrives at Venus,” said Suzanne Smrekar, a senior scientist at JPL and principal investigator for VERITAS.</p>



<p>“Our spacecraft will have a suite of approaches for identifying surface changes that are far more comprehensive and higher resolution than Magellan images. Evidence for activity, even in the lower-resolution Magellan data, supercharges the potential to revolutionize our understanding of this enigmatic world.”</p>



<p>The mission aims to enhance our understanding of Venus's geological processes and its distinct evolutionary path compared to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-secret-past-may-have-implications-for-earths-future/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-dynamic-world-of-fire-and-mystery">A dynamic world of fire and mystery</h2>



<p>These recent findings highlight the unexpected and ongoing volcanic activity on Venus, providing a glimpse into the planet's dynamic interior. </p>



<p>As scientists continue to decipher these phenomena, the mysteries of Venus are slowly being unraveled, paving the way for future explorations that could reshape our understanding of <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-the-hellish-planet-venus-can-help-us-find-alien-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planetary science</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-maat-mons">Maat Mons</h2>



<p>Maat Mons is a large shield volcano on Venus. It is one of the highest mountains on the <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/venus-environment-could-support-certain-types-of-life/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planet</a>, with an elevation of about eight kilometers above the mean surface level. </p>



<p>The volcano is situated in the northern hemisphere of Venus, within a region known as Aphrodite Terra. The volcano is characterized by its large, irregular summit caldera, which measures about 28 kilometers in diameter and three kilometers deep. </p>



<p>Maat Mons is particularly interesting because of the evidence suggesting recent volcanic activity. Radar imaging from spacecraft such as Magellan has revealed lava flows on the surface that may be only a few million years old, indicating that Maat Mons could still be an active volcano.&nbsp;</p>



<p>This ongoing activity may be due to the relatively young and thin crust in the region, allowing for easier magma ascent. Maat Mons has become a focal point for studies on planetary volcanism.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Venus may have far more volcanic activity than we thought

Recent analyses have revealed surprising volcanic activity on Venus, challenging...

<p>The ingenuity of ancient Egyptian medicine in treating a variety of ailments, including cancer, is well documented through historical texts and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ancient-diets-early-humans-richer-berries-nuts-plants-than-expected/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">archaeological discoveries</a>.</p>



<p>Known for their advanced medical techniques, the Egyptians excelled at addressing <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/psychoactive-drug-relieves-symptoms-of-traumatic-brain-injury/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">traumatic injuries</a> and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/reprogramming-the-immune-system-to-attack-cancer-cells/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">complex diseases</a>.</p>



<p>They were pioneers in using prostheses and performing intricate procedures like dental fillings. However, their approach to more elusive conditions, such as cancer, continues to be a subject of fascination and study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-egyptians-treating-cancer">Ancient Egyptians treating cancer</h2>



<p>A recent investigation into the medical practices of ancient Egyptians, led by researchers from the <a href="https://uni-tuebingen.de/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Tübingen</a>, has shed light on their attempts to treat cancer.</p>



<p>The study examined two ancient skulls that reveal significant findings about the medical challenges and innovations of that era.</p>



<p>"Although ancient Egyptians had a grasp on treating complex cranial fractures, cancer was still a medical frontier barely touched upon by their knowledge," explained Tatiana Tondini, a researcher and the first author of the study.</p>



<p>These findings were published in a leading medical journal, adding a profound layer to our understanding of historical medical practices.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evidence-from-the-skulls">Evidence from the skulls</h2>



<p>The team's research centered around two skulls from the <a href="https://www.arch.cam.ac.uk/institutes-and-facilities-overview/duckworth-laboratory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Cambridge’s Duckworth Collection</a>.</p>



<p>The first skull, dated between 2687 and 2345 BCE, showed evidence of a neoplasm -- a big-sized lesion indicative of excessive tissue destruction, and multiple small, round metastasized lesions across the skull. </p>



<p>Remarkably, around these lesions were cutmarks likely made by a sharp metal instrument.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ancient-egyptian-skull_4000-years-old_cancer-surgery_cutmarks_credit-Tondini_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><img src="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ancient-egyptian-skull_4000-years-old_cancer-surgery_cutmarks_credit-Tondini_1s.jpg" alt="Cut marks found on 4000-year-old Egyptian skulls. Credit: Tondini" class="wp-image-1935757"/></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><em>Cut marks found on 4000-year-old Egyptian skulls. Credit: Tondini</em></figcaption></figure>



<p>"When we first observed these cutmarks under the microscope, we were astonished," recounted Tondini. It appears that these early medical practitioners might have attempted some form of surgical intervention in response to cancerous growths.</p>



<p>"This discovery offers unique evidence of ancient Egyptian medicine's attempts to tackle or investigate cancer more than 4,000 years ago," added Prof Edgard Camarós, the study’s lead author and a noted paleopathologist.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-through-the-ages">Cancer through the ages</h2>



<p>The second skull, dating from between 663 and 343 BCE, belonged to a female over 50 years old and displayed a large lesion consistent with a <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/holy-grail-molecule-can-kill-all-types-of-solid-cancer-tumors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cancerous tumor</a>.</p>



<p>This skull also bore signs of healed traumatic injuries, possibly from a violent event involving a sharp weapon, suggesting that the individual had received treatment that led to recovery.</p>



<p>The presence of such injuries in a female skull raises intriguing questions about gender roles in ancient conflicts. </p>



<p>"Was this female individual involved in warfare activities? If so, we must rethink the role of women in the past and their active participation in conflicts during antiquity," Tondini pointed out.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-challenges-and-future-directions">Challenges and future directions</h2>



<p>Despite these fascinating insights, the researchers caution that <a href="https://www.earth.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/ancient-egyptian-skull_4000-years-old_cancer-surgery_credit-Tondini_1m.jpg" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">studying skeletal remains</a> presents significant challenges.</p>



<p>The incomplete nature of remains and the absence of clinical history often complicate definitive conclusions.</p>



<p>"In archaeology, we work with a fragmented portion of the past, which complicates an accurate approach," emphasized Prof Albert Isidro, a co-author and surgical oncologist who specializes in Egyptology.</p>



<p>Nevertheless, this study not only enriches our understanding of ancient medical practices but also establishes a promising foundation for future research in the field of paleo-oncology.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-exploring-ancient-egyptian-cancer-treatments">Exploring ancient Egyptian cancer treatments</h2>



<p>This study not only highlights the experimental nature of ancient Egyptian medical practices but also underscores the continuity of human curiosity and endeavor across millennia in understanding and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/a-type-of-sugar-that-kills-honeybees-could-help-fight-cancer/">combating cancer</a>.</p>



<p>"More studies will be needed to untangle how ancient societies dealt with cancer," concluded Camarós, pointing towards an encouraging future for research in this intriguing area of study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-more-evidence-on-ancient-cancer-treatments">More evidence on ancient cancer treatments</h2>



<p>Ancient cancer treatments extended beyond Egypt, with varied approaches across different cultures. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, an Egyptian medical text, mentions treatments for tumors using cauterization and poultices. </p>



<p>However, the understanding of cancer was rudimentary, and it was often attributed to supernatural causes.</p>



<p>In ancient Greece, Hippocrates referred to cancer as "karkinos," suggesting surgical removal as a potential treatment. </p>



<p>Galen, a Roman physician, believed in balancing bodily humors and used dietary changes and herbal remedies to treat cancer symptoms.</p>



<p>In India, ancient texts like the Sushruta Samhita discussed surgical techniques for removing tumors, while Ayurveda prescribed herbal treatments and lifestyle changes to manage the disease.</p>



<p>Traditional Chinese Medicine viewed cancer as a result of energy imbalances, treating it with acupuncture, herbal medicine, and dietary adjustments.</p>



<p>Although these early efforts lacked the precision of modern medicine, they laid the groundwork for understanding and addressing cancer, highlighting humanity's enduring quest to combat this disease.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmed.2024.1371645/full" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Medicine</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

4000-year-old skulls reveal ancient Egyptian attempts at cancer treatment

The ingenuity of ancient Egyptian medicine in treating a variety...

Human,Cell,Biology,Dna,Strands,And,Virus,Molecular,Structure,Illustration

<p>Have you ever wondered if there's something hidden deep inside that is influencing our mental well-being? What if I told you the answer might lie not in our present experiences, but in remnants of ancient viral infections buried within our DNA? </p>



<p>A new study from <a href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">King's College London</a> has unearthed a fascinating connection between these "fossil viruses" and mental disorders like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viral-code-for-mental-disorders-in-dna">Viral code for mental disorders in DNA</h2>



<p>Imagine our ancient ancestors, facing viral infections hundreds of thousands of years ago. While their bodies fought these infections, tiny fragments of the viruses' genetic code became embedded within their DNA. </p>



<p>These fragments, called Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs), were passed down through generations and now make up a significant portion of our own genetic makeup. </p>



<p>For a long time, scientists believed that these HERVs were merely remnants of past infections, serving no purpose in our bodies.</p>



<p>However, recent advancements in the field of genomics have allowed us to explore these sequences in greater detail, revealing potential links between HERV activity and certain psychiatric disorders. </p>



<p>This research suggests that HERVs, once dismissed as "<a href="https://www.earth.com/news/junk-dna-may-set-humans-apart-from-chimpanzees/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">junk DNA</a>," may actually play a role in influencing our mental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-circadian-disturbances-trigger-mental-health-disorders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">health</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-rewriting-the-junk-dna-narrative">Rewriting the "junk DNA" narrative</h2>



<p>"This study uses a novel and robust approach to assess how genetic susceptibility for psychiatric disorders imparts its effects on the expression of ancient viral sequences present in the modern human genome," explains Dr. Timothy Powell, a senior author of the study.</p>



<p>"Our results suggest that these viral sequences probably play a more important role in the human brain than originally thought, with specific HERV expression profiles being associated with an increased susceptibility for some psychiatric disorders."</p>



<p>In other words, these ancient viral remnants might be actively influencing our brains and potentially increasing our risk for certain mental <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/supportive-adults-help-protect-children-from-mental-health-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">illnesses</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viral-genes-in-mental-disorders">Viral genes in mental disorders</h2>



<p>To unravel this mystery, the researchers analyzed genetic data from tens of thousands of individuals, both with and without mental health <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mental-disorders-can-be-contagious-among-teens/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">conditions</a>. </p>



<p>They also examined brain samples from 800 individuals to see how variations in DNA associated with psychiatric disorders affected HERV expression.</p>



<p>What they discovered was remarkable: while most genetic risk factors for mental illness impacted genes with known functions, some specifically targeted the expression of HERVs. </p>



<p>The team identified five distinct HERV expression patterns linked to psychiatric disorders:</p>



<ul>
<li>Two associated with <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/owning-a-cat-before-age-25-doubles-the-risk-of-schizophrenia/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">schizophrenia</a></li>



<li>One associated with both schizophrenia and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/evolutionary-changes-bipolar-disorder/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">bipolar disorder</a></li>



<li>One associated with depression</li>
</ul>



<p>"We know that psychiatric disorders have a substantial genetic component, with many parts of the genome incrementally contributing to susceptibility," notes Dr. Rodrigo Duarte, the study's first author.</p>



<p>According to Duarte, they were able to investigate parts of the genome corresponding to HERVs, which led to the identification of five sequences that are relevant to psychiatric disorders. </p>



<p>"Whilst it is not clear yet how these HERVs affect brain cells to confer this increase in risk, our findings suggest that their expression regulation is important for brain function," Duarte concluded.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-viral-frontier-in-mental-disorders-research">Viral frontier in mental disorders research</h2>



<p>While we don't yet know exactly how these ancient viruses affect brain cells or contribute to mental illness, this research opens a whole new avenue for exploration. It suggests that these "fossil viruses" could play a more significant role in human health than we ever imagined.</p>



<p>"Further research is needed to understand the exact function of most HERVs, including those identified in our study," notes Dr. Douglas Nixon, another senior author. </p>



<p>Nixon believes that a better understanding of these ancient viruses, and the known genes implicated in psychiatric disorders, have the potential to revolutionize mental health research and lead to novel ways to treat or diagnose these conditions.</p>



<p>Could these ancient viral sequences hold the key to developing new treatments or diagnostic tools for mental disorders? It's a tantalizing possibility. </p>



<p>Imagine being able to pinpoint individuals at higher risk for certain mental illnesses based on their unique HERV expression profiles. Or even developing therapies that target these viral remnants to alleviate symptoms.</p>



<p>The research is still in its early stages, but the implications are profound. By delving into our evolutionary past, we may unlock a deeper understanding of our mental health present and future.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-48153-z"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Ancient viral infections may lurk in DNA and cause mental disorders

Have you ever wondered if there's something hidden deep inside...

<p>In a fascinating discovery, researchers have found that during sleep, some brain cells not only replay recent experiences but also prepare for future ones.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The research suggests that precognitive <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-do-dreams-influence-our-perceptions/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreams</a>, or dreams that predict the future, may be more than just a coincidence. The brain may actually anticipate upcoming experiences.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-focus-of-the-study">Focus of the study</h2>



<p>The study, conducted by researchers from <a href="https://www.rice.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Rice University</a> and the <a href="https://umich.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Michigan</a>, was focused on sleep and learning. It offers new insights into how the hippocampus of rats stabilizes and tunes spatial representations after they navigate a maze for the first time.</p>



<p>“Certain neurons fire in response to specific stimuli,” said study co-author Professor Kamran Diba. “Neurons in the visual cortex fire when presented with the appropriate visual stimulus. The neurons we’re studying show place preferences.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-experiences-and-memory-storage">New experiences and memory storage</h2>



<p>The experts investigated how these specialized neurons form representations of the world post-experience. They focused on sharp wave ripples, a pattern of neuronal activation crucial for consolidating new <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sleep-helps-the-brain-consolidate-memories/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memories</a> and tagging parts of new experiences for memory storage. </p>



<p>"For the first time, we have observed individual neurons stabilizing spatial representations during rest periods," noted Rice neuroscientist Caleb Kemere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-sleep-and-memory-consolidation-nbsp">Sleep and memory consolidation<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The connection between sleep and learning has been gradually understood over many years, with significant advancements in the 20th century.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Research in the early 1900s began to explore sleep’s impact on cognitive functions and <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/how-breathing-impacts-memory-formation-during-sleep/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">memory consolidation</a>. </p>



<p>However, it wasn't until the latter half of the 20th century that more detailed studies, using EEGs and other tools, began to clearly demonstrate sleep’s critical role in consolidating memories and learning.</p>



<p>This link is demonstrated by improved memory test performance following sleep compared to periods of wakefulness or sleep deprivation.&nbsp;</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-brain-replays-experiences-during-sleep">Brain replays experiences during sleep</h2>



<p>Previous research has also shown that neurons in the brains of sleeping <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/animals-needed-sleep-before-they-even-had-brains/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">animals</a> replay their exploration paths, helping to transform new experiences into stable memories. In the current study, the researchers sought to explore this phenomenon further.</p>



<p>“We imagined that some neurons might change their representations - reflecting the experience we’ve all had of waking up with a new understanding of a problem,” said Kemere.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“Showing this, however, required that we track how individual neurons achieve spatial tuning, i.e., the process by which the brain learns to navigate a new route or environment.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-activity-spikes-in-individual-neurons-nbsp">Activity spikes in individual neurons<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>The team trained rats to run on a raised track for liquid rewards and monitored spikes of individual neurons in the hippocampus.</p>



<p>By analyzing the average spiking rate, they estimated each neuron's place field - the specific area in the environment that a neuron “cared” about the most.</p>



<p>“The critical point here is that place fields are estimated using the behavior of the animal,” explained Kemere, noting the complexity of measuring place fields during rest.</p>



<p>“I’ve been thinking for a long time about how we can evaluate the preferences of neurons outside of the maze, such as during sleep,” said Diba. “We addressed this challenge by relating the activity of each individual neuron to the activity of all the other neurons.”</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-tracking-the-preferences-of-brain-cells-nbsp">Tracking the preferences of brain cells<strong>&nbsp;</strong></h2>



<p>This innovative approach led to a statistical machine learning method that predicted where the animal dreamed it was, allowing estimation of each neuron's spatial tuning during <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/do-birds-dream-of-flying-scientists-say-they-now-know-the-answer/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">dreams</a>.</p>



<p>“The ability to track the preferences of neurons even without a stimulus was an important breakthrough for us,” said Diba.</p>



<p>Both Diba and Kemere praised Kourosh Maboudi, a postdoctoral researcher at Michigan and the study's lead author, for his role in developing this method.</p>



<p>The machine learning technique confirmed that the spatial representations formed during new experiences are stable across several hours of post-experience sleep. However, just as the researchers expected, there was more to the story.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-predicting-future-experiences-during-sleep">Predicting future experiences during sleep</h2>



<p>“The thing that I loved the most about this research and the reason that I was so excited about it is finding that it’s not necessarily the case that during sleep the only thing these neurons do is to stabilize a memory of the experience,” said Kemere. “It turns out some neurons end up doing something else.”</p>



<p>“We can see these other changes occurring during sleep, and when we put the animals back in the environment a second time, we can validate that these changes really do reflect something that was learned while the animals were asleep. It’s as if the second exposure to the space actually happens while the animal is sleeping.”</p>



<p>This represents a direct observation of neuroplasticity occurring during sleep. Kemere noted that while most plasticity research examines waking periods, this study highlights the brain's ability to rewire and form new representations during sleep.</p>



<p>The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health. The findings are published in the journal <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07397-x" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/eric-ralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The sleeping brain may predict future experiences

In a fascinating discovery, researchers have found that during sleep,...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the opposite.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-contrasting-climate-response">A contrasting climate response</h2>



<p>Most coastal towns are <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/sinking-land-will-intensify-the-effects-of-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">preparing for higher sea levels</a>, but <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/greenland-no-longer-has-to-worry-about-rising-sea-levels/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Greenland presents</a> a different scenario during climate change. The ground there is rising at a remarkable rate. Over the past decade, some areas have lifted about 20 centimeters, which translates to roughly 2 meters per century. This rate significantly exceeds current projections for sea level rise.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-geological-rebound-process-through-climate-change">Geological rebound process through climate change</h2>



<p>The mechanism behind this phenomenon is straightforward. As the ice sheet melts, the immense weight is removed from the bedrock, causing the land to rebound upward. This process resembles the way compressed material springs back when pressure is released.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-monitoring-networks">Scientific monitoring networks</h2>



<p>Researchers at the <a href="https://www.dtu.dk/english/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Technical University of Denmark</a> are documenting this uplift using the GNET network, consisting of 61 GPS stations positioned around Greenland's coast. These sensors can detect movement with millimeter precision, providing detailed measurements of the ongoing changes.</p>



<p>The data reveal that current uplift rates exceed the gradual rebound occurring since the last ice age ended approximately 12,000 years ago. This acceleration corresponds directly with increased ice sheet melting rates.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-coastal-transformation">Coastal Transformation</h2>



<p>This uplift is actively reshaping Greenland's coastline. New islands and rocky formations, called "skerries," are emerging as previously submerged land surfaces rise above the water level. This represents a notable contrast to global concerns about rising seas.</p>



<p>The study, published in Geophysical Research Letters, demonstrates the varied regional impacts of climate change. While many locations face rising water levels, Greenland's bedrock is literally rising above the surrounding seas.</p>



<p>The full study was recently published in <em><a href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2023GL104851" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Geophysical Research Letters</a></em>.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Like what you saw and read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>—–</p>



<p>Check us out on&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.earth.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth.com</a>.</p>



<p>—–</p>

Greenland's ground rises while coasts worldwide face higher seas

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXXGGiynIjs Greenland is not sinking. In fact, it is the...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to implement the latest AI Agent building platform.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ai-agent-training-transforms-the-workplace-fear-factor-into-a-competitive-advantage">AI agent training transforms the workplace 'fear factor' into a competitive advantage</h2>



<p>Organizations that offer comprehensive artificial intelligence training to their workers find remarkable value that extends well beyond basic <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/mind-wandering-might-be-more-productive-than-you-think/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">productivity improvements</a>. Emerging research demonstrates that carefully crafted AI training programs <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/ai-does-not-replace-human-creativity-but-enhances-it/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">enhance</a> corporate performance, lower operational costs, and dramatically improve employee psychological well-being by turning workplace uncertainty into professional empowerment.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-addressing-the-widespread-ai-anxiety-crisis-among-us">Addressing the widespread 'AI anxiety' crisis among us</h2>



<p>A staggering 53% of employees expressed concern that the use of AI tools to automate work tasks could make them appear disposable to their employers, according to <a href="https://www.microsoft.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Microsoft</a>'s 2024 workplace survey. Such pervasive worry about being substituted by machines has caused what researchers have termed "AI technostress" – a psychological state that can result in occupational burnout and poorer mental well-being.</p>



<p>Data published in <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a> showed that belief in AI learning ability was a moderator in the link between technology adoption and work pressure, and higher confidence significantly lowered negative psychological responses. Workers provided ample training to become competent with AI software have significantly lower stress.</p>



<p>Companies like <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a> have platforms for building what are known as "AI Agents".  In essence, AI Agents are simply tools that employees can build for themselves or their teams quickly and inexpensively.   MindStudio will even train entire companies, from the CEO on down, at no cost. By letting MindStudio empower employees, companies avoid hiring more IT staff, buying more software, and implementing solutions to problems that do not exist.</p>



<p>MindStudio even has partners locally for companies, like <a href="http://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dominnus</a> with offices in the Carolinas, California, and Denver, to help build AI Agents and support employees as they become resident AI experts for their organization.  The training provided by MindStudio is applicable across other AI Agent building platforms as well.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-productivity-through-focused-learning">Revolutionary productivity through focused learning</h2>



<p>Organizations that implement large-scale AI training programs achieve dramatic outcomes. Employees performed tasks significantly better when they utilized AI support compared to when they didn't, according to <a href="https://www.nngroup.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nielsen Norman Group</a> research findings. Their study documented productivity increases of 66% for a variety of professional tasks.</p>



<p>Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis research finds workers record 33% higher productivity in time working with generative AI tools. The benefit is equivalent to 5.4% of work time savings for AI users – around 2.2 hours per week for full-time workers.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-psychological-well-being-benefits-through-ai-competence">Psychological well-being benefits through AI competence</h2>



<p>The emotional transformation when employees are provided with proper technology training is a fundamental transformation from fear to professional confidence. A survey of 600 employees across industries, carried out by ScienceDirect, proved that AI capabilities strengthen work environment commitment and improve job satisfaction.</p>



<p>A <a href="https://www.lut.fi/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LUT University</a> study discovered that AI adoption has no direct effect on workers' well-being but does so indirectly through working conditions like task optimization and safety protocols. Strategically deployed AI that involves correct training can actually increase workplace mental well-being.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-replacement-anxiety-to-partnership-confidence">From 'replacement anxiety' to 'partnership confidence'</h2>



<p>Although 35% of those interviewed in recent McKinsey studies were concerned about workforce displacement, firms with large-scale training initiatives witness such fears dissipate quickly. The World Economic Forum found that two out of three respondents believe AI competencies will enhance their career prospects and job marketability.</p>



<p>This shift from fear to trust has measurable implications for job satisfaction. Applied Sciences research indicates AI can create tailored wellness programs based on individual employee requirements.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-financial-benefits-of-increased-retention">Financial benefits of increased retention</h2>



<p>The mental health advantages of AI learning have a direct impact on organizational bottom lines in the form of a positive feedback cycle with high retention of employees. Recent ROI research validates that artificial intelligence learning has a beneficial impact on employee turnover and satisfaction levels.</p>



<p>PriceWaterhouseCoopers' research documents 20% to 30% improvements in productivity, market speed, and revenue in organizations that attempt systematic AI adoption through comprehensive training.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-environmental-advantages-of-ai-enabled-teams">Environmental advantages of AI-enabled teams</h2>



<p>AI training has unforeseen environmental benefits as it makes the work environment more efficient. According to a study in Scientific Reports, the carbon footprint in writing and illustrating work is significantly lower when AI performs it compared to humans. AI software produces 130 to 1,500 times less CO2 equivalent per page of text created than human authors.</p>



<p>In addition, AI-driven remote work functionality significantly reduces environmental impact. Research by Cornell University and Microsoft indicates that remote workers reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 54% by not commuting daily to offices. Hybrid workers working remotely two to four days a week can reduce their carbon footprint by 11% to 29%.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cumulative-organizational-advantages">Cumulative organizational advantages</h2>



<p>The compounding gains of better mental well-being, reduced turnover, increased productivity, and environmental benefits flow to enterprises from the pairing. McKinsey analysis estimates the long-term AI potential at $4.4 trillion in incremental productivity growth opportunity from business use cases.</p>



<p>As of now, 75% of knowledge workers globally utilize generative AI, mirroring widespread adoption patterns. Organizations that provide organized training and assistance see the most favorable results in productivity, worker satisfaction, and ecological sustainability.</p>



<p>The research overwhelmingly indicates that companies that invest in proper AI education, like that offered through <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">MindStudio</a>, establish win-win scenarios where employees are both more empowered and less stressed, and companies enjoy the gains of increased productivity, reduced turnover, and improved mental health outcomes throughout their workforce.</p>



<p>For more on MindStudio's free AI training for companies, visit the website's of MindStudio and Dominnus from the links below.</p>



<p>The research was published across a variety of peer-reviewed journals, including <a href="https://www.nature.com/palcomms/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humanities and Social Sciences Communications</a>, <a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/artificial-intelligence" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence</a>, and <a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci">Applied Sciences</a>.</p>



<p id="block-9bd989d6-2fd3-4580-957f-6cacce134f08">-----</p>



<p id="block-eff5dea3-a9bb-40b5-a923-e5a9978bc0e2">Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p id="block-43e218f4-0391-477c-8396-eb777c8c80a3">Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p id="block-1f9a227a-ec37-4140-81b8-ffa4a7cc6689">-----</p>



<p>MindStudio.AI: <a href="https://www.mindstudio.ai" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.mindstudio.ai</a></p>



<p>Dominnus: <a href="https://www.dominnus.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.dominnus.com</a></p>

AI agent training boosts mental health and profits

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSM3EVeGHJU Companies like MindStudio help companies train their employees to...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-natural-solution-to-disease-through-crop-modification">A natural solution to disease through crop modification.</h2>



<p>The agricultural industry stands at a crossroads between productivity and environmental responsibility, and crop modification often carries a negative connotation. While chemical pesticides have long been the go-to solution for crop protection, their harmful effects on ecosystems and human health have prompted scientists to seek alternatives. The recent breakthrough by <a href="https://www.southampton.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Southampton</a> researchers offers a promising path forward through the precise manipulation of plant-associated microbial communities.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-science-behind-microbial-partnerships">The science behind microbial partnerships</h2>



<p>Plants naturally harbor diverse ecosystems of bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms that function as biological allies. These microscopic partners contribute to disease resistance, nutrient absorption, and stress tolerance. However, until now, scientists lacked the tools to deliberately reshape these communities to enhance crop protection.</p>



<p>The Southampton team's approach centered on <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/engineered-plant-microbiomes-the-future-of-crop-protection/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">modifying lignin biosynthesis genes in rice plants</a>. This strategic intervention altered the plant's metabolic output, creating conditions that favored beneficial bacterial populations while suppressing harmful ones. The result was a living defense system embedded within the plant itself.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-implications-for-global-food-security">Implications for global food security</h2>



<p>The successful demonstration against Xanthomonas oryzae, the pathogen responsible for bacterial blight in rice, represents more than a laboratory achievement. Rice feeds nearly half the world's population, and bacterial blight causes devastating crop losses annually. Traditional control methods rely heavily on pesticides that contaminate soil and water systems.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-looking-beyond-disease-resistance">Looking Beyond Disease Resistance</h2>



<p>While disease protection represents the immediate application, the research framework opens doors to broader agricultural improvements. Future developments could engineer microbiomes to enhance nutrient uptake, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers. This dual benefit addresses both crop productivity and environmental sustainability.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-path-forward">The path forward</h2>



<p>As this technology advances from laboratory to field applications, it promises to reshape sustainable agriculture. The ability to program plants with their own biological defense systems could herald a new era where crops protect themselves naturally, reducing chemical inputs while maintaining yields necessary for global food security.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal&nbsp;<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-44335-3" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>Nature Communications</em></a>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Revolutionizing agriculture through microbiome engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HDXqTGEmi4 Scientists give plants superpowers against bacterial disease A natural...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Some children read facial expressions when making food choices.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-other-people-s-reactions-influence-children-s-eating-habits">Other people's reactions influence children's eating habits</h2>



<p>Many children are finicky eaters, but research explains how <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/scientists-have-learned-why-so-many-kids-dislike-vegetables/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">watching others eat and social modeling</a> influence the eating habits of children.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Study Methodology Demonstrates Social Learning Impact</h2>



<p>Researchers at <a href="https://www.aston.ac.uk/hls/school-of-psychology" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Aston University School of Psychology</a> have published findings in Frontiers in Psychology that illuminate the neurobiological foundations of food preference development through observational learning. The investigation employed controlled video stimuli featuring adults consuming raw broccoli while displaying systematically varied facial expressions to measure participant responses.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Asymmetrical Response Patterns Identified</h2>



<p>The research, conducted with 204 female participants, revealed a pronounced asymmetry in social modeling effects. Negative facial expressions during vegetable consumption significantly diminished observer food preference ratings, while positive expressions failed to produce corresponding increases in vegetable appeal. This finding challenges conventional assumptions about the bidirectional nature of social influence in dietary behavior formation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Evolutionary Psychology Framework Applied</h2>



<p>Dr. Katie Edwards and her research team propose that these results reflect adaptive mechanisms developed through evolutionary processes. The heightened sensitivity to disgust expressions likely functions as a protective system, enabling individuals to identify potentially harmful foods through social cues without direct risk exposure.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Clinical and Educational Implications</h2>



<p>These findings carry substantial implications for pediatric nutrition interventions and family meal dynamics. The research suggests that parental expressions of distaste during vegetable consumption may inadvertently reinforce children's existing food aversions through unconscious social transmission pathways.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">Future Research Directions</h2>



<p>The study establishes a foundation for expanded investigation into real-time social modeling effects and cross-demographic applicability. Researchers emphasize the necessity for longitudinal studies examining actual consumption behaviors rather than preference ratings alone, particularly within family contexts where social learning occurs most frequently.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p></p>

Social modeling affects our food choices

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVywlgRJXsc Some children read facial expressions when making food choices....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cancer-causing-protein-bound-and-blocked">Cancer-causing protein bound and blocked</h2>



<p>In a discovery that can one day revolutionize cancer treatment, researchers at the <a href="https://www.ucr.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of California, Riverside</a> have successfully developed a means of controlling MYC, a notoriously slippery protein that causes approximately <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/chaotic-protein-that-fuels-75-of-cancers-can-be-controlled/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">75% of all cancers in humans</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-makes-myc-different">What makes MYC different</h2>



<p>MYC presents a unique challenge when studying cancer. Normally, this protein plays a vital role in healthy cells. It carefully controls transcription - the process that converts genetic information from DNA and RNA into proteins.</p>



<p>However, cancer changes everything. In cancer cells, MYC becomes a destructive force. It operates in overdrive mode with no regulation whatsoever.</p>



<p>Professor Min Xue, who led the research team, explains it simply: "MYC is less like food for cancer cells and more like a steroid. It drives cancer's aggressive growth." This superactive behavior makes MYC involved in three out of every four cancer cases.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-myc-is-hard-to-target">Why MYC is hard to target</h2>



<p>Despite its clear role in cancer, targeting MYC has been one of medicine's biggest challenges. The main problem lies in MYC's unusual structure - or rather, its complete lack of structure.</p>



<p>Professor Xue describes the protein as "basically a glob of randomness." This means conventional drug discovery methods don't work. These traditional approaches rely on sharply defined protein structures. MYC simply doesn't have one.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading">A New Approach to Fighting MYC</h2>



<p>The UCR research team developed a clever solution. They designed a special peptide molecule that could selectively bind to MYC. More importantly, this peptide could block MYC's destructive activity.</p>



<p>The key was fine-tuning two specific features: the peptide's stiffness and its shape. Through careful adjustments, researchers achieved something remarkable. They reached "sub-micro-molar affinity" - meaning their peptide binds as strongly as antibodies do.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-results">Breakthrough results</h2>



<p>This accomplishment represents a major leap beyond previous attempts. The researchers enhanced their peptide's binding strength by two orders of magnitude. This dramatic improvement brings the work significantly closer to practical drug development goals.</p>



<p>The research opens new possibilities for treating the vast majority of cancers where MYC plays a destructive role.</p>



<p>The researchers are presently optimizing peptide-delivery systems based on lipid nanoparticles that deliver the peptide effectively into cancer cells. The<a href="https://www.nih.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"> National Institutes of Health</a> and the <a href="https://www.defense.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">U.S. Department of Defense</a> funded the study, which appeared in the Journal of the <a href="https://www.acs.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">American Chemical Society</a>.<br>This research offers renewed hope against cancer, and it can potentially open a door to more effective cancer therapies for most cancer patients worldwide.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The protein that fuels 3 out of 4 cancers has been controlled

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JynHpMaNO8A Chaotic cancer protein finally controlled after decades of mystery...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE
</div></figure>



<p>On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop and sunlight barely penetrates through the polar winter. It was here, however, that an international team of scientists found <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/predatory-worms-were-terror-beasts-half-a-billion-years-ago/#google_vignette" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">evidence of sea monsters</a> that would change our understanding of ocean life in the past.</p>



<p>This video captures the discovery of Timorebestia fossils that had been hidden for more than 500 million years in the Sirius Passet formation. The "terror beasts," as they are called, are a hidden chapter in the evolutionary history of <a href="https://www.earth.com" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Earth</a>, showing that sophisticated predator-prey interactions occurred much earlier than previously envisioned.</p>



<p>Dr. Jakob Vinther and his research team at the <a href="https://www.bristol.ac.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Bristol</a>, in collaboration with researchers at the <a href="https://eng.kopri.re.kr/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Korean Polar Research Institute</a>, braved extreme weather conditions at 82.5 north latitude to locate these giant creatures. Using sophisticated electron microprobe analysis, they revealed the detailed anatomy of the animals, including their muscle and nerve tissues.</p>



<p>The find upsets the traditional timeline of sea predators.  Although we've long appreciated that Cambrian oceans were at one time ruled by <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWI3-UgA3_o&amp;list=PL1QLQMW9MWDwpkFOnvgAmu7wT6rZmYqdJ&amp;index=19" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">arthropods</a>, these discoveries indicate that relatives of arrow worms were first to dominate the seas.  These worms were building sophisticated food webs several million years before other predator groups arose.</p>



<p>Each fossil is a story of ancient hunger, with fossil stomach contents revealing these meter-long beasts dined on heavily armored arthropods regularly, cementing their place as the ocean's first apex predators.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Worms dominated seas before dinosaurs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y4eLFNYrKE On the unforgiving landscape of North Greenland, temperatures drop...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">New York is the site of the world's oldest forest.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-385-million-year-old-trees-discovered">385-million-year-old trees discovered</h2>



<p>Scientists have uncovered something extraordinary just two hours north of New York City. The <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/worlds-oldest-forest-discovered-close-to-new-york-city/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">world's oldest forest</a>, dating back 385 million years, offers a window into how Earth's first complex forests shaped our planet's atmosphere.</p>



<p>Located near <a href="https://townofcairo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Cairo, New York</a>, in Greene County, these weren't merely primitive plants struggling to survive. These were sophisticated trees with root systems remarkably similar to modern forests. This ancient woodland predates dinosaurs by 140 million years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-cairo-forest-discovery">The Cairo forest discovery</h2>



<p>385 million years ago, upstate New York was a tropical paradise near the equator. Thanks to continental drift, this ancient forest has traveled thousands of miles to its current location.</p>



<p>The fossil forest sits in an abandoned quarry, roughly half the size of a football field. This represents just a slice of what was likely a massive forest system stretching from New York into Pennsylvania.</p>



<p>Charles Ver Straeten, curator of sedimentary rocks at the <a href="https://www.nysm.nysed.gov/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York State Museum</a>, made the discovery in 2009. While scouting the former highway department property, his trained eye spotted wandering patterns in the stone that looked like marine features.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-revolutionary-age-and-preservation">Revolutionary age and preservation</h2>



<p>The site contains 385-million-year-old rocks with fossilized woody roots forming horizontal patterns up to 18 feet (5.5 meters) wide. As Christopher Berry, a paleobotanist at Cardiff University, explains: "You are walking through the roots of ancient trees."</p>



<p>This discovery pushes back advanced tree evolution by millions of years. The research, published in <em><a href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/home" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current Biology</a></em> in December 2019, fundamentally changes our understanding of when complex forests first emerged.</p>



<p>Researchers believe a massive flood buried the forest floor, creating perfect fossilization conditions. Over millions of years, sediment hardened into rock, preserving these root patterns like nature's time capsule.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-meet-archaeopteris-the-first-modern-tree">Meet <em>Archaeopteris</em>: the first modern tree</h2>



<p>The star of this ancient forest is <em>Archaeopteris</em> – not to be confused with the feathered dinosaur <em>Archaeopteryx</em>. This tree was far older and more revolutionary.</p>



<p>William Stein from <a href="https://www.binghamton.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Binghamton University</a> describes the roots as "strikingly modern, essentially what you'd see outside in my yard right now." These weren't simple root systems you'd expect from ancient plants.</p>



<p>Some fossilized roots are six inches (15 centimeters) in diameter, forming 36-foot-wide (11-meter) patterns. These giants grew up to 65 feet (20 meters) tall with five-foot-diameter (1.5-meter) trunks.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-climate-changing-impact">Climate-changing impact</h2>



<p>These trees fundamentally changed Earth's environment. Kevin Boyce, a Stanford University geoscientist, explains how their deep roots triggered "weathering," chemical reactions that pulled carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.</p>



<p>This process dropped atmospheric CO2 levels from 10-15 times higher than today to roughly modern concentrations. These ancient trees helped create atmospheric conditions that made complex life possible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-ancient-forest-ecosystem">Ancient forest ecosystem</h2>



<p>The forest was remarkably diverse. Scientists identified <em>Eospermatopteris</em>, palm tree-like plants with short roots that reached 30 feet (9 meters) tall but lacked woody structure. The forest also housed cladoxylopsids and a mysterious third species still being studied.</p>



<p>All reproduced through spores rather than seeds – millions of years before seeds evolved. This tropical environment had no grass, flowers, or flying insects, just towering trees creating Earth's first complex forest canopy.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientific-significance">Scientific significance</h2>



<p>Before this finding, the Gilboa forest, located 25 miles (40 kilometers) away, held the "oldest forest" title. Cairo's trees are 2-3 million years older, showing that complex forest ecosystems developed much faster than scientists believed possible.</p>



<p>Patricia Gensel, a <a href="https://www.unc.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of North Carolina</a> paleobotanist, notes: "The size of those root systems is really changing the picture. Even 20 years ago, researchers assumed trees with such complex root systems didn't evolve so early."</p>



<p>The Cairo site presents three unique root systems, suggesting Devonian period forests were diverse ecosystems with different trees occupying different environmental niches, much like today's forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-modern-preservation-efforts">Modern preservation efforts</h2>



<p>In 2022, New York State Senator Michelle Hinchey secured a $170,000 grant for the town of Cairo to construct specialized fencing around the fossil forest site. The town plans to conduct a feasibility study exploring the possibility of creating an educational center and working lab on-site.</p>



<p>Joe Hasenkopf, chair of the Cairo Planning Board, hopes to partner with educational institutions to create a research facility serving scientists, students, and the public.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-lessons-for-today-s-climate">Lessons for today's climate</h2>



<p>Why does a 385-million-year-old forest matter today? It shows how dramatically forests can change Earth's climate. These ancient woodlands created the atmospheric conditions supporting complex life.</p>



<p>Understanding how prehistoric forests transformed the planet helps us appreciate modern forests' critical role in addressing climate change. Forests remain Earth's most effective carbon capture systems.</p>



<p>These prehistoric trees changed Earth's atmosphere by pulling massive amounts of carbon dioxide from the air. As we face modern climate challenges, this ancient forest reminds us of trees' incredible power to transform our planet's environment.</p>



<p>The next time you walk through a forest, remember you're experiencing an ecosystem whose blueprint was established 385 million years ago in upstate New York. These ancient pioneers didn't just survive – they thrived and changed the world forever.</p>



<p>The full study was published in the journal <em>Current Biology</em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Earth's oldest forest found in the United States

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ow3JH03PqEQ New York is the site of the world's oldest...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-map-exact-ages-when-your-body-rapidly-ages">Scientists Map Exact Ages When Your Body Rapidly Ages</h2>



<p>Scientists have <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/human-bodies-begin-breaking-down-two-very-precise-ages/#google_vignette">discovered that aging</a> isn't the gradual, steady process many assume it to be. Instead, researchers from Stanford Medicine have found that our bodies undergo dramatic molecular changes at two specific ages: 44 and 60. This research, published in Nature Aging, reveals that aging happens in sudden bursts rather than smooth transitions.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-waves-of-rapid-aging">Two waves of rapid aging</h2>



<p>The Stanford study tracked over 135,000 different molecules and microbes in 108 participants aged 25 to 75 over several years. Results showed that 81% of all molecules studied exhibited non-linear changes, meaning they shifted dramatically at certain ages rather than changing gradually over time.</p>



<p>Michael Snyder, chair of genetics at Stanford School of Medicine and the study's senior author, noted significant findings. "We're not just changing gradually over time; there are some really dramatic changes. It turns out the mid-40s is a time of dramatic change, as is the early 60s. And that's true no matter what class of molecules you look at."</p>



<p>The first wave of changes occurs around age 44, affecting molecules related to alcohol metabolism, caffeine processing, lipid <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/age-related-changes-in-metabolism-dont-match-our-expectations/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">metabolism</a>, <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/heart-disease-remains-the-leading-cause-of-death-worldwide/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">cardiovascular disease</a>, and skin and muscle function. The second wave hits around age 60, involving changes in carbohydrate metabolism, immune regulation, kidney function, and again cardiovascular and muscle health.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-what-happens-during-these-aging-bursts">What happens during these aging bursts</h2>



<p>During the mid-40s transformation, researchers observed significant changes in how the body processes alcohol and fats. This period often coincides with increased stress levels in many people's lives, potentially contributing to lifestyle factors that accelerate these molecular shifts.</p>



<p>"It's possible some of these changes could be tied to lifestyle or behavioral factors that cluster at these age groups, rather than being driven by biological factors," Snyder explained. For instance, alcohol metabolism dysfunction might result from increased consumption during the typically stressful mid-40s period.</p>



<p>The changes at age 60 are perhaps less surprising, as this is when many age-related diseases begin to manifest more prominently. The molecular shifts affect immune function and kidney health, both critical for maintaining overall wellness as we enter our senior years.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-latest-research-confirms-aging-patterns">Latest research confirms aging patterns</h2>



<p>Recent 2025 studies have validated these findings. Research examining tissue samples from 76 people found similar aging patterns, noting an "inflection point" between ages 45 and 55.</p>



<p>Scientists discovered that blood vessels, particularly the aorta, age fastest among all body tissues. This vascular aging may drive aging in other body parts, highlighting cardiovascular health's central role in the aging process.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-cellular-changes-and-microbiome-shifts">Cellular changes and microbiome shifts</h2>



<p>The Stanford research revealed that these aging bursts affect our microbiome – the trillions of bacteria, viruses, and fungi living in and on our bodies. These microbial communities undergo substantial shifts during both aging periods, potentially affecting everything from digestion to immune function.</p>



<p>Additionally, researchers found that protein production and gene expression begin to fall out of sync as we age. This breakdown in cellular communication becomes especially pronounced during the two aging waves, contributing to the accumulation of damaged proteins associated with diseases such as <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/alzheimers-may-not-be-brain-disorder-important-data-was-fabricated/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alzheimer's</a>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-health-implications-and-longevity-considerations">Health implications and longevity considerations</h2>



<p>Understanding these aging patterns has important implications for healthcare strategies. Research suggests that people should pay particular attention to their health during their 40s and 60s, when these dramatic molecular changes occur.</p>



<p>Snyder emphasized the importance of proactive health measures. "I'm a big believer that we should try to adjust our lifestyles while we're still healthy," he noted. This might include increasing exercise to protect heart health and maintain muscle mass, or reducing alcohol consumption in the 40s as the body's ability to metabolize it declines.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-new-approaches-to-anti-aging-treatment">New approaches to anti-aging treatment</h2>



<p>Aging research has seen notable advances in 2025. Harvard Medical School scientists developed chemical cocktails that reverse cellular aging without genetic modification. These six combinations restored aged cells to youthfulness in under a week, offering safer alternatives to gene therapy.</p>



<p>Researchers identified new biomarkers like "InflammAge," a saliva-based test measuring chronic inflammation associated with aging. This non-invasive approach could change how we monitor aging and intervention.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-directions-in-aging-research">Future directions in aging research</h2>



<p>Emerging technologies including artificial intelligence, cellular reprogramming, and senolytic therapies, are opening new possibilities for extending healthspan. Companies develop treatments targeting aging's fundamental mechanisms rather than just managing age-related diseases.</p>



<p>The Stanford findings provide a roadmap for implementing preventive measures. Rather than waiting for symptoms, people can prepare for and potentially mitigate these predictable aging waves.</p>



<p>As aging understanding evolves, one thing becomes clear: aging isn't inevitable decline, but specific biological events we may learn to prevent or reverse. The key is recognizing when these transitions occur and taking proactive health steps during vulnerable periods.</p>



<p>The study was published in the journal <em><a href="https://www.nature.com/nataging" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Nature Aging</a></em>.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists discover we age in bursts

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Veg4HmmRVZY Our bodies hits two 'aging cliffs' at these ages....

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">The hidden science behind tickling.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-scientists-discover-the-brain-s-tickling-command-center">Scientists discover the brain's 'tickling command center'</h2>



<p>Researchers have finally solved one of humanity's most enduring mysteries: why we can't <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/after-centuries-of-debate-we-still-dont-know-how-tickling-works/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tickle</a> ourselves and what makes some people incredibly ticklish while others barely react? Recent scientific discoveries are revolutionizing our understanding of this peculiar human behavior.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-breakthrough-discovery-in-the-brain">Breakthrough discovery in the brain</h2>



<p>In 2023, Dr. Michael Brecht's team at <a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Humboldt University</a>-<a href="https://www.hu-berlin.de/en" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Berlin</a> made a major discovery published in the <a href="https://www.cell.com/iscience/fulltext/S2589-0042(22)01991-5" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">journal <em>Neuron</em></a>. They identified the brain's actual "tickling command center" – specific neurons in a region called the periaqueductal gray that control both tickling responses and play behavior.</p>



<p>When researchers used cutting-edge optogenetic technology to shut down these neurons in laboratory rats, something remarkable happened. The animals completely lost their ability to be tickled or engage in playful behavior.</p>



<p>"We found that global blockade of the rat periaqueductal gray with either muscimol or lidocaine interfered with ticklishness and play," the research team reported in their study.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-two-types-of-tickling-revealed">Two types of tickling revealed</h2>



<p>What we call "tickling" is two completely different phenomena, according to the latest research. Light tickling – that feathery sensation that makes you want to scratch – is essentially your body's sophisticated bug detection system. This alerts you to potential insects or parasites on your skin.</p>



<p>Deep tickling – the kind that makes you laugh uncontrollably – involves complex brain circuits and is fundamentally social. You literally cannot tickle yourself with this type of stimulation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-self-tickling-is-impossible">Why self-tickling is impossible</h2>



<p>Your cerebellum acts like a prediction machine, recent findings show. When you move your own hand to touch yourself, your brain generates precise predictions about what you will feel and then cancels out the tickling sensation through neural inhibition.</p>



<p>When someone else tickles you, your brain can't predict their movements, so the full tickling response activates. It's like your brain's way of distinguishing between self and others.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-individual-differences-explained">Individual differences explained</h2>



<p>Individual differences in ticklishness depend on genetics, psychology, and even trust. Dr. Xinzhong Dong at <a href="https://www.jhu.edu/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Johns Hopkins University</a> notes that people with denser nerve endings tend to be more sensitive.</p>



<p>Psychological factors matter just as much. You respond more strongly when tickled by people you trust, and anxiety completely shuts down tickling responses. This explains why the same physical stimulus can produce completely different reactions depending on who's doing the tickling.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-controlling-your-ticklishness">Controlling your ticklishness</h2>



<p>Science offers answers for controlling your ticklishness. You can reduce tickling sensitivity through systematic desensitization – gradual exposure in controlled settings.</p>



<p>Dr. Konstantina Kilteni's 2025 research, published in <em><a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.adt0350" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Science Advances</a></em>, reveals another technique: place your hand on the tickler's hand. This allows your brain to partially predict the sensations, reducing the tickling response by up to 90 percent.</p>



<p>"Your brain is essentially learning to override its own reflexes," Kilteni explained in her review of tickling research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-evolutionary-purpose-discovered">Evolutionary purpose discovered</h2>



<p>From an evolutionary perspective, tickling serves vital functions according to <a href="https://www.umd.edu" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">University of Maryland</a> researcher Dr. Robert Provine's extensive studies. It trains our defense reflexes for vulnerable body areas and facilitates social bonding between family members.</p>



<p>Tickling-induced laughter is actually one of the first forms of communication between infants and caregivers. "Tickle involves a neurological self/nonself discrimination, providing the most primitive social scenario," Provine noted in his research.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-clinical-applications-emerge">Clinical applications emerge</h2>



<p>Research shows people with autism spectrum disorder perceive touches as more ticklish than people without the condition. Investigating this difference could provide insight into brain differences and help advance autism research.</p>



<p>People with schizophrenia tend to experience self-touches similarly to external tickles, allowing them to essentially tickle themselves. This suggests altered sensory prediction mechanisms in the condition.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-animal-research-reveals-universal-nature">Animal research reveals universal nature</h2>



<p>Scientists have discovered that many species beyond humans are ticklish. Rats emit ultrasonic "laughs" when tickled, while chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans all respond to tickling stimulation.</p>



<p>This widespread occurrence across species suggests that tickling serves fundamental biological and social functions that evolved long before humans developed complex language and culture.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-future-research-directions">Future research directions</h2>



<p>Dr. Kilteni argues that tickling research deserves more scientific attention. "It is a complex interplay of motor, social, neurological, developmental, and evolutionary aspects," she stated in her recent review.</p>



<p>New haptic technologies and advanced research methodologies now permit scientists to investigate tickle sensation with unprecedented precision. Standardized experimental methods using mechanical tickling devices ensure consistent results across studies.</p>



<p>Recent findings published in <em>Science Advances</em> show that tickling research is opening new doors in neuroscience, potentially leading to a better understanding of social behavior, sensory processing, and neurological conditions.</p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Scientists solve the mystery of tickling

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqlF0XKzHY4 The hidden science behind tickling. Scientists discover the brain's...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals secret mission to create working time travel device.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-could-an-equation-truly-bend-time-a-physicist-s-decades-long-quest-to-rewrite-reality">Could an equation truly bend time? A physicist's decades-long quest to rewrite reality</h2>



<p>Imagine the impossible: stepping back through time in a time machine, not in fantasy, but through a scientific endeavor driven by profound personal loss. For <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/astrophysicist-says-hes-cracked-the-equation-for-time-travel/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Dr. Ronald Mallett</a>, a distinguished astrophysicist and professor emeritus at the <a href="https://uconn.edu/">University of Connecticut</a>, this deeply human longing has fueled a lifelong mission. He claims to have discovered the equation that could unlock temporal displacement, pushing boundaries once deemed purely science fiction.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-profound-grief-that-forged-a-vision">A profound grief that forged a vision</h2>



<p>Mallett's extraordinary pursuit began with devastating tragedy in 1955. At merely 10 years old, he endured his father Boyd's sudden death—a television repairman whose passion for science had ignited a similar spark in his young son. Boyd Mallett, only 33, succumbed to a heart attack, leaving behind a grief-stricken child searching for solace.</p>



<p>That solace came through H.G. Wells' <em>The Time Machine</em>. Within its pages, Mallett found a captivating concept: "Time is only a kind of Space." These words transformed from a literary phrase into a guiding principle, becoming the driving force behind his unwavering commitment to unraveling time's fundamental mysteries.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-from-humble-beginnings-to-academic-heights">From humble beginnings to academic heights</h2>



<p>Mallett's journey was far from straightforward. After serving in the Air Force during the Vietnam War era, he utilized the GI Bill for higher education, earning his Ph.D. in physics from Pennsylvania State University in 1973 at the age of 28.</p>



<p>In 1975, he made history as the first African American professor in the University of Connecticut's physics department, achieving full professorship in 1987 before retiring in 2024 as professor emeritus.</p>



<p>Throughout these successful academic years, Mallett harbored his radical ambition as a closely guarded secret. "I kept my time travel goal a secret," he confessed. "I worried people would think I was nuts." His public research centered on black holes, serving as a "cover story" while he quietly developed his revolutionary time travel theory.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-breakthrough-moment">The breakthrough moment</h2>



<p>His pivotal insight arrived while hospitalized for a heart condition—a profound irony given his father's heart attack started this journey. The breakthrough was elegantly simple yet revolutionary: "If gravity can bend time, and light can create gravity, then light can bend time."</p>



<p>"It turns out that black holes can create a gravitational field that could lead to the creation of time loops that could allow us to go back in time," he explained.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-blueprint-for-a-temporal-vortex">The blueprint for a temporal vortex</h2>



<p>Mallett's vision for a functioning time machine replicates spacetime-warping phenomena around black holes. He offers a compelling analogy: "Picture a cup of coffee. Stir it with a spoon, and the coffee swirls. A spinning black hole does the same to spacetime."</p>



<p>In Einstein's general relativity, the universe is a dynamic fabric woven from space and time. Massive objects like black holes warp this fabric—an effect we perceive as gravity. Mallett theorizes that an intense, continuous, circulating beam of light from a ring of powerful lasers could replicate this gravitational torsion, effectively twisting time into a loop.</p>



<p>This "time loop" would theoretically allow information—or perhaps matter—to travel backward in time. He detailed this mathematical concept in his 2006 autobiography, <em>Time Traveler: A Scientist's Personal Mission to Make Time Travel a Reality</em>.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-published-research-and-recognition">Published research and recognition</h2>



<p>His work, published in respected journals including <em><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/physics-letters-a" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Physics Letters A</a></em> and <em><a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10701" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Foundations of Physics</a></em>, suggests circulating laser light could generate gravitational fields potent enough to create closed timelike curves, enabling time travel for data.</p>



<p>Mallett's research has gained worldwide media attention, featured on <a href="https://www.thisamericanlife.org/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">National Public Radio's <em>This American Life</em></a>, the <a href="https://www.history.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">History Channel</a>, and <a href="https://www.today.com/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">NBC's <em>Today Show</em></a>. The widespread interest reflects both his compelling personal story and rigorous scientific approach.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-galactic-hurdles-and-persistent-skepticism">The galactic hurdles and persistent skepticism</h2>



<p>While Mallett's equations captivate imagination, the path to reality faces immense obstacles. The energy requirement is staggering—Mallett acknowledges needing "galactic amounts of energy," far beyond current technological capabilities.</p>



<p>There's also a poignant limitation: even if realized, his machine could only send information back to when it was first activated, meaning it couldn't transport him to 1955 to prevent his father's death.</p>



<p>The scientific community remains skeptical. Physicists Ken Olum and Allen Everett argue that Mallett's proposed laser ring would need to be larger than the observable universe to achieve the necessary spacetime distortion. They invoke Stephen Hawking's chronology protection conjecture, suggesting physics may prevent macroscopic time travel.</p>



<p>Astrophysicist Paul Sutter has voiced doubts about Mallett's underlying mathematics, while science writer Brian Clegg finds the concept intriguing enough to warrant experimental investigation.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-a-legacy-that-transcends-time">A legacy that transcends time</h2>



<p>Now approaching 80, Dr. Mallett remains steadfast. "I believe my work will show time travel is possible," he asserts. "Future generations will build on it in ways we can't yet imagine."</p>



<p>His equations, though yet to physically bend time, have bent our collective imagination. Ongoing public interest, evidenced by his continued media appearances and Spike Lee's film adaptation of his memoir, underscores his ideas' profound impact.</p>



<p>More than a scientific pursuit, Mallett's story testifies to human resilience, intellectual courage, and hope's enduring power. Whether his theoretical time machine ever materializes, his legacy is immeasurable—inspiring countless individuals to challenge conventional limits and perceive time not as an unyielding barrier, but as a boundless frontier awaiting exploration.</p>



<p></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

Retired professor claims he solved time travel

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=elr4948_uOU Dr. Ronald Mallett from the University of Connecticut reveals...

<figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk
</div><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Acid rain and a crisis solved.</figcaption></figure>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-don-t-we-ever-hear-about-acid-rain-anymore-the-environmental-crisis-that-was-solved">Why don't we ever hear about "acid rain" anymore? The environmental crisis that was solved</h2>



<p>Remember the 1980s when acid rain dominated headlines? Dire warnings about rain eating buildings, killing fish, and destroying forests filled every news cycle. Then, almost like magic, acid rain vanished from public discourse. What happened? Did we actually solve one of the late 20th century's most pressing environmental challenges?</p>



<p>The answer might surprise you. Unlike many environmental issues that drag on indefinitely, acid rain represents one of modern history's most successful ecological recovery stories. It's a tale of science, politics, and technology working together to tackle what seemed impossible.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What was acid rain?</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain isn't regular rain having a bad day – it's precipitation that became significantly more acidic due to air pollution. When power plants, factories, and vehicles burn fossil fuels, they release sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The science behind it</strong></h2>



<p>Think of acid rain as nature's chemistry experiment gone wrong. These compounds react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form sulfuric and nitric acids. When mixed with water vapor in clouds, they create precipitation with dangerously low pH levels.</p>



<p>While clean rain has a pH of about 5.6, acid rain could drop as low as 4.2 to 4.4 – roughly as acidic as tomato juice or coffee. According to US Geological Survey documentation, Scottish chemist Angus Smith first coined "acid rain" in 1872, but it didn't become a household phrase until the 1960s and 1970s when Swedish scientist Svante Odén documented its devastating effects on Scandinavian lakes and European forests.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The crisis at its peak</strong></h2>



<p>During the height of public concern, environmental damage was both widespread and visible. This wasn't some abstract future threat – people could see destruction happening in real-time.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Environmental devastation</strong></h2>



<p>The most dramatic impacts were impossible to ignore. Research documented by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation shows that in the Adirondack Mountains, more than 200 lakes became so acidic they couldn't support fish life. The Adirondack Council reports that 409 lakes once supported brook trout, but many lost their fish populations due to acid rain.</p>



<p>By 1976, when scientists cataloged all acidified lakes in the Adirondack Park, researchers found that half of the lakes over 2,000 feet above sea level had no fish, according to studies published in environmental journals. The acidification process worked like a slow-motion disaster. As acid rain fell into watersheds, it gradually lowered pH levels. Fish couldn't survive in acidic water, and their food sources died off too.</p>



<p>Trees at high elevations showed stress directly linked to acid rain. It weakened them by leaching nutrients and making them susceptible to disease. Historical records show Germany's Black Forest saw nearly half its trees damaged by the mid-1980s.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Economic impact</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain wasn't just environmental – it was expensive. Acidic precipitation corroded infrastructure, buildings, and monuments. Historic stone structures deteriorated at accelerated rates. Tourism suffered as lakes became fishless and forests declined. EPA economic analyses from the period documented repair costs mounting into billions annually.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The solution: government action and technology</strong></h2>



<p>Transformation from crisis to success required unprecedented cooperation between governments, industries, and environmental groups.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>The Clean Air Act of 1990</strong></h2>



<p>The turning point came with the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, signed by President George H.W. Bush. This represented a fundamentally new approach to environmental regulation, as documented in EPA historical records.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Cap-and-trade success</strong></h2>



<p>Instead of mandating specific technologies, the 1990 amendments introduced something revolutionary: a cap-and-trade system for sulfur dioxide emissions. EPA program documentation shows this market-based approach set overall limits but allowed companies to trade emission allowances.</p>



<p>The genius was harnessing market forces to find cost-effective pollution reduction. Companies reducing emissions cheaply could sell excess allowances to those facing higher costs. Research published in environmental economics journals and EPA progress reports shows this resulted in dramatic SO2 reduction at a fraction of projected costs.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Technology advances</strong></h2>



<p>Policy provided the framework, but technology made reductions possible. Studies in atmospheric science journals document the widespread adoption of flue gas desulfurization systems ("scrubbers") that removed sulfur dioxide before it reached the atmosphere. By the 2000s, new installations could remove over 95% of SO2 emissions, according to EPA technical reports.</p>



<p>The push coincided with cleaner energy development. Natural gas produces fewer sulfur compounds than coal. Wind and solar, emerging in the 1990s, captured growing market share, reducing reliance on high-sulfur coal.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-we-don-t-hear-about-it-today"><strong>Why we don't hear about it today</strong></h2>



<p>Why did acid rain disappear from headlines? Simple: the problem was largely solved.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Success doesn't make news</strong></h2>



<p>There's an old journalism saying: "If it bleeds, it leads." Environmental success stories don't generate urgency like crisis reporting. Media attention shifted to other challenges: climate change, plastic pollution, and biodiversity loss. There's only so much environmental anxiety the public can absorb, and newer concerns replaced acid rain.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Mission accomplished</strong></h2>



<p>The primary reason is beautifully simple: interventions worked. EPA monitoring data shows sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990. Academic research published in environmental science journals confirms pH levels in formerly affected areas returned closer to normal. This represents one of history's most dramatic environmental recoveries. Studies by the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation show fishless lakes now support healthy populations. Forests recovered, and building damage slowed dramatically.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-is-it-really-gone"><strong>Is it really gone?</strong></h2>



<p>The crisis is largely resolved, but monitoring data shows the problem isn't completely eliminated – it's managed to acceptable levels. Some areas still experience occasional events during high pollution periods. International environmental research indicates that rapidly industrializing Asian countries face similar problems to what we experienced decades ago, though they're implementing successful strategies.</p>



<p>EPA research shows nitrogen oxide emissions proved more challenging than sulfur dioxide, coming from vehicles and mobile sources. Climate science studies suggest changing weather patterns add complexity to how acid rain forms and falls.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>What this teaches us</strong></h2>



<p>The acid rain experience proves that seemingly intractable environmental problems can be solved with scientific understanding, political will, and technological innovation. Environmental monitoring data shows recovery speed was remarkable – within a decade, measurable improvements appeared in air quality and ecosystem health.</p>



<p>Success came from bipartisan support across party lines. Policy analysis studies show the market-based approach appealed to those preferring economic incentives while achieving environmental goals. This support created lasting policy surviving political changes.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h2>



<p>Acid rain's disappearance from public consciousness represents environmental science's greatest success stories. Through effective regulation, technological innovation, and international cooperation, we transformed an overwhelming crisis into a manageable challenge.</p>



<p>Today's silence isn't because we forgot – it's because we solved it. The 1990 Clean Air Act, combined with technology and energy market changes, reduced acid rain emissions over 90%, according to comprehensive EPA data analysis.</p>



<p>This success offers hope for current challenges. It proves complex problems can be solved when science, policy, and technology work together. As we face climate change and plastic pollution, acid rain reminds us that dramatic positive change is possible.</p>



<p>Next time someone asks whether environmental regulations work, remember acid rain. It's proof that sometimes, we get it right.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><strong>Sources:</strong> <em>This article draws from EPA official documentation and progress reports, peer-reviewed research published in environmental and atmospheric science journals, historical data from the Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation records, US Geological Survey publications, policy analysis studies, and environmental monitoring data collected over three decades.</em></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Frequently Asked Questions</strong></h2>



<p><strong>1. Is acid rain completely gone?</strong> No, but EPA monitoring shows it's reduced to manageable levels. US sulfur dioxide emissions dropped over 90% since 1990, making acid rain much less severe than the 1980s crisis.</p>



<p><strong>2. How long did solving take?</strong> Environmental monitoring data shows significant improvements began within 5-10 years of 1990s emission controls. Full ecosystem recovery took longer – some areas need 20-30 years for complete recovery.</p>



<p><strong>3. What made the solution successful?</strong> Clear scientific understanding, visible damage motivating action, bipartisan support, available technology, and innovative market-based policies like cap-and-trade.</p>



<p><strong>4. Do other countries have acid rain problems?</strong> Yes, particularly rapidly industrializing Asian countries. However, international environmental research shows many implement similar successful control strategies.</p>



<p><strong>5. Could acid rain return?</strong> Potentially, if regulations weaken or we return to high-sulfur coal without controls, though effects would take years to become severe according to environmental projections.</p>



<p><strong>6. Can you recommend any teaching tools on the subject of "acid rain"?</strong> The United States Environmental Protection Agency produced a wonderful teacher's guide for ages 14 and under that you can find on the EPA website here: <a href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2017-03/documents/teachersguide.pdf</a></p>



<p>-----</p>



<p>Like what you read? <a href="https://www.earth.com/subscribe/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Subscribe to our newsletter</a> for engaging articles, exclusive content, and the latest updates.</p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by <a href="https://www.earth.com/author/eralls/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Eric Ralls</a> and Earth.com.</p>



<p>-----</p>

The environmental problem we actually solved

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=prrq8Ql81zk Acid rain and a crisis solved. Why don't we...

<p>Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing it with probiotics and prebiotics, aiming to create a treat that satisfies cravings while supporting gut health. </p>



<p>The challenge lies in maintaining chocolate's beloved texture and flavor while adding health benefits.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"><div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">
https://youtu.be/Ug657J67iEo?si=w96YjGMsg939LD_3
</div></figure>



<p>Probiotics - beneficial microbes that balance gut bacteria and aid digestion - are typically fragile and can be destroyed by stomach acid or processing. </p>



<p>Prebiotics act as food for these microbes, helping them thrive. Together, they form "synbiotics," a powerful health combination.</p>



<p>Researchers Smriti Gaur and Shubhi Singh from India's Jaypee Institute of Information Technology took an innovative approach, using natural prebiotics like corn and honey instead of complex processing methods. </p>



<p>They created five chocolate varieties: a control and four synbiotic versions containing different combinations of prebiotics, probiotics (Lactobacillus strains), and flavor enhancers (cinnamon or orange).</p>



<p>Laboratory simulations of human digestion showed the probiotics remained viable for over five hours, suggesting they could survive long enough to benefit gut health.</p>



<p>Taste tests were positive, with researchers particularly enjoying the orange-flavored variety, describing it as having "vibrant citrus notes" complementing the "rich cocoa" with a "luxurious" texture.</p>



<p>This research represents just the beginning. With further refinement of strains, textures, and flavors, chocolate could evolve beyond mere indulgence to become a functional food that nourishes while it delights.</p>



<p>The study is published in the journal <a href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsfoodscitech.4c00741" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ACS Food Science &amp; Technology</a>.</p>

Is chocolate the next nutritional powerhouse?

Scientists are transforming chocolate into a functional food by infusing...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Nushagak Bay, a large estuary in southwest Alaska. Nushagak runs mainly north to south and exits in Bristol Bay, a large body of water in the Bering Sea.</p>



<p>"The bay is primarily fed by the Nushagak River, which begins in the Alaska Range and flows southwest approximately 450 km. The bay is also fed by several additional rivers including the Wood, Igushik, Snake and Weary rivers," says ESA.</p>



<p>"The dark colors of the Nushagak River are most likely due to tannins or lignins (chemical substances found in plants). Tannins and lignins from roots, leaves, seeds, bark and soil can leach into the water and give it a brown or even black colour. The sediments then flow southwards where it is mixed with the bluer waters of the bay."</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Nushagak Bay in southwest Alaska

[sendtonews key="0ynNMYkMKa-2340414-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> (ACS) reveals that proteins on flu viruses are actually flexible, tilting and waving in a “breath-like” motion. According to the experts, these proteins could be used to better defend against the flu.</p>



<p>"The main antigenic targets of influenza virus are two surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Whereas the structural and dynamical properties of both glycoproteins have been studied previously, the understanding of their plasticity in the whole-virion context is fragmented," wrote the researchers.</p>



<p>To investigate, the team conducted detailed simulations of the influenza A H1N1 virion, or the swine flu. The experts concluded that the visualizations show many new vulnerable states of flu viruses, which could improve future vaccines and antiviral drugs.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Flu viruses are more flexible than expected

[sendtonews key="G9bUoxcjr4-2511624-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Lake Trasimeno, which is located west of Perugia in central Italy. It is the fourth largest lake in the country. While Trasimeno’s water level varies, it has a maximum depth of approximately six meters.&nbsp;</p>



<p>"In this Copernicus Sentinel-2 image, captured on 6 August 2022, the lake’s emerald green colour is likely due to the presence of phytoplankton. Streaks in the water, particularly visible in the west, indicate the presence of soil and sediments which have been stirred up by winds. Dark colored waters in the southern part of the lake indicate a presence of submerged and floating macrophytes (aquatic plants) as well as algae," says ESA.</p>



<p>"Surrounded by hills on three sides, Trasimeno is subject to heavy storms created by winds, especially from the north and west. There are three islets in the lake: Maggiore, Minore and Polvese (the largest). The lake’s shores are sparsely inhabited with only two popular villages: Castiglione del Lago and Passignano sul Trasimeno."</p>



<p>"Italy is experiencing its worst drought in 70 years which has affected drinking water supplies, hydroelectric power and agricultural production. High temperatures, hot winds and lack of rainfall are the main causes of drought in the Umbrian region which saw Lake Trasimeno’s drop 1.3 m, reaching the limit of the hydrometric zero in July 2022."</p>



<p><em>Video/Image Credit: ESA&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="http://csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Staff Writer</em></p>

Lake Trasimeno in Central Italy

[sendtonews key="3upvlAaHgO-2256633-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today's <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> describes a new self-powered nanosensor that can instantly detect mercury contamination with the tap of a finger.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The oxidized form of mercury can be harmful when it is ingested through contaminated water or food. This makes it necessary for experts to develop sensors that can quickly and accurately detect the presence of mercury.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Zong-Hong Lin and colleagues have now created a triboelectric nanosensor (TENS) that can detect mercury by simply by touching a sample. According to the researchers, their TENS could serve as the basis for similar devices to safely and remotely monitor other pollutants.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: American Chemical Society&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Detecting mercury contamination with the tap of a finger

[sendtonews key="LvS8v8bp9z-2564889-12187" type="single"] Today's Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Kainji Lake, a reservoir on the Niger River.</p>



<p>In 1968, Kainji Lake was created by the construction of the Kainji Dam. The Niger River, the third longest in Africa, enters the lake in the north.&nbsp;</p>



<p>According to <a href="https://www.earth.com/news/rivers-in-the-american-west-are-a-lifesaving-resource-for-birds/">ESA</a>, the creation of the lake submerged Foge Island and the town of Bussa and permanently flooded other riverine settlements, leaving around 50,000 people displaced.&nbsp;</p>



<p>Large parts of Foge Island are temporarily exposed during low water tides, and the land is often used by migrating fishermen. Kainji Dam is a dam across the Niger River in Niger State of Central Nigeria. </p>



<p>Wild mammals occur at relatively low densities due to illegal hunting. Lake Kainji has suffered a dramatic decline as a fishery due to the high numbers of artisanal and subsistence fisherfolk using the lake. It has been suggested that a period of closure, together with controlled fishing rights may help improve fish stocks.</p>



<p>Kainji Lake National Park is the oldest of its kind in Nigeria. The park contains three distinct areas: a part of the Kainji Lake, the Borgu Game Reserve to the west of the lake, and the Zugurma Game Reserve to the southeast. The park is home to around 65 mammal species, 350 bird species, and 30 species of reptiles and amphibians. </p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: European Space Agency&nbsp;</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Kainji Lake in north central Nigeria

[sendtonews key="iuA5mpp3jv-1641775-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from <a href="https://www.igb.illinois.edu/">Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology</a> reveals how scientists can modify common crops like soybean, rice, and wheat to protect them from heat stress.</p>



<p>“We need to double crop production by 2050 to feed a growing global population, and not only are we not on track to do that, but climate change is further complicating things,” said Amanda Cavanagh, a lecturer at the University of Essex. </p>



<p>The study is part of Realizing Increased Photosynthetic Efficiency (RIPE), an international research project that aims to develop food crops that turn the sun’s energy into food more efficiently.</p>



<p>“Using an engineering approach we designed multiple alternative metabolic pathways to photorespiration. Testing them in the field showed increases in productivity which led Amanda to significantly move the project forward by showing our engineered plants can withstand pretty extreme temperature stress,” said study co-author and RIPE researcher Paul South.&nbsp;</p>



<p>“As the climate changes and temperature stresses increase the pressure on our global food supply, farmers will need every tool available including engineering approaches like the synthetic biology used here to maintain safe and productive harvests.”</p>



<p>The experts tested plants modified to have more efficient photorespiration to see if they were better adapted to warmer temperatures.&nbsp;</p>



<p>The team found that the engineered plants produced 26 percent more biomass than the wild-type plants exposed to the same temperatures, and had 15 percent less yield loss under the higher temperatures.</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: Amanda Nguyen/University of Illinois</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Designing crops that can beat the heat

[sendtonews key="QGPzYnXEtN-1712599-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from Carl...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.acs.org/">American Chemical Society</a> explores the ability of salt to transform the way that foods and beverages taste. Salt is known to cover up undesirable flavors, such as bitterness in coffee or beer, but how exactly does sodium chloride change the taste of other compounds?</p>



<p>One previous study showed that, not only does salt suppress bitterness, but also enhances sweetness and sourness. Another study revealed that bitterness reduction by salt seems to be happening at the tongue receptor level as well as in the brain.&nbsp;</p>



<p>While it is known that salt taste is mediated by the presence of sodium channels in the form of taste buds, experts believe that there is also an unknown receptor responsible for how we taste salt that has not yet been identified.&nbsp;</p>



<p><em>Video Credit: ACS Reactions</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

How does salt makes things taste better?

[sendtonews key="X0f6OHYoI4-2310561-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

<div class="wp-block-sendtonews-playerselector">[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"]</div>



<p>Today’s <strong>Video of the Day</strong> from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/">European Space Agency</a> features Santiago, the capital city of Chile. The city is located in the center of the Santiago Metropolitan Region, which has a population of about eight million people.&nbsp;</p>



<p>'The weather of Santiago resembles the Mediterranean climate with dry and warm summers with temperatures reaching up to 35°C (from October to March) and cool and humid winters that can drop to 0°C (from April to September)."</p>



<p>"The city lies in the centre of the country’s central valley around 80 km from the Pacific Ocean to the west and borders Argentina to the east. A tiny part of Argentina is visible in the top-right corner of the image where the mountain crest of the Andes Mountains acts as a divider between the two countries," says ESA.</p>



<p><em>Video/ Image Credit: ESA</em></p>



<p><em>-</em><em>--</em></p>



<p><em>By </em><a href="mailto:csexton@earth.com"><em>Chrissy Sexton</em></a><em>, </em><a href="https://www.earth.com/staff/"><em>Earth.com</em></a><em> Editor</em></p>



<p>Check us out on <a href="https://www.earth.com/earthsnap/">EarthSnap</a>, a free app brought to you by Eric Ralls and Earth.com.</p>

Santiago, Chile in South America

[sendtonews key="JRaP49ISmm-2357509-12187" type="single"] Today’s Video of the Day from the...

News coming your way